ELEMENTS

AND
PRINCIPLES
OF ART
GROUP 3
Cedrick Kyle G. Alac
Joji Maerelton D. Borromeo
Allyssa Denise P. Cusipag
Micah A. De Leon
Patricia Sweet Samarah Y. Espiritu
Prince Joshua S. Lugtu
Jorge Nicole M. Mariveles
William C. Pantaleon
Tiffany Mae N. Reyes
Cielo Marie R. Salanatin
 ELEMENts OF ART
Visual elements
• Any aspect that we can see.
• Includes the following characteristics:
1) Line
2) Shape
3) Form
4) Space
5) Color
6) Value https://www.openart.in/general-
topics/elements-art-importance/
7) Texture
• They are the building blocks of composition in art.
- When we analyze any drawing, painting, sculpture or design, we
examine these component parts to see how they combine to create
the overall effect of the artwork.
• The Visual Elements have a relationship to one another:
o Most images begin their life as line drawings.
o Lines cross over one another to form shapes.
o Shapes can be filled with tone and color, or repeated to create pattern.
o A shape may be rendered with a rough surface to create a texture.
o A shape may be projected into three dimensions to create form.
• Each of the elements may also be used individually to stress their own particular
character in an artwork.
• Different elements can express qualities such as:
o movement and rhythm
o space and depth
o growth and structure
o harmony and contrast
o noise and calm and ;
o a wide range of emotions that make up the subjects of great art.

1) LINE
• Lines define the edges of objects in art pieces. Take note of their shape and
thickness.
• Line is the foundation of all drawing.
• It is the first and most versatile of the visual elements of art.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 1

 • Line in an artwork can be used in many different ways. It can be used to suggest
shape, pattern, form, structure, growth, depth, distance, rhythm, movement
and a range of emotions.

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519) LINE as TONE: HENRY MOORE (1898-1986)

A Study for an Equestrian Monument, 1488 Sheep, 1972 (intaglio print on paper)
(metalpoint on blue paper)

LINE as MOTION: LINE as EMOTION: PABLO PICASSO

KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI (c.1760-1849) (1881-1973) Weeping Woman, 1937 (oil
The Great Wave off Kanagawa, 1823–29 on canvas)
(woodblock print from '36 Views of Mount Fuji')

• We have a psychological response

to different types of lines:
o Curved lines suggest comfort
and ease
o Horizontal lines suggest
distance and calm
o Vertical lines suggest height
and strength
o Jagged lines suggest turmoil
and anxiety https://www.slideshare.net/wolphy10/introduction-
of-arts

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 2

 2) SHAPE
• Shapes are formed from the meeting of lines and
the enclosing of areas in two-dimensional space.
• The Behaviour of Shapes:
o Shapes can be used to control your
feelings
o Squares and Rectangles can portray
strength and stability
o Circles and Ellipses can represent
continuous movement
o Triangles can lead the eye in an
upward movement
o Inverted Triangles can create a
sense of imbalance and tension. FRANCIS CAMPBELL BOILEAU
CADELL (1883-1937)
The Blue Fan, 1922 (oil on canvas)

3) FORM
• Form is the three-dimensional partner
to shape. Essentially it is shape with
value in order to give it a third
dimension. (The art object does not
need to be three dimensional in order
for form to be discussed.)
• Form is the physical volume of a
shape and the space that it occupies.
IGOR MITORAJ (1944-2014) • Form can be representational or
Tindaro Screpolato (Tyndareus Cracked), 1998 abstract.
(bronze)

4) space
• Space is an empty place or surface in or
around a work of art.
• Space can be twodimensional, three-
dimensional, negative and/or positive.
• Negative space is the space which no
object is occupying (e.g. a blank
background in a photograph).
• Positive space is the space that an
object occupies (e.g. the space an apple http://teresabernardart.com/basic-art-element-
occupies on your counter). space/

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 3

 5) COLOR
• Color refers to the hue and intensity of the colors of the art object.
• It may also refer to the value, or the darkness, or the color.
• Note that tint and saturation are also to beconsidered.
• Hue is the name of the color on the color wheel.
• Value is the lightness ordarkness of the color present, how black or white it is.
• And Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a color.
• Color is the visual element that has the strongest effect on our emotions. We use
color to create the mood or atmosphere of an artwork.
• There are many different approaches to the use of color:
o Color as light o Color as movement
o Color as tone o Color as harmony
o Color as pattern o Color as contrast
o Color as form o Color as mood
o Color as symbol

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12712233/ WASSILY KANDINSKY (1866-1944)

Autumn Landscape with Boats, 1908 (oil on
board)

6) VALUE
• The lightness or darkness of the color.
• Value is often used to denote form and
space.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/61/23/18/61231
867735a115717ff6471fc657b4e.jpg

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 4

 7) TEXTURE
• The use of, or illusion of, different textures, such as
metal, wood, or fabric, in an art object.
• Texture is the surface quality of an artwork - the
roughness or smoothness of the material from which
it is made.
• We experience texture in two ways: optically
(through sight) and physically (through touch).

