CH 12 Book

12 Congruent Triangles
12.1 Angles of Triangles

12.2 Congruent Polygons
12.3 Proving Triangle Congruence by SAS
12.4 Equilateral and Isosceles Triangles
12.5 Proving Triangle Congruence by SSS
12.6 Proving Triangle Congruence by ASA and AAS
12.7 Using Congruent Triangles
12.8 Coordinate Proofs
SEE the Big Idea
Hang der (p.

Glider
Hang G lid
li (p. 634)
634)
Lifeguard
Lif
Li Tower (p.
d Tower
ifeguard (p. 611)
611))
Barn (p.
B ( 604)
604))
Home Decor
Home (p. 597)
Decor (p. 597)
ting (p.
Painting
Paiinti (p 591)
591)
int_math1_pe_12co.indd 584 1/29/15 4:48 PM

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Using the Midpoint and Distance Formulas
— are A(−2, 3) and B(4, 7). Find the coordinates of the midpoint M.
Example 1 The endpoints of AB
Use the Midpoint Formula.
−2 + 4 3 + 7
(
M —, — = M —, —
2 2
2 10
2 2 ) ( )
= M(1, 5)
The coordinates of the midpoint M are (1, 5).
Example 2 Find the distance between C (0, −5) and D(3, 2).
——
CD = √ (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 Distance Formula
——
= √ (3 − 0)2 + [2 − (−5)]2 Substitute.
—
= √ 32 + 72 Subtract.
—
= √ 9 + 49 Evaluate powers.
—
= √ 58 Add.
≈ 7.6 Use a calculator.
The distance between C(0, −5) and D(3, 2) is about 7.6.
Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of the segment with the

given endpoints. Then find the distance between the two points.
1. P(−4, 1) and Q(0, 7) 2. G(3, 6) and H(9, −2) 3. U(−1, −2) and V(8, 0)
Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides

Example 3 Solve 2 − 5x = −3x.
2 − 5x = −3x Write the equation.

+5x +5x Add 5x to each side.
2 = 2x Simplify.
2 2x
—=— Divide each side by 2.
2 2
1=x Simplify.
The solution is x = 1.
Solve the equation.

4. 7x + 12 = 3x 5. 14 − 6t = t 6. 5p + 10 = 8p + 1
7. w + 13 = 11w − 7 8. 4x + 1 = 3 − 2x 9. z − 2 = 4 + 9z
10. ABSTRACT REASONING Is it possible to find the length of a segment in a coordinate plane
without using the Distance Formula? Explain your reasoning.
Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

585

Mathematical
Practices
Mathematically proficient students understand and use given definitions.
Definitions, Postulates, and Theorems

Core Concept
Definitions and Biconditional Statements
A definition is always an “if and only if” statement. Here is an example.
Definition: Two geometric figures are congruent figures if and only if there is a rigid motion
or a composition of rigid motions that maps one of the figures onto the other.
Because this is a definition, it is a biconditional statement. It implies the following two
conditional statements.
1. If two geometric figures are congruent figures, then there is a rigid motion or a composition
of rigid motions that maps one of the figures onto the other.
2. If there is a rigid motion or a composition of rigid motions that maps one geometric figure
onto another, then the two geometric figures are congruent figures.
Definitions, postulates, and theorems are the building blocks of geometry. In two-column proofs,
the statements in the reason column are almost always definitions, postulates, or theorems.
Identifying Definitions, Postulates, and Theorems
Classify each statement as a definition, a postulate, or a theorem.

a. If two lines are cut by a transversal so that alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.
b. If two coplanar lines have no point of intersection, then the lines are parallel.
c. If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one line through the point
parallel to the given line.
SOLUTION
a. This is a theorem. It is the Alternate Interior Angles Converse Theorem studied in Section 10.3.
b. This is the definition of parallel lines.
c. This is a postulate. It is the Parallel Postulate studied in Section 10.1. In Euclidean geometry,
it is assumed, not proved, to be true.
Monitoring Progress
Classify each statement as a definition, a postulate, or a theorem. Explain your reasoning.
1. In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their
slopes is −1.
2. If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
3. If two lines intersect to form a right angle, then the lines are perpendicular.
4. Through any two points, there exists exactly one line.
586 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

12.1 Angles of Triangles
Essential Question How are the angle measures of a
triangle related?
Writing a Conjecture
Work with a partner.
a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label it △ABC.
b. Find the measures of the interior angles of the triangle.
c. Find the sum of the interior angle measures.
d. Repeat parts (a)–(c) with several other triangles. Then write a conjecture about
CONSTRUCTING the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle.
VIABLE Sample
ARGUMENTS Angles
To be proficient in math, A m∠A = 43.67°
you need to reason m∠B = 81.87°
inductively about data C m∠C = 54.46°
and write conjectures.
Writing a Conjecture
a. Use dynamic geometry software
to draw any triangle and label
it △ABC.
D
b. Draw an exterior angle at any A
vertex and find its measure.
C
c. Find the measures of the two
nonadjacent interior angles
of the triangle.
d. Find the sum of the measures of
the two nonadjacent interior angles. B
Compare this sum to the measure
of the exterior angle. Sample
e. Repeat parts (a)–(d) with several other triangles. Then Angles
write a conjecture that compares the measure of an exterior m∠A = 43.67°
angle with the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent m∠B = 81.87°
interior angles. m∠ACD = 125.54°
Communicate Your Answer

3. How are the angle measures of a triangle related?
4. An exterior angle of a triangle measures 32°. What do you know about the
measures of the interior angles? Explain your reasoning.
Section 12.1 Angles of Triangles 587
int_math1_pe_1201.indd 587 1/29/15 4:50 PM

12.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Classify triangles by sides and angles.
Find interior and exterior angle measures of triangles.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
interior angles, p. 589 Classifying Triangles by Sides and by Angles
exterior angles, p. 589
Recall that a triangle is a polygon with three sides. You can classify triangles by sides
corollary to a theorem, p. 591
and by angles, as shown below.
Previous
triangle
Core Concept
Classifying Triangles by Sides
Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle
READING
Notice that an equilateral
no congruent sides at least 2 congruent sides 3 congruent sides
triangle is also isosceles.
An equiangular triangle
Classifying Triangles by Angles
is also acute.
Acute Right Obtuse Equiangular
Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle
3 acute angles 1 right angle 1 obtuse angle 3 congruent angles
Classifying Triangles by Sides and by Angles
Classify the triangular shape of

the support beams in the diagram
by its sides and by measuring
its angles.
SOLUTION
The triangle has a pair of congruent sides, so it is isosceles. By measuring, the angles
are 55°, 55°, and 70°.
So, it is an acute isosceles triangle.
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
1. Draw an obtuse isosceles triangle and an acute scalene triangle.

Classifying a Triangle in the Coordinate Plane
Classify △OPQ by its sides. Then y

determine whether it is a right triangle. 4
Q(6, 3)
P(−1, 2)
−2 O(0, 0) 4 6 8 x
SOLUTION
Step 1 Use the Distance Formula to find the side lengths.
—— —— —
OP = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 = √ (−1 − 0)2 + (2 − 0)2 = √5 ≈ 2.2
—— —— —
OQ = √(x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 = √(6 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 = √ 45 ≈ 6.7
—— —— —
PQ = √ (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 = √[6 − (−1)]2 + (3 − 2)2 = √50 ≈ 7.1
Because no sides are congruent, △OPQ is a scalene triangle.
— is —
Step 2 Check for right angles. The slope of OP
2−0 —
= −2. The slope of OQ
−1 − 0
3−0 1 — ⊥ OQ — and
1
()
is — = —. The product of the slopes is −2 — = −1. So, OP
6−0 2 2
∠POQ is a right angle.
So, △OPQ is a right scalene triangle.
2. △ABC has vertices A(0, 0), B(3, 3), and C(−3, 3). Classify the triangle by its
sides. Then determine whether it is a right triangle.
Finding Angle Measures of Triangles

When the sides of a polygon are extended, other angles are formed. The original
angles are the interior angles. The angles that form linear pairs with the interior
angles are the exterior angles.
B B
A C A
C
interior angles exterior angles
Theorem
Triangle Sum Theorem
B
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180°.
A C
Proof p. 590; Ex. 53, p. 594 m∠A + m∠B + m∠C = 180°

To prove certain theorems, you may need to add a line, a segment, or a ray to a given
diagram. An auxiliary line is used in the proof of the Triangle Sum Theorem.
Triangle Sum Theorem

B D
Given △ABC
4 2 5
Prove m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180°
Plan a. Draw an auxiliary line through B that 1 3

for —.
is parallel to AC A C
Proof
b. Show that m∠4 + m∠2 + m∠5 = 180°, ∠1 ≅ ∠4, and ∠3 ≅ ∠5.
c. By substitution, m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180°.
Plan STATEMENTS REASONS

in
Action a. 1. Draw ⃖ ⃗
—.
BD parallel to AC 1. Parallel Postulate
b. 2. m∠4 + m∠2 + m∠5 = 180° 2. Angle Addition Postulate and
definition of straight angle
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠4, ∠3 ≅ ∠5 3. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
4. m∠l = m∠4, m∠3 = m∠5 4. Definition of congruent angles
c. 5. m∠l + m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° 5. Substitution Property of Equality
Theorem
Exterior Angle Theorem
The measure of an exterior angle of B
a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two nonadjacent
interior angles. 1
A C
Proof Ex. 42, p. 593 m∠1 = m∠A + m∠B
Finding an Angle Measure
Find m∠JKM. J
x°
SOLUTION
Step 1 Write and solve an equation 70° (2x − 5)°
to find the value of x. L K M
(2x − 5)° = 70° + x° Apply the Exterior Angle Theorem.
x = 75 Solve for x.
Step 2 Substitute 75 for x in 2x − 5 to find m∠JKM.
⋅
2x − 5 = 2 75 − 5 = 145
So, the measure of ∠JKM is 145°.

A corollary to a theorem is a statement that can be proved easily using the theorem.
The corollary below follows from the Triangle Sum Theorem.
Corollary
Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem
The acute angles of a right triangle C
are complementary.
A B
m∠A + m∠B = 90°
Proof Ex. 41, p. 593
Modeling with Mathematics
In the painting, the red triangle is a right triangle.

The measure of one acute angle in the triangle is
twice the measure of the other. Find the measure
of each acute angle.
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a
right triangle and the relationship between the
two acute angles in the triangle. You need to
find the measure of each acute angle.
2. Make a Plan First, sketch a diagram of the situation. You can use the Corollary
2x° to the Triangle Sum Theorem and the given relationship between the two acute
angles to write and solve an equation to find the measure of each acute angle.
3. Solve the Problem Let the measure of the smaller acute angle be x°. Then the
x°
measure of the larger acute angle is 2x°. The Corollary to the Triangle Sum
Theorem states that the acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Use the corollary to set up and solve an equation.
x° + 2x° = 90° Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem
x = 30 Solve for x.
So, the measures of the acute angles are 30° and 2(30°) = 60°.
4. Look Back Add the two angles and check that their sum satisfies the Corollary
to the Triangle Sum Theorem.
30° + 60° = 90° ✓

3. Find the measure of ∠1. 4. Find the measure of each acute angle.
3x° 2x°
40° 1 (5x − 10)° (x − 6)°

12.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. WRITING Can a right triangle also be obtuse? Explain your reasoning.
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two ____________________ interior angles.
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3– 6, classify the triangle by its sides and by In Exercises 15–18, find the measure of the exterior
measuring its angles. (See Example 1.) angle. (See Example 3.)
3. X 4. M 15. 16.
75°
(2x − 2)°
64° 2
L N
Y Z x° 45°
5. J K 6. A 17.
24°
C
(2x + 18)°
H B (3x + 6)°
In Exercises 7–10, classify △ABC by its sides. Then 18.

determine whether it is a right triangle. (See Example 2.)
7. A(2, 3), B(6, 3), C(2, 7) (7x − 16)°
8. A(3, 3), B(6, 9), C(6, −3)

(x + 8)° 4x°
9. A(1, 9), B(4, 8), C(2, 5)
10. A(−2, 3), B(0, −3), C(3, −2) In Exercises 19–22, find the measure of each acute
angle. (See Example 4.)
In Exercises 11–14, find m∠1. Then classify the triangle
by its angles. 19. 20.
3x° x°
11. 12. 1 30°
1
2x° (3x + 2)°
40°
78° 31°
21. 22.
(6x + 7)°
13. 1 14.
(19x − 1)°
60° (11x − 2)°
38° 1
60° (13x − 5)°

In Exercises 23–26, find the measure of each acute angle 37. USING TOOLS Three people are standing on a stage.
in the right triangle. (See Example 4.) The distances between the three people are shown in
the diagram. Classify the triangle by its sides and by
23. The measure of one acute angle is 5 times the measure
measuring its angles.
of the other acute angle.
8 ft
24. The measure of one acute angle is 8 times the measure
of the other acute angle.
6.5 ft 5 ft
25. The measure of one acute angle is 3 times the sum of
the measure of the other acute angle and 8.
26. The measure of one acute angle is twice the difference 38. USING STRUCTURE Which of the following sets of
of the measure of the other acute angle and 12. angle measures could form a triangle? Select all
that apply.
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 27 and 28, describe and
correct the error in finding m∠1.
○
A 100°, 50°, 40° ○
B 96°, 74°, 10°
○
C 165°, 113°, 82° ○
D 101°, 41°, 38°
✗
27.
○
E 90°, 45°, 45° ○
F 84°, 62°, 34°
115° + 39° + m∠1 = 360°
39° 39. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You are bending a
154° + m∠1 = 360°
strip of metal into an isosceles triangle for a sculpture.
m∠1 = 206° The strip of metal is 20 inches long. The first bend is
115° 1 made 6 inches from one end. Describe two ways you
could complete the triangle.
✗
28.
40. THOUGHT PROVOKING Find and draw an object
80° (or part of an object) that can be modeled by a triangle
and an exterior angle. Describe the relationship
1 50° between the interior angles of the triangle and the
exterior angle in terms of the object.
m∠1 + 80° + 50° = 180°
m∠1 + 130° = 180° 41. PROVING A COROLLARY Prove the Corollary to the
m∠1 = 50° Triangle Sum Theorem.
Given △ABC is a right triangle.
In Exercises 29–36, find the measure of the
numbered angle. Prove ∠A and ∠B are complementary.
A
7
2
1 3
4
40°
5 C B
8
6
42. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Exterior Angle
Theorem.
29. ∠1 30. ∠2 Given △ABC, exterior ∠BCD
31. ∠3 32. ∠4 Prove m∠A + m∠B = m∠BCD
B
33. ∠5 34. ∠6
35. ∠7 36. ∠8
A C D

43. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible to draw an obtuse 48. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims
isosceles triangle? obtuse equilateral triangle? the measure of an exterior angle will always be
If so, provide examples. If not, explain why it is greater than the sum of the nonadjacent interior
not possible. angle measures. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning.
44. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible to draw a right
isosceles triangle? right equilateral triangle? MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 49–52, find
If so, provide an example. If not, explain why it the values of x and y.
is not possible.
49.
43° y°
45. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS △ABC is isosceles,
AB = x, and BC = 2x − 4. 75°
a. Find two possible values for x when the perimeter x°
of △ABC is 32.
b. How many possible values are there for x when the 50.
perimeter of △ABC is 12? 118°
x°
22°
46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Classify the triangles, in y°
as many ways as possible, without finding any
measurements.
51. 52.
a. b. 25°
y° x° 64°
x°
y°
20°
c. d.
53. PROVING A THEOREM Use the diagram to write
a proof of the Triangle Sum Theorem. Your proof
should be different from the proof of the Triangle
Sum Theorem shown in this lesson.
B
47. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Which of the following
could represent the measures of an exterior angle and 2 D
two interior angles of a triangle? Select all that apply.
○
A 100°, 62°, 38° ○
B 81°, 57°, 24°
1 3
4
5
○
C 119°, 68°, 49° ○
D 95°, 85°, 28° A C E
○
E 92°, 78°, 68° ○
F 149°, 101°, 48°
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons
Use the diagram to find the measure of the segment or angle. (Section 8.2 and Section 8.5)
54. m∠KHL
A L
55. m∠ABC G
5y − 8 K
3y
8z − 9
56. GH (6x + 2)°
(5x − 27)° (3x + 1)°
B
57. BC 3z + 6 C H

12.2 Congruent Polygons
Essential Question Given two congruent triangles, how can you use
rigid motions to map one triangle to the other triangle?
Describing Rigid Motions

Work with a partner. Of the three transformations you studied in Chapter 11,
which are rigid motions? Under a rigid motion, why is the image of a triangle always
congruent to the original triangle? Explain your reasoning.
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math, Translation Reflection Rotation
you need to look closely
to discern a pattern Finding a Composition of Rigid Motions
or structure.
Work with a partner. Describe a composition of rigid motions that maps △ABC to
△DEF. Use dynamic geometry software to verify your answer.
a. △ABC ≅ △DEF b. △ABC ≅ △DEF
A 3 A 3
2 C 2 C
1 1
B 0 E B 0 E
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1 −1
F
−2 F −2
−3 D −3
D
c. △ABC ≅ △DEF d. △ABC ≅ △DEF
A 3 A 3
2 C 2 C
1 1
B 0 B 0 F
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
E
−1 D −1
E
−2 −2 D
−3 −3
F

3. Given two congruent triangles, how can you use rigid motions to map one triangle
to the other triangle?
4. The vertices of △ABC are A(1, 1), B(3, 2), and C(4, 4). The vertices of △DEF
are D(2, −1), E(0, 0), and F(−1, 2). Describe a composition of rigid motions that
maps △ABC to △DEF.
Section 12.2 Congruent Polygons 595

Identify and use corresponding parts.
Use the Third Angles Theorem.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
corresponding parts, p. 596 Identifying and Using Corresponding Parts
Previous Recall that two geometric figures are congruent if and only if a rigid motion or a
congruent figures composition of rigid motions maps one of the figures onto the other. A rigid motion
maps each part of a figure to a corresponding part of its image. Because rigid
motions preserve length and angle measure, corresponding parts of congruent figures
are congruent. In congruent polygons, this means that the corresponding sides and the
corresponding angles are congruent.
When △DEF is the image of △ABC after a rigid motion or a composition of rigid
motions, you can write congruence statements for the corresponding angles and
STUDY TIP corresponding sides.
Notice that both of the E
B
following statements
are true. F
1. If two triangles are C A D
congruent, then all
Corresponding angles Corresponding sides
their corresponding
∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, ∠C ≅ ∠F — ≅ DE
AB —, BC
— ≅ EF
—, AC
— ≅ DF
—
parts are congruent.
2. If all the corresponding When you write a congruence statement for two polygons, always list the
parts of two triangles corresponding vertices in the same order. You can write congruence statements in
are congruent, then the more than one way. Two possible congruence statements for the triangles above are
triangles are congruent. △ABC ≅ △DEF or △BCA ≅ △EFD.
When all the corresponding parts of two triangles are congruent, you can show that the
triangles are congruent. Using the triangles above, first translate △ABC so that point A
maps to point D. This translation maps △ABC to △DB′C′. Next, rotate △DB′C′
counterclockwise through ∠C′DF so that the image of ⃗ ⃗.
DC′ coincides with DF
— —
Because DC′ ≅ DF , the rotation maps point C′ to point F. So, this rotation maps
△DB′C′ to △DB″F.
E E E
B B′ E
F D F F F
C A D C′
D D
B″
Now, reflect △DB″F in the line through points D and F. This reflection maps the sides
and angles of △DB″F to the corresponding sides and corresponding angles of △DEF,
VISUAL REASONING so △ABC ≅ △DEF.
To help you identify
corresponding parts, So, to show that two triangles are congruent, it is sufficient to show that their
rotate △TSR. corresponding parts are congruent. In general, this is true for all polygons.
J T Identifying Corresponding Parts

K S Write a congruence statement for the triangles. J R
Identify all pairs of congruent corresponding parts.
K
SOLUTION
L R S
The diagram indicates that △JKL ≅ △TSR.
Corresponding angles ∠J ≅ ∠T, ∠K ≅ ∠S, ∠L ≅ ∠R L T
Corresponding sides — ≅ TS
JK —, KL
— ≅ SR
—, LJ
— ≅ RT
—

Using Properties of Congruent Figures
In the diagram, DEFG ≅ SPQR. 8 ft E Q (2x − 4) ft R

D
102° (6y + x)°
a. Find the value of x.
b. Find the value of y.
84° 68° S
G 12 ft F P
SOLUTION
— ≅ QR
a. You know that FG —. b. You know that ∠F ≅ ∠Q.
FG = QR m∠F = m∠Q
12 = 2x − 4 68° = (6y + x)°
16 = 2x 68 = 6y + 8
8=x 10 = y
Showing That Figures Are Congruent
Y divide the wall into orange and blue

You A J B
—. Will the sections of the
ssections along JK 1 2
wall
w be the same size and shape? Explain.
SOLUTION
S
F
From the diagram, ∠A ≅ ∠C and ∠D ≅ ∠B D 3 4 C
bbecause all right angles are congruent. Also, K
bby the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal
Theorem, AB
T — DC
—. Then ∠1 ≅ ∠4 and ∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem.
T So, all pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. The diagram shows
— —
AJ ≅ CK , KD
A — ≅ JB —, and DA— ≅ BC—. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence,
— —
JJK ≅ KJ . So, all pairs of corresponding sides are congruent. Because all corresponding
parts
p are congruent, AJKD ≅ CKJB.
Yes, the two sections will be the same size and shape.
Monitoring Progress
M Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
C
In the diagram, ABGH ≅ CDEF. A B F
105°
1. Identify all pairs of congruent
P Q
corresponding parts. (4x + 5)°
H 75° D
2. Find the value of x. G E
T
S R 3. In the diagram at the left, show that △PTS ≅ △RTQ.
Theorem
Properties of Triangle Congruence
STUDY TIP Triangle congruence is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
The properties of Reflexive For any triangle △ABC, △ABC ≅ △ABC.
congruence that are true
Symmetric If △ABC ≅ △DEF, then △DEF ≅ △ABC.
for segments and angles
are also true for triangles. Transitive If △ABC ≅ △DEF and △DEF ≅ △JKL, then △ABC ≅ △JKL.
Proof BigIdeasMath.com

Using the Third Angles Theorem
Theorem
Third Angles Theorem
If two angles of one triangle are B E
congruent to two angles of another
triangle, then the third angles are
also congruent. A C D F
Proof Ex. 19, p. 600 If ∠A ≅ ∠D and ∠B ≅ ∠E, then ∠C ≅ ∠F.
Using the Third Angles Theorem
A B Find m∠BDC.
45° SOLUTION
N
∠A ≅ ∠B and ∠ADC ≅ ∠BCD, so by the Third Angles Theorem, ∠ACD ≅ ∠BDC.
By the Triangle Sum Theorem, m∠ACD = 180° − 45° − 30° = 105°.
30°
C D So, m∠BDC = m∠ACD = 105° by the definition of congruent angles.
Proving That Triangles Are Congruent

A
Use the information in the figure to prove
that △ACD ≅ △CAB. D
B
SOLUTION C
Given — —, DC
AD ≅ CB — ≅ BA
—, ∠ACD ≅ ∠CAB, ∠CAD ≅ ∠ACB
Prove △ACD ≅ △CAB
— ≅ CA
Plan a. Use the Reflexive Property of Congruence to show that AC —.
for
Proof b. Use the Third Angles Theorem to show that ∠B ≅ ∠D.

in
Action
— —— —
1. AD ≅ CB , DC ≅ BA 1. Given
— ≅ CA
a. 2. AC — 2. Reflexive Property of Congruence
3. ∠ACD ≅ ∠CAB, 3. Given

∠CAD ≅ ∠ACB
b. 4. ∠B ≅ ∠D 4. Third Angles Theorem
5. △ACD ≅ △CAB 5. All corresponding parts are congruent.
D
Use the diagram.

N R
C 75° 4. Find m∠DCN.
68° 5. What additional information is needed to conclude that △NDC ≅ △NSR?
S


1. WRITING Based on this lesson, what information do you need to prove that two triangles are
congruent? Explain your reasoning.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.
Is △JKL ≅ △RST? Is △KJL ≅ △SRT? K S
Is △JLK ≅ △STR? Is △LKJ ≅ △TSR? J L T R

In Exercises 3 and 4, identify all pairs of congruent 10. △MNP ≅ △TUS
corresponding parts. Then write another congruence
statement for the polygons. (See Example 1.) N S T
(2x − 50)°
A (2x − y) m
3. △ABC ≅ △DEF E
D 142° 13 m
P U
M 24°
C
F In Exercises 11 and 12, show that the polygons are
B
congruent. Explain your reasoning. (See Example 3.)
4. GHJK ≅ QRST H S
11. W
J K
T
G J V X L
K Q
R Z Y N M
In Exercises 5– 8, △XYZ ≅ △MNL. Copy and complete
the statement. 12. X Y
5. m∠Y = ______ X 12 N
L
124°
6. m∠M = ______ 33° 8
W Z
Y Z M
7. m∠Z = ______ In Exercises 13 and 14, find m∠1. (See Example 4.)
8. XY = ______ 13. L M Y
70°
In Exercises 9 and 10, find the values of x and y. 1
(See Example 2.) N X Z
9. ABCD ≅ EFGH E Q
14. B S
(4y − 4)° 80°

(10x + 65)°
45° 1
B
C F A C
135° R
A D H G
28°

15. PROOF Triangular postage stamps, like the ones 19. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Third Angles
shown, are highly valued by stamp collectors. Prove Theorem by using the Triangle Sum Theorem.
that △AEB ≅ △CED. (See Example 5.)
A B 20. THOUGHT PROVOKING Draw a triangle. Copy the

triangle multiple times to create a rug design made of
congruent triangles. Which property guarantees that
E all the triangles are congruent?
21. REASONING △JKL is congruent to △XYZ. Identify

D C all pairs of congruent corresponding parts.
— DC
Given AB —, AB
— ≅ DC
—, E is the midpoint of
— —
AC and BD .
22. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? In the diagram,
ABEF ≅ CDEF.
Prove △AEB ≅ △CED G
16. PROOF Use the information in the figure to prove that

△ABG ≅ △DCF. B D
E
B C
A F C
E
— ≅ DE
a. Explain how you know that BE — and
A F G D ∠ABE ≅ ∠CDE.
b. Explain how you know that ∠GBE ≅ ∠GDE.
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and c. Explain how you know that ∠GEB ≅ ∠GED.
correct the error.
d. Do you have enough information to prove that
✗
17. △BEG ≅ △DEG? Explain.
Given △QRS ≅ △XZY
R Y
42°
∠S ≅ ∠Z MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 23 and 24,
m∠S = m∠Z use the given information to write and solve a system of
Q S X Z m∠S = 42° linear equations to find the values of x and y.
23. △LMN ≅ △PQR, m∠L = 40°, m∠M = 90°,
m∠P = (17x − y)°, m∠R = (2x + 4y)°
✗
18.
M N △MNP ≅ △RSP
because the 24. △STU ≅ △XYZ, m∠T = 28°, m∠U = (4x + y)°,
R S corresponding m∠X = 130°, m∠Y = (8x − 6y)°
angles are
P
congruent. 25. PROOF Prove that the criteria for congruent triangles
in this lesson is equivalent to the definition of
congruence in terms of rigid motions.
What can you conclude from the diagram? (Section 8.6)

26. X V 27. N P 28. L 29. D
S Q F I
R T E G
Y Z U W J M
K
H

12.3 Proving Triangle Congruence by SAS
Essential Question What can you conclude about two triangles
when you know that two pairs of corresponding sides and the corresponding
included angles are congruent?
Drawing Triangles
Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software.
a. Construct circles with radii of 4
2 units and 3 units centered at the
origin. Construct a 40° angle with 3
its vertex at the origin. Label the 2

vertex A.
1
40°
0
b. Locate the point where one ray −4 −3 −2 −1 A 0 1 2 3 4 5
of the angle intersects the smaller −1
USING TOOLS circle and label this point B. −2

Locate the point where the other
STRATEGICALLY ray of the angle intersects the −3
To be proficient in math, larger circle and label this point C.

you need to use technology Then draw △ABC.
to help visualize the results 4
of varying assumptions,
3
explore consequences, c. Find BC, m∠B, and m∠C.
and compare predictions 2
B
with data. C
1
d. Repeat parts (a)–(c) several 40°
0
times, redrawing the angle in
different positions. Keep track
−4 −3 −2 −1 A 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
of your results by copying and
completing the table below. −2
What can you conclude?

