giorgi gedeniZe

eTer lazaraSvili

inteleqti
XI
klasis
saxelmZRvanelo
 giorgi gedeniZe
eTer lazaraSvili

fizika
XI
klasis
saxelmZRvanelo

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

erovnuli centris (brZaneba ##375, 18.05.2012) mier

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

fizika XI

Giorgi Gedenidze, Eter Lazarashvili

PHYSICS XI

INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS
Tbilisi 2012

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

naTia mamulaSvili

Editor Gvantsa Gedenidze

Natia Mamulashvili

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
faqsi: 225-05-22
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge

INTELEKTI Publishers
5 Ilia Chavchavadze ave., Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel.: 225-05-22, 599 55-66-54

ISBN 978-9941-439-67-4 © gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012

Sinaarsi

I Tavi. meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi.................................................................6

1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ................................................7
1.2. maTematikuri qanqara.........................................................................................................11
1.3. rxeviTi moZraoba. zambariani qanqara........................................................................14
1.4. harmoniuli rxeva................................................................................................................17
1.5. Tavisufali da iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi........................................................20
1.6. meqanikuri talRebi............................................................................................................23
1.7. bgeriTi talRa.....................................................................................................................26
1.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi..................................................................................................29
1.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna...................................................................................................31

II Tavi. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.............................................32

2.1. analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur movlenebs Soris.............................33
2.2. cvladi deni. cvladi denis generatori. denis Zalisa da Zabvis
efeqturi mniSvneloba.......................................................................................................36
2.3. eleqtruli energiis gadacema.......................................................................................39
2.4. transformatori.................................................................................................................42
2.5. eleqtromagnituri talRebi...........................................................................................44
2.6. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoyeneba. radiotalRebi...................................48
2.7. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoye­ neba. optikuri diapazonis
eleqtromagnituri talRebi. rentgenis sxivebi.....................................................51
2.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi..................................................................................................54
2.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna...................................................................................................55

III Tavi. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria da Termodinamika....................56

3.1. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. Termodinamika......57
3.2. molekulebis raodenoba da masa. fardobiTi molekuluri masa.
nivTierebis raodenoba. moluri masa. avogadros mudmiva................................60
3.3. idealuri airi. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
gantoleba. temperatura..................................................................................................63
3.4. temperaturis absoluturi skala. temperatura _ molekulebis
saSualo kinetikuri energiis zoma..............................................................................65
3.5. idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba................................................................68
3.6. airis kanonebi.......................................................................................................................70
3.7. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi..................................................................................................73
3.8. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna...................................................................................................75

3
 3.9. Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi.................................................................76
3.10. siTbos raodenoba. muSaoba airis moculobis cvlilebisas...........................79
3.11. ra da rogor iswavleT SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................81
3.12. najeri orTqli. duRili................................................................................................84
3.13. haeris tenianoba................................................................................................................87
3.14. Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni...................................................................................91
3.15. Termodinamikis pirveli kanonis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva
procesisaTvis. adiabaturi procesi.........................................................................93
3.16. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. Termodinamikis meore kanoni............95
3.17. siTburi Zravebi.................................................................................................................97
3.18. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi................................................................................................100
3.19. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................................................102

IV Tavi. birTvuli energiis miReba da gamoyeneba........................................103

4.1. birTvuli kvlevebi.............................................................................................................105
4.2. radioaqtivoba......................................................................................................................107
4.3. alfa (α), beta (b) da gama (g) ........................................................................................109
4.4. radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba...............................................................................................111
4.5. atomis agebuleba. rezerfordis cdebi.....................................................................113
4.6. atomis planetaruli modeli.........................................................................................115
4.7. boris postulatebi............................................................................................................117
4.8. radioaqtiuri gardaqmnebi..............................................................................................119
4.9. naxevardaSlis periodi.....................................................................................................121
4.10. birTvuli reaqciebi. protonisa da neitronis aRmoCena.
atomis birTvis agebuleba.............................................................................................123
4.11. birTvuli Zalebi. atomuri birTvebis bmis energia...........................................126
4.12. masis defeqti. birTvis bmis kuTri energiis masur
ricxvze damokidebuleba................................................................................................128
4.13. birTvuli reaqciebi protonebiT da neitronebiT.............................................130
4.14. jaWvuri birTvuli reaqciebi.......................................................................................132
4.15. TermobirTvuli reaqciebi. birTvuli reaqtori.................................................134
4.16. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi................................................................................................137
4.17. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.................................................................................................139

4
 rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi

3.12
najeri orTqli. duRili
paragrafis
nomeri
 10. aRwereT 77.1 suraTze gamo­
paragrafis sa­xuli situacia. romeli energiis
xar­
jze xdeba sosisis Sewva?
saxelwodeba rogor icvleba sosisis Sina­gani energia?

wyvilebad viciT, damokidebuleba absolutur tempe­ raturasa

da molekulebis gadataniTi moZraobis saSualo kineti-
muSaoba kur energias Soris gamoisaxeba formuliT: E = 3 kT. (1)
kin
2 sur. 77.1

jgufebad  5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, oTaxSi temperaturis

Semcirebisas haerSi arsebuli wylis orTqli uaxlovdeba
muSaoba Tu Sordeba najerobis mdgomareobas?
pasuxi daasabuTeT magaliTebiT.

individualuri  4. gamoiyofa Tu
neitroni

STainTqmeba ener-
samuSao
gia uranis birT-
namsxvrevebi
vis gax­
leCisas meti bmis kuTri
energiis birTvebis warmoqmnisas?

5. ra informacias
iRebT 132.1 suraTi-
neitronebi
informacia dan?

suraTis sur. 132.1

mixedviT
I. ucvleli masis idealuri airis wnevisa da moculobis nam­
ravlis Sefardeba absolutur tempe­ratu­ras­­Tan mudmivi sididea
amocanebi
PV = const.
logikuri T
msjelobis 8. I winadadebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
gamoyenebiT rodesac mocemuli masis idealuri airis absoluturi temperatura
orjer izrdeba, maSin airis
a. wneva da moculoba ar icvleba;
b. wnevac da moculobac orjer izrdeba.

axali absoluturi tenianoba, fardobiTi tenianoba, namis

terminebi wertili, higrometri, fsiqrometri

gavecaniT tenianobas. tenianobis gazomvis xerxebs. tenianobis mniS­

daskvnebi vnelobas yofa-cxovrebaSi.
Semdeg gakveTilze gavecnobiT energiis Senaxvisa da gardaqmnis
kanons siTburi procesebisaTvis.
cdis mizani: meqanikur talRebze dakvirveba
saSinao cda saSinao cda
1. wyalSi CaagdeT qva an kenWi. daakvirdiT wylis
zedapirs. aRwereT da SeecadeT axsnaT SemC-
cdebisTvis saWiroa neuli movlena.
• qva an kenWi 2. ganier WurWelSi (abazanaSi), erT-
• wyliani abazana maneTisagan daSorebiT, moaTavseT oTxi-
• 4-5 tivtiva
xuTi msubuqi tivtiva _ korpis an asanTis
• zonari
Reris gadanaWeri. joxis perioduli Se­xebiT
wyali rxeviT moZraobaSi moiyvaneT. daakvirdiT wyli­ s zedapirs da tiv-
tivebs. ras amCnevT? gadaadgildeba Tu ara tivtivebi horizontalurad?
aRwereT SemCneuli movlenebi.

! dafiqrdiT da asanTis Reris Tavebi (sur. 136.1) ise ganalageT liTonis

saWiroa sifrTxile ta­
faze an kecze, rom cdiT SeZloT jaWvuri reaqciis demonstrireba.

5
 am TavSi gaixsenebT da
gaecnobiT

I Tavi  
meqanikur rxevas;
 
rxevis amplitudas, sixSires, fazas;
meqanikuri
 
maTematikur da zambarian
qanqarebs;
rxevebi da  
harmoniul rxevas da mis
maxasiaTeblebs;
talRebi  
rezonanss;
 
meqanikur talRebs: ganivsa da
grZivs;
 
bgeris warmoqmnas da gavrcelebas;
 
bgeris siCqares sxvadasxva
garemoSi;
 
adamianisa da cxovelebis mier
aRqmul bgerebs;
 
mocemul Temebze amocanebis
amoxsnas.

6
 ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT 1.1
Tqveni codna
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t1p1

testi

1. Tbilisidan quTaisSi mimavali TviTmfrinavi

a. moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, ar moZraobs quTaisis mimarT;
b. moZraobs quTaisis mimarT, ar moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT;
g. moZraobs orive qalaqis mimarT;
d. ar moZraobs arc erTi qalaqis mimarT.

2. Tbilisidan quTaisSi mimavali datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi

a. moZraobs Tbilisis da tvirTis mimarT;
b. moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, ar moZraobs tvirTis mimarT;
g. ar moZraobs Tbilisis mimarT, moZraobs tvirTis mimarT;
d. ar moZraobs arc Tbilisis, arc tvirTis mimarT.

3. Zafze dakidebuli wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxrili

burTulis (sur. 7.1) gaTavisuflebis Semdeg misi moZraobis
traeqtoriaaa

a. wrewiris rkali; b. wrfis monakveTi; g. wrewiri;

d. wertili.
sur. 7.1
4. sxeuli, romelzec moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nuli ar
aris
a. uZravia; b. moZraobs Tanabrad; g. moZraobs aCqarebulad;
d. moZraobs mxolod RerZis Tanxvdenili mimarTulebiT.

5. Tu sxeulma 2 wT-Si 120 m gaiara, maSin SI-Si misi saSualo siCqarea

a. 60 m/wm; b. 240 m; g. 60 m/wT; d. 1 m/wm.

6. SI-Si muSaobisa da energiis erTeulebad, Sesabamisad, miRebulia

a. 1 niutoni, 1 jouli; b. 1 jouli, 1 niutoni;
g. 1 niutoni, 1 niutoni; d. 1 jouli, 1 jouli.

7. SI-Si siCqarisa da aCqarebis erTeulebad, Sesabamisad, miRebulia

a. 1 m/wm, 1 m/wm2; b. 1 m/wm2, 1 m/wm; g. 1 km/sT, 1 m/wm2;
d. 1 sm/wm, 1 m/wm .
2

8. rodesac 7.2 suraTze gamosaxuli k sixistis v1

zambara deformirebuli ar aris da m masis
sxeuli moZraobs marjvniv v siCqariT, maSin sur. 7.2
mas gaaCnia (formulebSi x aris zambaris
sigrZis cvlileba).

a. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ energiebi;

7
 b. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ ;

g. mxolod kinetikuri _ energia;

d. mxolod potenciuri _ energia.

9. rodesac 8.1 suraTze gamosaxuli k sixistis zambara gaWimulia x-iT

da m masis sxeuli moZraobs marcxniv v siCqariT, maSin mas gaaCnia

a. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ energiebi;

b. kinetikuri _ da potenciuri _ ; v1
g. mxolod kinetikuri _ energia;
sur. 8.1 x
d. mxolod potenciuri _ energia.

10. erTnairi masalisa da ganivkveTis farTobis l da 2l sigrZis

rezinidan l sigrZis rezinis sixiste
a. orjer metia 2l sigrZisaze; b. orjer naklebia 2l sigrZisaze;
g. iseTivea, rogoric 2l sigrZis; d. oTxjer metia 2l sigrZisaze.

Tu testebze pasuxis gacema gagiWirdaT, maSin gaiRrmaveT codna

qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT, fiqriT da
azrovnebiT aucileblad SeZlebT testebze swori pasuxebis gacemas.

drois ganmavlobaSi sxeulis mdebareobis cvlilebas sivrceSi sxva

sxeulis mimarT meqanikuri moZraoba ewodeba.

sxeuls, romlis zomebi amocanis mocemuli pirobebiT SeiZleba

ugulebelvyoT, nivTieri wertili ewodeba.

aTvlis sxeuli, masTan dakavSirebuli koordinatTa sistema da drois

gasazomi xelsawyo erTad qmnis aTvlis sistemas, romlis mimarTac
ganixileba sxeulis moZraoba.

warmosaxviT wirs, romelsac nivTieri wertili moZraobisas aRwers,

am wertilis moZraobis traeqtoria ewodeba.

Tanabari moZraobis siCqare ewodeba mudmiv sidides, romelic tolia

sxeulis S gadaadgilebis da drois im t Sualedis Sefardebisa, romlis
ganmavlobaSic man es gadaadgileba Seasrula: v = S & S = vt.
t
TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis aCqareba ewodeba mudmiv sidides,
romelic tolia sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebis fardobisa drois im

SualedTan, romlis ganmav­ lobaSic es cvlileba moxda: a = v - v0 ,, (1)

t
sadac v0 aris sxeulis sawyisi siCqare, v _ siCqare drois t momentSi,
8
a _ aCqareba.

sidides, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze,

Zala ewodeba. Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba sxeulis siCqare.

niutonis meore kanoni _ aCqareba, romliTac moZraobs sxeuli,

tolia masze moqmedi Zalisa da sxeulis masis Sefardebis:

F & F = ma, gegmilebiT F =ma .
a=m x x

Zalis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1 niutoni (1 n). es aris Zala,

romelic 1 kg masis sxeuls 1 m/wm2 aCqarebas aniWebs. 1 n = 1 kg.m/wm2.

fizikur sidides, romelic axasiaTebs sxeulis an sxeulTa sistemis

mier muSaobis Sesrulebis unars, meqanikuri energia ewodeba.

energias, romelic sxeuls moZraobis Sedegad aqvs, kinetikuri

energia ewodeba: Ekin= mv , sadac Ekin aris v siCqariT moZravi m masis
2

2
sxeulis kinetikuri energia.

Tu sxeulze moqmedi Zala asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, maSin sxeulis

kinetikuri energia izrdeba. energiis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1
jouli (1 j).

energias, romelic ganisazRvreba urTierTmoqmedi sxeulebis an erTi

da imave sxeulis nawilebis urTierTmdebareobiT, potenciuri energia
ewodeba.

potenciuri energia aqvs dedamiwis zedapiridan raime simaRleze

aweul sxeuls da yvela drekadad deformirebul sxeuls.

potenciuri energiis aTvlis nulovani donidan h simaRleze aweuli

m masis sxeulis Epot potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba Epot=mgh
formuliT.

im zambaris potenciuri energia, romlis sixistea k, xolo

deformaciis sidide (wagrZeleba an SekumSva) _ x, ganisazRvreba
2
Epot= kx formuliT.
2
sixiste mocemuli zambarisTvis (rezinisTvis) mudmivi sidi­dea.
igi damokidebulia zambaris nivTierebis gvarobaze, pirdapir­
pro­
porciulia zambaris ganivkveTis farTobis da ukuproporciulia zam­
baris sawyisi sigrZis _ k ` S .
l

9
 cdis mizani: Zafze dakidebuli burTulis
saSinao cda
rxeviTi moZraobis gamokvleva.

cdebisTvis saWiroa grZel `uWimav~ da `umaso~ Zafze daki­

• Zafi debuli mcire zomis, magram didi masis
• burTula sxeuls maTematikur qan­ qaras uwodeben.
• danayofebiani saxazavi grZel Zafze dakidebuli burTula
• wammzomi gadaxareT 5-8 -iani kuTxiT, gauSviT xeli
0

da daakvirdiT burTulis rxe­vebs (sur. 10.1).