JAN VAN HUYSUM (1682-1747)

Detail of Bouquet of Flowers in an
Urn, 1724 (oil on canvas)

AUDITORY ELEMENTS
• Form of art that is concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for
beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards
of rhythm, melody, and harmony.
• Elements:
1) Dynamics - describe the loudness or quietness of a song, and the
transitions between the two. Dynamics includes several musical terms,
such as the directions "piano" and "forte," which are used in music to
mean "soft" and "loud," respectively. A musician can also accent a note,
like punctuation marks, dynamics abbreviations and symbols indicate
moments of emphasis.

https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
cqZHv8zQLeY/TlvJJUfVfhI/AAAAAAAAALw/h8BN0A8nuMs/
s1600/Dynamics.png

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 5

 2) Harmony - refers to the "vertical sounds” of pitches in music or the sound produced
when two or more notes are played at the same time.
2.1) Consonance - describes a smooth-sounding combination of notes.
2.2) Dissonance - describes a combination of notes that sounds harsher.

https://www.mymusictheory.com/images/stories/grade6/harmony/1-1-chords.gif
3) Pitch - a sound based on the frequency of vibration and size of the vibrating
objects. It also refers to the highness or lowness of a note on the musical scale.

https://www.essential-music-theory.com/images/pitches-get-higher.jpg

https://www.essential-music-theory.com/images/pitches-get-lower.jpg

4) Melody - also called “tune,” is the overarching tune created by playing a

succession or series of notes, often in a rising and falling pattern.

https://composecreate.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Student-Melody_Rhythm.png

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 6

 5) Rhythm - the pattern or placement of sounds in time and beats in music.
5.1) Beat - gives music its rhythmic pattern. A beat can be regular or irregular.
5.2) Meter - rhythmic patterns produced by grouping together strong and weak
beats.
5.3) Tempo - the speed at which a piece of music is played. The tempo is
indicated by an Italian word at the beginning of a score, such as
largo for slow or presto for very fast.

https://laytonmusic.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/rhythm-cards-4-16-note-combos.jpg

6) Texture - refers to the number and types of layers used in a composition, which
determine the overall nature of the sound in a piece.
6.1) Homophonic texture - playing a single or main melody line accompanied
by chords.
6.2) Polyphonic texture - playing multiple melodies at the same time.

http://missmusicnerd.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Texture-chart-e1424097085575.jpg

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 7

 7) Tone color - also called “timbre,” is the quality of the sound that distinguishes one
voice or instrument from another.

https://www.quizover.com/ocw/mirror/col11087_1.1_complete/m24507/graphics3.png

8) Form - describes the structure in a piece of music. This is sometimes described

as the "architecture" of the song.

https://www.free-scores.com/IMG/jacobcracker/jacobcracker_20160927130425daee14.jpg

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 8

 TEMPORAL ARTS
• Temporal Arts are the arts that cannot be viewed or witnessed in one go and
must be presented at a specific order that will take time. Thus, they are called
the arts of time.
• These temporal arts are music and literature. Stories and poetry are examples
of literature.
• In music(auditory), one must follow the piece from start until the end to execute
and showcase it properly. It cannot play the symphony backwards for it would
ruin the predetermined order set by the artist.
• In literature, one must also read the piece from start to finish since starting at a
random point would only confuse the audience and hinder them from seeing
the whole picture or point that the piece has been trying to convey.
• Elements of Literature
o Emotional appeal – when the audience is emotionally moved or
touched
o Intellectual appeal – when knowledge or information is attained by the
audience
o Humanistic value – when the work makes the audience a better person
by helping them understand their inner selves
• Elements of a Story
o Plot – sequence of events that take place
o Characters – the people that take action in order for the story to
progress
o Theme – the main idea of the story
o Symbol – something in the story that is meant to symbolize something
deeper than it appears to be
o Language and Style – refers to the idiom and precise use of the
language in the story
• Elements of Poetry
o Denotation – literal meaning of the word that is used
Ex. Denotation – home
o Connotation – allied meaning to the denotation
Ex. Connotation – warmth, comfort, security
o Imagery – the visual or image that comes up in the audience’s mind
while the poem is being read
o Figurative language – the use of words that deviate from its actual or
literal meaning.
Ex. Simile and metaphors
o Rhythm and Meter – the flow of how a piece is read
o Meaning and Idea – the overall message that the author of the poem is
trying to convey or get across to the audience