−3
A B C AB AC BC m∠A m∠B m∠C
1. (0, 0) 2 3 40°
2. (0, 0) 2 3 40°
3. (0, 0) 2 3 40°
4. (0, 0) 2 3 40°
5. (0, 0) 2 3 40°

2. What can you conclude about two triangles when you know that two pairs of
corresponding sides and the corresponding included angles are congruent?
3. How would you prove your conclusion in Exploration 1(d)?
Section 12.3 Proving Triangle Congruence by SAS 601

Use the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Theorem.
Solve real-life problems.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
Previous Using the Side-Angle-Side Congruence Theorem
congruent figures
rigid motion
Theorem
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Theorem
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and
STUDY TIP the included angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
The included angle of
— ≅ DE
If AB —, ∠A ≅ ∠D, and AC
— ≅ DF
—, E
B
two sides of a triangle is then △ ABC ≅ △DEF.
the angle formed by the F
two sides. C A D
Proof p. 602
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Theorem

— ≅ DE
Given AB —, ∠A ≅ ∠D, AC
— ≅ DF
— E
B
Prove △ABC ≅ △DEF
F
C A D
First, translate △ABC so that point A maps to point D, as shown below.
E E
B B′
F D F
C A D C′
This translation maps △ABC to △DB′C′. Next, rotate △DB′C′ counterclockwise

⃗ coincides with ⃗
through ∠C′DF so that the image of DC′ DF, as shown below.
E E
B′
D F F
C′ D
B″
— ≅ DF
Because DC′ —, the rotation maps point C′ to point F. So, this rotation maps
△DB′C′ to △DB″F. Now, reflect △DB″F in the line through points D and F, as
shown below.
E
E
F F
D D
B″
Because points D and F lie on ⃖⃗

DF, this reflection maps them onto themselves. Because
a reflection preserves angle measure and ∠B″DF ≅ ∠EDF, the reflection maps ⃗ DB″
— ≅ DE
⃗. Because DB″
to DE —, the reflection maps point B″ to point E. So, this reflection
maps △DB″F to △DEF.
Because you can map △ABC to △DEF using a composition of rigid motions,
△ABC ≅ △DEF.

Using the SAS Congruence Theorem
Write a proof. B C
— ≅ DA
Given BC —, BC
— AD
—
STUDY TIP
Prove △ABC ≅ △CDA
Make your proof easier
to read by identifying the A D
steps where you show SOLUTION
congruent sides (S) and STATEMENTS REASONS
angles (A).
S — —
1. BC ≅ DA 1. Given
— —
2. BC AD 2. Given
A 3. ∠BCA ≅ ∠DAC 3. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

— ≅ CA
S 4. AC — 4. Reflexive Property of Congruence
5. △ABC ≅ △CDA 5. SAS Congruence Theorem
Using SAS and Properties of Shapes

— and RP
In the diagram, QS — pass through the center M of the circle. What can you
conclude about △MRS and △MPQ?
R P
M
SOLUTION
Because they are vertical angles, ∠PMQ ≅ ∠RMS. All points on a circle are the same
—, MQ
distance from the center, so MP —, MR
—, and MS
— are all congruent.
So, △MRS and △MPQ are congruent by the SAS Congruence Theorem.
In the diagram, ABCD is a square with four congruent sides and four right
— ⊥ SU
angles. R, S, T, and U are the midpoints of the sides of ABCD. Also, RT —
— —
and SV ≅ VU .
B S C
R T
V
A U D
1. Prove that △SVR ≅ △UVR.

2. Prove that △BSR ≅ △DUT.

Copying a Triangle Using SAS
Construct a triangle that is congruent to △ABC using the C

SAS Congruence Theorem. Use a compass and straightedge.
SOLUTION A B
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
F F
D E D E D E D E
Construct a side Construct an angle Construct a side Draw a triangle

— so that it
Construct DE Construct ∠D with vertex — so that
Construct DF Draw △DEF. By the SAS
—.
is congruent to AB ⃗ so that it is
D and side DE —.
it is congruent to AC Congruence Theorem,
congruent to ∠A. △ABC ≅ △DEF.
Solving Real-Life Problems
Solving a Real-Life Problem
You are making a canvas sign to hang

on the triangular portion of the barn wall R
shown in the picture. You think you can
use two identical triangular sheets of
canvas. You know that RP— ⊥ QS — and Q S
— —
PQ ≅ PS . Use the SAS Congruence P
Theorem to show that △PQR ≅ △PSR.
SOLUTION
— ≅ PS
You are given that PQ —. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence, RP — ≅ RP—.
By the definition of perpendicular lines, both ∠RPQ and ∠RPS are right angles,
so they are congruent. So, two pairs of sides and their included angles are congruent.
△PQR and △PSR are congruent by the SAS Congruence Theorem.
3. You are designing the window shown in the photo. You want to make △DRA
— ≅ DG
congruent to △DRG. You design the window so that DA — and
∠ADR ≅ ∠GDR. Use the SAS Congruence Theorem to prove △DRA ≅ △DRG.
A R G


1. WRITING What is an included angle?
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to
two sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then ___________.

In Exercises 3–8, name the included angle between the In Exercises 15–18, write a proof. (See Example 1.)
pair of sides given. — — —
15. Given PQ bisects ∠SPT, SP ≅ TP
J L Prove △SPQ ≅ △TPQ
P
K P S T
—
3. JK and KL
— —
4. PK and LK
—
Q
5.
— and LK
LP — 6.
— and JK
JL —
— —— —
16. Given AB ≅ CD , AB CD
— — — —
7. KL and JL 8. KP and PL Prove △ABC ≅ △CDA
In Exercises 9–14, decide whether enough information A D

is given to prove that the triangles are congruent using
the SAS Congruence Theorem. Explain. 1
9. △ABD, △CDB 10. △LMN, △NQP

2
A D L M
B C
Q
N —
17. Given C is the midpoint of AE and BD .
—
B C P Prove △ABC ≅ △EDC
D
11. △YXZ, △WXZ 12. △QRV, △TSU
Z R S
A E
C
W X Y
B
Q V U T
— —— —
18. Given PT ≅ RT , QT ≅ ST
13. △EFH, △GHF 14. △KLM, △MNK
Prove △PQT ≅ △RST
F K L
E
P Q
T
G H N M
S R

In Exercises 19–22, use the given information to 26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? B
name two triangles that are congruent. Explain your What additional information
reasoning. (See Example 2.) do you need to prove that
△ABC ≅ △DBC?
19. ∠SRT ≅ ∠URT, and 20. ABCD is a square with
R is the center of four congruent sides and
the circle. four congruent angles. A C D
S B C
T
27. PROOF The Navajo rug is made of isosceles
triangles. You know ∠B ≅ ∠D. Use the SAS
R
U Congruence Theorem to show that △ABC ≅ △CDE.
A D (See Example 3.)
21. RSTUV is a regular

— —— —
22. MK ⊥ MN , KL ⊥ NL , B D
pentagon. and M and L are centers
of circles.
T A C E
K
S U 10 m
M L
R V 10 m 28. THOUGHT PROVOKING There are six possible subsets
N of three sides or angles of a triangle: SSS, SAS, SSA,
AAA, ASA, and AAS. Which of these correspond to
CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 23 and 24, construct a congruence theorems? For those that do not, give a
triangle that is congruent to △ABC using the SAS counterexample.
Congruence Theorem.
23. 24. 29. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Prove that
B B △ABC ≅ △DEC. A
Then find the values 4y − 6
of x and y. 2x + 6 D
C
A C A C 3y + 1
B 4x
E
25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
finding the value of x. 30. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims it is
possible to construct a triangle
✗ congruent to △ABC by first C

Y
5x − 1
— and AC
constructing AB —, and
4x + 6 = 3x + 9 then copying ∠C. Is your
4x + 6
W x+6=9 B
friend correct? Explain A
x=3 your reasoning.
3x + 9
X 5x − 5 Z
31. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Reflections in
Intersecting Lines Theorem.
Classify the triangle by its sides and by measuring its angles. (Section 12.1)
32. 33. 34. 35.

12.4 Equilateral and Isosceles Triangles
Essential Question What conjectures can you make about the side
lengths and angle measures of an isosceles triangle?
Writing a Conjecture about Isosceles Triangles

a. Construct a circle with a radius of 3 units centered at the origin.
b. Construct △ABC so that B and C are on the circle and A is at the origin.
Sample
3 Points
C
A(0, 0)
2
B(2.64, 1.42)
B
1
C(−1.42, 2.64)
Segments
0
AB = 3
−4 −3 −2 −1 A 0 1 2 3 4
AC = 3
−1
BC = 4.24
−2
Angles
CONSTRUCTING m∠A = 90°
m∠B = 45°
VIABLE ARGUMENTS −3
m∠C = 45°
To be proficient in math,
you need to make c. Recall that a triangle is isosceles if it has at least two congruent sides. Explain why
conjectures and build a △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
logical progression of
statements to explore the d. What do you observe about the angles of △ABC?
truth of your conjectures. e. Repeat parts (a)–(d) with several other isosceles triangles using circles of different
radii. Keep track of your observations by copying and completing the table below.
Then write a conjecture about the angle measures of an isosceles triangle.
Sample 1. (0, 0) (2.64, 1.42) (−1.42, 2.64) 3 3 4.24 90° 45° 45°
2. (0, 0)
3. (0, 0)
4. (0, 0)
5. (0, 0)
f. Write the converse of the conjecture you wrote in part (e). Is the converse true?

2. What conjectures can you make about the side lengths and angle measures of an
isosceles triangle?
3. How would you prove your conclusion in Exploration 1(e)? in Exploration 1(f)?
Section 12.4 Equilateral and Isosceles Triangles 607

Use the Base Angles Theorem.
Use isosceles and equilateral triangles.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
legs, p. 608 Using the Base Angles Theorem vertex angle
vertex angle, p. 608
A triangle is isosceles when it has at least two congruent
base, p. 608
sides. When an isosceles triangle has exactly two congruent
base angles, p. 608 sides, these two sides are the legs. The angle formed by the leg leg
legs is the vertex angle. The third side is the base of the
base
isosceles triangle. The two angles adjacent to the base are
angles
called base angles.
base
Theorems
Base Angles Theorem
If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles A
opposite them are congruent.
— ≅ AC
If AB —, then ∠B ≅ ∠C.
Proof p. 608 B C
Converse of the Base Angles Theorem

A
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides
opposite them are congruent.
— ≅ AC
If ∠B ≅ ∠C, then AB —.
Proof Ex. 27, p. 631 B C
Base Angles Theorem

B
— ≅ AC
Given AB —
Prove ∠B ≅ ∠C A D
Plan a. Draw AD— so that it bisects ∠CAB. C

for
Proof b. Use the SAS Congruence Theorem to show that △ADB ≅ △ADC.
c. Use properties of congruent triangles to show that ∠B ≅ ∠C.

in —
Action a. 1. Draw AD , the angle 1. Construction of angle bisector
bisector of ∠CAB.
2. ∠CAD ≅ ∠BAD 2. Definition of angle bisector
— —
3. AB ≅ AC 3. Given
— ≅ DA
4. DA — 4. Reflexive Property of Congruence
b. 5. △ADB ≅ △ADC 5. SAS Congruence Theorem
c. 6. ∠B ≅ ∠C 6. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles

are congruent.

Using the Base Angles Theorem
— ≅ DF
In △DEF, DE —. Name two congruent angles.
F
E D
SOLUTION
— ≅ DF
DE —, so by the Base Angles Theorem, ∠E ≅ ∠F.
Copy and complete the statement.

H
1.
— ≅ HK
If HG —, then ∠ ≅∠ .
2. If ∠KHJ ≅ ∠KJH, then ≅ .
G K J
Recall that an equilateral triangle has three congruent sides.
Corollaries
Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem
READING If a triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular.
A
The corollaries state that a Proof Ex. 37, p. 614
triangle is equilateral if and
only if it is equiangular. Corollary to the Converse of the Base
Angles Theorem
If a triangle is equiangular, then it is equilateral. B C
Proof Ex. 39, p. 614
Finding Measures in a Triangle
Find the measures of ∠P, ∠Q, and ∠R. P
SOLUTION
The diagram shows that △PQR is equilateral. So, by R
the Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem, △PQR is
equiangular. So, m∠P = m∠Q = m∠R.
Q
3(m∠P) = 180° Triangle Sum Theorem
m∠P = 60° Divide each side by 3.
The measures of ∠P, ∠Q, and ∠R are all 60°.

S T
5
—
3. Find the length of ST for the triangle at the left.
U

Using Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Constructing an Equilateral Triangle

—. Use a
Construct an equilateral triangle that has side lengths congruent to AB
compass and straightedge.
A B
SOLUTION

C C
A B A B A B A B
—. Draw an arc Draw an Draw an arc Draw an arc Draw a triangle Draw
Copy a segment Copy AB
arc with center A and with center B and radius —
△ABC. Because AB and
radius AB. AB. Label the intersection —
AC are radii of the same
of the arcs from Steps 2 — ≅ AC
circle, AB —. Because
and 3 as C. — —
AB and BC are radii of the
— ≅ BC
same circle, AB —. By
the Transitive Property of
Congruence, AC— ≅ BC —. So,
△ABC is equilateral.
Using Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Find the values of x and y in the diagram.
K
4
L
y
x+1
N M
COMMON ERROR
You cannot use N to refer SOLUTION
to ∠LNM because three Step 1 Find the value of y. Because △KLN is equiangular, it is also equilateral and
angles have N as — ≅ KL
KN —. So, y = 4.
their vertex.
Step 2 Find the value of x. Because ∠LNM ≅ ∠LMN, LN — ≅ LM
—, and △LMN is
isosceles. You also know that LN = 4 because △KLN is equilateral.
LN = LM Definition of congruent segments
4=x+1 Substitute 4 for LN and x + 1 for LM.

3=x Subtract 1 from each side.

Solving a Multi-Step Problem
— ≅ QR
In the lifeguard tower, PS — and ∠QPS ≅ ∠PQR.
P Q
1 2
T
3 4
S R
a. Explain how to prove that △QPS ≅ △PQR.

b. Explain why △PQT is isosceles.
COMMON ERROR SOLUTION

When you redraw the a. Draw and label △QPS and △PQR so that they do not overlap. You can see that
triangles so that they do — ≅ QP
PQ —, PS— ≅ QR—, and ∠QPS ≅ ∠PQR. So, by the SAS Congruence Theorem,
not overlap, be careful to △QPS ≅ △PQR.
copy all given information
and labels correctly.
P Q P Q
2 1
T T
3 4
S R
b. From part (a), you know that ∠1 ≅ ∠2 because corresponding parts of congruent
— ≅ QT
triangles are congruent. By the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem, PT —,
and △PQT is isosceles.
4. Find the values of x and y in the diagram.
y° x°
5. In Example 4, show that △PTS ≅ △QTR.


1. VOCABULARY Describe how to identify the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle.
2. WRITING What is the relationship between the base angles of an isosceles triangle? Explain.

In Exercises 3– 6, copy and complete the statement. 12. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A logo in an
State which theorem you used. (See Example 1.) advertisement is an equilateral triangle with a side
length of 7 centimeters. Sketch the logo and give the
E
measure of each side.
In Exercises 13–16, find the values of x and y.

A B C D (See Example 3.)
— —
3. If AE ≅ DE , then ∠___ ≅ ∠___.
13. 14. y°
40°
4.
— ≅ EB
If AB —, then ∠___ ≅ ∠___. y° x°
x°
5. If ∠D ≅ ∠CED, then ___ ≅ ___.

15. 40
6. If ∠EBC ≅ ∠ECB, then ___ ≅ ___. 8y
40
In Exercises 7–10, find the value of x. (See Example 2.) x°
7. A 8. M
16. 3x − 5
x 12 x 5y − 4
60° 60°
B C L N
16
y + 12
9. S 10. E
5 CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 17 and 18, construct an
F
equilateral triangle whose sides are the given length.
5 3x°
x° 17. 3 inches
R T 5
D
18. 1.25 inches
11. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The dimensions
of a sports pennant are given in the diagram. Find the 19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
values of x and y. —.
finding the length of BC
79°
WC
y°
✗ 5
B
Because ∠A ≅ ∠C,
— ≅ BC
AC —.
x° So, BC = 6.
A 6 C

20. PROBLEM SOLVING MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In Exercises 25–28, use
The diagram represents the diagram based on the color wheel. The 12 triangles
part of the exterior of the in the diagram are isosceles triangles with congruent
Bow Tower in Calgary, vertex angles.
Alberta, Canada. In the A
yellow- yellow yellow-
diagram, △ABD and
green orange
△CBD are congruent B E D
equilateral triangles. green orange
(See Example 4.)
C blue- red-
a. Explain why △ABC
green orange
is isosceles.
b. Explain why blue red
∠BAE ≅ ∠BCE.
blue- red-
c. Show that △ABE and purple purple purple
△CBE are congruent.
d. Find the measure of ∠BAE. 25. Complementary colors lie directly opposite each other
on the color wheel. Explain how you know that the
21. FINDING A PATTERN In the pattern shown, each yellow triangle is congruent to the purple triangle.
small triangle is an equilateral triangle with an area
of 1 square unit. 26. The measure of the vertex angle of the yellow triangle
Triangle Area is 30°. Find the measures of the base angles.
a. Explain how you
know that any 1 square
27. Trace the color wheel. Then form a triangle whose
triangle made unit
vertices are the midpoints of the bases of the red,
out of equilateral
yellow, and blue triangles. (These colors are the
triangles is
primary colors.) What type of triangle is this?
equilateral.
b. Find the areas 28. Other triangles can be formed on the color wheel
of the first four that are congruent to the triangle in Exercise 27. The
triangles in the colors on the vertices of these triangles are called
pattern. triads. What are the possible triads?
c. Describe any
29. CRITICAL THINKING Are isosceles triangles always
patterns in the
acute triangles? Explain your reasoning.
areas. Predict the
area of the seventh
30. CRITICAL THINKING Is it possible for an equilateral
triangle in the pattern. Explain your reasoning.
triangle to have an angle measure other than 60°?
22. REASONING
—. What
The base of isosceles △XYZ is YZ
Explain your reasoning.
can you prove? Select all that apply.
31. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The lengths of the
○
— —
A XY ≅ XZ B ∠X ≅ ∠Y
○ sides of a triangle are 3t, 5t − 12, and t + 20. Find the
C ∠Y ≅ ∠Z
○
— —
D YZ ≅ ZX
○
values of t that make the triangle isosceles. Explain
your reasoning.
In Exercises 23 and 24, find the perimeter of
32. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The measure of
the triangle.
an exterior angle of an isosceles triangle is x°. Write
23. 24. (21 − x) in. expressions representing the possible angle measures
of the triangle in terms of x.
7 in. (x + 4) in.
33. WRITING Explain why the measure of the vertex
angle of an isosceles triangle must be an even number
(2x − 3) in. (x + 5) in. of degrees when the measures of all the angles of the
(4x + 1) in.
triangle are whole numbers.

34. PROBLEM SOLVING The triangular faces of the peaks 37. PROVING A COROLLARY Prove that the Corollary
on a roof are congruent isosceles triangles with vertex to the Base Angles Theorem follows from the Base
angles U and V. Angles Theorem.
38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? You are designing fabric

U V
purses to sell at the school fair.
6.5 m
B C
100°
W 8m X Y
E
a. Name two angles congruent to ∠WUX. Explain A D

your reasoning.
b. Find the distance between points U and V. a. Explain why △ABE ≅ △DCE.
b. Name the isosceles triangles in the purse.
35. PROBLEM SOLVING A boat is traveling parallel to
the shore along ⃗
RT . When the boat is at point R, the c. Name three angles that are congruent to ∠EAD.
captain measures the angle to the lighthouse as 35°.
After the boat has traveled 2.1 miles, the captain
measures the angle to the lighthouse to be 70°. 39. PROVING A COROLLARY Prove that the Corollary
to the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem follows
from the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem.
R 2.1 mi S T
35° 70° 40. MAKING AN ARGUMENT The coordinates of two
points are T(0, 6) and U(6, 0). Your friend claims that
points T, U, and V will always be the vertices of an
isosceles triangle when V is any point on the line
y = x. Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
L
41. PROOF Use the diagram to prove that △DEF
is equilateral.
a. Find SL. Explain your reasoning.
A
b. Explain how to find the distance between the boat
and the shoreline.
D
F
36. THOUGHT PROVOKING The postulates and theorems E
in this book represent Euclidean geometry. In B C
spherical geometry, all points are points on the surface
of a sphere. A line is a circle on the sphere whose Given △ABC is equilateral.
diameter is equal to the diameter of the sphere. In ∠CAD ≅ ∠ABE ≅ ∠BCF
spherical geometry, do all equiangular triangles have
Prove △DEF is equilateral.
the same angle measures? Justify your answer.
Use the given property to complete the statement. (Section 9.4)

42. Reflexive Property of Congruence: ____ ≅ SE
—
43. Symmetric Property of Congruence: If ____ ≅ ____, then RS ≅ JK.
— —
— — — —
44. Transitive Property of Congruence: If EF ≅ PQ , and PQ ≅ UV , then ____ ≅ ____.

12.1–12.4 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
interior angles, p. 589 legs (of an isosceles triangle), p. 608
exterior angles, p. 589 vertex angle (of an isosceles triangle), p. 608
corollary to a theorem, p. 591 base (of an isosceles triangle), p. 608
corresponding parts, p. 596 base angles (of an isosceles triangle), p. 608
Core Concepts
Section 12.1
Classifying Triangles by Sides, p. 588 Exterior Angle Theorem, p. 590
Classifying Triangles by Angles, p. 588 Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem, p. 591
Triangle Sum Theorem, p. 589
Section 12.2
Identifying and Using Corresponding Parts, p. 596 Third Angles Theorem, p. 598
Properties of Triangle Congruence, p. 597
Section 12.3
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Theorem, p. 602
Section 12.4
Base Angles Theorem, p. 608 Corollary to the Converse of the Base
Converse of the Base Angles Theorem, p. 608 Angles Theorem, p. 609
Corollary to the Base Angles Theorem, p. 609
Mathematical Practices
1. In Exercise 37 on page 593, what are you given? What relationships are present? What is your goal?
2. Explain the relationships present in Exercise 23 on page 600.
3. Describe at least three different patterns created using triangles for the picture in Exercise 20 on page 613.
Studying for Finals

• Form a study group of three or four students several
veral weeks before the
final exam.
• Find out what material you must know for the final exam, even if your
teacher has not yet covered it.
• Ask for a practice final exam or create one yourself
self and have your
teacher look at it.
• Have each group member take the practice
final exam.
• Decide when the group is going to meet and
what you will cover during each session.
• During the sessions, make sure you stay
on track.
615
int_math1_pe_12mc.indd 615 1/29/15 4:50 PM

12.1–12.4 Quiz
Find the measure of the exterior angle. (Section 12.1)

1. 2. (5x + 2)° y° 3.
80°
29°
30° x° 6x° (15x + 34)° (12x + 26)°
Identify all pairs of congruent corresponding parts. Then write another congruence
statement for the polygons. (Section 12.2)
4. △ABC ≅ △DEF 5. QRST ≅ WXYZ
B F
R Y
D Q Z
C
T W
A S X
E
Decide whether enough information is given to prove that the triangles are congruent using the
SAS Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why. (Section 12.3)
6. △CAD, △CBD 7. △GHF, △KHJ 8. △LMP, △NMP
A G M
C D J
F H
P
B
K L N
Copy and complete the statement. State which theorem you used. (Section 12.4) W X
9. If VW ≅ WX, then ∠___ ≅ ∠___. 10. If XZ ≅ XY, then ∠___ ≅ ∠___.
11. If ∠ZVX ≅ ∠ZXV, then ___ ≅ ___. 12. If ∠XYZ ≅ ∠ZXY, then ___ ≅ ___.
V Z Y
Find the values of x and y. (Section 12.2 and Section 12.4)
13. △DEF ≅ △QRS E F Q 14. 5x − 1
123°
(5y − 7) ft 24
29° 38 ft 6y°
D S (2x + 2)° R
15. In a right triangle, the measure of one acute angle is 4 times the difference of the
3 4 measure of the other acute angle and 5. Find the measure of each acute angle in
2
the triangle. (Section 12.1)
1
16. The figure shows a stained glass window. (Section 12.1 and Section 12.3)
7
a. Classify triangles 1–4 by their angles.
6 b. Classify triangles 4–6 by their sides.
c. Is there enough information given to prove that △7 ≅ △8? If so, label the vertices
5 8
and write a proof. If not, determine what additional information is needed.
int_math1_pe_12mc.indd 616 1/29/15 4:50 PM

12.5 Proving Triangle Congruence by SSS
Essential Question What can you conclude about two triangles
when you know the corresponding sides are congruent?
Drawing Triangles
a. Construct circles with radii of 4
2 units and 3 units centered at B C
the origin. Label the origin A. 3
Then draw BC— of length 4 units.

2
— so that B is on the
1
b. Move BC 0
smaller circle and C is on the −4 −3 −2 −1 A 0 1 2 3 4 5
USING TOOLS larger circle. Then draw △ABC. −1
STRATEGICALLY −2
To be proficient in math, c. Explain why the side lengths of −3
you need to use technology △ABC are 2, 3, and 4 units.

to help visualize the results
of varying assumptions, 4
explore consequences, d. Find m∠A, m∠B, and m∠C.

3
and compare predictions
with data. 2
e. Repeat parts (b) and (d) several
— to different
times, moving BC 1
locations. Keep track of your 0 A

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
results by copying and C
−1
completing the table below.
What can you conclude? B −2
−3
1. (0, 0) 2 3 4
2. (0, 0) 2 3 4
3. (0, 0) 2 3 4
4. (0, 0) 2 3 4
5. (0, 0) 2 3 4

2. What can you conclude about two triangles when you know the corresponding
sides are congruent?
3. How would you prove your conclusion in Exploration 1(e)?
Section 12.5 Proving Triangle Congruence by SSS 617

Use the Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Theorem.
Use the Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
legs, p. 620 Using the Side-Side-Side Congruence Theorem
hypotenuse, p. 620
Previous
congruent figures
Theorem
rigid motion Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Theorem
If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent. B E
— ≅ DE
If AB —, BC
— ≅ EF
—, and AC
— ≅ DF
—,
then △ABC ≅ △DEF.
C A D F
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Theorem

— ≅ DE
Given AB —, BC
— ≅ EF
—, AC
— ≅ DF
— B E

C A D F
B E B′ E
C A D F C′ F
D
⃗ coincides with ⃗
through ∠C′DF so that the image of DC′ DF, as shown below.
B′ E E
C′ F D F
D
B″
— ≅ DF
E △DB′C′ to △DB″F. Draw an auxiliary line through points E and B″. This line creates
1 ∠1, ∠2, ∠3, and ∠4, as shown at the left.
D
2
F Because DE— ≅ DB″—, △DEB″ is an isosceles triangle. Because FE
— ≅ FB″
—, △FEB″
4 is an isosceles triangle. By the Base Angles Theorem, ∠1 ≅ ∠3 and ∠2 ≅ ∠4.
3
B″ By the definition of congruence, m∠1 = m∠3 and m∠2 = m∠4. By construction,
m∠DEF = m∠1 + m∠2 and m∠DB″F = m∠3 + m∠4. You can now use the
Substitution Property of Equality to show m∠DEF = m∠DB″F.
m∠DEF = m∠1 + m∠2 Angle Addition Postulate
= m∠3 + m∠4 Substitute m∠3 for m∠1 and m∠4 for m∠2.
= m∠DB″F Angle Addition Postulate
By the definition of congruence, ∠DEF ≅ ∠DB″F. So, two pairs of sides and their
included angles are congruent. By the SAS Congruence Theorem, △DB″F ≅ △DEF.
So, a composition of rigid motions maps △DB″F to △DEF. Because a composition
of rigid motions maps △ABC to △DB″F and a composition of rigid motions maps
△DB″F to △DEF, a composition of rigid motions maps △ABC to △DEF. So,
△ABC ≅ △DEF.

Using the SSS Congruence Theorem
Write a proof. L
— ≅ NL
Given KL —, KM
— ≅ NM
— K N
Prove △KLM ≅ △NLM
SOLUTION M
STATEMENTS REASONS
S — —
1. KL ≅ NL 1. Given
S — —
2. KM ≅ NM 2. Given
S — —
3. LM ≅ LM 3. Reflexive Property of Congruence
4. △KLM ≅ △NLM 4. SSS Congruence Theorem
Decide whether the congruence statement is true. Explain your reasoning.
1. △DFG ≅ △HJK 2. △ACB ≅ △CAD 3. △QPT ≅ △RST

F J B P S
3 7
A C
9
7 4
D G H K Q T R
D
Solving a Real-Life Problem
Explain why the bench with the diagonal support is stable, while the one without the
support can collapse.
SOLUTION
The bench with the diagonal support forms triangles with fixed side lengths. By the
SSS Congruence Theorem, these triangles cannot change shape, so the bench is stable.
The bench without the diagonal support is not stable because there are many possible
quadrilaterals with the given side lengths.
Determine whether the figure is stable. Explain your reasoning.
4. 5. 6.