TanmimdevrobiT ganixileT qvemoT mocemuli sakiT­ xebi, upasuxeT
SekiTxvebs da gamoitaneTY daskvnebi.
a. gansazRvreT qanqaras rxevis amplituda _
udidesi gadaxra wonasworobis mdebareobidan.
rodesac sxeuli oTxi amplitudis tol manZils
gaivlis, maSin sruldeba erTi sruli rxeva.
erTi sruli rxevis xangrZlivobas rxevis periodi
ewodeba. rxevis periodi aRvniSnoT T-Ti. C B
O
b. moifiqreT qanqaras rxevis periodis gansazRvris sur. 10.1
xerxi da gansazRvreT.
gegim qanqaras rxevis periodi Semdegnairad gansazRvra: qanqara
gadaxara wonasworobis mdebareobidan. dainiSna drois is momenti,
rodesac burTulas gauSva xeli (B Bmdebareoba) da gazoma drois
is Sualedi _ rxevis periodi, romlis Semdegac burTula isev B
mdebareobaSi mivida.
anastasiam gazoma drois τ Sualedi, romelSic qanqaram Seasrula n=20
sruli rxeva. drois es Sualedi gayo rxevaTa raodenobaze da miiRo
qanqaras rxevis periodis mniSvneloba T = x .
n
g. Tqven rogor fiqrobT, romeli meTodiT miRebuli mniSvneloba
iqneba ufro axlos qanqaras rxevis periodis namdvil mniSvnelobasTan?
d. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras
rxevis periodi amplitudis mcire sididiT gadidebisas?
gamoitaneT daskvna:
rogor aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi amplitudaze?
e. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras
rxevis periodi Zafze dakidebuli burTulis masis gadidebisas.
gamoitaneT daskvna:
rogor aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi burTulis
masaze?
v. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor Seicvleba qanqaras
rxevis periodi Zafis sigrZis Secvlisas? gamoitaneT daskvna:
rogor aris damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi qanqaras
sigrZeze?
z. rogor moiqcevi Tu romelime SemTxvevaSi Tqveni varaudi ar gamarTlda?
ganmeorebiT CaatarebT cdebs, Tu miRebuli SedegiT maSinve gamoitan
daskvnas?
miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, samuSao rveulSi SeavseT cxrili.
10
 maTematikuri qanqara 1.2
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t1p2

  ratom maTematikuri da ara ubralod _ qanqara?

125-e a suraTze gamo­

saxulia grZel Zafze dakidebuli foladis bur­
Tula. igi umartivesi qanqaraa. burTula uZravia.

 1. 11.1 a suraTze
gamo­saxeT burTulaze
moqmedi Zalebi da
axseniT, ratom aris igi wonasworobaSi.

C B
a O b
sur. 11.1

gadavxaroT qanqara wonasworobis O mdebareobidan B mdebareobaSi da

gavuSvaT xeli (sur. 11.1,b).

 2. 11.1 b suraTze B mdebareobaSi gamosaxeT

burTulaze moqmedi Zalebi. awonasworebs Tu ara es
Zalebi erTmaneTs? axseniT, ratom? ra mimarTulebiT
iwyebs burTula moZraobas B mdebareobidan?
3. gaCerda Tu ara burTula O wertilSi? axseniT, ratom?
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs O mdebareobis gavlis momentSi burTulaze
moqmedi simZimisa da Zafis daWimulobis Zalebis modulebi. pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
5. rogori mimarTuleba aqvs burTu­laze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmeds
O wertilis marcxena mxares? gamosaxeT suraTze samuSao rveulSi.

C mdebareobaSi meyseuli gaCerebis Semdeg igive Zalebis moqmedebiT

burTula daiwyebs moZraobas O mdebareobisaken zrdadi siCqariT.
procesi C mdebareobidan B mdebareobisken ise mimdinareobs, rogorc
mimdinareobda B-dan C-sken. burTula O wertilis xan erT, xan meore
mxares gadaixreba _ irxeva.
6. rogori moZraobaa rxeviTi?

moiyvaneT rxeviTi moZraobis magaliTebi.
7. ganmarteT rxevis amplituda da periodi. daasaxeleT
TiToeulis erTeuli SI-Si.
drois erTeulSi Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvs
rxevis sixSire ewodeba. rxevis sixSire aRvniSnoT n _ `niu~
n-Ti. berZnuli asoa.

rxevis periodi T = 1 & o = 1 . (1)

o T
11
 sixSiris erTeulad miRebulia 1 herci (1 hc).
1 herci iseTi rxevis sixSirea, romlis drosac 1 wm-Si erTi sruli
rxeva sruldeba.

8. qanqara 5 wm-Si asrulebs 10 rxevas. gansazRvreT


rxevis periodi da sixSire.
9. aRwereT qanqaras rxeva energetikuli TvalsazrisiT.

CavataroT da gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi miRebuli Sedegebi.

gamovitanoT daskv­nebi:
wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas maTematikuri
qanqaras rxevis periodi ar aris damokidebuli amplitudasa da
burTulis masaze.
mcire amplitudiT rxevebisas maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi
pirdapirproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa qanqaras sigrZidan.
mtkicdeba, rom maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi ganisazRvreba
formuliT

T = 2r gl , (1)

sadac l aris qanqaras sigrZe _ manZili Zafis dakidebis wertilidan

burTulis masaTa centramde.

10. bavSvebi erTsa da imave saqanelaze qanaoben (sur.


12.1). CaTvaleT, rom bavS­ve­bis masaTa centri erT donezea
da SeadareT maTi rxevis periodebi erTmaneTs.

sur. 12.1

11. moifiqreT, dagegmeT da Sin CaatareT cda, romlis meSveobiTac

gansazRvravT Tavisuflad vard­ nili sxeulis aCqarebas.

maTematikuri qanqara, rxevis periodi, sixSire, herci

12
saSinao cda
cdis mizani: zambaraze damagrebuli
cdebisTvis saWiroa burTulis rxeviTi moZraobis gamokvle­
• zambara an rezini va.
•    danayofebiani saxazavi zambaris (rezinis) erTi bolo daamag­
• wammzomi reT. meore boloze dakideT sxeuli.
• saswori sxeuli wonasworobis mdebareobidan
• sxvadasxva masis 2-3 sm-iT CamoswieT da gauSviT xeli.
burTulebi
moiyvaneT rxeviT moZraobaSi (sur. 13.1).
sxeulis masa ise SearCieT, rom rxevebi swrafad ar Sewzydes.

TanmimdevrobiT ganixileT qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi,

upasuxeT SekiTxvebs da gamoitaneT daskvna.

a. gazomeT rxevis amplituda;

b. gazomeT drois Sualedi, romlis ganmavlobaSic

sxeulma Seasrula 20 an 30 rxeva. gansazRvreT rxevis
periodi.

g. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogor

Seicvaleba rxevis periodi amplitudis 1-1,5 sm-iT
gadidebisas? daadgineT rxevis periodis damokidebuleba
amplitudaze.

d. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogori sur. 13.1

gaxdeba zambaraze dakidebuli oTxjer meti masis sxeulis
rxevis periodi? rogor Seicvala igi?

gamoitaneT daskvna: rogor aris damokidebuli zambariani qanqaras

rxevis periodi masze damagrebuli sxeulis masaze?

e. CaatareT cdebi sxvadasxva sigrZis reziniT. romeli rezinis sixistea

meti _ grZelis Tu moklesi?

rogor icvleba rxevis periodi rezinis sixistis gazrdiT? gamoi­

taneT daskvna da CawereT samuSao rveulSi cxrilSi.

v. rogor moiqceviT, Tu romelime SemTxvevaSi Tqveni varaudi ar

gamarTlda: ganmeorebiT CaatarebT cdebs, Tu miRebuli SedegiT maSinve
gamoitanT daskvnas?

z. rogor fiqrobT, erTnair pirobebSi cdis mxolod erTxel Catareba

sakmarisia saboloo daskvnis gamosatanad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase.

13
1.3 rxeviTi moZraoba.
zambariani qanqara
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  zambarac maTematikuri qanqaras msgavsad `iqceva~

CavataroT cdebi:
gluv horizonta­ lur RerZze Camocmuli ara­ defor­
mirebuli zambaris
erTi bolo damagrebulia. meore boloze mimagre­ bulia RerZuli nax­
vre­
tis mqone sxeuli (sur. 14.1,  a). zam­­ba­raze O a
moqmedi simZimis Zala gawo­naswo­rebulia
RerZis reaqciis ZaliT. sxeuli wonaswo­ X
x=0
robaSia.
SevkumSoT zambara. sxeuli davaci­ B b
loT wonasworobis O mdebareobas. gav­
wioT mar­cxniv A manZilze, gadaviyvanoT X
B mdebareobaSi, gavuSvaT xeli da x=-A
dava­k­vir­deT (sur.14.1,b). x sxeulis
C g
koo­r­dinatia. O wertilis mar­ jvniv
koor­ dina­ ti dadebiTia, marcxniv _ X
uaryofiTi.
x=A
sur. 14.1

1. daasaxeleT da gamosaxeT 14.1 suraTze Zala,


romliTac zambara B mdebareobaSi moqmedebs sxeulze.
2. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, ra moxdeba
sxeulze xelis gaSvebis Semdeg?
3. rogor icvleba sxeulis siCqare O wertilisken moZrao­
bisas?
4. ra moxdeba sxeulis O wertilSi misvlis Semdeg?
ra emarTeba zambaras? axseniT, ratom?
5. rogor icvleba sxeulze moqmedi drekadobis Zala O wertilidan
marjvniv moZraobisas? sxeulis siCqare? aCqareba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

C mdebareobaSi sxeuli meyseulad Cerdeba. zambara gaWimulia, rogorc

cda gviCvenebs, TiTqmis A-s toli maqsimaluri manZiliT (sur. 14.1, g).
am mdebareobaSi sxeulze moqmedebs marcxniv mimarTuli drekadobis
Zala, romlis moduli maqsimaluria. SeCerebis Semdeg sxeuli marcxniv
amoZravda. man xelaxla gaiara O mdebareoba (axla marjvnidan marcxniv)
da kvlav gadaixara misgan TiTqmis A manZiliT anu dabrunda wertilSi,
saidanac daiwyo moZraoba. amis Semdeg procesi meordeba. sxeuli O
wertilis mimarT xan erT, xan meore mxaresaa.

 6. rogor moZraobas asrulebs sxeuli?

`sxeuli _ zambaras~ erTobliobas xSirad zambarian qanqaras uwo­deben.

14
  7. ra saxis energia aqvs deformirebul zambaras?

deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri energia ganisazRvreba formuliT

Epot= kx ,
2
(1)
2
sadac k zambaris sixistea, x _ deformaciis sidide.
8. ra saxis energiad gardaiqmneba SekumSuli zambaris

gaSlisas misi potenciuri energia?

Tu sistema Caketilia da rxe­visas xa­xu­ni mcirea, garkveuli drois ganmav­

lo­baSi misi moqmedebis Sedegi TiTqmis ar gamo­v­­lindeba da sistemis sruli
meqa­ni­ku­ri energia SeiZleba mudmivad CaiTvalos.
SekumSuli zambaris maqsimaluri potenciuri energia kA wonaswo­robis
2

2
mv
2
mdebareobaSi gavlisas sxeulis kinetikuri energiis maqs
-is tolia, e. i.
2
2
kA 2 mvmaqs A2 m A m (2)
= ⇒ 2 = ⇒
⇒ = .
2 2 vmaq k vmaq k
roca sxeuli ukidures marjvena mdebareobaSi aRmoCndeba, misi kineti­kuri
energia kvlav nuls gautoldeba, xolo sruli energia _ maqsimalur poten-
ciur energias. wonasworobisa da maqsimaluri gadaxris mdebareobebs Soris
sxeuls aqvs rogorc kinetikuri, ise poten­ciuri energia, maTi jami _ sruli

meqanikuri energia mudmivia da nebismier mdebareobaSi kA -is to­lia.

2

2
amrigad, merxevi sxeulis sruli meqani­
kuri energia rxevis ampli­
tudis kvadratis pro­por­ciulia.
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi miRebuli Sedegebi da gamovitanoT
daskvnebi.
wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas zambariani
qanqaras rxevis periodi ar aris damokidebuli amplitudaze. igi
pirdapirproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa sxeulis masidan da
ukuproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa zambaris sixistidan, e.i.

T + m.
k
Semdeg paragrafSi davamtkicebT, rom zambariani qanqaras rxevis
periodi ganisazRvreba formuliT
T = 2r m , (3)
k
sadac m sxeulis masaa, k _ zambaris sixiste.

9. cxrili samuSao rveulSi gadaxazeT da SeavseT. rogor

 icvleba cxrilSi miTiTebuli TiToeuli sididis moduli
14.1 suraTze gamosaxuli zambariani qanqaras rxevisas?

15
 sxulis sruli meqanikuri
drekadobis potenciuri kinetikuri
moZraobis siGqare aGqareba energia
Zala energia energia
mimarTuleba realur idealur
pirobebSi pirobebSi
B-dan O-sken
O-dan C-sken
C-dan O-sken
O-dan B-sken

zambariani qanqara

saSinao cda

Zabri (SeiZleba gamoiyenoT polieTi­

lenis patara boTlis gadanaWeri) ZafiT
CamokideT (sur.16.1). Zabris xvrelSi CadeT
qaRaldi da gaukeTeT iseTi xvreli, rom
masSi Cayrili sila (an marili) wvril
nakadad gamovides.

Zabris qveviT magidaze dadeT qaRaldi.

ZabrSi CayareT sila.

a. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT,

rogori iqneba qaRaldze dafenili silis sur. 16.1
forma, Tu qanqaras Sveuli mdebareobidan
gadaxris mcire kuTxiT da xels gauSvebT?

daakvirdiT, qanqaras rxevisas rogor efineba sila qaRal­

dze.
gamarTlda Tqveni varaudi?

b. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, rogori iqneba furcelze

dayrili silis forma, Tu qanqaras rxevis sibrtyis marTobulad qaRalds
Tanabrad amoZ­ravebT?

daakvirdiT qaRaldze dafenil silas. rogori forma aqvs mas?

gamarTlda Tqveni varaudi?

