Lab Report

Signals and Systems

Lab # 1st
Title:
To plot a continuous time signal.

Introduction:
This lab is based on generation of a continuous time signal by MATLAB

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL GENERATION.

Program And Simulation:
%GENERATING A CONTINOUS TIME SIGNAL:
amp=2;
f=100;
phase=pi/4;
T=1/f;
t=[0:1/200:3]*T;
x=amp*sin(2*pi*f*t+phase);
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('CONTINOUS TIME SIGNAL');
grid on;
axis([0 0.03 -2.5 2.5]);

Results:
Lab # 2nd
Title:
To plot a simple oscillatory function.

Introduction:
This lab is based on generation of an oscillatory function.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING SINOSOIDAL OSCILLATIONS

Program And Simulation:
%CASE 1:DAMPED OSCILLATIONS:
c=2;
a=-2; %a<0
f=50;
ph=0;
T=1/f;
t=0:T/20:40*T;
x1=c*exp(a*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*f*t+ph);
x=x1.*x2;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',1);
 xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('DAMP OSCILLATIONS(a<0)');
grid on;
%CASE 1:UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS:
c=2;
a=0; %a=0
f=50;
ph=0;
T=1/f;
t=0:T/20:40*T;
x1=c*exp(a*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*f*t+ph);
x=x1.*x2;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',1);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('UNDAMPED OSCILLATIONS(a>0)');
grid on;

%CASE 3:SUSTAINED OSCILLATIONS:

c=2;
a=2; %a>0
f=50;
ph=0;
T=1/f;
t=0:T/20:40*T;
x1=c*exp(a*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*f*t+ph);
x=x1.*x2;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',1);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('SUSTAINED OSCILLATIONS(a=0)');
grid on;

Results:
Lab # 3rd
Title:
To plot a simple discrete time signal.

Introduction:
This lab is based on generation of a discrete time signal.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL

Program And Simulation:
%CASE1(a>1)
c=2; %variable for scaling
a=7; %variable for base
n=0:15; %variable for index
x=c*a.^n; %signal
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('CASE a>1');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
grid on;
%CASE2(0<a<1)
c=2;
a=0.6;
n=0:15;
x=c*a.^n;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('CASE 0<a<1');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('CASE 0<a<1')
grid on;
%CASE3(-1<a<0)
c=2;
a=-0.5;
n=0:15;
x=c*a.^n;
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('CASE -1<a<0');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
grid on;

%CASE4(a<-1)
c=2;
a=-5;
n=0:15;
x=c*a.^n;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('CASE a<-1');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
grid on;
%CASE5(a=1)
c=2;
a=1;
n=0:15;
x=c*a.^n;
figure(3);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
 title('CASE a=1');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
grid on;
%CASE6(a=-1)
c=2;
a=-1;
n=0:15;
x=c*a.^n;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,x,'LineWidth',1.5);
title('CASE a=-1');
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
grid on;

Results:
Lab # 4TH
Title:
To plot a simple piecewise signal.

Introduction:
This lab is based on generation of a Piecewise signal.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING PIECEWISE SIGNAL

Program And Simulation:
%for the first segment
t0=-5:0.01:-3;
x0=zeros(size(t0));
%for the second segment
t1=-3:0.01:-2;
x1=-t1-3;
%for the third segment
t2=-2:0.01:-1;
x2=ones(size(t2));
%for the fourth segment
t3=-1:0.01:0;
x3=2*ones(size(t3));
%for the fifth segment
t4=0:0.01:1;
x4=2*ones(size(t4));
%for the sixth segment
t5=1:0.01:2;
x5=-t5+2;
%for last segment
t6=2:0.01:5
x6=zeros(size(t6));
x=[x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6];
t=[t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6];
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('PIECEWISE SIGNAL');
axis([-5 +5 -1.5 +2.5]);
grid on;
Results:
Lab # 5TH
Title:
Scaling And Time Shifting.

Introduction:
This lab is based on scaling and time shifting.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING DIFFERENT SIGNAL

Program And Simulation:
figure(1); %Figure 1
t=-2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

x2=sin(2*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x2,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (2t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

figure(2); %Figure 1
t=-2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

x3=sin(0.5*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x3,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t/2)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

figure(3); %Figure 3
t=-2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

x4=sin(-t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x4,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (-t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

figure(4); %Figure 4
t=-2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

x5=sin(t+(pi/2));
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x5,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t+pi/2)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;
 figure(5); %Figure 5
t=-2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

x6=sin(t-(pi/2));
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,x6,'linewidth',2);
Xlabel('Time t');
Ylabel('Sin (t-pi/2)');
axis([-2.5*pi 2.5*pi -1.25 1.25]);
set(gca,'Xtick',-2.5*pi:pi/2:2.5*pi);
set(gca,'Ytick',-2.5:0.25:2.5);
grid on;

Results:
Lab # 6TH
Title:
Continuous time Convolution of a signal.