Copying a Triangle Using SSS

SSS Congruence Theorem. Use a compass and straightedge.
A B
SOLUTION
F F
D E D E D E D E
Construct a side Draw an arc Draw an arc Draw a triangle

— so that it is
Construct DE Open your compass to Draw an arc with radius BC Draw △DEF. By the SSS
—.
congruent to AB the length AC. Use this and center E that intersects Congruence Theorem,
length to draw an arc with the arc from Step 2. Label △ABC ≅ △DEF.
center D. the intersection point F.
Using the Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem

You know that SAS and SSS are valid methods for proving that triangles are
congruent. What about SSA?
In general, SSA is not a valid method for proving that triangles are congruent. In the
triangles below, two pairs of sides and a pair of angles not included between them are
congruent, but the triangles are not congruent.
B E
A C D F
hypotenuse While SSA is not valid in general, there is a special case for right triangles.
leg
In a right triangle, the sides adjacent to the right angle are called the legs. The side
opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
leg
Theorem
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem
If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse
and a leg of a second right triangle, then A D
the two triangles are congruent.
— ≅ DE
If AB —, AC
— ≅ DF
—, and
m∠C = m∠F = 90°, then △ABC ≅ △DEF.
C B F E
Proof BigIdeasMath.com

W X
Write a proof.
Given — ≅ XZ
WY —, WZ
— ⊥ ZY
—, XY
— ⊥ Z—Y
Prove △WYZ ≅ △XZY Z Y
SOLUTION W X
Redraw the triangles so they are side by side
with corresponding parts in the same position.
STUDY TIP Mark the given information in the diagram. Z Y Y Z
If you have trouble
matching vertices to letters STATEMENTS REASONS
when you separate the
H — —
1. WY ≅ XZ 1. Given
overlapping triangles,
leave the triangles in their — —— —
2. WZ ⊥ ZY , XY ⊥ ZY 2. Given
original orientations.
3. ∠Z and ∠Y are right angles. 3. Definition of ⊥ lines
W X
4. △WYZ and △XZY are right triangles. 4. Definition of a right triangle
— ≅ YZ
L 5. ZY — 5. Reflexive Property of Congruence
Z Y Z Y
6. △WYZ ≅ △XZY 6. HL Congruence Theorem
The television antenna is perpendicular to the plane A

containing points B, C, D, and E. Each of the cables
running from the top of the antenna to B, C, and D has
the same length. Prove that △AEB, △AEC, and △AED
are congruent.
— ⊥ EB
Given AE —, AE
— ⊥ EC
—, AE
— ⊥ ED
—, AB
— ≅ AC
— ≅ AD
—
B
Prove △AEB ≅ △AEC ≅ △AED
E
D C
SOLUTION
— ⊥ EB
You are given that AE — and AE — ⊥ EC —. So, ∠AEB and ∠AEC are right angles
by the definition of perpendicular lines. By definition, △AEB and △AEC are right
— and AC
triangles. You are given that the hypotenuses of these two triangles, AB —,
— is a leg for both triangles, and AE
are congruent. Also, AE — ≅ AE— by the Reflexive
Property of Congruence. So, by the Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Theorem,
△AEB ≅ △AEC. You can use similar reasoning to prove that △AEC ≅ △AED.
So, by the Transitive Property of Triangle Congruence,

△AEB ≅ △AEC ≅ △AED.
Use the diagram. A B
7. Redraw △ABC and △DCB side by side with

corresponding parts in the same position.
8. Use the information in the diagram to prove
that △ABC ≅ △DCB. C D


1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The side opposite the right angle is called the ___________ of the right triangle.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which triangle’s legs do not belong with the other three? Explain
your reasoning.

In Exercises 3 and 4, decide whether enough 9. △DEF ≅ △DGF 10. △JKL ≅ △LJM
information is given to prove that the triangles are
congruent using the SSS Congruence Theorem. Explain. E K L
3. △ABC, △DBE 4. △PQS, △RQS

F D
C E Q
G
J M
In Exercises 11 and 12, determine whether the figure is

A B D P S R
stable. Explain your reasoning. (See Example 2.)
In Exercises 5 and 6, decide whether enough 11. 12.

information is given to prove that the triangles are
congruent using the HL Congruence Theorem. Explain.
5. △ABC, △FED 6. △PQT, △SRT
A D E P Q
In Exercises 13 and 14, redraw the triangles so they
are side by side with corresponding parts in the same
T position. Then write a proof. (See Example 3.)
— —
13. Given AC ≅ BD , A B
B C F
R S — ⊥ AD
AB —,
— —
CD ⊥ AD
In Exercises 7–10, decide whether the congruence
statement is true. Explain your reasoning. Prove △BAD ≅ △CDA
(See Example 1.) D C
7. △RST ≅ △TQP 8. △ABD ≅ △CDB
14. Given G is the midpoint E F
—, FG
of EH — ≅ GI—,
S Q B C
∠E and ∠H are
right angles.
R T P A D G
Prove △EFG ≅ △HIG
622 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles I H

In Exercises 15 and 16, write a proof. 22. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The distances
15. Given
— ≅ JK
LM —, MJ
— ≅ KL
— between consecutive bases on a softball field are the
same. The distance from home plate to second base is
Prove △LMJ ≅ △JKL the same as the distance from first base to third base.
K L
The angles created at each base are 90°. Prove
△HFS ≅ △FST ≅ △STH. (See Example 4.)
second
J M base (S)
— —— —— —
16. Given WX ≅ VZ , WY ≅ VY , YZ ≅ YX third first
Prove △VWX ≅ △WVZ base (T) base (F)
W X
Y
home
plate (H)
V Z
CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 17 and 18, construct 23. REASONING To support a tree, you attach wires from
a triangle that is congruent to △QRS using the SSS the trunk of the tree to stakes in the ground, as shown
Congruence Theorem. in the diagram.
17. R 18. R
Q S Q S
19. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

L
identifying congruent triangles.
✗ U X Z
J K M
a. What additional information do you need to

T V Y use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove that
△JKL ≅ △MKL?
△TUV ≅ △XYZ by the SSS Congruence Theorem.
b. Suppose K is the midpoint of JM. Name a theorem
you could use to prove that △JKL ≅ △MKL.
20. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in Explain your reasoning.
determining the value of x that makes the triangles
congruent. 24. REASONING Use the photo of the Navajo rug, where
— ≅ DE
— and AC
— ≅ CE
—.
✗
BC
K
2x + 1 4x + 4 B D
6x = 2x + 1
J L 4x = 1 A C E
6x 3x − 1 x = —14
M
a. What additional information do you need to
use the SSS Congruence Theorem to prove that
21. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that △ABC ≅ △CDE?
in order to use the SSS Congruence Theorem to
prove that two triangles are congruent, both triangles b. What additional information do you need to
must be equilateral triangles. Is your friend correct? use the HL Congruence Theorem to prove that
Explain your reasoning. △ABC ≅ △CDE?

In Exercises 25–28, use the given coordinates to 32. THOUGHT PROVOKING The postulates and
determine whether △ABC ≅ △DEF. theorems in this book represent Euclidean geometry.
In spherical geometry, all points are points on the
25. A(−2, −2), B(4, −2), C(4, 6), D(5, 7), E(5, 1), F(13, 1)
surface of a sphere. A line is a circle on the sphere
whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the
26. A(−2, 1), B(3, −3), C(7, 5), D(3, 6), E(8, 2), F(10, 11)
sphere. In spherical geometry, do you think that two
triangles are congruent if their corresponding sides
27. A(0, 0), B(6, 5), C(9, 0), D(0, −1), E(6, −6), F(9, −1)
are congruent? Justify your answer.
28. A(−5, 7), B(−5, 2), C(0, 2), D(0, 6), E(0, 1), F(4, 1)
USING TOOLS In Exercises 33 and 34, use the given
29. CRITICAL THINKING You notice two triangles in
information to sketch △LMN and △STU. Mark the
the tile floor of a hotel lobby. You want to determine
triangles with the given information.
whether the triangles are congruent, but you only
have a piece of string. Can you determine whether — — — — — — — —
33. LM ⊥ MN , ST ⊥ TU , LM ≅ NM ≅ UT ≅ ST
the triangles are congruent? Explain.
— — — — — — — —
34. LM ⊥ MN , ST ⊥ TU , LM ≅ ST , LN ≅ SU
30. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? There are several theorems 35. CRITICAL THINKING The diagram shows the light
you can use to show that the triangles in the created by two spotlights. Both spotlights are the
“square” pattern are congruent. Name two of them. same distance from the stage.
B E
A D C G F
a. Show that △ABD ≅ △CBD. State which theorem

or postulate you used and explain your reasoning.
31. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your cousin says that b. Are all four right triangles shown in the diagram
△JKL is congruent to △LMJ by the SSS Congruence congruent? Explain your reasoning.
Theorem. Your friend says that △JKL is congruent
to △LMJ by the HL Congruence Theorem. Who is 36. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Find all values of x
correct? Explain your reasoning. that make the triangles congruent. Explain.
5x B
J K A
4x + 3
5x − 2
D
C 3x + 10
M L
Use the congruent triangles. (Section 12.2)

37. Name the segment in △DEF that is congruent to AC .
— A D
38. Name the segment in △ABC that is congruent to EF .

—
39. Name the angle in △DEF that is congruent to ∠B.
40. Name the angle in △ABC that is congruent to ∠F. B C F E

12.6 Proving Triangle Congruence
by ASA and AAS
Essential Question What information is sufficient to determine
whether two triangles are congruent?
Determining Whether SSA Is Sufficient

a. Use dynamic geometry software to construct △ABC. Construct the triangle so that
— has a length of 3 units, and BC
vertex B is at the origin, AB — has a length of 2 units.
b. Construct a circle with a radius of 2 units centered at the origin. Locate point D
—. Draw BD
where the circle intersects AC —.
Sample
A
3 Points
A(0, 3)
2 D B(0, 0)
C(2, 0)
1 D(0.77, 1.85)
Segments
C
0
AB = 3
−3 −2 −1 B 0 1 2 3
AC = 3.61
−1 BC = 2
AD = 1.38
−2 Angle
m∠A = 33.69°
c. △ABC and △ABD have two congruent sides and a nonincluded congruent angle.
Name them.
d. Is △ABC ≅ △ABD? Explain your reasoning.
e. Is SSA sufficient to determine whether two triangles are congruent? Explain
your reasoning.
CONSTRUCTING
VIABLE ARGUMENTS Determining Valid Congruence Theorems
To be proficient in math,
you need to recognize and Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to determine which of the
use counterexamples. following are valid triangle congruence theorems. For those that are not valid, write
a counterexample. Explain your reasoning.
Possible Congruence Theorem Valid or not valid?

SSS
SSA
SAS
AAS
ASA
AAA

3. What information is sufficient to determine whether two triangles are congruent?
4. Is it possible to show that two triangles are congruent using more than one
congruence theorem? If so, give an example.
Section 12.6 Proving Triangle Congruence by ASA and AAS 625

Use the ASA and AAS Congruence Theorems.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Using the ASA and AAS Congruence Theorems
Previous
congruent figures
rigid motion
Theorem
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Theorem
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and
the included side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
— ≅ DF
If ∠A ≅ ∠D, AC —, and ∠C ≅ ∠F, B E
then △ABC ≅ △DEF.
Proof p. 626 C A D F
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Theorem

— ≅ DF
Given ∠A ≅ ∠D, AC —, ∠C ≅ ∠F B E

C A D F
B E B′ E
D
C A D F C′ F

through ∠C′DF so that the image of ⃗
DC′ coincides with ⃗
DF, as shown below.
E
B′ E
D D F
C′ F
B″
— ≅ DF
△DB′C′ to △DB″F. Now, reflect △DB″F in the line through points D and F, as
shown below.
E
E
D
F
D F
B″
Because points D and F lie on ⃖⃗

DF, this reflection maps them onto themselves. Because
a reflection preserves angle measure and ∠B″DF ≅ ∠EDF, the reflection maps DB″ ⃗ to
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
DE. Similarly, because ∠B″FD ≅ ∠EFD, the reflection maps FB″ to FE. The image of
⃗ and ⃗
B″ lies on DE FE. Because ⃗
DE and ⃗
FE only have point E in common, the image of
B″ must be E. So, this reflection maps △DB″F to △DEF.
Because you can map △ABC to △DEF using a composition of rigid motions,
△ABC ≅ △DEF.

Theorem
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem
If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles
and the corresponding non-included side of a second triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.
E
If ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠C ≅ ∠F, B
— ≅ EF
and BC —, then
D F
△ABC ≅ △DEF. A C
Proof p. 627
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem
Given ∠A ≅ ∠D, B E
∠C ≅ ∠F,
— ≅ EF
BC —
Prove △ABC ≅ △DEF A C D F
You are given ∠A ≅ ∠D and ∠C ≅ ∠F. By the Third Angles Theorem, ∠B ≅ ∠E.
— ≅ EF
You are given BC —. So, two pairs of angles and their included sides are
congruent. By the ASA Congruence Theorem, △ABC ≅ △DEF.
Identifying Congruent Triangles
Can the triangles be proven congruent with the information given in the diagram?
If so, state the theorem you would use.
a. b. c.
COMMON ERROR
You need at least one pair SOLUTION
of congruent corresponding
a. The vertical angles are congruent, so two pairs of angles and a pair of non-included
sides to prove two triangles
sides are congruent. The triangles are congruent by the AAS Congruence Theorem.
are congruent.
b. There is not enough information to prove the triangles are congruent, because no
sides are known to be congruent.
c. Two pairs of angles and their included sides are congruent. The triangles are
congruent by the ASA Congruence Theorem.
1. Can the triangles be proven congruent with X Y

the information given in the diagram? If so, 1
state the theorem you would use. 2
4
3
W Z

Copying a Triangle Using ASA

ASA Congruence Theorem. Use a compass and straightedge.
A B
SOLUTION
D E D E D E D E
Construct a side Construct an angle Construct an angle Label a point

— so that it is
Construct DE Construct ∠D with Construct ∠E with Label the intersection of
—.
congruent to AB ⃗ so
vertex D and side DE ⃗ so
vertex E and side ED the sides of ∠D and ∠E
that it is congruent to ∠A. that it is congruent to ∠B. that you constructed in
Steps 2 and 3 as F. By the
ASA Congruence Theorem,
△ABC ≅ △DEF.
Using the ASA Congruence Theorem
Write a proof. A C
Given — EC
AD —, BD
— ≅ BC
—
Prove △ABD ≅ △EBC B
D E
SOLUTION
STATEMENTS REASONS
— —
1. AD EC 1. Given
A 2. ∠D ≅ ∠C 2. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
— ≅ BC
S 3. BD — 3. Given
A 4. ∠ABD ≅ ∠EBC 4. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
5. △ABD ≅ △EBC 5. ASA Congruence Theorem

— —— — — —
2. In the diagram, AB ⊥ AD , DE ⊥ AD , and AC ≅ DC . Prove △ABC ≅ △DEC.
E
A
C D

Using the AAS Congruence Theorem
Write a proof. F G
Given — GK
HF —, ∠ F and ∠ K are right angles.
Prove △HFG ≅ △GKH
H K
SOLUTION
STATEMENTS REASONS
— —
1. HF GK 1. Given
A 2. ∠GHF ≅ ∠HGK 2. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
3. ∠ F and ∠ K are right angles. 3. Given
A 4. ∠ F ≅ ∠ K 4. Right Angles Congruence Theorem
— ≅ GH
S 5. HG — 5. Reflexive Property of Congruence
6. △HFG ≅ ∠GKH 6. AAS Congruence Theorem

— —
3. In the diagram, ∠S ≅ ∠U and RS ≅ VU . Prove △RST ≅ △VUT.
R U
S V
Concept Summary
Triangle Congruence Theorems
You have learned five methods for proving that triangles are congruent.
SAS SSS HL (right △

s only) ASA AAS
E E E E E
B B B B B
D F D F D F D F D F
A C A C A C A C A C
Two sides and the All three sides are The hypotenuse and Two angles and the Two angles and a
included angle are congruent. one of the legs are included side are non-included side
congruent. congruent. congruent. are congruent.
In the Exercises, you will prove three additional theorems about the congruence of right triangles:
Hypotenuse-Angle, Leg-Leg, and Angle-Leg.