16
 harmoniuli rxeva
1.4
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 1. ra aris saWiro,
rom Zafze daki­ debulma
(sur. 17.1,a) an zamba­­
raze mimagrebulma
b
(sur. 17.1,b) sxe­
ulma rxeva daiwyos? a sur. 17.1

rxevebi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino maSin xdeba, rodesac mer­ xevi sxe-

ulis koordinatis droze da­mo­ki­de­bu­lebas grafikis saxiT war­movad­genT.
CavataroT cda: merxev sxeulze davamagroT flomaste­ ri, mis win _
muyao (sur. 17.2). sxeulis rxevisas flo­ masteri muyaoze gaavlebs wrfis
AB monakveTs (sur. 17.3, a), romlis yovel wertils flomasteris wveri
peri­odis ganmav­ lo­
baSi orjer gaivlis _ zeviT da qveviT moZra­ obisas.
magram, Tu gvinda davafiq­ siroT merxevi sxeulis mdebareoba drois
sxvadasxva momentSi, saWiroa flomasteri muyaos
erTsa da imave wertils mxolod erTxel Seexos.
amisaTvis muyaos zoli flomaste­ris rxevis sibrtyis
mar­Tobulad mudmivi siCqa­riT vamoZ­raoT. davina­xavT,
muyaoze gaC­ ndeba mrudi, rom­ lis yoveli wertili
Seesa­bameba flomasteris, maSasadame, mer­xevi sxeulis
mdeba­reobas drois mo­ cemul momen­ tSi (sur. 17.3, b).
su­raTze gamosaxul mruds mivi­RebT, Tu muyaos ava-
moZravebT im momentSi, roca sxeuli wonasworobis
mdebare­ obas gadis. am mruds sinuso­ ida hqvia.
fizikuri sididis droze damokidebul perio­
dul cvli­lebas, romelic sur. 17.2
A
sinusis an kosi­nusis
kanoniT sruldeba, harmoniuli rxeva ewodeba.
zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis
B a
gamomwvevi mizezi zambaris deformaciisas
aRZruli drekadobis Zalaa, romlis gegmili
Fx=-kx. (1)
(1)⇒ drekadobis Zalis gegmili pir­ dapir­
b pro­porciulia wonasworobis mdebareo­bi­dan
sur. 17.3 gadaxris da mis sapirispi­
r odaa mimar­ Tuli.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom harmoniul rxe­viT
moZraobas iwvevs iseTi Zala, romlis moduli
pirdapirproporciulia wonasworobis mdeba­ reobidan gadaxris da mis
sapirispirod aris mimarTuli.
SeadareT saSinao cdaSi qaRaldze dafenili silis forma 17.3 suraTze
gamosaxul mruds.

 2. hgavs Tu ara mrudebi erTmaneTs?

3. SegviZlia Tu ara vTqvaT, rom zambaraze damagrebuli
sxeulis rxevisas misi koordinati drois mixedviT ise icvleba, rogorc
Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis koordinati?
17
 cdebiT miRebuli grafikebis msgavseba gvaZlevs uflebas vTqvaT,
rom zambaraze mimagrebuli burTulasa da qanqaras koordinati drois
mixedviT icvleba erTi da imave kanoniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom rxevebis
gamomwvev Zalebs gansxvavebuli fizikuri buneba aqvT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
es zambaris drekadobis Zalaa, xolo meoreSi _ simZimis Zalis da Zafis
daWimulobis Zalis tolqmedi.
ganvixiloT A radiusian wrewirze moduliT
mudmivi v siCqariT moZravi nivTieri wertilis C v1
gegmilis moZraoba erT-erT diametrze gavlebul B
X RerZze (sur. 18.1). vTqvaT t=0 momentSi sxeuli v4 j j
C wertilSia, xolo t1 momentSi _ B wertilSi. A
O
radiusis Semobrunebis kuTxe aRvniSnoT j-Ti. E x X

suraTidan ⇒ sxeulis koordinati x=Asinj. (2) v2

{
kuTxuri siCqare ~ =
t& { = ~t. (3) ~ 2r , = T v3 sur. 18.1
(4) sadac T garSemovlis periodia.

(4) (3) (2)⇒ x = A sin 2r t = A sin 2rot. (5) x

T
wrewirze moduliT mudmivi siCqariT moZravi
nivTieri wertilis X RerZze gegmilis koordinatis
droze damokidebulebis grafiki sinusoidaa (sur.
18.2). es imas niSnavs, rom misi rxevebi harmoniulia. T T T t
amgvarad, maTematikuri qanqaras da zambaraze 4 2
damagrebuli sxeulis rxevisas maTi koordinatis sur. 18.2
drois mixedviT cvlileba gamoisaxuleba (5)
formuliT, sadac A rxevis amplitudaa, T _ rxeviT periodi, o = 1 rxevis
T
sixSire, w _ 2p wamSi Sesrulebuli rxevaTa raodenoba, mas cikluri an
wriuli sixSire ewodeba, t _ drois aTvlis dawyebidan gasuli dro.

4. amplitudis meSveobiT gamosaxeT harmoniulad


merxevi sxeulis koordinatebi drois nul, T , T , 3T
4 2 4
da T momentebSi.
5. gaimeorebs Tu ara merxevi sxeuli drois meore periodSi im gzas
rac pirvel periodSi gaiara?
6. romel wertilebSia merxevi wertilis siCqaris gegmilis moduli
udidesi? umciresi (sur. 18.1)?

wrewirze moZravi nivTieri wertilis siCqaris moduli v=wA. (6).

(4) (6)⇒ v = 2r A ⇒ A = T . (7)
T v 2r
O wertilSi (sur. 18.1) merxevi sxeulis siCqaris moduli udidesia,

amitom (7)⇒ A T (8) wina paragrafSi davadgineT A = m . (9)

vmaqs = 2r . vmaqs k
(9)∧(8)⇒ T = 2r m. (10) miviReT formula, romelic saSinao cdebis
k
analiziT ukve miRebuli gvqonda.
harmoniuli rxeviTi moZraobisas wonasworobis mdeba­ reobidan x
gadaxrasa da drois t Sualeds Soris damoki­debulebis grafiki sinusoidaa
18 (sur. 18.2).
 roca wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxra mcirea, ma­ Sin zambaraze an
Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis rxevebi har­moniulia.
sinusis arguments ϕ=w0t= 2r t (11) rxevis faza ewodeba.
T
t Sefardeba miuTiTebs, periodis ra nawili gavida rxeviTi moZraobis
T
dawyebidan. periodis nawilebiT gamosaxul drois nebismier mniSvnelobas
radianebiT gamosaxuli fazis mniSvneloba Seesabameba. magaliTad, sruli
T periodis gasvlas Seesabameba ϕ=2π faza, T/2-is gasvlas _ ϕ=π.
7. fazis ra mniSvneloba Seesabameba periodis meoT­
 xeds? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
19.1 suraTze gamosaxulia har­ x,sm
mo­niulad mer­ xevi sxeulis koor­
dinatis fazaze damoki­ debulebis
grafiki.
p p 2p 3p 4p j
Tu muyaos moZraobas (sur. 17.2) 2
da­viwyebT drois im momentSi, ro­­­­ sur. 19.1
desac sxe­ uli ukidures zeda wer­ x,sm
tilSi imyofeba, maSin muyaoze mi­ I II
Rebul su­­raTs eqneba II mru­dis Sesa­­
bamisi sa­ xe (sur. 19.2). es kosinu­
T t,wm
so­idaa, romelic sinuso­idisgan 4
gans­­xvavdeba mxolod p/2 faziT. sur. 19.2

sin b~0t + r l = cos ~0t.

2

harmoniuli rxeva, rxevis faza.

gavecaniT harmoniul rxevas, mis gantolebas.

saSinao cda cdis mizani: ori qanqaras rxevaze dakvirveba

erT-erTis sigrZis cvlilebisas.
cdebisTvis saWiroa aawyveT 19.3 suraTze gamosaxu­ l i da-
nadgari. zonarze dakideT ori qan­ q ara.
• polieTilenis ori pirveli zonarze gadadeT ZafiT, romlis
wyliani boTli
sigrZis cvlileba SegiZ­liaT Zafis Tavisu-
• Zafi fali bolos moZraobiT, meore _ ucvle­li
• ori burTula sigrZis ZafiT.
pirveli qanqara wonas­ w orobis mde­
bareobidan gamoiyvaneT da xeli gauSviT.
daakvirdiT da daafiqsireT meore qanqa-
ras rxevis maqsimaluri amplituda. Semdeg
II
pirveli qanqaras sigrZe odnav SeamcireT
I da cda gaimeoreT _ kvlav daafiqsireT
meore qanqaras rxevis maqsimaluri amplituda.
sur. 19.3 cdebi CaatareT pirveli qanqaras sxvadasxva
sigrZisas, im SemTxvevaSidac, rodesac orive
qanqaras sigrZe erTmaneTis tolia.
gamoitaneT daskvna: pirveli qanqaras rogori sigrZisas aRwevs meoris
rxevis amplituda udides mniSvnelobas? dakvirvebis Sedegi rveulSi CawereT.
Tqveni azriT, sakmarisia Tu ara monacemebi daskvnis gamosatanad?
saWirod xom ar TvliT, dagegmoT da CaataroT damatebiTi cdebi?
19
 1.5 Tavisufali da iZulebiTi
rxevebi. rezonansi
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 rogor aZlierebs yuTi kamertonis xmas?

1. SesaZlebelia saqanelam TavisTavad,

gare zemoqmedebis gareSe daiwyos rxeva?

iseT rxevas, romelsac wonasworobis mdeba­

reobidan gadaxrili sxeuli gaTavisuflebis Semdeg
TavisTavad, gare zemoqmedebis gareSe asrulebs,
Tavisufali rxeva hqvia. Zalebs, romlebic
Tavisufal rxevebs aRZravs, Siga Zalebi ewodeba.
Tavisufali rxevebi sruldeba erTxel miniWebuli
energiis xarjze (sur. 20.1). sur. 20.1
sxeulTa sistemas, romelsac aqvs Tavisufali
rxevebis unari, rxeviTi sistema ewodeba. Tavisufali rxevebis sixSires
ki _ sistemis sakuTari rxevebis sixSire.
maTematikur qanqaraSi sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zalis `wyaro~
dedamiwaa, amitom aseTi qanqaras sistemaSi Sedis dedamiwac.

2. daasaxeleT maTematikuri da zambariani qanqarebis


rxeviTi moZraobis gamomwvevi Zalebi.
3. Tavisufalia Tu ara maTematikuri da zambariani
qanqarebis rxevebi? axseniT, ratom?
4. ra sidideebiT ganisazRvreba maTematikuri da zambariani
qanqarebis Tavisufali rxevebis sixSire? dawereT maTi gamosaTvleli
formulebi.

ganxiluli magaliTebidan SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: Tavisufali

rxevebis aRZvrisaTvis saWiroa, sistemis wonasworobis mdebareobidan
gamoyvanisas aRiZras Zala, romelic wonasworobis mdebareobisken aris
mimarTuli da xaxuni iyos Zalian mcire.
5. rogor icvleba Tavisuflad merxevi sxeulis sruli

meqanikuri energia? amplituda? axseniT, ratom?
iseT rxevebs, romelTa amplituda drois ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba,
milevadi ewodeba. yovel axal periodSi amplituda sul ufro da ufro
mcirdeba.
6. rodis ufro swrafad mcirdeba amplituda _ mcire

Tu didi xaxunisas? axseniT, ratom?
X, m
Tu xaxuni ar aris, qanqaras sruli T
meqanikuri energia ar icvleba da im A

energiis tolia, romelic sistemas

dasaw­
yis­
Si mivaniWeT. am SemTxvevaSi t, wm
rxevis amplituda ar icvleba (sur. 20.2).
T
sur. 20.2
20
  7. ra hqvia 20.2 suraTze gamosaxul mruds da rxevebs,
romelic am kanoniT mimdinareobs?
8. daxazeT wonasworobis mdebareobidan gadaxris droze
damokidebulebis grafiki milevadi rxevebisas.
9. ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom rxeva miulevadi iyos?

merxevi sistemis energiis Sevseba SeiZleba masze periodulad cvalebadi

gare Zalis moqmedebiT. am Zalas maiZulebeli Zala ewodeba, xolo
rxevebs _ iZulebiTi. sistemis energia aRdgeba gare Zalis muSaobis
xarjze.
iZulebiTi ewodeba iseT rxevas, romelsac sxeuli asrulebs
periodulad cvladi gare Zalis moqmedebiT. aseT rxevebs asrulebs
qanqara, rodesac masze periodulad cvladi gare Zala moqmedebs. am dros
qanqara irxeva maiZulebeli Zalis sixSiriT. iZulebiT rxevas asrulebs
sakeravi manqanis nemsi moZraobisas, Cveni xeli fanjris wmendisas.
iZulebiTi rxevis sixSire maiZulebeli Zalis sixSiris tolia.
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdaSi miRebuli Sedegebi:
10. romeli qanqaras rxevaa iZu­ lebiTi da ra iwvevs
 mas (sur. 19.3)?
11. icvleba Tu ara pirveli qanqaras rxevis sixSire
misi sigrZis SecvliT?
12. ras amCnevT, icvleba Tu ara meore qanqaras rxevis amplituda
pirvelis sigrZis SecvliT?
13. pirveli qanqaras rogori sig­rZisas xdeba meore qanqaras rxevis
amplituda udidesi?

iZulebiTi rxevis amplituda maqsimalur mniSvnelobas maSin aRwevs,

roca maiZulebeli Zalis ν sixSire emTxveva merxevi sistemis sakuTar
ν0 sixSires (ν=ν0). xaxunis Zala aq did rols asrulebs. swored igi ar
aZlevs saSualebas amplitudas, miaRwios Za­lian did mniSvnelobas. magram
maiZulebeli Zalisa da sistemis saku­ Tari rxevebis sixSireTa tolobisas
SeiZleba amplituda sakmaod didi aRmoCndes.
iZulebiTi rxevis amplitudis mkveTrad gazrdis X
movlenas, rode­ sac maiZulebeli Zalis sixSire
sis­
temis sakuTari rxevis sixSires em­ Txveva, re­
zonansi ewodeba.
1
21.1 suraTze gamosaxulia iZu­ lebiTi rxevis am-
plitudis maiZu­ lebeli Zalis ν sixSireze damo­ ki­
debu­lebis grafiki. suraTidan Cans, rom amplituda 2
maqsimums aRwevs sixSiris raRac ν=ν0 mniSvnelobaze,
sadac ν 0 merxevi sistemis sakuTari sixSirea. (1) 0 ν0 ν
mruds mcire xaxuni Seesabameba, am SemTxvevaSi maqsi- sur. 21.1
mumi Zalian mkveT­ ria. rodesac xaxunis Zala didia,
maqsimumi mkveTri ar aris (me-2 mrudi).
rezonanss farTo gamoyeneba aqvs eleqtro­ gam­
zom xelsawyoebSi, ra-
dioteqnikaSi, medicinaSi.
saWiroebis mixedviT SegviZlia maqsimalurad gavzardoT saqanelas
rxevis ampli­tuda modu­ liT mcire ZaliT.
rezonansi SeiZ­leba saziano da saSiSic aRmoCndes. iyo xidis dangrevis,
avtomobilisa da TviTmfrinavis damsxvrevis SemTxvevebi.
21
 rezonansis movlenas bgeriT rxevebzec Sei-
Zleba davak­virdeT.
CavataroT cda: er­ Tmane­TTan axlos movaTav-
soT ori erTnairi A da B kamer­ toni ise, rom
maTi Ria nawi­ lebi erT­ ma­
neTisaken iyos mimar-
A B
Tuli. B kamertonis Reros msubuqi burTula
exeba (sur. 22.1). SemovkraT A kamertons rezinis
CaquCi (avaJReroT igi) da Semdeg TiTebis SexebiT
CavaxSoT rxevebi. sur. 22.1
B kamertonis fexze mivaweboT plastilini da
amiT SevcvaloT rxevis sakuTari sixSire. gavimeoroT cda; Sevam­ CnevT, B
14. gesmiT Tu ara bgerebi?

15. ra emarTeba burTulas, romelic B kamertonis Re-
ros exeba?
16. ras miuTiTebs es faqti?
kamertoni aRar exmaureba A kamertonis rxe­
vas.
rezonansis movlenas farTod iyeneben musikalur instrumentebSi.

17. ratom aJRerda B kamertoni pirvel cdaSi da ar

 aJRerda, roca masze plastilini iyo mikruli?

Tavisufali rxeva, iZulebiTi rxeva, rezonansi

saSinao cda cdis mizani: meqanikur talRebze dakvirveba

1. wyalSi CaagdeT qva an kenWi. daakvirdiT wylis
zedapirs. aRwereT da SeecadeT axsnaT SemC-
cdebisTvis saWiroa neuli movlena.
• qva an kenWi 2. ganier WurWelSi (abazanaSi), erT-
• wyliani abazana maneTisagan daSorebiT, moaTavseT oTxi-xuTi
• 4-5 tivtiva msubuqi tivtiva _ korpis an asanTis Reris
• joxi
• zonari gadanaWeri. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT
SeamowmeT, joxis perioduli Se­ xebiT wyali
rxeviT moZraobaSi rom moiyvanoT, gadaadgildeba Tu ara tivtivebi hori-
zontalurad? gamoikvlieT da aRwereT SemCneuli movlenebi.
3. Sveul kedelze erTi bo­loTi damagrebuli, odnav gaWimuli, grZeli
zonris me­ore bolo rxeviT moZraobaSi
moiy­va­
neT (sur. 22.2). amoZraveT jer
zeviT da qveviT, Sem­ deg marcxniv da
marjvniv; SemCne­uli movlena aRwereT sur. 22.2
rveulSi.

davaleba
moipoveT dawvrilebiTi informacia sasargeblo da saziano rezonansis
magaliTebis Sesaxeb. moamzadeT masala gakveTilze warsadgenad.
22
 meqanikuri talRebi 1.6
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 ratom Cndeba talRebi wyalSi qvis Cavardnisas?

1. urTierTqmedeben Tu ara nebismier sxeulSi (myari,


Txevadi, airadi) nawilakebi erTmaneTTan?
2. Tu sxeulis romelime nawilaki rxeviT moZraobas
daiwyebs, maSin ra emarTeba am nawilakis maxloblobaSi myof nawilakebs?

gavaanalizoT saSinao cdebSi SemCneuli movlenebi. wyalSi qvis Cavard-

nis adgilas qvam gamodevna wyali da am adgilTan gaCnda Cazneqiloba.
gamodevnilma wyalma CazneqilobasTan gaaCina rgolisebri amozneqiloba.
Semdeg amozneqilobam war-
moqmna ufro didi radiusis
Cazneqiloba, romelmac war-
moqmna meore amozneqiloba.
Semdeg warmoiqmna mesame, meo-
Txe da a. S. amozneqilobebi
da Cazneqilobebi, qvis Ca-
vardnis adgilidan ufro da
ufro Sors _ wylis zedapirze
`garbis~ talRa (sur. 23.1).
sur. 23.1
talRa ewodeba rxevas, ro­
melic sivrceSi drois ganmavlobaSi vrcel­ deba.

3. talRasTan erTad gadaadgildeba Tu ara wylis


zedapirze mimobneuli tivtivebi?
4. aRwereT, rogor moZraoben tivtivebi.

saSinao cdaSi SeamCnieT, rom, Tu zonris bolos ganuwyvetliv vamoZ-

ravebT zeviT da qveviT, maSin zonris gaswvriv garbis talRa (sur. 23.2).
talRebi SeiZleba iyos ganivi da
grZivi.
talRas, romelSic merxevi sxe­
ulis nawilakebi talRis gavrcelebis
marTobulad irxeva, ganivi talRa
ewodeba. sur. 23.2
talRas, romelSic merxevi sxe­
ulis nawi­lakebi talRis gavrcelebis
mimarTulebis gaswvriv irxeva, grZivi talRa ewodeba.
5. Tqveni azriT, ganivia Tu grZivi zonarSi aRZruli

talRa? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
grZivi talRis warmoqmnas SeiZ­leba davakvirdeT grZeli, didi diamet­
ris mqone rbili zambaris meSveobiT. Tu zambaris erT bolos SevarxevT
masze xelis mirtymiT, Sedegad warmoiqmneba xviebis Sesqeleba, romelic

23
 `garbis~ zam­baris gas­wvriv. Tanmimdevruli dartymebiT zam­baraSi aRvZ­raT
talRa. igi zambaris xviebis erTimeoris mim­ devar Sesqele­bebs da SeTxe­
lebebs warmoadgens (sur. 24.1, a).
talRuri moZraobisas yoveli nawilaki imeorebs wina nawilakis rxe­vebs
odnav nak­ l ebi amplitudiT da dagvi-
anebiT. cal­­keuli nawilakebis wonasworo-
bis mde­bareoba am dros ar icvleba, e. i.
niv­Tiereba, ro­melSic talRa vrceldeba,
Tavad ar gadaadgildeba, magram tal- a
Ris gavrcelebisas energia nawilakidan
nawilaks gadaecema. es energia moedineba λ
wya­rodan, romelsac rxeviT moZra­ obaSi λ
mohyavs pirveli nawilaki.
gamovitanoT daskvna: nebismieri λ
b
talRis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa energiis
gadatanis unari nivTierebis gadatanis
gareSe.
manZils, romelzec vrceldeba talRa
g
nawilakebis rxevis periodis ganmav­
lobaSi, talRis sigrZe ewodeba. sur. 24.1
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: talRis sig-
rZe ≡ λ, rxevis periodi ≡ T, sixSire ≡ ν (sur. 24.1, b da g).
6. gamosaxeT talRis siCqare talRis sigrZiT da pe-

riodiT.
talRis gavrcelebis siCqare talRis sigrZisa da rxevis sixSiris
namravlis tolia.
v=ln. (1)
daskvna marTebulia rogorc ganivi, ise grZivi talRebisTvis.
airSi, myar sxeulsa da siTxeSi meqa-
nikuri talRa drekadi Za­lebiT Cndeba. B C
B C
drekadi Zalebis aRZvras iwvevs sxe- a b a b
ulis formis an moculobis cvlileba. c d c d
γ
sxeulis forma icvleba nivTierebis
fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvlebi- A D A D
sas. am dros xdeba Zvris deformacia a b
sur. 24.2
(sur.  24.2). sxeulis moculoba ki icv-
leba misi SekumSvisas an gafarToebisas.

7. iwvevs Tu ara drekadi Zalebis gaCenas myar sxeulSi


fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvleba?
8. iwvevs Tu ara drekadi Zalebis gaCenas airsa da
siTxeSi fenebis erTimeoris mimarT wanacvleba?
9. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara airsa da siTxeSi ganivi talRebis
arseboba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

ganivi talRa warmoiqmneba mxolod myar sxeulSi. ganivi talRa siTxis

zedapirzec warmoiqmneba, magram ara mis SigniT.
24
 grZiv talRaSi SesaZlebelia kumSvis deformacia.
10. warmoiSoba Tu ara kumSvis deformaciasTan da-

kavSirebuli drekadobis Zalebi myar, Txevad da airad
sxeulebSi?
11. iwvevs Tu ara es Zalebi garemos calkeuli ubnebis rxevebs?
12. romel garemoSi vrceldeba grZivi talRa? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

myar garemoSi grZivi talRac vrceldeba da ganivic. es faqti

miuTiTebs, rom myar garemoSi SesaZlebelia maTi erTdroulad arseboba.
magaliTad, miwisZvrisas orive talRa erTdroulad warmoiqmneba.
dedamiwis qerqSi grZivi talRis siCqarea 3 km/wm.
ganivi talRis ki _ 2 km/wm.

13. seismur sadgurSi romeli talRa registrirdeba


pirvelad? axseniT, ratom?
14. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara seismuri sadguridan miwisZvris
keramde manZilis gansazRvra? axseniT, rogor?

meqanikuri talRebi, ganivi talRa, grZivi talRa,

talRis sigrZe

saSinao cda

cdebis mizani: bgeris warmoqmnasa da sxva­

cdebisTvis saWiroa
dasxva garemoSi mis gavrcelebaze dakvirveba.
simebiani
 

instrumenti 1. simebiani instru­mentis (mag. violino, Celo,

magida
 
Conguri, gi­tara) gaWimul sims daak­virdiT aJRere-
bamde da JRe­ ris pro­cesSi. amCnevT gansxvavebas?
Sem­Cneuli mov­lena CawereT rveulSi.

2. yuri mWidrod miadeT magidis erT bolos. megobarma meore boloze

daakakunos. magidas yuri odnav mo­ a SoreT da cda gaime­ o reT. Semdeg
megobarma daados yuri magidas da Tqven daakakuneT. Sem­Cneuli mov­lenebi
CawereT rveulSi.

25
1.7 bgeriTi talRa
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  yuri imitom aqvs adamians, rom moisminos

1. ra aris bgera?

2. risi xma gvesmis?

fizikis nawils, romelic

bge­
riT movlenebs Seiswavlis,
akus­tika ewodeba.
gavaanalizoT saSinao cdeb­
Si SemCneuli movlenebi: musika­
luri instru­mentebis mJRer si­
mebze dakvirvebisas vxedavT, rom
xmis gamocemisas isini irxe­ vian.
aseTi cdac CavataroT: dava­
kvir­
deT xis yuTze damagrebul a b
U-s msgav­sad moRunul Reros – sur. 26.1
kamertons (sur. 26.1, a). rezinis
patara CaquCi davartyaT Reros.

 3. ra gvesmis?

mJReri kamertonis Reros frTxilad mivuaxlooT msu­

bu­
qi bur­
Tula
ise, rom odnav Seexos (sur. 26.1, b).

 4. ras amCnevT? ras miuTiTebs SemCneuli movlena?

Catarebuli cdebiT vrwmun­ debiT: bgeris wyaro yovelTvis merxevi

sxe­ulia. sanam simi (an kamertonis totebi) irxeva, gvesmis bge­ ra; gava-
CerebT sims da bge­ rac Sewydeba.
ra xdeba haerSi an sxva garemoSi, rodesac iq moTav­sebuli sxeuli
irxeva?
merxevi sxeuli (firfita) ubiZ­ gebs haers da gadaanac­ vlebs mis nawi­
lakebs adrin­ deli mdebareobi­ dan. igi mis erT mxares kumSavs ha­ eris fe­
nas – qmnis haeris nawila­kebis siWarbes (Sesqelebas). erT­ dro­ulad iwvevs
haeris gaiS­viaTebas meore mxares. Semdgom imave ad­ gilas Sesqelebas cv-
lis SeTxeleba. es SekumSvebi da gaiSviaTebebi drois mixedviT erTmaneTs
rigrigobiT cvlis da vrceldeba drekadi grZivi talRis saxiT (sur. 26.2).
haeris wneva nebismier adgilas xan metia, xan ki naklebi im wnevaze, romelic
bgeris gaCenamde iyo. wnevis am
namats an danakliss bgeris wneva
ewodeba. talRa aRwevs Cvens yurs
da iwvevs mis maxloblad wnevis
periodul rxevas, romelic smenis
aparatze moqmedebs.
sur. 26.2

26
 haerSi bgeris wneva haeris normaluri wne­
vis umniSvnelo nawils Seadgens.
Cveni yuri bgeris saxiT aRiqvams rxevas,
romlis sixSirec 17-dan 20 000-mde hercis
farg­ l ebSia. aseT rxevas akustikuri rxeva
ewodeba.
bgeriTi rxeva SeiZleba warmoiSvas da gavr- sur. 27.1
celdes nebis­ mier nivTier gare­moSi.
nebismieri talRa, rogorc meqanikuri, ise eleqtromagnituri, imis
mixedviT, rogoria dabrkoleba, misgan nawilobriv airekleba, gardaty­
deba da STainTqmeba.
iseve, rogorc sinaTlisTvis, meqanikuri talRebisTvisac mar­­­­Tebulia
arekvlisa da gardatexis kano­ nebi.
gavrcelebisas, Tu bge­ ra Sexvdeba raime zRudes, mTas, tyes, kedels,
maSin is misgan airekleba da Cven SeiZleba gavigonoT areklili bgera,
romelsac eqo ewodeba. yvela areklil bgeras ver aRviqvamT, rogorc
eqos, radganac ori bgera cal-calke SegviZlia ga­ vigonoT mxolod im
Sem­TxvevaSi, Tu maTi aRqmis momentebs Soris drois Sualedi 1/15 wm-ze
naklebi ar aris.
5. ra minimaluri manZili unda iyos dabrkolebamde,

rom eqo gavigonoT?

SenobebSi bgeriTi talRebi ramdenime aTeuljer airekleba Senobis

kedle­ bidan, Weridan, avejidan da sxva sagnebidan, vidre maTi energia
mTlianad STainTqmeba. amitom bgeris wyaros rxevis Sewyvetis Semdeg,
maTi mravaljeradi arekvlis gamo, SenobaSi bgera ismis ramdenime wamis
gan­mav­lo­baSi.
CavataroT cda: magidis erT bolosTan dadeT isrebiani saaTi
(sur. 27.1). Tqven dadeqiT magidis mopirdapire boloSi, sadac saaTis
wikwiki TiTqmis ar ismis. magidis am bolos miadeT yuri da gamoitaneT
daskvna.

 6. haeri ufro kargad atarebs bgeriT rxevebs Tu

magidis zedapiri?
drekadi sxeulebi _ liTonebis umetesoba, xe, airebi, siTxeebi _
bgeris kargi gamtarebia.
rbili da forovani sxeulebi _ nabadi, xaliCa, dawnexili korpi,
naxerxi, forovani qvebi _ bgeris cudi gamtarebia.
bgeriTi rxevebi, miaRweven ra aseT fenas, swrafad miilevian da qrebian.
rxeviTi moZraobis energia gardaiqmneba Sinagan energiad _ sxeulebi
Tbeba.
7. aRwereT, rogor moiqceviT xmaurisagan oTaxis dasa­

cavad.
8. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, miileva Tu ara bgerebi
gavrce­
lebisas? moiyvaneT varaudis damadasturebeli magaliTi.
vaku­umSi bgera ar vrceldeba. bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare siTxeSi metia,
vidre haerSi da kidev uf­ ro metia myar sxeulSi.