Introduction:
This lab is based on convolution.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING CONVOLVED SIGNAL

Program And Simulation:

%Continuous time Convolution

t=0:0.01:10;
x=sin(t);
h=2*exp(-t);
y=conv(x,h);
t1=-10:0.01:10;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Sin(t)');
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'linewidth',2);
title('Input');
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('h(t)');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,h,'linewidth',2);
title('Immpulse response of system');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t1,y,'linewidth',2);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('y(t)');
title('Convolved Signal');
grid on;
Results:
Lab # 7TH
Title:
Discerete time Convolution of a signal.

Introduction:
This lab is based on convolution.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

GENERATING CONVOLVED SIGNAL

Program And Simulation:
%Discrete Time Convolution of a signal
n=0:10;
x=sin(n); %input
h=(2/3).^n; %Impulse responce
y=conv(x,h); %output
n1=-10:10; %array equal Y array
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,x); %plotting input signal
grid on;
title('Input Signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,h); %Plotting Impulse Responce
title('Impulse Responce Of System');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n1,y); %plotting of output Of system
title('Convoled Signal');
grid on;
Results:
Lab # 8TH
Title:
Solving Derivative, Partial Derivative, Integral, Definite
Integral.

Introduction:
This lab is based on solving equation.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

SOLVING EQUATIONS
Program And Simulation:
%solving derivative, partial derivative, Integral, definite
integral
clc
clear all

syms a b c d e g h f1 f2 f3 x y;

%Derivative
f1=3*x^3-4*x^2+5*x-3;
a=diff(f1,x) %First order derivative
b=diff(a,x) %2nd Order derivative
c=diff(b,x) %3rd Order derivative

%Partial derivative
f2=x^2*y+x*y^3-x^3+y^2;
d=diff(f2,x) %Derivative w.r.t x
e=diff(f2,y) %Derivative w.r.t y

%Integral
f3=3*x^3-4*x^3;
g=int(f3,x)
h=int(f3,x,0,5) %Definite Integral
Results:
a = 9*x^2 - 8*x + 5
b = 18*x – 8
c = 18
 d = - 3*x^2 + 2*x*y + y^3
e = x^2 + 3*x*y^2 + 2*y
g = -x^4/4
h = -625/4

Lab # 9TH
Title:
Implementation of Laplace Transform & Z-Transform.

Introduction:
This lab is based on solving equation.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

CALCULATING LAPLACE TRANSFORM &

Z-TRANSFORM OF EQUATIONS
Program And Simulation:
%Laplace Z-transform
clc
clear all
syms f1 f2 t n x2 x1; %Symbolic Object Construction
f1=1/sqrt(t);
x1=laplace(f1) %Laplace Transform

f2-(0.5)^(n-3);
x2=ztrans(f2) %Z-Transform
Results:
x1 = pi^(1/2)/s^(1/2)
x2 = z/(z - 1)^2
Lab # 10TH
Title:
Plot Continuous time square wave & Triangular wave

using Fourier series.

Introduction:
This lab is based on solving equation.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.

Square waves & Triangular Waves.

Program And Simulation:
%Square Wave
clc
clear all
s_wave=0; %initialization
t=0:0.004:8; %time axis

for n=1:2:1000 %Value of n(Odd) for given instant of time

sq_wave=((4/(n*pi))*sin(n*pi*t));%Simplified Fourier Expression
s_wave=s_wave+sq_wave; %adding all terms
end
subplot(2,1,1);
plot (t,s_wave); %plotting
axis([0 8 -2 2]); %defining axis
title ('Square Wave');
ylabel ('Amplitude');
xlabel ('Time(sec)');
grid on;

%Triangular Wave
clc
clear all
t_wave=0;
t=0:0.01:10;
 for n=1:2:1000
trngl_wave=(8/(n^2*pi^2))*((-1)^((n-1)/2))*(sin(n*pi*t/2));
t_wave=t_wave+trngl_wave;
end
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,t_wave);
axis([0 10 -2 2]);
title('Triangular Wave');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Results:
Lab # 11TH
Title:
a) Fourier series.

b) Fourier Transform & Inverse Fourier transform.

Introduction:
This lab is based on solving equation & Plotting.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.
Program And Simulation:
%Fourier Series
clc
clear all
syms x y
f=exp(-x^2);
fourier(f,x,y)

%Fourier Transform & Inverse Fourier Transform

clc
clear all
t=0:100;
f=-50:50;
x=exp(-2*t);
figure;
plot(t,x); %plotting signal
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal');

y=fft(x);
figure;
plot(f,y);
 xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Fourier Transform');

z=ifft(y);
figure;
plot(t,z);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Inverse Fourier Transform');

Results:

Signal:

F.T:
Inverse F.T:
Lab # 12TH
Title:
Introduction to Simulink.

Introduction:
This lab is based on convolving signals.

Software simulation:
MATLAB is used for performing experiment.
Program And Simulation:
Results: