LESSON 1 The Listening Process

 not much attention is given to developing skills in listening

 At most, you catch only 70% of what is said and retain in your long-term
memory only 20% of what you heard.
 It is therefore important to develop listening and note taking skills

What is Listening: the system of paying thoughtful attention to what is said in

order to get the correct or intended meaning of the

5 Stages of Listening
1. Receiving
 accepting the message sent by the speaker

 Messages can be verbal or non-verbal.

 Verbal code consists of utterances sent out by the speaker including the
variations in tone and volume, and even pitch.
 In nonverbal, the speaker may use facial expressions, gestures, posture or
movement.

2. Understanding
 making sense of what was said by noting the words in the utterance and the
tone used to say it

 It is also important for the listener to establish a connection between what s/he
knows about the topic and the new input given by the speaker.

3. Remembering
 the message in mind for a period of time

 Generally, this entails singling out and retaining important information from
what was said.

4. Evaluating
 assessing what was said

 The listener is then expected to judge the worth of the speaker’s thoughts or
ideas by taking into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of the
speaker’s claim.

5. Responding
 giving feedback to the speaker by way of sending signals to indicate to the
speaker that s/he is understood; may be non-verbal
  There is shifting of roles between the interlocutors; the listener now becomes
the speaker and vice-versa.

Why is listening important?

1. To get and give information
2. To take note of warnings and threats
3. To learn from shared experiences
4. To be able to respond to comments
5. To experience pleasure

Types of Listening According to the Kind of Attention Given to the Talk

1. Attentive
 engaging in the process deliberately and paying close attention to what is said
 In attentive listening, the speaker watches out for nonverbal signals from the
listener through his/her body posture
 forwarding-bending position
 gives feedback / short remarks
 nods

2. Marginal
 The person does not activate his/her mind even when expected to do so.

 Why do we listen marginally?

 The listener has preconceived notion or biased judgment of the speaker.
 It also occurs when our attention is not focused on what is being said as in the
case of tuning in to a radio newscast while at the same time doing something
else.
 It is only when a remark catches our attention that we give the newscast our
full attention.

3. Critical
 This occurs when you want to understand what the other person is saying but
at the same time wants to appraise what is said and how it is substantiated.

 arguments such as during election time

4. Evaluative
 Only when you are able to listen to the other person well can you assess the
strengths and weaknesses of what has been said.

 Never attempt to arrive at a critique without any basis or certainty in

judgment.
 5. Selective
 The selective listener listens to a few or some pieces of information from the
speaker and listens only to those points he/she agrees with.

 There is the possibility that the listener misses out on some of the important
points.

6. Empathic
 One should be able to think and feel with and for the other person.

 This means perceiving things as the other person sees them and looking at
one’s world the way the other person looks at it.
 This is not the time to raise arguments.
 Learn to know much about the person involved and accept his/her behavior.

7. Appreciative
 Includes:

listening to music, literary texts such as poetry and plays delivered


orally in interpretative reading, and chamber theater presentations
 listening to your favorite performers on stage and on television, radio or
the movies
 This can be subjective since what evokes appreciation from one may not hold
true for another.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------

LESSON 3 Verbal Symbols and Nonverbal symbols

Verbal Symbols
 Verbal symbols refer to the use of language either spoken or in writing.
 Messages: understood and misunderstood

Types of Meaning
 Flowerdew and Miller (2005)
 types of meaning based on the distinctive signals that indicate how the words
used and sentences formed differ in meaning from the other words and
sentences in the language

Phonological Meaning
- The signals for this type of meaning are distinctive sounds that are
put together to form a meaningful item.
 Semantic Meaning
- Sometimes though the distinctive signal lies not in the sound itself
because there are some words that have the same sound but have
different spelling and meaning (homonyms).
- There are also some words that have the same spelling but are
pronounced differently given different sounds and assigned different
meanings (heteronyms).
- has to do with the meaningful units (morphemes)
- morphemes – can be:
o words that can stand by themselves
o affixes that are attached to words to signal another meaning
- also has to do with the meaning of compound words
o solid or one-word compounds
o hyphenated compounds
o separate compounds

Syntactic Meaning
- refers to the knowledge of the grammatical rules specifying correct
word order and the difference in meaning resulting from the change/s
in the structure of a sentence
- An example of linguistic context in which the meaning of a word is
based on the grammatical class to which a word belongs
a. The phone is ringing.
b. I shall phone you later.

Pragmatic Meaning
- This considers not just the words but the context of the situation and
the relationship of the communicators to arrive at the meaning of the
utterance.
- Example:
- Teacher to the class: There are pieces of paper on the floor.

LESSON 3 part 2 Nonverbal Symbols

 enhance communication to make messages clearer
 In face-to-face communication, spoken language alone is not enough.

Nonverbal symbols (Sarah and Rose anne)

A. Time. Chronemics or noting time in communication situations which

may also convey certain messages.
Although time does not talk, it is capable of bringing out in you certain feelings,
positive or otherwise, as a response to the time-related behaviors exhibited by the
people you are talking to.

B. Proxemics. This is the use of space by interlocutors in communication

situations.
 C. Tactile/touch nonverbal communication. .
Just be careful about using touch particularly in interpersonal
communication, seeing to it that it is not offensive nor threatening and that others
find it acceptable in their own culture.

D. Kinesics. These are the body movements such as movements of your eyes,
head, feet, hands, or arms, etc. It also includes your posture. These, too, convey
certain meanings.

E. Artifacts. These are simply objects which people may consciously use or not in
communication. It could be realia (that is, real object), maps, pictorials, graphs,
instruments, etc.

F. Silence
G. Paralanguage is concerned with how one says the message, not with what
he/she said. A speaker may use different intonation patterns, stress or pausing to
mean what he/she says.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
Locutionary and Illocutionary Force

Austin and Searle

1. Locutionary Force – what is said
2. Illocutionary force – what we actually do when we say it
- What we intend on saying
3. Pre-locutionary force – what we expected the listener to do.
- Expected response or reaction