27
 mag. haerSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqarea 340 m/wm, wyalSi _ ≈1400 m/wm,
rkinaSi _ ≈5850 m/wm. garemos temperaturis gadidebiT masSi bgeris siCqare
izrdeba.
zogierT garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare ixileT cxrilSi gv. 140.
8. moipoveT informacia, sxvadasxva garemoSi bgeris

gavrcelebis siCqaris Sesaxeb. SeadareT erTmaneTs da
gamoTqviT varaudi maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze.
bgerebi, romlebsac yoveldRi­ urad vismenT, metad mravalferovania.
bgeras, romelsac rxevis gan­sa­z­Rvruli sixSire aqvs, musi­ka­luri bgera,
anu toni ewodeba.
musikaluri tonebi gansxvavdebian xmamaRlobiT da simaRliT.
tonis xmamaRloba ganisazRvreba rxevis amplitudiT. rac ufro
didia rxevis amplituda, miT ufro xmamaRalia toni.
magaliTad, rac ufro Zlierad vurtyamT CaquCs kamertons, miT ufro
metia kamertonis fexis rxevis amplituda da
miT ufro xmamaRla JRers igi.
tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba rxevis six­
SiriT. rac ufro didia rxe­ vis sixSire, miT
ufro metia tonis simaRle (maRalia toni).
amas SeiZleba davakvirdeT simis rxevisas. si-
mis daWimulobis zrda iwvevs misi Tavisufali
rxevis sixSiris zrdas. amitom, roca vWimavT
gitaris an sxva instrumentis sims, vzrdiT
bgeris simaRlesac.
adamianis xmis bgerebis sazRvrebi moTavse- sur. 28.1
bulia 70  hc-sa (dabali sabaso noti) da ≈1400
hc-s (maRali sopranos noti) Soris.
xmauri musikaluri tonisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas ar Seesabam-
eba rxevis raime gansazRvruli sixSire. igi sxvadasxva sixSi­ ris rxevebis
erTobli­obaa.
grZiv talRebs, romelTa sixSire 16 hc-ze naklebia, infrabgerebi ewodeba,
xolo talRebs, romelTa sixSire 20 000 hc-ze metia _ ultrabgerebi.
samyaroSi infrabgerebi da ultrabgerebi iseve farTodaa gavrcele-
buli, rogorc bgeriTi talRebi. aRmoCnda, rom maT asxivebs da iRebs
cocxali organizmebi ro­gorc xmeleTze, ise wyalsa da haerSi da iyenebs
TavisianebTan `salaparakod~ an sivrceSi orientirebisaTvis.

akustika, musikaluri bgera, tonis simaRle,

tonis xmamaRloba

davaleba
moipoveT informacia cxovelebisa da adamianebis mier aRqmuli bgeris
sixSiris Sesaxeb da warmoadgineT svetovani diagramis saxiT.
moamzadeT masala prezentaciisTvis.

28
 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi 1.8
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1. gansazRvreT, ra simaRleze iyo aweuli maTematikuri qanqaras

burTula wonasworobis mdebareobidan, Tu xelis gaSvebis Semdeg man
es mdebareoba 1,4 m/wm siCqariT gaiara.

amoxsna
potenciuri energiis aTvlis nulovan doned avir-
CioT burTulis udablesi mdebareoba (sur. 29.1).
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad,
Epot.1+Ekin.1=Epot.2E+Ekin.2  , (1)

sadac Epot.1=mgh, (2) Ekin.1=0, (3) Epot.2=0 (4) Ekin.2= mv . (5)

2

(2),(3),(4),(5) (1) Þ (*)

sur. 29.1
(*):  m.

2. gansazRvreT maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZe, Tu misi sixSire

1 hercia.
amoxsna

?l maTematikuri qanqaras rxevis periodi

moc.: n=1 hc. gT2
l
T = 2r g & l = (1) 1.
T=o (2)
2
4r
g
(2) (1) Þ l= . (*) (*): l=0,25 m.
4r2 o2
3. dinamometrze dakidebuli sxeulis rxevis sixSire 2 hc-ia.
gansazRvreT rxevebis Sewyvetis Semdeg zambaris wagrZeleba.
amoxsna
? Dl rxevebis Sewyvetis Semdeg sxeuli wonasworobaSia.
moc.: o = 2 hc sxeulze moqmedi mg simZimis da F drekadobis Zalebi
erTmaneTs awonasworebs F=mg. (1)
mg
hukis kanonis Tanaxmad, F=k∆l. (2) (1)(2)  Dl = . (3)
k
zambariani qanqaras rxevis periodi T = 2r m . (4) aseve T = 1 . (5)
k o
g
(4)(5)  m = 1 . (6) (6) (3)  Dl = . (*)
k 4r2 o2 4r2 o2
(*): ∆l  ≈ 6 .10-2 m.

29
 4. zambaraze dakidebul firfitaze drois toli Sualedebis
Semdeg ecema wylis wveTebi, ris gamoc zambara irxeva maqsimaluri
amplitudiT. firfitis sakuTari rxevis sixSire n0-ia. wveTebi swydeba
raRac simaRlidan.
gansazRvreT manZili or uaxloes vardnil wveTs Soris. haeris
winaaRmdegoba umniSvneloa.

amoxsna
? h radgan haeris winaaRmdegoba umniSvneloa, wveTebis
moc.: o aCqareba SeiZleba CavTvaloT g-s tolad.
g wveTebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabrad moZraoben. ris
gamoc vardnis procesSi wveTebs Soris manZili ar
icvleba. manZili or vardnil wveTs Soris
gx2
h= . (1)
2
sadac τ aris drois Sualedi wveTis mowyvetidan momdevno wveTis
mowyvetamde. wveTebis dacemis gamo firfitis rxevebi iZulebiTia.
radganac firfitis rxevis amplituda maqsimaluria da ar icvleba, amitom
damyarebulia rezonansi. e. i. gare Zalis sixSire (am SemTxvevaSi vardnili
wveTebis sixSire) emTxveva firfitis sakuTari rxevis sixSires n=n0. (2)
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom t drois Sualedi firfitis rxevis t0 periodis
tolia.
g
x = x0= o1 . (3) (3) (1)  h = 2. (*)
0 2o0

5. Tqveni varaudiT, did darbazSi oratoris xma rodis ufro kargad

ismis, roca darbazi xalxiTaa savse, Tu roca msmenelTa raodenoba
mcirea?

amoxsna

did darbazSi, roca msmenelTa raodenoba mcirea, oratoris sityva

naklebad garkveviT ismis. bgerebi ramdenjerme irekleba kedlebidan,
Weridan. radgan es zRudeebi msmenelTagan sxvadasxva manZilze
mdebareobs, amitom oratoridan wamosuli da areklili bgerebi
msmenelebTan sxvadasxva dros midis. amitom oratoris sityva garkveviT
ar ismis.

magram imave darbazSi, roca is msmenelebiTaa savse, tansacmeli

STanTqavs bgeriT rxevebs, amitom aseTi darbazis akustikuri (bgeriTi)
Tvisebebi umjobesdeba da oratoris xma ukeTesad ismis.

30
 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
1.9
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t1p9

amoxseniT amocanebi

1. qanqaras rxevis erTi periodis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjer gardaiqmneba

potenciuri energia kinetikurad da, piriqiT, kinetikuri _ potenciurad?
2. gansazRvreT maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZe, Tu misi rxevis periodi
1 wm-ia.
3. gansazRvreT zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis periodi da
sixSire, Tu igi 16 wm-Si 20 rxevas asrulebs.
4. 400 n/m sixistis zambara 10 sm-iT gaWimes. gansazRvreT zambaris
maqsimaluri potenciuri energia. zambara horizontalur mdebareobaSia.
5. gitarebiaT Tu ara wyliani vedro? migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom
wyliani vedros tarebisas zogjer misgan wyali gadmoaSxefebs? ratom
xdeba ase? rogor moiqceviT gadmoSxefebis SesaCereblad?
6. zRvaSi talRis sigrZe 150 m-ia, rxevis periodi _ 15 wm-i. gansaz-
RvreT talRis gavrcelebis siCqare.
7. grZiv talRasTan SedarebiT granitis masivSi seismuri signali
ganivi talRiT 2,8 wm-is dagvianebiT dafiqsirda. gansazRvreT manZili
seismografidan miwisZvris epicentramde, Tu grZivi talRis siCqare 5,40
km/wm-ia, xolo ganivis _ 3,85 km/wm.
8. haeri metad STanTqavs bgeras, vidre mina. quCis xmauri ki Ria fan-
jaraSi ufro metad ismis, vidre daxurulSi. axseniT, ratom?

testi

1. zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis masis oTxjer gazrdiT rxevis periodi

a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.
2. zambaris sixistis oTxjer gazrdiT masze damagrebuli sxeulis
rxevis periodi
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.
3. maTematikuri qanqaras sigrZis oTxjer gadidebiT rxevis periodi
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.
4. Zafze dakidebuli sxeulis masis oTxjer gadidebiT rxevis periodi
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda;
g. orjer gaizarda; d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

31
 am TavSi gaixsenebT
da gaecnobiT

II Tavi  
analogias meqanikur da ele-
qtrul rxevebs Soris;
eleqtromagnituri  
cvlad dens;
 
cvladi denis efeqtur
rxevebi da mniSvnelobas;
 
cvladi denis simZlavres;
talRebi  
cvladi denis generators;
 
transformators;
 
sinaTles, rogorc
eleqtromagnitur talRas;
 
eleqtromagnitur skalas;
 
mocemul Temebze amocanebis
amoxsnas.

32
 analogia meqanikur da 2.1
eleqtromagnitur movlenebs Soris
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p1

33.1, a suraTze gamosa­xulia SekumSuli zambara, 33.2, a-ze mimdevrobiT

SeerTebuli kondensatori da induqciurobis koWa _ rxeviTi konturi.
ganxilul SemTxvevebSi meqanikuri da eleqtromagnituri energiebis sxva
saxis energiad gardaqmna ar gaviTvaliswinoT.

F v F v F

t0=0 t1= T t2= T t3= 3 T t4=T

4 2 4
a b g d e
sur. 33.1

Im Im

t0=0 t1= T t2= T t3= 3 T t4=T

4 2 4

a b g d e
sur. 33.2

 1. ra saxis energia aqvs gaWimul (SekumSul) zambaras?

damuxtul kondensators (sur. 33.2,a)? dawereT energiis
ganmsazRvreli formulebi?

burTulis gaTavisuflebis t0= momentidan inertulobis gamo Fx drekado-

bis Zalis moqmedebiT burTulis siCqare TandaTan iwyebs gadidebas.

 2. rogor icvleba zambaris potenciuri energia? rad

gardaiqmneba igi?

t1= T momentSi burTulas aqvs maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia. am mo-

4
mentSi zambaris potenciuri energia nulis tolia. meqanikuri energiis
2 mvmaqs
2
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad: kA = (sur. 33.1,b).
2 2
analogiurad, K gadamrTvelis meore mdebareobaSi gadayvanis momenti-
dan U Zabvis moqmedebiT kondensatori iwyebs ganmuxtvas. TviTinduqciis
gamo wredSi deni TandaTan iwyebs gadidebas. kondensatoris eleqtruli
velis energia mcirdeba, igi denis magnituri velis energiad gardaiqmneba.

33
 t1= T momentSi denis magnituri velis energia maqsimaluria. am momentSi
4
kondensatoris energia nulis tolia. rodesac wredis R winaRoba umniS-
vneloa, maSin energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, SegviZlia davweroT:
(sur. 33.2,b)

b mdebareobaSi burTulaze drekadobis Zala ar moqmedebs.

 3. gaCerdeba burTula am mdebareobaSi? axseniT,

ratom fiqrobT ase?

inertulobis gamo burTula agrZelebs moZraobas marjvniv. zambara

iWimeba. drekadobis Zala mimarTulia marcxniv. burTulis siCqare mcirdeba.

 4. rad gardaiqmneba burTulis kinetikuri energia?

pasuxi daasabuTeT.

t2= T momentSi potenciuri energia maqsimaluria, kinetikuri _ nuli

2
(sur. 33.1, g).
analogiurad, magnituri velis energiis xarjze eleqtruli muxtebi
T
iwyeben kondensatoris Semonafenebze dagrovebas da t2= 2 momentSi
magnituri velis energia kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energiadaa
gardaqmnili (sur. 33.2, g).

amis Semdeg burTula iwyebs moZraobas wonasworobis mdebareobisaken _

kondensatori iwyebs ganmuxtvas. wredSi deni gadis Tavdapirvelis sapi­
rispiro mimarTulebiT (sur. 33.2,d) da periodis bolos sistema ubrundeba
sawyis mdgomareobas (sur. 33.2, e).

amis Semdeg procesi meordeba. sistemaSi _ kondensatori da mis

SemonafenebTan mierTebuli koWa _ aRiZvreba Tavisufali eleq­
tru­
li
rxe­
vebi. aseT sis­
temas rxeviTi konturi ewodeba.

xaxunis gamo Tavisufali meqanikuri rxevebi garkveuli drois Semdeg

Sewydeba.

aseve, gamtarebis winaRobisa da energiis gamosxivebis gamo, kontu­

rSi
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi Sewydeba. meqanikuri da eleqtruli energia
Sinagan energiad gardaiqmneba. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin meqanikuri da
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi usasrulod gagrZeldeboda.

drois im umcires Sualeds, romlis Semdegac denis Zalis an Zab­

vis mniSvnelobis moduli da mimarTuleba meordeba, denis Zalisa da
Zabvis rxevis periodi ewodeba.

Cveni msjelobidan Cans, rom arsebobs msgavseba meqanikur da ele-

qtromagnitur rxevebs Soris. magram msgavsebaa ara periodulad cvladi
sidideebis bunebas Soris, aramed am sidideebis perioduli cvlilebis

procesebs Soris. magaliTad, kondensatoris damuxtva _ misTvis

eleqtruli energiis miniWeba _ analogiuria zambaraze damagrebuli

34
sxeulis wonasworobis mdebareobidan gamoyvanis da misTvis energiis

miniWebis. kondensatoris q muxtis cvlileba analogiuria x koordinatis

cvlilebis da a. S. analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur rxevebs So-
ris gamovsaxoT cxrilis saxiT.

meqanikuri sidideebi eleqtruli sidideebi

koordinati x muxti q

siCqaris gegmili vx denis Zala I

masa m induqciuroba L

zambaris sixiste k tevadobis Sebrunebuli sidide 1/C

kinetikuri energia mv2/2 magnituri velis energia LI2/2

potenciuri energia kx2/2 eleqtruli velis energia q2/2C

radgan zambaraze damagrebuli sxeulis rxevis periodi amitom

meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris analogiis safuZvelze, SeiZleba

davweroT rxeviT konturSi sakuTari eleqtruli rxe­ vebis periodis
gamosaxuleba: es formula pirvelad ingliselma fizikosma
tomsonma gamoiyvana, amitom tomsonis formulis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

 5. rxeviTi konturis induqciuroba 2 hn-ia, konden­

satoris tevadoba ki _ 0,5 mkf. gansazRvreT konturSi
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis sakuTari sixSire.

6. rogor Seicvleba rxeviTi konturis sakuTari sixSire, Tu koWas

induqciurobas orjer gavadidebT, xolo kondensatoris tevadobas
orjer SevamcirebT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

rxeviTi konturi, tomsonis formula

gavecaniT analogias meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur rxevebs Soris.

analogiis safuZvelze, davwereT eleqtruli rxevebis periodis
ganmsazRvreli formula.