1. WRITING How are the AAS Congruence Theorem and the ASA Congruence Theorem similar?
How are they different?
2. WRITING You know that a pair of triangles has two pairs of congruent corresponding angles.
What other information do you need to show that the triangles are congruent?

In Exercises 3–6, decide whether enough information In Exercises 9–12, decide whether you can use the given
is given to prove that the triangles are congruent. If so, information to prove that △ABC ≅ △DEF. Explain
state the theorem you would use. (See Example 1.) your reasoning.
3. △ABC, △QRS 4. △ABC, △DBC 9. ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠C ≅ ∠F, AC ≅ DF
— —
B B — — — —
10. ∠C ≅ ∠F, AB ≅ DE , BC ≅ EF
A C 11. ∠B ≅ ∠E,∠C ≅ ∠F, AC ≅ DE

— —
Q S
12. ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, BC ≅ EF
— —
R A C D
CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 13 and 14, construct a
triangle that is congruent to the given triangle using
5. △XYZ, △JKL 6. △RSV, △UTV
the ASA Congruence Theorem. Use a compass and
Y K R S straightedge.
13. E 14. J K
Z L V
J U T D F
X L
In Exercises 7 and 8, state the third congruence ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 15 and 16, describe and
statement that is needed to prove that △FGH ≅ △LMN correct the error.
using the given theorem.
✗
15.
F L K
H △JKL ≅ △FHG
G M L by the ASA
G F Congruence
J Theorem.
H N
✗
16.
Q X W
— —
7. Given GH ≅ MN , ∠G ≅ ∠M, ___ ≅ ____ △QRS ≅ △VWX
by the AAS
Use the AAS Congruence Theorem. Congruence Theorem.
R S V
— —
8. Given FG ≅ LM , ∠G ≅ ∠M, ___ ≅ ____
Use the ASA Congruence Theorem.

PROOF In Exercises 17 and 18, prove that the triangles 23. Angle-Leg (AL) Congruence Theorem If an angle
are congruent using the ASA Congruence Theorem. and a leg of a right triangle are congruent to an angle
(See Example 2.) and a leg of a second right triangle, then the triangles
17. Given
—.
M is the midpoint of NL
are congruent.
— ⊥ NQ
NL —, NL— ⊥ MP—, QM— PL
—
24. REASONING What additional information do
Prove △NQM ≅ △MPL you need to prove △JKL ≅ △MNL by the ASA
Congruence Theorem?
Q P — —
A KM ≅ KJ
○ M
K
— —
B KH ≅ NH
○ L
H
C ∠M ≅ ∠J
○
N M L N
D ∠LKJ ≅ ∠LNM
○ J
— —
18. Given AJ ≅ KC , ∠BJK ≅ ∠BKJ, ∠A ≅ ∠C
25. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS This toy
Prove △ABK ≅ △CBJ
contains △ABC and △DBC. Can you conclude that
B △ABC ≅ △DBC from the given angle measures?
Explain.
C D
A J K C
B
A
PROOF In Exercises 19 and 20, prove that the triangles
are congruent using the AAS Congruence Theorem.
(See Example 3.) m∠ABC = (8x − 32)°
— —
19. Given VW ≅ UW , ∠X ≅ ∠Z m∠DBC = (4y − 24)°
Prove △XWV ≅ △ZWU m∠BCA = (5x + 10)°
Z X m∠BCD = (3y + 2)°
Y
m∠CAB = (2x − 8)°
V U
m∠CDB = (y − 6)°
W
26. REASONING Which of the following congruence
20. Given ∠NKM ≅ ∠LMK, ∠L ≅ ∠N statements are true? Select all that apply.
○
— —
A TU ≅ UV W
Prove △NMK ≅ △LKM
L N B △STV ≅ △XVW
○ S
X
C △TVS ≅ △VWU
○
K M D △VST ≅ △VUW
○ T U V
PROOF In Exercises 21–23, write a paragraph proof for

the theorem about right triangles. 27. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Converse of the
Base Angles Theorem. (Hint: Draw an auxiliary line
21. Hypotenuse-Angle (HA) Congruence Theorem inside the triangle.)
If an angle and the hypotenuse of a right triangle are
congruent to an angle and the hypotenuse of a second 28. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims to
right triangle, then the triangles are congruent. be able to rewrite any proof that uses the AAS
Congruence Theorem as a proof that uses the
22. Leg-Leg (LL) Congruence Theorem If the legs of ASA Congruence Theorem. Is this possible? Explain
a right triangle are congruent to the legs of a second your reasoning.
right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

29. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS When a light ray 31. CONSTRUCTION Construct a triangle. Show that there
from an object meets a mirror, it is reflected back to is no AAA congruence rule by constructing a second
your eye. For example, in the diagram, a light ray triangle that has the same angle measures but is not
from point C is reflected at point D and travels back congruent.
to point A. The law of reflection states that the angle
of incidence, ∠CDB, is congruent to the angle of
32. THOUGHT PROVOKING Graph theory is a branch of
reflection, ∠ADB.
mathematics that studies vertices and the way they
are connected. In graph theory, two polygons are
a. Prove that △ABD is
isomorphic if there is a one-to-one mapping from one
congruent to △CBD. A polygon’s vertices to the other polygon’s vertices that
Given ∠CDB ≅ ∠ADB, preserves adjacent vertices. In graph theory, are any
— ⊥ AC
DB — two triangles isomorphic? Explain your reasoning.
Prove △ABD ≅ △CBD
b. Verify that △ACD is 33. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Six statements are
isosceles. B D given about △TUV and △XYZ.
c. Does moving away from — ≅ XY
TU — — ≅ YZ
UV — — ≅ XZ
TV —
the mirror have any effect
∠T ≅ ∠X ∠U ≅ ∠Y ∠V ≅ ∠Z
on the amount of his or
her reflection a person U
sees? Explain. C
Z X
T V
30. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Name as many pairs of
congruent triangles as you can from the diagram. Y
Explain how you know that each pair of triangles
is congruent. a. List all combinations of three given statements
that would provide enough information to prove
P Q
that △TUV is congruent to △XYZ.
b. You choose three statements at random. What is
the probability that the statements you choose
T
provide enough information to prove that the
triangles are congruent?
S R
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment with the given endpoints. (Section 8.3)
34. C(1, 0) and D(5, 4) 35. J(−2, 3) and K(4, −1) 36. R(−5, −7) and S(2, −4)
Copy the angle using a compass and straightedge. (Section 8.5)

37. 38.
A
B

12.7 Using Congruent Triangles
Essential Question How can you use congruent triangles to make
an indirect measurement?
Measuring the Width of a River

Work with a partner. The figure
shows how a surveyor can measure B
the width of a river by making
measurements on only one side
CRITIQUING of the river.
THE REASONING C
a. Study the figure. Then explain D
OF OTHERS how the surveyor can find the
A
To be proficient in math, width of the river.
you need to listen to or
read the arguments of b. Write a proof to verify that
others, decide whether they the method you described in
make sense, and ask useful part (a) is valid. E
questions to clarify or Given
— ≅ CD
∠A is a right angle, ∠D is a right angle, AC —
improve the arguments.
c. Exchange proofs with your partner and discuss the reasoning used.
Measuring the Width of a River

Work with a partner. It was reported
that one of Napoleon’s officers estimated
the width of a river as follows. The
officer stood on the bank of the river and F
lowered the visor on his cap until the
farthest thing visible was the edge of the D G
bank on the other side. He then turned
and noted the point on his side that was
in line with the tip of his visor and his E
eye. The officer then paced the distance
to this point and concluded that distance
was the width of the river.
a. Study the figure. Then explain how the officer concluded that the width of
the river is EG.
b. Write a proof to verify that the conclusion the officer made is correct.
Given ∠DEG is a right angle, ∠DEF is a right angle, ∠EDG ≅ ∠EDF
c. Exchange proofs with your partner and discuss the reasoning used.

3. How can you use congruent triangles to make an indirect measurement?
4. Why do you think the types of measurements described in Explorations 1 and 2
are called indirect measurements?
Section 12.7 Using Congruent Triangles 633

Use congruent triangles to solve problems.
Use congruent triangles to write proofs.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
Previous Using Congruent Triangles to Solve Problems
congruent figures
corresponding parts
Using Congruent Triangles
construction
perpendicular lines Explain how you can use the
given information to prove that R
the hang glider parts are
congruent. Q
1 T
Given ∠1 ≅ ∠2,
∠RTQ ≅ ∠RTS S
— ≅ ST
Prove QT — 2
SOLUTION
Mark given and deduced information. If you can show that △QRT ≅ △SRT, then you will know that QT — ≅ ST
—. First, copy
the diagram and mark the given information. Then mark the information that you can
R
deduce. In this case, ∠RQT and ∠RST are supplementary to congruent angles, so
∠RQT ≅ ∠RST. Also, RT — ≅ RT— by the Reflexive Property of Congruence. Two angle
Q T S pairs and a non-included side are congruent, so by the AAS Congruence Theorem,
△QRT ≅ △SRT.
1 2
— ≅ ST
Because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, QT —.
Using Congruent Triangles for Measurement
To find the distance across the river,

MAKING SENSE from point N to point P, first place a stake
— ⊥ NP—.
OF PROBLEMS at K on the near side so that NK
—
Then find M, the midpoint of NK . Finally, N P
When you cannot easily — ⊥ KL
locate the point L so that NK — and
measure a length directly, L, P, and M are collinear.
you can make conclusions M
about the length indirectly, Explain how this plan allows you to find
usually by calculations the distance. L K
based on known lengths.
SOLUTION
Because NK— ⊥ NP
— and NK — ⊥ KL —, ∠N and ∠K are congruent right angles. Because
—, NM
M is the midpoint of NK — ≅ KM —. The vertical angles ∠KML and ∠NMP are
congruent. So, △MLK ≅ △MPN by the ASA Congruence Theorem. Then because
— ≅ NP
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, KL —. So, you can find
—
the distance NP across the river by measuring KL .
B
1. Explain how you can prove that ∠A ≅ ∠C.

A C
2. In Example 2, does it matter how far from point N you place a stake
D at point K? Explain.

Using Congruent Triangles to Write Proofs
Planning a Proof Involving Pairs of Triangles

D
Use the given information to write a plan for proof.
Given ∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠3 ≅ ∠4 2 E 4
C A
1 3
Prove △BCE ≅ △DCE
B
SOLUTION
— ≅ CE
In △BCE and △DCE, you know that ∠1 ≅ ∠2 and CE —. If you can show that
— ≅ CD
CB —, then you can use the SAS Congruence Theorem.
— ≅ CD
To prove that CB —, you can first prove that △CBA ≅ △CDA. You are given
∠1 ≅ ∠2 and ∠3 ≅ ∠4. CA— ≅ CA
— by the Reflexive Property of Congruence. You
can use the ASA Congruence Theorem to prove that △CBA ≅ △CDA.
Plan for Proof Use the ASA Congruence Theorem to prove that
— ≅ CD
△CBA ≅ △CDA. Then state that CB —. Use the SAS Congruence
Theorem to prove that △BCE ≅ △DCE.
Proving a Construction
Write a proof to verify that the construction for copying an angle on page 416 is valid.
SOLUTION
Add BC— and EF— to the diagram on page 416. In the C
—, DE
construction, one compass setting determines AB —,
— —
AC , and DF , and another compass setting determines
— and EF
BC —. So, you can assume the following as A B
given statements. F
— ≅ DE
Given AB —, AC
— ≅ DF
—, BC
— ≅ EF
—
D E
Prove ∠D ≅ ∠A
Plan Show that △DEF ≅ △ABC, so you can conclude

for that the corresponding parts ∠D and ∠A are congruent.
Proof
in
— ≅ DE
Action 1. AB —, AC
— ≅ DF
—, BC
— ≅ EF
— 1. Given
2. △DEF ≅ △ABC 2. SSS Congruence Theorem
3. ∠D ≅ ∠A 3. Corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent.
3. Write a plan to prove that △PTU ≅ △UQP. P Q
4. Use the construction of an angle bisector

R
on page 418. What segments can you assume S
are congruent?
T U

You can use congruent triangles to prove the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem.
Because the theorem is a biconditional statement, you must prove both parts.
Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Theorem

READING 1. If two nonvertical lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is −1.
The notation mℓ is read as
“the slope of line ℓ.” Given ℓ ⊥ n, ℓ and n are nonvertical.
Prove mℓ mn = −1
Paragraph Proof Draw two nonvertical, n
perpendicular lines, ℓ and n, so that lineℓ a C′
B′
has a positive slope and the lines intersect
at point A. Draw right △ABC as shown,
STUDY TIP — lies on ℓ, BC
where AB — is vertical with
b
The case where line ℓ
—
length a, and AC is horizontal with length b. B
has a negative slope is a a
By definition, the slope of line ℓ is mℓ = —.
proved similarly. b
A b C
Rotate △ABC 90° counterclockwise about
point A. The image is △AB′C′. Because
ℓ ⊥ n, B′ lies on line n. Because rotations preserve angle
measure, ∠C′ is a right angle. Because rotations preserve length,
B′C′ = BC = a and AC′ = AC = b. By definition, the slope of
b a b
( )
line n is mn = – —. So, mℓ mn = — – — = −1.
a b a
2. If the product of the slopes of two nonvertical lines is −1, then the lines
are perpendicular.
STUDY TIP
Given mℓ mn = −1
The case where line ℓ
has a negative slope is Prove ℓ ⊥ n
proved similarly.
a
Paragraph Proof Let mℓ = —, where a and b are both positive. You know that
b
a b
mℓ mn = −1. By substitution, — • mn = −1. So, mn = – —.
b a
Draw lines ℓ and n and label the point
n
where the lines intersect as point A. Draw
a E
right △ABC and right △ADE, as shown. D
Because DE = BC = a and AE = AC = b,
— ≅ BC
DE — and AE
— ≅ AC—. By the Right Angles
b
Congruence Theorem, ∠E ≅ ∠C. So, B
△ABC ≅ △ADE by the SAS Congruence Theorem. a
— is vertical and AC
Because AE — is horizontal, A b C
∠EAC is a right angle. By definition, ∠EAB
and ∠BAC are complementary angles. So,
m∠EAB + m∠BAC = 90°.
∠DAE ≅ ∠BAC because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent. By substitution, m∠EAB + m∠DAE = 90°. By the Commutative
Property of Addition, m∠DAE + m∠EAB = 90°. By the Angle Addition Postulate,
m∠DAE + m∠EAB = m∠DAB. So, by the Transitive Property of Equality,
m∠DAB = 90° and line ℓ is perpendicular to line n.


1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE ______________ parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
2. WRITING Describe a situation in which you might choose to use indirect measurement with
congruent triangles to find a measure rather than measuring directly.

In Exercises 3–8, explain how to prove that the In Exercises 13 and 14, write a proof to verify that the
statement is true. (See Example 1.) construction is valid. (See Example 4.)
3. ∠A ≅ ∠D 4. ∠Q ≅ ∠T 13. Line perpendicular
to a line through a
A B D S P
point not on the line
Q
M
P A B
C T Q
R
— —
5. JM ≅ LM
— —
6. AC ≅ DB
Plan for Proof Show that △APQ ≅ △BPQ by
K A B
the SSS Congruence Theorem. Then show that
△APM ≅ △BPM using the SAS Congruence
Theorem. Use corresponding parts of congruent
J M L C D triangles to show that ∠AMP and ∠BMP are right
angles.
— —
7. GK ≅ HJ
— —
8. QW ≅ VT
14. Line perpendicular
J G H K T to a line through a
R
Q point on the line
P
S
M U A B
N L
W Q
V
In Exercises 9–12, write a plan to prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠2.

(See Example 3.) Plan for Proof Show that △APQ ≅ △BPQ by the
SSS Congruence Theorem. Use corresponding parts
9. 10. of congruent triangles to show that ∠QPA and ∠QPB
F G E are right angles.
1 2 In Exercises 15 and 16, use the information given in the

J 1 2 diagram to write a proof.
K H A B C D
15. Prove
— ≅ HN
FL — F H
G
11. 12.
J K
P Q A B C
1 T
M
2 1 2
L N
S R F E D

16. Prove △PUX ≅ △QSY 20. THOUGHT PROVOKING The Bermuda Triangle is a
region in the Atlantic Ocean in which many ships and
P Q
planes have mysteriously disappeared. The vertices
T
are Miami, San Juan, and Bermuda. Use the Internet
S U
or some other resource to find the side lengths, the
R V perimeter, and the area of this triangle (in miles).
Then create a congruent triangle on land using cities
W
ass vvertices.
erti
ertice
ces.
s..
X Y
Bermuda
17. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Explain how to find

the distance across the canyon. (See Example 2.)
Miami, FL
D E
San Juan, Puerto Rico
B
A C
21. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

△WZY can be proven congruent to △YXW using
18. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? the HL Congruence W X
Use the tangram puzzle. Theorem. Is your
friend correct?
Explain your
a. Which triangle(s)
reasoning.
have an area that is Z Y
twice the area of the
purple triangle? 22. CRITICAL THINKING Determine whether each
conditional statement is true or false. If the statement
is false, rewrite it as a true statement using the
b. How many times greater is the area of the orange converse, inverse, or contrapositive.
triangle than the area of the purple triangle?
a. If two triangles have the same perimeter, then they
are congruent.
19. PROOF Prove that the green triangles in the Jamaican
— BC
flag are congruent if AD — and E is the midpoint b. If two triangles are congruent, then they have the
same area.
—
of AC .
23. ATTENDING TO PRECISION Which triangles are
A B
congruent to △ABC? Select all that apply.
F M
E
C
D E K L
J Q
D C A B
G H N P
Find the perimeter of the polygon with the given vertices. (Section 8.4)
24. A(−1, 1), B(4, 1), C(4, −2), D(−1, −2) 25. J(−5, 3), K(−2, 1), L(3, 4)

12.8 Coordinate Proofs
Essential Question How can you use a coordinate plane to write
a proof?
Writing a Coordinate Proof

Work with a partner. Sample
4
a. Use dynamic geometry
software to draw AB— Points
3 A(0, 0)
with endpoints A(0, 0) B(6, 0)
and B(6, 0). C C(3, y)
2
b. Draw the vertical line Segments
x = 3. 1 AB = 6
c. Draw △ABC so that Line
C lies on the line x = 3. 0 B x=3
A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d. Use your drawing to
prove that △ABC is −1
an isosceles triangle.

— with endpoints A(0, 0) and B(6, 0).
a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw AB
b. Draw the vertical line x = 3.
c. Plot the point C(3, 3) and draw △ABC. Then use your drawing to prove that △ABC
is an isosceles right triangle.
4 Sample
Points
3
C A(0, 0)
B(6, 0)
2 C(3, 3)
Segments
AB = 6
CRITIQUING 1
BC = 4.24
THE REASONING 0 B AC = 4.24
OF OTHERS A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line
To be proficient in math, −1 x=3
you need to understand
and use stated assumptions,
d. Change the coordinates of C so that C lies below the x-axis and △ABC is an
definitions, and previously
isosceles right triangle.
established results.
e. Write a coordinate proof to show that if C lies on the line x = 3 and △ABC is an
isosceles right triangle, then C must be the point (3, 3) or the point found in part (d).

3. How can you use a coordinate plane to write a proof?
coordinate proof to prove that △ABC with vertices A(0, 0), B(6, 0), and
4. Write a —
C(3, 3√ 3 ) is an equilateral triangle.
Section 12.8 Coordinate Proofs 639

Place figures in a coordinate plane.
Write coordinate proofs.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
coordinate proof, p. 640 Placing Figures in a Coordinate Plane
A coordinate proof involves placing geometric figures in a coordinate plane. When
you use variables to represent the coordinates of a figure in a coordinate proof, the
results are true for all figures of that type.
Placing a Figure in a Coordinate Plane
Place each figure in a coordinate plane in a way that is convenient for finding side
lengths. Assign coordinates to each vertex.
a. a rectangle b. a scalene triangle
SOLUTION
It is easy to find lengths of horizontal and vertical segments and distances from (0, 0),
so place one vertex at the origin and one or more sides on an axis.
a. Let h represent the length and b. Notice that you need to use
k represent the width. three different variables.
y y
(0, k) (h, k) (f, g)
(0, 0) h (h, 0) x (0, 0) (d, 0) x
1. Show another way to place the rectangle in Example 1 part (a) that is convenient
for finding side lengths. Assign new coordinates.
2. A square has vertices (0, 0), (m, 0), and (0, m). Find the fourth vertex.
Once a figure is placed in a coordinate plane, you may be able to prove statements
about the figure.
Writing a Plan for a Coordinate Proof
Write a plan to prove that ⃗

SO bisects ∠PSR. y
S(0, 4)
Given Coordinates of vertices of △POS and △ROS
Prove ⃗
SO bisects ∠PSR. 2
R(3, 0)
P(−3, 0) O(0, 0) 4 x
SOLUTION
Plan for Proof Use the Distance Formula to find the side lengths of △POS and △ROS.
Then use the SSS Congruence Theorem to show that △POS ≅ △ROS. Finally, use
the fact that corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent to conclude that
∠PSO ≅ ∠RSO, which implies that ⃗ SO bisects ∠PSR.

3. Write a plan for the proof. y

6
⃗ G
Given GJ bisects ∠OGH.
4
Prove △GJO ≅ △GJH
2
J
O 2 4 H x
The coordinate proof in Example 2 applies to y

a specific triangle. When you want to prove a S(0, k)
statement about a more general set of figures,
it is helpful to use variables as coordinates.
For instance, you can use variable coordinates to R(h, 0)
duplicate the proof in Example 2. Once this is P(−h, 0) O(0, 0) x
done, you can conclude that ⃗

SO bisects ∠PSR
for any triangle whose coordinates fit the
given pattern.
Applying Variable Coordinates
Place an isosceles right triangle in a coordinate plane. Then find the length of the
hypotenuse and the coordinates of its midpoint M.
SOLUTION
Place △PQO with the right angle at the origin. Let the length of the legs be k. Then
the vertices are located at P(0, k), Q(k, 0), and O(0, 0).
FINDING AN y
ENTRY POINT P(0, k)
Another way to solve M
Example 3 is to place a
triangle with point C at
(0, h) on the y-axis and O(0, 0) Q(k, 0) x
hypotenuse AB — on the
x-axis. To make ∠ACB a Use the Distance Formula to find PQ, the length of the hypotenuse.
right angle, position A and —— — — —
— and CB
B so that legs CA — PQ = √(k − 0)2 + (0 − k)2 = √ k2 + (−k)2 = √ k2 + k2 = √2k2
have slopes of 1 and −1, Use the Midpoint Formula to find the midpoint M of the hypotenuse.
respectively.
0+k k+0
Slope is 1. y Slope is −1.
(
2 2
k k
M —, — = M —, —
2 2 ) ( )
C(0, h) —
So, the length of the hypotenuse is √2k2 and the midpoint of the hypotenuse is
A(−h, 0) B(h, 0) x
( , ).
k k
— —
2 2
Length of hypotenuse = 2h
−h + h 0 + 0
2(
M —, — = M(0, 0)
2 ) 4. Graph the points O(0, 0), H(m, n), and J(m, 0). Is △OHJ a right triangle? Find the
side lengths and the coordinates of the midpoint of each side.

Writing Coordinate Proofs
Write a coordinate proof. y
Given Coordinates of vertices of T(m, k) U(m + h, k)

quadrilateral OTUV
Prove △OTU ≅ △UVO
SOLUTION
— and UT
Segments OV — have the same length. O(0, 0) V(h, 0) x
OV = ∣ h − 0 ∣ = h
UT = ∣ (m + h) − m ∣ = h
— and OV
Horizontal segments UT — each have a slope of 0, which implies that they are
— intersects UT
parallel. Segment OU — and OV
— to form congruent alternate interior angles,
∠TUO and ∠VOU. By the Reflexive Property of Congruence, OU— ≅ OU —.
So, you can apply the SAS Congruence Theorem to conclude that
△OTU ≅ △UVO.
You buy a tall, three-legged plant stand. When y B(12, 48)

you place a plant on the stand, the stand appears 48
to be unstable under the weight of the plant. The
diagram at the right shows a coordinate plane 36
superimposed on one pair of the plant stand’s legs.
The legs are extended to form △OBC. Prove that 24
△OBC is a scalene triangle. Explain why the plant
stand may be unstable. 12
SOLUTION
O(0, 0) 12 C(18, 0) x
First, find the side lengths of △OBC.
—— —
OB = √(48 − 0)2 + (12 − 0)2 = √ 2448 ≈ 49.5
—— —
BC = √(18 − 12)2 + (0 − 48)2 = √ 2340 ≈ 48.4
OC = ∣ 18 − 0 ∣ = 18
Because △OBC has no congruent sides, △OBC is a scalene triangle by definition.

— is longer than BC
The plant stand may be unstable because OB —, so the plant stand
is leaning to the right.
5. Write a coordinate proof. y

P(0, 2h)
Given Coordinates of vertices
of △NPO and △NMO
N(h, h)
Prove △NPO ≅ △NMO
O(0, 0) M(2h, 0) x


1. VOCABULARY How is a coordinate proof different from other types of proofs you have studied?
How is it the same?
2. WRITING Explain why it is convenient to place a right triangle on y

the grid as shown when writing a coordinate proof. (0, b)
(0, 0) (a, 0) x

In Exercises 3–6, place the figure in a coordinate In Exercises 9–12, place the figure in a coordinate plane
plane in a convenient way. Assign coordinates to each and find the indicated length.
vertex. Explain the advantages of your placement.
9. a right triangle with leg lengths of 7 and 9 units;
(See Example 1.)
Find the length of the hypotenuse.
3. a right triangle with leg lengths of 3 units and 2 units
10. an isosceles triangle with a base length of 60 units and
4. a square with a side length of 3 units a height of 50 units; Find the length of one of the legs.
5. an isosceles right triangle with leg length p 11. a rectangle with a length of 5 units and a width of
4 units; Find the length of the diagonal.
6. a scalene triangle with one side length of 2m
12. a square with side length n; Find the length of
In Exercises 7 and 8, write a plan for the proof. the diagonal.
(See Example 2.)
In Exercises 13 and 14, graph the triangle with the given
7. Given Coordinates of vertices of △OPM and △ONM vertices. Find the length and the slope of each side of
Prove △OPM and △ONM are isosceles triangles. the triangle. Then find the coordinates of the midpoint
of each side. Is the triangle a right triangle? isosceles?
y
Explain. (Assume all variables are positive and m ≠ n.)
P(3, 4) M(8, 4)
4 (See Example 3.)
2 13. A(0, 0), B(h, h), C(2h, 0)
O(0, 0) N(5, 0) 8 x 14. D(0, n), E(m, n), F(m, 0)
In Exercises 15 and 16, find the coordinates of any

8. Given
—.
G is the midpoint of HF unlabeled vertices. Then find the indicated length(s).
Prove △GHJ ≅ △GFO 15. Find ON and MN. 16. Find OT.
y y y
N S T
H(1, 4) J(6, 4)
4
k units R 2k units
2 G
O(0, 0) D(h, 0) M(2h, 0) x O U x
O(0, 0) 2 4 F(5, 0) x

PROOF In Exercises 17 and 18, write a coordinate proof. 22. REASONING The vertices of a parallelogram are
(See Example 4.) (w, 0), (0, v), (−w, 0), and (0, −v). What is the
midpoint of the side in Quadrant III?
17. Given Coordinates of vertices of △DEC and △BOC
w v w v
Prove △DEC ≅ △BOC ○A ( )
—, —
2 2
○B −—, −—
2 2 ( )
y
D(h, 2k) E(2h, 2k) ○
C ( −w2 , 2v )
— — ○
D ( w2 , −2v )
— —
C(h, k) 23. REASONING A rectangle with a length of 3h and a

width of k has a vertex at (−h, k). Which point cannot
O(0, 0) B(h, 0) x be a vertex of the rectangle?
○
A (h, k) ○
B (−h, 0)
18. Given Coordinates of △DEA, H is the midpoint ○
C (2h, 0) ○
D (2h, k)
—, G is the midpoint of EA
of DA —.
— ≅ EH
Prove DG —
24. THOUGHT PROVOKING Choose one of the theorems
y you have encountered up to this point that you think
A(0, 2k) would be easier to prove with a coordinate proof than
with another type of proof. Explain your reasoning.
H G Then write a coordinate proof.
D(−2h, 0) O E(2h, 0) x
25. CRITICAL THINKING The coordinates of a triangle
are (5d, −5d ), (0, −5d ), and (5d, 0). How should the
19. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You and your coordinates be changed to make a coordinate proof
cousin are camping in the woods. You hike to a easier to complete?
point that is 500 meters east and 1200 meters north
of the campsite. Your cousin hikes to a point that is
1000 meters east of the campsite. Use a coordinate 26. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Without performing any
proof to prove that the triangle formed by your calculations, how do you know that the diagonals
position, your cousin’s position, and the campsite is of square TUVW are perpendicular to each other?
isosceles. (See Example 5.) How can you use a similar diagram to show that
the diagonals of any square are perpendicular to
each other?
y
3
T(0, 2)
W(−2, 0) U(2, 0)
−4 4 x
20. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Two friends see a drawing V(0, −2)

−3
of quadrilateral PQRS with vertices P(0, 2), Q(3, −4),
R(1, −5), and S(−2, 1). One friend says the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram but not a rectangle.
The other friend says the quadrilateral is a rectangle. 27. PROOF Write a coordinate proof for each statement.
Which friend is correct? Use a coordinate proof to
a. The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right triangle
support your answer.
is the same distance from each vertex of the
triangle.
21. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Write an algebraic
expression for the coordinates of each endpoint of a b. Any two congruent right isosceles triangles can be
line segment whose midpoint is the origin. combined to form a single isosceles triangle.
⃗
YW bisects ∠XYZ such that m∠XYW = (3x − 7)° and m∠WYZ = (2x + 1)°. (Section 8.5)
28. Find the value of x. 29. Find m∠XYZ.

