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9/30/2020

Safety In Design & Operation
CE 3401
September 30, 2020 9:00 AM

Tim Colling, PhD., P.E., Director
Michigan Technological  University 
Center for Technology & Training

Safety Terms

Crashes  vs Accidents

“Hazardous” or “un‐safe”

Homework for next session

• Find a safety issue
• Write a memo 

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Crash Contributing Factors 
93%

34%

Roadway            Human Factors
27%
3% 57%
3%
1% 6%
Vehicle
3%
Tri‐level study of the causes of traffic accidents: final report. 
13% Treat, J. R.; Tumbas, N. S.; McDonald, S. T.; Shinar, D.; Hume, 
D.; Mayer, R. E.; Stansifer, R. L.; Castellan, N. J.  [less]
1979 05

Contributing Factors
Human: 
Including age, experience, judgement, sobriety, attention, fatigue

Vehicle:
Including  design, manufacture, maintenance 

Roadway / Environment: 
Including geometry, cross‐section, traffic control surface friction, 
weather, visibility, signage grade

Intersection Crashes 

Challenge of intersections:  assign right of way without delay or incursions

• 40% of all crashes occur at intersections
• Small area and small occupancy time
• Typically high severity crashes 

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Cross Intersection Conflict Points

32 Vehicle Conflict Points
12 Pedestrian Conflicts Points

Right Angle Crashes 

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Left Turning Movements 

Michigan Left

Poor Left Turn Offset

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Correct Left Turn Offset

Skew Intersections

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Roundabout Conflict Points

8 Vehicle Conflict Points
8 Ped. Conflicts Points

Before A Roundabout

Video courtesy of DLZ Michigan

After A Roundabout

Video courtesy of DLZ Michigan

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Roundabout vs. Traffic Signal

Roundabout Traffic Signal
Cost: $300 K to $500K      Cost: $125K to 250K + O&M
Speed: 20 mph  Speed: 35 mph +
Safety:  Safety:  Less
29% to 50% fewer crashes
30 to 73% fewer injury crashes
Delay:  Shorter Delay:  Longer
Space Required:  More Space Required:  Less

Geometrics 

• Design guidance focused on safety

• Road use vs minimum standards

• New construction  vs. maintenance 

Grade

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Horizontal Curves

Compound Horizontal Curves

Stopping Sight Distance

Minimum stopping 
distance at  design 
speed

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Intersection Sight Distance

Roadside Design / Clear Zone

Source: US Army Transportation Engineering Agency

Crashworthy Supports

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What is wrong here?

Barriers
• Protect from striking a fixed object
• Protect from lane incursion
• Keep vehicle from an abrupt stop 
• Keep vehicle from rollover
• Barriers can be a risk

Barriers

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“Texas Twist”

Discussion from Barrier Videos
• What did you notice about the two barrier types in the video?

• How would you use these two types?

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Traffic Control

Before And After Signal Installation
Of 20 Intersections In Michigan

600
Number Of Crashes

500

400

Before
300
After

200

100

0
Rear End Head On Lt Right Angle Other
Turn

Dilemma Zone: Stopping

Dilemma Zone
Max. Clearing Distance

Minimum Stopping Distance

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Dilemma Zone: Clearing

Dilemma Zone
Max. Clearing Distance

Minimum Stopping Distance

Dilemma Zone Problem?

Red Light Running Statistics
• In urban areas RLR are the most common crash type 
(about 20% of crashes at signalized urban intersections)
• Violation frequencies range 1 per 9 hr. to 1 per 3.5 min.
• Nationally 46% of RLR crashes result in injury
• Signalized intersection fatalities – 40% RLR related
• Economic impact of RLR $14 billion annually

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Sign Classifications

Regulatory Signs
• Colored white, red, or black 
• Advise of a legal requirement

Sign Classifications

Warning Signs
• Colored yellow
• Provide advanced warning information
• Not enforcement related

Sign Classifications

Guide Signs
• Colored green, brown or blue
• Provide directions

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An Effective Traffic Control Device

• Fulfills a need
• Commands respect & attention
• Provides adequate time for response
• Meets drivers expectations
• Is consistent with other applications
• Conveys a simple message

Fulfill A Need, 
Command Respect and Attention, 
Give Time to React 

Expectancy

The driver expects 
this curve to be 
signed!

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Consistency

Convey a Simple Message

To simplify messages, the MUTCD specifies 
that signs:
• Use standard shapes and colors
• Incorporate symbols whenever possible  
• Be easily recognizable

Questions

?
16

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