35
 2.2 cvladi deni. cvladi denis generatori.
denis Zalisa da Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p2

 1. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara praqtikulad

gamoviyenoT iseTi deni, romelic swrafad miileva?
asxeniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali eleqtruli rxevebi swrafad miileva. ara-

milevad iZulebiT rxevebs ki udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. mis
misaRebad daxarjuli energia rxeviT konturSi ganuwyvetliv unda Sevav-
soT. ganaTebis qselSi cvladi deni iZulebiTi eleqtruli rxevebia.
rogor miviRoT igi?
CavataroT cda: magnitur velSi
B C
movaTavsoT Sveul RerZze Camoc-
muli ABCD marTkuTxa CarCo, rome­
lic izolaciiT dafaruli mavTulis
ramdenime aTeuli xviisagan Sedgeba. A D
gamtaris boloebi rgolebisa (r) da
musebis (m) meSveobiT galvanometrTa-
m
naa SeerTebuli (sur. 36.1). m
cda gviCvenebs, rogori mdebare­ r
obac unda hqondes CarCos magnitur
velSi. Tu igi uZravia, galvanometri sur. 36.1
dens ar gviCvenebs.
vabrunoT CarCo mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT saaTis isris brunvis
mimarTulebiT im damkvirveblisaTvis, romelic CarCos zemodan uyurebs.
CarCos im mdebareobas, rodesac misi sibrtye magnituri velis daZabulobis
wirebis marTobulia, neitraluri vuwodoT. t=0 momentSi am mdebareobis
gavlisas CarCos AB da CD gverdebi daZabulobis wirebis paralelurad
moZraoben. ar xdeba am wirebis gadakveTa, ar icvleba CarCos gamWoli
magnituri nakadi, ris gamoc masSi deni ar aRiZvreba. am mdebareobis gavlis
momentidan CarCos gamWoli magnituri nakadi icvleba, amitom konturSi
aRiZvreba deni. Semobrunebis kuTxis gadidebasTan erTad izrdeba CarCos
gamWoli magnituri nakadis cvlilebis siCqare.

2. rogor icvleba am dros konturSi gamavali denis

 moduli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. gansazRvreT CarCoSi gamavali denis mimarTuleba
T
drois t1= 4 momentSi, rodesac igi 900-iTaa Semobrunebuli.

4. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT daadgineT, drois am momentidan

T
dawyebuli rogor icvleba deni konturSi. gansazRvreT deni drois t2= 2
momentSi, rodesac CarCo 1800-iT Semobrundeba.

36
 am mdebareobis gavlisas deni Seicvlis mimarTulebas, misi moduli
izrdeba da aRwevs maqsimums t3= 3 T momentSi.
4 E
Semdeg isev mcirdeba. t4=T momentSi CarCo
ubrundeba sawyis mdebareobas. masSi gamavali
deni nuli xdeba, kvlav icvlis mimarTulebas da
procesi meordeba.
damtkicebulia, rodesac CarCo brunavs mudmivi
t
kuTxuri siCqariT erTgvarovan magnitur velSi, ma-
Sin CarCoSi aRiZvreba si­nusoiduri kanoniT cvla­di sur. 37.1
em Zala da deni. (sur. 37.1).
E = E maqssinωt , I = I maqssin(ωt+ϕ 0), sa­d ac ϕ 0
fazaTa sxvaobaa denis rxevasa da Zabvas
Soris.
mowyobilobas, sadac ama Tu im sa­ xi­
s
energia gardaiqmneba cvladi denis eleq­
trul energiad, cvladi denis generatori
ewodeba.
cvla­ d i denis generatoris modelia
(sur. 36.1) danadgari, romelic Sedgeba
magnitisa da gamtari CarCosagan, ori rgo­
liTa da ori musiT.
mZlavri generatorebiT SeiZleba mivi-
RoT aTeul aTasobiT amperi deni 10 000 v
rigis Zabvis dros.
moZravi kontaqtebis meSveobiT aseTi
maRali Zabvis denis gamoyvana, praqti-
kulad, SeuZlebelia, vinaidan moZrav
kontaqtebSi Zlieri naperwklebi Cndeba.
amitom cvladi denis TiTqmis yvela gen-
eratorSi gragnils (Ruza), romelSic in-
duqciiT aRiZvreba em Zala, uZravad dgamen,
magnituri sistema (induqtori) ki brunavs.
manqanis uZrav nawils statori ewodeba,
moZravs ki _ rotori.
generatoris rotori brunavs romelime
ZravaTi _ hidro­t urbi­n iT, orTqlis
sur. 37.2
turbiniT, Sigawvis ZravaTi an sxva.
erT agregatad SeerTebul ele­ qt­ rul
generators da orTqlis turbinas turbogeneratori ewo­deba (sur. 37.2).
hidroeleqtrul sadgurSi (he­ si) generatorebis rotorebis sabrune-
blad gamoiyeneba kaSxliT aweuli wylis potenciuri energia (sur. 38.1,
a). eleqtruli generatoris rotori brunavs hidravlikuri turbiniT
(sur. 38.1, b).
cvladi denis mniSvnelobis dadgenisas sargebloben misi iseTi moq-
medebiT, romelic denis mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris, magaliTad,
denis siTburi moqmedeba.

37
 eleqtruli energia

a b

sur. 38.1

5. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara, rom mocemuli


winaRobis gamtarSi mocemul droSi mudmivma denma
iseTive siTbos raodenoba gamoyos, rasac gamoyofs cvladi deni imave
droSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

mudmivi denis im mniSvnelobas, romelic gamtarSi siTbos imdenive

raodenobas gamoyofs, ramdensac cvladi deni imave droSi, cvladi
denis moqmedi (efeqturi) mniSvneloba ewo­
deba.
mtkicdeba, rom sinusoiduri cvladi denisaTvis misi I efeqturi mniSvneloba
mis Imaqs amplitudur mniSvnelobaze -jer naklebia, e. i. . msgavsad amisa,
Zabvis U efeqturi mniSvneloba naklebia mis amplitudur mniSvnelobaze
-jer, e. i.
Emaqs
, E= .
2
saqarTveloSi ganaTebis qselSi denis sixSire 50 hercia. es imas niSnavs,
rom deni gamtarebSi 1 wm-Si 50-jer erTi mimarTulebiT gadis da 50-jer
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.

6. rodesac ganaTebis qselSi Zabvis efeqturi


mniSvneloba 220 v-ia, maSin rogoria Zabvis amplituduri
mniSvneloba?

cvladi denis generatori, statori, rotori,

turbogeneratori, Zabvisa da denis efeqturi
mniSvneloba.

gavecaniT cvladi denis generatoris models. cvladi denis generato­

ris mowyobilobas da misi moqmedebis princips. agreTve, cvladi denis
da Zabvis moqmed anu efeqtur mniSvnelobas.

38
 eleqtruli energiis gadacema
2.3
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p3

eleqtrosadgurebs ageben im adgilebSi, sadac sawvavisa da hidrore­

sursebis wyaroebia. momxmareblebi ki yvelganaa. didi masStabiT eleq­
troenergiis Senaxva SeuZlebelia. igi miRebisTanave unda gamoiyenon.
amitom iqmneba eleqtroenergiis did manZilze gadacemis aucilebloba.
deni gadamcem sadenebs aTbobs.
1. dakargulia Tu ara denis mier gadamcem xazSi

gamoyofili siTburi energia? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT
ase?

eleqtroenergiis gadacema ekono­miurad xelsayreli rom iyos, aucile-

blad saWiroa, sadenebis gaTbobaze danakargi rac SeiZleba Semcirdes.
rogor movaxerxoT es?
gamtarSi denis gavlisas gamoyofili siTbo ganisazRvreba joul-lencis
kanoniT.
Q = I2Rt, (1)
sadac I gamtarSi gamavali denia, (2) gamtaris winaRoba, l _ gam-

taris sigrZe, S _ ganivkveTis farTobi, ρ _ kuTri winaRoba, t _ drois

Sualedi, romlis ganmavlobaSic gamtarSi deni gadioda.
2. rogor SevamciroT energiis danakargi gadamcem

xazSi? varaudi CawereT samuSao rveulSi.
(1) ⇒ energiis danakargis Semcirebis ramdenime gza arsebobs. erT-erTi
gadamcemi xazis sadenebis winaRobis Semcirebaa.
3. ramdenad misaRebia mcire winaRobis sadenebis gamo­

yeneba eleqtruli energiis gadacemisas? varaudi Cawe­reT
samuSao rveulSi.
SevecadoT, problemebis gadawyvetis gzebi amocanis amoxsniT, etapob­
rivad, vaCvenoT.

vTqvaT, eleqtrosadguris generatoris simZlavrea 220 kvt, Zabva _

220 v. eleqtroenergia unda gadavceT 40 km-ze spilenZis mavTuliT. gan­
vsazRvroT, rogori unda iyos mavTulis ganivkveTis farTobi da masa,
rom sadenebSi danakargi ar aRematebodes gadasacemi simZlavris 10%-s?
amoxsna
? S, m
moc.: P=220kvt=22.104 vt xazis winaRoba . (3)

U=220v (3) ⇒ (4)

l=40 km= 4.104 m
simZlavris danakargi
r=1,7.10–2 omi.mm2/m
D=9800 kg/m3 P1=I2R, (5) da P1=kP. (6)
K=0,1

39
 generatoris simZlavre (7)

(6) (7) (5): ⇒ (8)

(8) (4) ⇒ (*) (*): S=31 000 mm2 = 0,031 m2.

m=DSl. (**) (**): m=11 036 000kg.

mavTulis TiToeuli metris masa

4. praqtikulad, SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara eleq­


truli energiis gadacema aseTi didi masis mavTulebiT?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

energiis danakargis mkveTrad Semcireba SeiZleba gadamcem xazSi denis

SemcirebiT.

5. mocemuli P=IU simZlavris Seucvlelad, rogor


SeiZ­
leba denis Semcireba?

vTqvaT, igive 220 kvt simZlavre unda gadavceT 100-jer meti 22000 v
ZabviT.

6. gansazRvreT, Tu Zabvas 100-jer gavadidebT, maSin


ramdenjer Semcirdeba deni gadamcem xazSi?
7. P1=I2R formulidan daadgineT, simZlavris imave danaka­
rgisaTvis
ramdenjer ufro didi winaRobis gadamcemi xazis gamo­yenebaa SesaZle-
beli?

gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, Tu eleqtrul energias

100-jer meti ZabviT gadavcemT, SesaZlebelia,
gadamcemi xazis winaRobis 1002-jer gadideba da,
Sesabamisad, xazis masis 1002-jer Semcireba. amis
Sedegad, TiToeuli metris masa toli iqneba
≈0,0276 kg-is da energiis gadacema, praq­tikulad,
SesaZ­lebeli gaxdeba.
amgvarad, eleqtroenergiis did man­ Z ilze
a
gada­ c emisas aucileblad maRali ZabviT unda
visa­rgebloT.
amis gamo, generatoridan miRebul Zabvas amaR­
leben transformatoriT. umartivesi tran­ sfo­ b g
sur. 40.1
rmatori, misi mowyobilobis sqema da pirobiTi
aRniSvna gamosaxulia 40.1 a, b da g suraTebze. transformatori (laT.)
transformatoris muSaobas safuZvlad udevs _ aparati, romelic eleq­
eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena. truli denis Zabvas zrdis
an amcirebs.

40
 gadamcemi xazis boloebze _ momxmarebelTan Zabva unda SevamciroT.
amas axorcieleben sadab­ lebeli transformatoriT. Cveulebriv, Zabvis
dadableba da, Sesabamisad, denis gazrda xorcieldeba ramdenime etapad.
yovel etapze Zabva xdeba sul ufro mcire, eleqtruli qselis mier Semo-
fargluli teritoria _ sul ufro farTo.
eleqtroenergiis gadacemisa da ganawilebis sqema mocemulia 41.1 suraTze.
35 kv

11 kv samaRlebeli 110 kv 35 kv
cvladi denis sadablebeli
generatori transforma- transfor-
tori gadacemis xazi matori
35 kv

6 kv 220 v
220 v

sadablebeli 6 kv sadablebeli 220 v

transforma- transforma- momxmareblisken
tori gadacemis tori 220 v
gada-
cemis xazi
xazi
6 kv 220 v

sur. 41.1

Tu adamiani SeZlebs iseTi gamtaris Seqmnas, romelsac bunebriv piro-

bebSi winaRoba ar eqneba, maSin (1) ⇒ aseT gamtarSi (zegamtarSi) denis
gavlisas siTbo ar gamoiyofa da eleqtrul energias, ragind did manZilze,
udanakargod gadavcemT.

davadgineT, rom eleqtrosadgurebidan momxmareblamde eleqtruli

energiis gadacemisas aucileblad maRali ZabviT unda visargebloT.
amisaTvis generatoridan miRebul Zabvas jer amaRleben, Sor manZilze
gadacemis Semdeg ki adableben transformatoris meSveobiT. Semdeg
gakveTilze gavecnobiT transformatoris moqmedebis princips.

davaleba

ramdenad saWiroa iseTi gamtaris Seqmna, romelsac bunebriv

pirobebSi winaRoba ar eqneba.
sakiTxi ganixileT etapebis mixedviT.
1. CamoayalibeT Tqveni pozicia, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
2. moiyvaneT magaliTebi, romliTac daasabuTebT oTaxis tempera­
turaze zegamtaris Seqmnis aucileblobas.
3. ra Seicvleboda eleqtruli energiis gadacemisas, Tu zegamtarebs
gamoviyenebdiT?
4. ratom aris es mniSvnelovani?

41
 2.4 transformatori
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p4

1. ra aris saWiro eleqtroenergiis Sor manZilze naklebi dana­

kargebiT gadasacemad?

2. ra informacias iRebT 42.1 suraTebidan?

denis
wyaro

a. CamrTveli gamorTulia b. CamrTvelis CarTvisas g. CamrTvelis CarTvidan

1-2 wm-is Semdeg

sur. 42.1
d. CamrTvelis gamorTvisas e. CamrTvelis gamorTvidan
1-2 wm-is Semdeg

3. ris meSveobiT xorcieldeba Zabvis amaRleba?

transformatori Sedgeba Sekruli fo-

ladis gularisagan, ro­melzec Camocmulia
ori (an meti) mavTulis gragniliani koWa.
erT-erT gragnils, romlis boloebze
mode­bulia gardasaqmneli cvladi U1 Zabva, a
b
ewodeba pirveladi gragnili. gragnils, rom- sur. 42.2
lis boloebi SeerTebulia momxmarebelTan,
ewodeba meoreuli.

 4. ra aris gamosaxuli 42.2 suraTze?

transformatoris moqmedebis principi damyarebulia eleq­tromagnituri

induqciis movlenaze. pirvelad koWaSi cvladi denis gavlisas, gularSi
Cndeba cvladi magnituri nakadi, romelic, praqtikulad, mxolod gula-
ris SigniT arsebobs da erTnairia yvela kveTaSi. amis gamo induqciis em
Zalis myisi mniSvneloba pirveladi Tu meoreuli gragnilis nebismier
xviaSi erTnairia.