12.5–12.8 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
legs (of a right triangle), p. 620
hypotenuse (of a right triangle), p. 620
coordinate proof, p. 640
Core Concepts
Section 12.5
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Theorem, p. 618
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem, p. 620
Section 12.6
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Theorem, p. 626
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem, p. 627
Section 12.7
Using Congruent Triangles, p. 634
Section 12.8
Placing Figures in a Coordinate Plane, p. 640
Writing Coordinate Proofs, p. 642
Mathematical Practices
1. Write a simpler problem that is similar to Exercise 22 on page 623. Describe how to use the
simpler problem to gain insight into the solution of the more complicated problem in Exercise 22.
2. Make a conjecture about the meaning of your solutions to Exercises 21–23 on page 631.
3. Identify at least two external resources that you could use to help you solve Exercise 20 on page 638.
Performance Task:
Congruence in Design
Why are the wings of a hang glider congruent? Is it necessary
for performance or is it only for aesthetics? How can a designer
prove that triangles are congruent?
To explore the answers to these questions and

more, check out the Performance Task and
Real-Life STEM video at BigIdeasMath.com.
645
int_math1_pe_12ec.indd 645 1/29/15 4:49 PM

12 Chapter Review Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
12.1 Angles of Triangles (pp. 587–594)
Classify the triangle by its sides and by measuring its angles.

The triangle does not have any congruent sides, A
so it is scalene. The measure of ∠B is 117°, so the
triangle is obtuse.
The triangle is an obtuse scalene triangle. B C
1. Classify the triangle at the right by its sides and

by measuring its angles.
Find the measure of the exterior angle.

2. 3.
86° (9x + 9)°
46° x°
45° 5x°
Find the measure of each acute angle.

4. 5. (7x + 6)°
8x°
(6x − 7)°
7x°
12.2 Congruent Polygons (pp. 595–600)
Write a congruence statement for the triangles. C

Identify all pairs of congruent corresponding parts. B E
The diagram indicates that △ABC ≅ △FED. F

D
Corresponding angles ∠A ≅ ∠F, ∠B ≅ ∠E, ∠C ≅ ∠D A
Corresponding sides — ≅ FE
AB —, BC
— ≅ ED
—, AC
— ≅ FD
—
M N
6. In the diagram, GHJK ≅ LMNP. Identify all pairs of G
congruent corresponding parts. Then write another H
congruence statement for the quadrilaterals. K L
J P
7. Find m∠V.
Q S
U 74°
R
T V

12.3 Proving Triangle Congruence by SAS (pp. 601–606)
Write a proof. B
— ≅ EC
Given AC —, BC
— ≅ DC
— C E
A
Prove △ABC ≅ △EDC
D
STATEMENTS REASONS
— —
1. AC ≅ EC 1. Given
— —
2. BC ≅ DC 2. Given
3. ∠ACB ≅ ∠ECD 3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
4. △ABC ≅ △EDC 4. SAS Congruence Theorem
Decide whether enough information is given to prove that △WXZ ≅ △YZX using the
SAS Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why.
8. W 9. W X
X
Z Z Y
Y
12.4 Equilateral and Isosceles Triangles (pp. 607–614)
— ≅ LN
In △LMN, LM —. Name two congruent angles.
L
— ≅ LN
LM —, so by the Base Angles Theorem,
∠M ≅ ∠N.
Copy and complete the statement. M N

— —
10. If QP ≅ QR , then ∠__ ≅ ∠__. P R T
11. If ∠TRV ≅ ∠TVR, then ___ ≅ ___.

— —
12. If RQ ≅ RS , then ∠__ ≅ ∠__.
13. If ∠SRV ≅ ∠SVR, then ___ ≅ ___. Q S V
14. Find the values of x and y in the diagram.
5y + 1
26 8x°
Chapter 12 Chapter Review 647

12.5 Proving Triangle Congruence by SSS (pp. 617–624)
Write a proof. A B
Given — ≅ CB
AD —, AB
— ≅ CD
—
Prove △ABD ≅ △CDB
D C
STATEMENTS REASONS
— —
1. AD ≅ CB 1. Given
— —
2. AB ≅ CD 2. Given
— —
3. BD ≅ DB 3. Reflexive Property of Congruence
4. △ABD ≅ △CDB 4. SSS Congruence Theorem
15. Decide whether enough information is given to prove that △LMP ≅ △NPM using the
SSS Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why.
M
L N
16. Decide whether enough information is given to prove that △WXZ ≅ △YZX using the
HL Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why.
W X
Z Y
12.6 Proving Triangle Congruence by ASA and AAS (pp. 625–632)

B
Write a proof.
— ≅ DE
Given AB —, ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEC
C D
Prove △ABC ≅ △DEC A
STATEMENTS REASONS E
1.
— ≅ DE
AB — 1. Given
2. ∠ABC ≅ ∠DEC 2. Given
3. ∠ACB ≅ ∠DCE 3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
4. △ABC ≅ △DEC 4. AAS Congruence Theorem

Decide whether enough information is given to prove that the triangles are congruent
using the AAS Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why.
17. △EFG, △HJK 18. △TUV, △QRS
V T R
F K H
E G J U Q S
Decide whether enough information is given to prove that the triangles are congruent
using the ASA Congruence Theorem. If so, write a proof. If not, explain why.
19. △LPN, △LMN 20. △WXZ, △YZX
P W X
L N
M Z Y
12.7 Using Congruent Triangles (pp. 633–638)

D
Explain how you can prove that ∠A ≅ ∠D. B
If you can show that △ABC ≅ △DCB, then you will know that
∠A ≅ ∠D. You are given AC — ≅ DB — and ∠ACB ≅ ∠DBC. You
— ≅ CB
know that BC — by the Reflexive Property of Congruence.
Two pairs of sides and their included angles are congruent, so by C
the SAS Congruence Theorem, △ABC ≅ △DCB. A
Because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent, ∠A ≅ ∠D.
21. Explain how to prove that ∠K ≅ ∠N.
K M
H
L
J N
22. Write a plan to prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠2. Q

P R
1 2
S T
V
U W
Chapter 12 Chapter Review 649

12.8 Coordinate Proofs (pp. 639–644)
Write a coordinate proof.

Given Coordinates of vertices of △ODB and △BDC y
Prove △ODB ≅ △BDC C(2j, 2j)
D( j, j)
O(0, 0) B(2j, 0) x
— and BD
Segments OD — have the same length.
—— — —
OD = √ ( j − 0)2 + ( j − 0)2 = √ j2 + j2 = √ 2j2
—— — —
BD = √ ( j − 2j)2 + ( j − 0)2 = √ (−j)2 + j 2 = √ 2j2
— and DC
Segments DB — have the same length.
—
DB = BD = √2j2
—— — —
DC = √(2j − j)2 + (2j − j)2 = √ j2 + j2 = √2j2
— and BC
Segments OB — have the same length.
OB = ∣ 2j − 0 ∣ = 2j
BC = ∣ 2j − 0 ∣ = 2j
So, you can apply the SSS Congruence Theorem to conclude that △ODB ≅ △BDC.
23. Write a coordinate proof.

Given Coordinates of vertices of quadrilateral OPQR
Prove △OPQ ≅ △QRO
y
Q(h, k + j)
R(0, j)
P(h, k)
O(0, 0) x
24. Place an isosceles triangle in a coordinate plane in a way that is convenient

for finding side lengths. Assign coordinates to each vertex.
25. A rectangle has vertices (0, 0), (2k, 0), and (0, k). Find the fourth vertex.

12Write a proof.
Chapter Test
— — — —
1. Given CA ≅ CB ≅ CD ≅ CE
— — — —
2. Given JK ML , MJ KL
— —
3. Given QR ≅ RS , ∠P ≅ ∠T
Prove △ABC ≅ △EDC Prove △MJK ≅ △KLM Prove △SRP ≅ △QRT
A B R
J K
Q S
C
N
D E M L P T
4. Find the measure of each acute angle in the figure at the right. (4x − 2)°
5. Is it possible to draw an equilateral triangle that is not equiangular?

If so, provide an example. If not, explain why.
(3x + 8)°
6. Can you use the Third Angles Theorem to prove that two triangles
are congruent? Explain your reasoning.
Write a plan to prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠2.

7. A B 8. R T
1 2 S
1 2
V Z
D X
C E
W Y
9. Is there more than one theorem that could be used to prove A

that △ABD ≅ △CDB? If so, list all possible theorems.
B
y D
P Q
C
24
18 10. Write a coordinate proof to show that the triangles

R created by the keyboard stand are congruent.
12
T S
3
6 12 18 24 x
11. The picture shows the Pyramid of Cestius, which is located in Rome, Italy.
The measure of the base for the triangle shown is 100 Roman feet. The
measures of the other two sides of the triangle are both 144 Roman feet.
a. Classify the triangle shown by its sides.
b. The measure of ∠3 is 40°. What are the measures of ∠1 and ∠2? 1 2
Explain your reasoning.
Chapter 12 Chapter Test 651

12 Cumulative Assessment
1. The graph of which inequality is shown? y

6
A x + 2y < 4
○
4
B x + 2y ≤ 4
○
C x + 2y > 4
○ x
−4 −2 2 4
D x + 2y ≥ 4
○
−2
2. Use the steps in the construction to explain how you know that the line through point P
is parallel to line m.
C C C
P P P P
A A D A D
m m m m
Q QB QB QB
3. The coordinate plane shows △JKL and △XYZ.
K y
4
J L
−4 −2 2 4 x
X Z
−2
−4
Y
a. Write a composition of transformations that maps △JKL to △XYZ.

b. Is the composition a congruence transformation? If so, identify all congruent corresponding parts.
4. Which two equations form a system of linear equations that has infinitely many solutions?
x + 2y = 6 2x + y = 6 2x + 4y = 12 x − 2y = −6

5. The coordinate plane shows △ABC and △DEF. y A
8
a. Prove △ABC ≅ △DEF using the given information.
C
6
b. Describe the composition of rigid motions that maps F
△ABC to △DEF. B
4
2
D E
2 4 6 8 x
6. Which figure(s) have rotational symmetry? Select all that apply.
○
A ○
B ○
C ○
D
7. Write a coordinate proof.

Given Coordinates of vertices of quadrilateral ABCD
Prove Quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle.
y
8
B
6
A
4
C
2
D
2 4 6 8 x
8. Write a proof to verify that the construction of the equilateral triangle shown below
is valid.
C C
A B A B A B A B
Chapter 12 Cumulative Assessment 653


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12 Congruent Triangles

12.1 Angles of Triangles

SEE the Big Idea

Hang der (p.

int_math1_pe_12co.indd 584 1/29/15 4:48 PM

Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of the segment with the

Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides

2 − 5x = −3x Write the equation.

Solve the equation.

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

int_math1_pe_12co.indd 585 1/29/15 4:48 PM

Definitions, Postulates, and Theorems

Identifying Definitions, Postulates, and Theorems

Classify each statement as a definition, a postulate, or a theorem.

586 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

int_math1_pe_12co.indd 586 1/29/15 4:48 PM

Communicate Your Answer

Section 12.1 Angles of Triangles 587

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 587 1/29/15 4:50 PM

3 acute angles 1 right angle 1 obtuse angle 3 congruent angles

Classifying Triangles by Sides and by Angles

Classify the triangular shape of

So, it is an acute isosceles triangle.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Draw an obtuse isosceles triangle and an acute scalene triangle.

588 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 588 1/29/15 4:50 PM

Classify △OPQ by its sides. Then y

So, △OPQ is a right scalene triangle.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Finding Angle Measures of Triangles

interior angles exterior angles

Section 12.1 Angles of Triangles 589

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 589 1/29/15 4:50 PM

Triangle Sum Theorem

Plan a. Draw an auxiliary line through B that 1 3

Plan STATEMENTS REASONS

Finding an Angle Measure

Step 2 Substitute 75 for x in 2x − 5 to find m∠JKM.

So, the measure of ∠JKM is 145°.

590 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 590 1/29/15 4:50 PM

Modeling with Mathematics

In the painting, the red triangle is a right triangle.

30° + 60° = 90° ✓

40° 1 (5x − 10)° (x − 6)°

Section 12.1 Angles of Triangles 591

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 591 1/29/15 4:51 PM

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 7–10, classify △ABC by its sides. Then 18.

8. A(3, 3), B(6, 9), C(6, −3)

592 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 592 1/29/15 4:51 PM

31. ∠3 32. ∠4 Prove m∠A + m∠B = m∠BCD

Section 12.1 Angles of Triangles 593

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 593 1/29/15 4:51 PM

594 Chapter 12 Congruent Triangles

int_math1_pe_1201.indd 594 1/29/15 4:51 PM

Describing Rigid Motions

c. △ABC ≅ △DEF d. △ABC ≅ △DEF

Communicate Your Answer

Because points D and F lie on ⃖⃗