42
 cxadia, rac metia koWas xviaTa ricxvi, miT metia masSi aRZruli
induqciis em Zala da Zabva am koWas boloebze.

dasabuTebulia, rom ,

sadac U1 da U2 Zabvis moqmedi mniSvnelobebia, Sesabamisad, pirveladi da

meoreuli gragnilebis boloebze. n1 da n2 pirveladi da meoreuli grag-
nilebis xviaTa ricxvia.
K sidides ewodeba transformaciis koeficienti. Tu K>1, transfor-
matori aris sadablebeli, xolo Tu K<1, samaRlebeli.
Tanamedrove transformatorebSi energiis danakargebi Zalian mcirea.
igi ar aRemateba 2-3%, amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom meoreul wredSi
gadacemuli energia tolia cvladi denis wyarodan moxmarebuli energiisa,
e. i. denis simZlavre pirvelad wredSi miaxloebiT tolia simZlavrisa

meoreul wredSi: U1I1 U2I2, aqedanU1 I

. 2 , e. i. ramdenjerac izrdeba
U2 I1
transformatoris meSveobiT Zabva, imdenjer mcirdeba deni meoreul
gragnilSi (da piriqiT).

5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, ra daniSnuleba aqvs


transformatoris gulars?
6. transformatoris gulari foladisaa. Tqveni
varaudiT, aRiZvreba Tu ara induqciuri deni gularSi? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
7. gaxurdeba Tu ara foladis gulari denis gavlisas? ramdenad
sasurvelia gularis gaxureba?

gularis arasasurveli gaxurebis Sesamcireblad mas amzadeben ara

masiuri foladisagan (Tumca, es gacilebiT advili da iafia), aramed
specialuri foladis furclebisagan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan izolaciis
Txeli feniTaa ganmxoloebuli. aseTi gularis winaRoba gacilebiT didia
masiuri gularis winaRobaze.

 8. Tqveni varaudiT, ratom iqcevian ase?

9. transformatoris gragnilebi sxvadasxva sisqis
mavTulisganaa damzadebuli. axseniT, romel gragnils aqvs xviaTa meti
raodenoba?
10. Tu transformatoris gragnilSi erT-erTi xvia rgolad Caiketeba,
trans­formatori gamodis mwyobridan. axseniT, ratom?

transformatori, transformaciis koeficienti,

samaRlebeli da sadablebeli transformatorebi.

gavecaniT transformatoris agebulebis da moqmedebis princips.

davad­
gineT, rodis aris transformatori samaRlebeli da rodis _
sadablebeli.

43
 2.5 eleqtromagnituri talRebi
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p5

miveCvieT, rom cnoba msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas momxdari ambis

Sesaxeb sul ramdenime wuTSi aRwevs Cvenamde. rogorc xSirad vambobT
xolme, SevigrZnobT samyaros majiscemas. yovelive amas ki, uzrunvelyofs
radiokavSiris erTiani sistema.
1. daasaxeleT mowyobilobebi, romelTa meSveobiT

swrafad SeiZleba informaciis mopoveba.
radiokavSirs safuZvlad udevs jeimz klerk
maqsvelis eleqtromagnituri velis Teoria.
maqsvelma Teoriulad daasabuTa, rom eleqtrul
da magni­tur velebs Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs:
magnituri velis yoveli cvlileba garemomcvel
sivrceSi iwvevs cvla­di eleqtruli velis gaCenas.
eleq­truli velis yoveli cvlileba ki _ cvla­di
magnituri velis gaCenas.
cvladi eleqtruli velis da mas­Tan uwyvetad
dakav­Sirebuli cvla­di magnituri velis erTo­bli­
obas eleq­ tromagnituri veli ewo­deba.
swrafad cvladi eleqtromag­nituri veli vakuum- jeimz klerk maqsveli
Si vrceldeba sinaTlis gavrcelebis _ 300 000 km/wm (1831-1879)
siCqariT da gavrcelebisas gadaaqvs energia.
periodulad cvla­di eleqtro­mag­nituri ve­lis gavrcelebis pro­­­­­­cesi
warmoadgens ta­lRur pro­cess _ ele­qtromagnitur ta­l­Ras.
44.1 suraTze gamosa­xu­lia
ase­­Ti procesis `momentaluri eleqtruli veli
su­­ra­­Ti~. eleqtruli da mag­
ni­tu­ri velebi warmoiqmne­ba
ur­TierT­marTob sibrtyeebSi.
ma­
T marTobulad vrceldeba
eleqtro­magnituri talRa. magnituri veli
sur. 44.1
maqsvelma daamuSava sinaT­
li­s eleq­tromagnituri Teoria da amiT gaaerTiana manamde erT­ma­neTisagan
gan­ calkevebuli eleq­ trobis, magniti­zmisa da optikis dargebi. maqsvelis
varaudi, rom sinaTle eleqtromagnituri tal­Raa, daadastura henrix hercma
(1857-1894). man eqsperimentulad miiRo sinaTleze naklebi sixSiris ele-
qtromagnituri talRebi da gazoma maTi siCqare. aRmoCnda, rom sinaTlis
msgavsad, isic ganivi talRebia da gavrcelebisas imave Tvi­ sebebs avlens,
rasac sinaTlis tal­ Rebi: arekvla, gardatexa, da sxva.
Tu eleqtromagnitur talRebs ganvalagebT talRis sigrZis klebis
mixedviT, miviRebT skalas, romelsac eleqtromagnitur talRaTa skala
ewodeba.

44
 eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis mTeli speqtri gamosaxulia 45.1 suraTze.

bgeriTi da optikuri diapazonis rentgenis

radiotalRebi gamosxiveba gama sxivebi
infrabgeriTi
sxivebi
sixSiris
sur. 45.1

eleqtromagnituri talRebis klasifikacia

eleqtromagnituri talRebi talRis sixSire,

sigrZe, m hc

bgeriTi da infrabgeriTi sixSiris 1011-105 3.10-3-3.103

radiotalRebi
zegrZeli 105-104 3.103-3.104
grZeli ? 3.104-3.105
saSualo 103-102 3.105-3.106
mokle 102-10 3.106-3.107
metruli 10-1 ?
decimetruli 1-10 3.108-3.109
-1

ultramokle santimetruli 10-1-10-2 3.109-3.1010

milimetruli 10-2-10-3 3.1010-3.1011
decimilimetruli 10-3.10-4 3.1011-3.1012

optikuri diapazonis gamosxiveba

infrawiTeli 10-3-7,6.10-7 3.1011-7,0.1014

wiTeli 7,6.10-7-6,2.10-7 ?
narinjisferi 6,2 10 -5,9 10 4,8.1014-5,1.1014
. -7 . -7

yviTeli 5,9.10-7-5,6.10-7 5,1.1014-5,4.1014

xiluli
mwvane 5,6.10-7-5,0.10-7 5,4.1014-6,0.1014
gamosxiveba
cisferi ? 6,0.1014-6,2.1014
lurji 4,8.10-7-4,5.10-7 6,2.1014-6,7.1014
iisferi 4,5.10-7-3,8.10-7 6,7.1014-8,0.1014
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba 3,8.10-7-10-8 8.1014-3,0.1015
rentgenis gamosxiveba 8.10-8-10-12 3,7.1015-3.1020
gama gamosxiveba 10-11 da naklebi 3.1019 da meti

45
 2. 45-e gv.-ze cxrilSi kiTxviTi niSnebis adgilas Cas-

viT Sesabamisi mniS­vnelobebi.
3. radiotalRebis, xiluli sinaTlis da rentgenis
sxivebidan, romels aqvs yvelaze grZeli talRis sigrZe? yvelaze
mokle? romeli eleqtromagnituri talRis sixSirea yvelaze meti?
icvleba Tu ara eleqtro­ magnituri talRis siCqare talRis sigrZis
SemcirebiT?

mowyobiloba, romelSic swrafi eleqtro­nebis damuxruWe­bisas gamosxivdeba

rentgenis sxivebi

sur. 46.1

gamosxivebaTa skalis cal­ keul ubnebs Soris sazRvrebi sakmaod pi­

robiTia. prin­cipuli ga­ nsxvaveba cal­­ keul gamosxi­ve­
bebs Soris ar aris.
yoveli maT­gani warmoadgens eleqtro­mag­nitur talRas, romelic va­ku­umSi
vrceldeba 300 000 km/wm siCqariT. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis gamos­xivebebs
erT­maneTisagan asxvaveben maTi miRebis xerxisa (antenis gamos­xiveba, siTburi
gamosxiveba, gamosxi­veba swrafi eleqtro­nebis damuxruWe­bisas da sxva) da
regist­raciis meTo­diT. gamosxivebis talRis sigrZis Sem­­ci­rebasTan erTad,
talRis sigrZeebs So­ ris raodenobrivi gansxvavebani iw­ vevs mniS­
vnelovan
Tvisebriv gansxva­vebebs. maga­liTad: radiotalRebi, romelTa talRis sigrZe
10 m-ze metia, airekleba iono­ sfe­rodan. maSin,
rodesac ul­tra­mokle talRebi, romelTa tal-
Ris sigrZe 10 m-ze nak­lebia, gadis iono­sferoSi
(sur. 46.2).
sagnebidan ultramokle radiotalRebis
arekvlis movlena safuZvlad daedo e. w. ra-
diolokacias.
sur. 46.2

46
 obieqtis aRmoCenas da maTi adgilsamyofelis zustad gansazRvras
radiotalRebis meSveobiT radiolokacia ewodeba. radiolokatoris
moqmedebis principi gamosaxulia 47.1 suraTze.
lokatori gagzavnili impulsi

ekrani
areklili impulsi

mimRebi gamaZlierebeli

obieqtamde manZili
antenis gad-
amrTveli
gadamcemi impulsebis
generatori

sur. 47.1

optikuri diapazonis tal­ Re­ bisaTvis gaum­

Wvir­ vale nivTierebani rent-
genisa da gan­sa­kuTrebiT γ sxi­vebisaTvis gamWvir­valea. magram mTavari gan­
sxvaveba grZe­ l­tal­
Rian da mokletalRian gamos­ xivebebs Soris isaa, rom
mokle­­tal­Riani gamosxiveba nawilakebis Tvi­sebebs avlens.
eleqtromagnituri talRebis cal­keul ubnebs, maTi Tvisebebis Sesabami­
sad, sxvadasxva praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs.

eleqtromagnituri veli, elemagnituri talRa,

eleqtromagnituri talRebis klasifikacia,
radiolokacia.

gavecaniT eleqtromagnituri talRebis skalas. Semdeg gakve­

Tilze
ki gave­cnobiT eleqtromagnituri talRebis, kerZod, radiotalRebis
ga­moyenebas.

47
 eleqtromagnituri talRebis
2.6 gamoyeneba. radiotalRebi
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p6

 1. daasaxeleT TqvenT-
vis cnobili ra­diota­l­
Rebi.
2. ra aris radio­kavSiris safuZve-
li?

gamoyeneba sur. 48.1. radiotalRebis

gamoyeneba
radiotal- dabalsixSi­
ultramokle maRalsixSiruli
Rebis ruli
radiotal- mikrotalRebis mikrotalRebis
Rebis

radiokavSiris fizikuri safuZvlebi Zalian rTulia.

SemovifargloT mxolod aRweriT. radiokav­ Siri xor-
cieldeba radiogadamcemiT da radiomimRebiT.
daakvirdiT 48.2 suraTs.

 3. imsjeleT radiogadacemisa da
miRebis principebze.

b g
mikrofoni bgeriT tal- bgeriTi sixSiris
a Rebs gardaqmnis imave ele­q­t­ruli rxeve-
formis eleq­trul rxe­ biT xde­ba maRa­li
mikrofons ecema
vebad. sixSiris eleqtro­
bgeriTi talRebi.
magnituri rxevebis
modu­lireba.
d
gadamcemi antenis meSveobiT
maRali si­x Siris moduli-
rebuli eleqtromagnituri
talRebi (radio tal­R ebi)
gamosxivdeba sivrceSi.

modulacia _ maRali sixSiris

rxevebis Secvla dabali (bgeriTi)
e v sixSiris eleqtruli rxevebiT.

modulirebul eleqt­r o­ gadamcemi radiosadguris sixSireze awyobili

magnitur talRebs iW- radio­m imRebi maRali sixSiris cvlad dens
ers mimRebi antena. gardaqmnis ise­Tsave eleqtrul denad, romelic
konusuri difuzori mikrofonSi warmoiqmneba.
membrana
magniti
eleqtruli mowyobilobebi aZlierebs bgeriTi six-
Siris dens, romelic gadis xmamaRla molaparakis koWaSi
da qmnis cvlad magnitur vels. igi aiZulebs koWas, rxeva
daiwyos mudmivi magnitis mimarT. rxevebi gadaecema membra-
koWa z nas, difuzori aZlierebs rxevebs da gamosxivdeba bgeriTi
talRebi.
sur. 48.2

48
 pirveli radiogadacema eTerSi ga­ vida 1906 wlis 24 dekembers. es gax­
ldaT kanadeli profesoris, fesen­ deris, mravalwliani Sromis Sedegi.
mauwyebloba, ZiriTadad, reklama da musika, 128 m simaRlis anZis meSve­obiT
ganxorcielda. am movlenis Sem­ deg radiomauwyebloba saocari sis­ wra­
fiT
ganviTarda. amitom 1927 wels pirvelad moaxdines sixSireebis centrali-
zebuli danawi­ leba. es imas niSnavda, rom yvela radiosadgurs mxolod
misTvis gamo­yofil sixSireze unda emuSava, raTa erTmaneTTan ax­los mde-
bare gadam­cemebs erTmane­ TisaTvis xeli ar SeeSa­laT eTerSi.
radiotalRebis meSveobiT gamosaxulebis manZilze gadacema 1923 wels
pirvelad ganaxorciela Sotlandielma inJinerma jon lodji berdma (1888-
1946).
regularuli telegadacemebi did britaneTSi 1936 wels daiwyo, aSS-Si
_ 1941 wels, xolo saqarTveloSi _ 1956 wlis 30 dekembridan.
am patara saocrebis Semyureni, albaT, maSin verc warmoidgendnen, rom
sul mcire xanSi televizori (sur. 49.1) Cveni cxovrebis yoveldRiuri,
ganuyreli atributi gaxdeboda, masobrivi komunikaciis yvela sxva saSuale-
bas ajobebda sazoga­ doebaze Tavisi gavleniT
da namdvil socialur-fsiqologiur fenomenad
iqceoda.
dRes msoflioSi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT,
ramdenime aTeuli aTasi satelevizio gadam-
cemi sadguri muSaobs. televizia masobrivi
komunikaciis grandiozuli sistemaa, romelsac
adamianebze zemoqmedebis simZlavriT, albaT,
veraferi Seedreba.
gamosaxulebis manZilze gadacemis principi
ki aseTia: gadamcem sadgurSi gamosaxuleba sur. 49.1
Tanamimdevrulad gardaiqmneba eleq­trul sig-
nalebad. Semdeg am signa­lebiT axdenen maRali sixSiris generatoris mier
warmoq­mnili rxevebis modulacias. modulirebul eleqt­ro­m­agnitur talRas
informacia did manZilze gadaaqvs. mimRebSi xdeba uku­ gardaqmna, maRali
sixSiris moduli­ rebuli rxevebi modulirdeba, xolo miRe­ buli signali
gardaiqmneba xilul gamo­saxulebad. moZrao-
baTa gada­sa­­cemad gamoiyeneba kinos principi: modulireba (ing.) _
moZravi obieqtis erTmaneTisagan mci­red gan­ maRali sixSiris rxevebis
sxvavebuli gamosaxulebebi (kadrebi) wamSi dabali sixSiris (bgeriT)
ramdenime aTeul­ jer gadaicema.
rxevebad gardaqmna.
TiTqmis 30 weliwadia, rac mobiluri kav-
Sirgabmuloba mTel msoflioSi intensiurad
viTardeba. manamde ki, didi xniT adre, ukve arsebobda idea, rom erTsa
da imave adamians hqonoda ara ramdenime tele­foni, misi adgilsamyofelis
mixedviT, aramed erTi, romelic mas mudam Tan eqneboda.
1977 wels CikagoSi mwyobrSi Cadga pirveli sacdeli fiWuri sadguri,
romelic ori aTas abonents emsa­xureboda. male mobiluri tele­fonizaciis
tempma yovelgvar molo­ dinsa Tu prognozs gadaaWarba.
ramdenad usafrTxoa mobiluri telefoni? amboben, rom antenis maRali
sixSiris gamosxiveba iwvevs simsivnes, fsiqikur moSlilobas, uSvilobas,

49
 genetikur daavadebebs... sinamdvileSi, dRes konkretulad aravin icis, ras
iwvevs adamianis organizmSi maRali sixSiris aramai­onizirebeli gamosxiveba.
es radiacia ar aris. amgvari gamosxi­vebis moqme­debis
konkretuli Sedegebi jerac ucnobia, Tumca, yvela
aRiarebs erTs: aucilebelia elementaruli normebis
dacva, namdvilad ar Rirs fiWuri telefoniT uzo­
mod didxans saubari iseve, rogorc kompi­uterTan
Seusveneblad muSaoba. cnobisaTvis: sa­qar­Tve­loSi
mobi­luri telefoniT erTi adamianis saubris sa-
Sualo xangrZlivoba msoflio maCve­ nebels TiTqmis
orjer aWarbebs.
mobiluri telefonebis (sur. 50.1) wya­lobiT, aRar sur. 50.1
arsebobs ganSo­rebis saf­rTxe, maT gaauqmes manZili da distancia, maT
marTlac Secvales msoflio da, bunebrivia, Segvcvales Cven _ adamianebi,
Cveni azrovneba da mentaliteti, gemovneba da cxovrebis wesi. es cvlile-
bebi ki Zalian swrafi da radikaluria.

gavecaniT radiotalRebis praqtikul gamoyenebas. Semdeg gakveTilze

gavecnobiT sxva diapazonis eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoyenebas.

davaleba

SearCieT da moamzadeT erT-erTi Tema:

1. radiotalRebis miReba da gamoyeneba.
2. radiolokatorebi.
am Temis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneT TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi sainformacio
wyaro (beWdviTi, audiovizualuri, interneti).
damuSavebuli masala warmoadgineT seminarze.

50
 eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamoye­neba.
optikuri diapazonis eleqtromagnituri 2.7
talRebi. rentgenis sxivebi
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p7

1. daasaxeleT opti­kuri di­


apazonis eleq­t ro­m agnituri
talRebi.

2. romel eleqtromagnitur tal­Rebs iyenebs

adamiani yvelaze me­
tad?

ultramokle radiotalRebze meti sixSirisa

da wiTel ferze naklebi sixSiris eleqtromag- sur. 51.1. optikuri diapa­
nitur talRebs infrawiTeli ewodeba. mas asxi­ zonis gamosxivebis gamoy­
eneba
vebs nebismieri gaxurebuli sxeuli maSinac ki,
rodesac ar anaTebs. magaliTad, gaxurebuli Rumeli an binis gamaTbobeli
asxivebs infrawiTel sxivebs, romlebic garemomcvel sxeulebs aTboben.
amitom infrawiTel talRebs xSirad siTbur talRebs uwodeben. varvaris
naTuras gamosxivebis maqsimumi infrawiTel sxivebze modis.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs wiTeli da infrawiTeli sxivebis

talRis sigrZe.

infrawiTel sxivebs didi gamoyeneba aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba bostneulis,

xilis da sxvaTa gamosaSrobad. Seqmnilia xelsawyoebi, romelTa meSveo-
biTac obieqtis TvaliT uxilavi infrawiTeli gamosaxuleba xilul gamo-
saxulebad gardaiqmneba. damzadebulia binoklebi da optikuri samizneebi,
romlebiTac sibneleSic vxedavT.
iisfer sinaTleze meti sixSiris eleqtromagnitur talRebs ultraiis-
feri ewodeba. ultraiisferi sxivebi gamoirCeva didi qimiuri aqtivobiT.
amaSi davrwmundebiT, Tu sibneleSi ultraiisfer sxivebs davasxivebT
fotoqa­Raldze. gamJRavnebis Semdeg aRmovaCenT, rom ultraiisferi sxivebi
ufro metad aSavebs qaRalds, vidre xiluli sinaTle. mzis ultraiisfer
gamosxivebas atmosfero nawilobriv STanTqavs. mcire dozebiT ultraiis-
feri sxivebi samkurnaloa, amitom mzeze zomieri yofna sasargebloa, gan-
sakuTrebiT patarebisaTvis. ultraiisferi sxivebi xels uwyobs organizmis
zrdasa da ganviTarebas, kanis qsovilze moqmedebiT iwvevs damcveli pig-
mentis gaSavebas da vitamin D2-is warmoqmnas, gavlenas axdens centralur
nervul sistemaze, astimulirebs organizmis bevr sasicocxlo funqcias.
ultraiisferi sxivebis didi doziT moqmedeba Tvalis badurasa da
kanze Zalian sazianoa. amitom maRalmTian adgilebSi Tovlze minis muqi
saTvalisa da tanisamosis gareSe didxans yofna ar aris rekomendebuli.
mina Zlier STanTqavs ultraiisfer sxivebs.

4. ratom aris mTaSi tansacmlis gareSe mzeze didxans


yofna ufro mavnebeli, vidre zRvaze?

51
 5. ra unda vicodeT avadmyofis mosarCenad?

6. ra iciT rentgenis sxivebis Sesa­
xeb?

diagnozis dasmaSi eqimebs exmareba

specialuri diagnostikuri aparatebi.

diagnozi (berZnuli) _ daavadebis ga-

mocnoba avadmyofis gamokvlevis Sedegad.

1895 wels gamoCenilma germanelma

fizi­kosma vilhelm rentgenma (1845-
1923) aRmo­a Cina sxivebi, romlebsac
sinaTlisaTvis gaumWvirvale sxeulebSi
SeRwevis unari aRmoaCndaT. am sxivebs rentgenis da gama sxivebis gamoyeneba
Semdeg rent­genis sxivebi uwodes. sxi­ sur. 52.1
vebis STan­Tqmis unari nivTierebis simkvrivis propo­ rciuli aRmoCnda.
aRmoCenis mniSvne­loba Zalian swrafad Seafases medikosebma da dRemde
ren­tgenis aparats praqtikulad yvela kli­ nika iyenebs.
rentgenis sxivebis meSveobiT SeiZ­leba
miviRoT adamianis sxvadasxva orga­ nos
suraTi (sur. 52.2).
rentgenis sxivebs zianis motanac
SeuZ­­
liaT. maTi moqmedebiT irRveva
cocxali organizmis cxovelmoqmedeba,
amitom xSirad gaSuqeba re­ komende­buli
ar aris. mis Sesac­ v le­
l ad ukanasknel
wlebSi ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba
ultrabgeriTi tomografi. a

7. Tqveni varau- 1895 wels rentgenis mier miRebuli erT-

 erTi rentgenograma
diT, ra Cans araTi-
Tze (sur. 52.2,b)?
8. 52.2 b suraTis mixedviT gaa-
keTeT komentari.

rentgenis sxivebi gamosxivdeba swra­

fad moZravi eleqtronebis mkveTri
b
da­m ux­
r uWebis dros. isini rom eleq­
tromagnituri talRebia, daamtkices misi sur. 52.2
aRmoCenidan 15 wlis Semdeg. rentgenis
sxivebis sixSire miT metia, rac metia damuxruWebuli eleqtronebis energia.
avxsnaT rentgenis sxivebis gamosxivebis meqanizmi.

 9. ra saxis energia aqvT eleqtronebs damuxruWebamde?

10. romeli saxis energia icvleba eleqtronebis
damuxruWebisas?

52
  11. ras iwvevs magnituri velis cvlileba?
12. ras iwvevs cvladi eleqtruli veli?
13. ra xdeba swrafad moZravi eleqtronebis mkveTri
damuxruWebisas? icvleba Tu ara eleqtronebis mier Seqmnili magnituri
veli? ra xdeba Semdeg?

teqnologiuri procesebis ganviTarebam tomografi (berZnuli) _ tomos

SesaZlebeli gaxada Seqmniliyo xelsawyo `fena~ da `grafi~ _ vwer.
tomografi (sur. 53.1), romelsac kompiu­
teris gamoyenebiT SeuZlia Seqmnas sxe­
ulis an misi romelime nawilis sivrculi gamosaxuleba (sur. 53.1).
eleqtromagnituri talRebidan yvelaze didi sixSire γ sxivebs aqvs.
maT Tvisebebs Semdeg gavecnobiT.
rentgenis sxivebis
wyaro
skaneri brunavs
gamosakvlevi obi­
eqtis irgvliv

rentgenis sxi­
vebi gan­Wo­
lavs Tavs
deteqtorebi
aRricxaven
sxvadasxva
ubnidan
ga­mosul
sxivebs

tvinis gamosax­
sur. 53.1 uleba tomografis marTvis pulti

gavecaniT optikuri diapazonis eleqtromagnituri talRebisa da

rentgenis sxivebis praqtikul gamoyenebas. gavecaniT rentgenis sxivebis
miRebis meqanizms.

davaleba

survilis mixedviT, SearCieT da moamzadeT erT-erTi Tema:

1. infrawiTeli sxivebi da maTi gamoyeneba.
2. ultraiisferi sxivebi. maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
3. rentgenis sxivebis miReba da gamoyeneba. misi dadebiTi da uaryo­
fiTi mxareebi.
am Temis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneT TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi sainfor­
macio wyaroebi (beWdviTi, audiovizualuri, interneti).
damuSavebuli masala warmoadgineT seminarze.

53
 2.8 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p8

1. rxeviT konturSi deni icvleba I = 0,8sin628t kanoniT. ganvsazRvroT

denis Zalis amplituda, Tavisufali rxevebis periodi da denis Zala
0,01 wm momentSi.
amoxsna
mocemuli I = 0,8sin628t (1) gantolebisa da harmoniuli rxeviTi moZ-
raobis (2) zogadi gantolebis SedarebiT vadgenT:

Imaqs=0,8 a;

(*): I =0,8sin628.0,01=0,8sin6,28=0,8sin2π=0.

2. rxeviTi konturis induqciuroba 0,5 mhn-ia, kondensatoris

Semonafenebze maqsimaluri Zabva _ 200 v, xolo konturSi maqsimaluri
deni _ 0,2 a. ganvsazRvroT konturis Tavisufali rxevebis periodi.
amoxsna

rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali rxe­

vebis pe-
riodi (1)
energiis mudmivobisa da gardaqmnis kanonis
Tanaxmad,

(2)

(2) (1) ⇒ (*) (*): T=3,14 mkwm.

3. ramdenjer Semcirdeba gadamcem xazSi eleqtruli energiis dana­

kargebi, Tu transformatorSi Semavali Zabva 11 kv-ia, xolo gamomavali
_ 110 kv.
amoxsna
joul-lencis kanonidan (1)

energiis mudmivobis kanonis safuZvelze:

I1U1=I2U2 ⇒ (2)

(2) (1) ⇒ (*) (*):

e. i. siTburi dana­
kargebi gadamcem xazSi 100-jer Semcirdeba.

54
 SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
2.9
www.physics.ge | saZiebo fraza k11t2p9

amoxseniT amocanebi
1. rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali rxevebisas denis Zalis amplituda 100
ma-ia. gansazRvreT Zabvis amplituda 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatorze,
Tu koWas induqciuroba 1 hn-ia, xolo aqtiuri winaRoba _ umniS-
vnelo.
2. rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris tevadoba 2,0 pkf-ia, koWas in-
duqciuroba _ 0,50 mkhn. gansazRvreT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebis
sixSire.
3. magnitur velSi Tanabrad mbrunav CarCoSi maqsimaluri em Zala 100
v-ia. gansazRvreT em Zalis myisi mniSvnelobebi, rodesac CarCo brun-
vis procesSi neitraluri mdgomareobidan gadaxrilia 300 da 600-iani
kuTxiT.
4. dasaSvebia Tu ara 220 v Zabvis cvladi denis wredSi iseTi kondensa-
toris CarTva, romlis garRvevis Zabva 250 v-ia? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
5. transformatoris pirvelad gragnilSi 20 xviaa. ramdeni xvia unda
iyos meorad gragnilSi, rom Zabva 220 v-dan gaizardos 11000 v-mde?
gansazRvreT transformaciis koeficienti.

testi
1. rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris tevadobis oTxjer gadidebiT
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis periodi
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda; g. orjer gaizarda;
d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.
2. rxeviTi konturis induqciurobis oTxjer gadidebiT da konden­
satoris tevadobis oTxjer SemcirebiT konturis eleqtromagnituri
rxevis periodi
a. oTxjer gaizarda; b. oTxjer Semcirda; g. orjer gaizarda;
d. orjer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.
3. Tu rxeviTi konturis kondensators paralelurad mivuerTebT
3-jer meti tevadobis kondensators, maSin konturSi eleqtromagni­
turi rxevebis sixSire
a. gaizrdeba orjer; b. gaizrdeba samjer; g. Semcirdeba orjer;
d. Semcirdeba samjer; e. ar Seicvleba; v. Semcirdeba -jer.
4. Tu idealuri rxeviTi konturis 4mkf tevadobis kondensatorze
Zabvis amplituda 10 v-ia, maSin am konturis koWas maqsimaluri
magnituri velis energiaa
a. 2.10-4 j; b. 2.10-3 j; g. 2.10-2 j; d. 200 j.
5. Tu rxeviTi konturis kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 2 mkf-ia,
koWas induqciuroba _ 2 hn, xolo Tavisufali miulevadi rxevebis
denis amplituda _ 0,1 a, maSin kondensatoris Zabvis amplitudaa
a. 10 v; b. 3 v; g. 80 v; d. 100 v.
55