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 9

 https://susanjeddington.files.wordpress.com/2015/0 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3
1/mary-grace-reads-stories.jpg?w=406&h=284 /39/MITO_Orchestra_Sinfonica_RAI.jpg

COMBINED ARTS
• Combined arts or mixed arts is the result of the mixture of a variety of media
such as the auditory, visual and temporal arts which eventually creates the
performance arts.
• Such examples of the performance arts are songs, dance, operas, dramas and
motion pictures.
• With songs, musicals and operas, temporal and auditory arts are merged;
dance combines the movement of bodies (visual) with music (auditory) while
dramas, plays and motion pictures contain the visual (costumes and stage/set
designs), auditory (music/BGM) and the temporal arts (lines/script).

https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/sites/default/files/Top1
0BroadwayMusicals1200x600.JPG

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 10

 PRINCIPLEs of art
Patterns
• Patterns are simply a repetition of more than one design element working in
unison with each other.

Photo by: Dirk Stoop Photo by: Rafiq Elmansy

• In contrast, repetition focuses on the same object being repeated while patterns
are made up from different components which are then repeated in the same
way throughout the design. This is most common in backgrounds on web and
app pages. It’s also popular in carpet and wallpaper design.
• Architects tend to include a unifying motif on the inside and outside of buildings
to enhance the aesthetic appeal. Think of ancient Greek buildings such as the
Parthenon. Ancient designers could be ingenious in their use of patterns of such
elements as lines and spirals.

Contrast
• As a principle of art, contrast refers to the arrangement of opposite elements
and effects.

Caravaggio, Crucifixion of St. Peter, 1601 Käthe Kollwitz, Misery, 1897

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 11

 • As shown in the picture above, Caravaggio created a scene of action and energy
by contrasting both light/dark and directional lines. Another example is Käthe
Kollwitz’ Misery which adds contrast using the elements of art line, value, and
shape, but she also adds contrast of emotion showing the despair of the mother in
dark values and lighter sweeter elements like the heart on the chair in the
background.
• Contrast can be used to create variety, visual interest, and drama in an artwork
through light and dark colors, smooth and rough textures, large and small shapes.

UNITY/HARMONY
• Unity in design occurs when the elements in a space work together in such a
way that the resulting look is balanced and harmonious.
• Harmony is accomplished by the repetition of a particular design element, such
as color, shape, and texture that creates the sense of unity. It correlates to each
other in a way that you can’t achieve unity without harmony.

https://www.invisionapp.com/design-defined/unity-principle-design/

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/7e/04/79/7e0479c2d8293c194eb8c275bfbc4b9e.jpg

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 12

 Emphasis
• It aims to create a focal point in the design; an eye-catching part that stands
out, distinct from the rest of the design elements.

Colorful paper arrangement standing out” by Katie “Girl with pearl earring” by
Hoshmer Johannes Vermeer

BALANCE
• It refers to the way visual elements are arranged so that their visual weight
harmonizes with the other elements in the design.
• Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

“The last supper” by Leonardo Da Vinci “Taj Mahal” by commissioned by

Shah Jahan

Proportion/scale
• Scale and proportion are both design elements that have to do with size. Scale
is the size of one object in relation to the other objects in a design or artwork.
• Scale may vary in four different categories. It can be Miniature, Life-sized,
Oversized, or Enormous.
• Scale often emphasize the importance of a new perspective and can offer
different angles that you can manipulate.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 13

 Miniature, “Florida House” by Jackie Hoefert

• Proportion is an element of design that pertains to the relative size of the

components that compose an object. Two of its aspect are Division and Ratio.
• Division creates a focal point that automatically give a sense of relationship.

https://www.invisionapp.com/design-defined/principles-of-design/

• Ratio are elements that are related to each other to represent a visual harmony.

https://www.naturettl.com/composition-landscape-photography/

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 14

 Rhythm
• The spaces between repeating elements can cause a sense of rhythm to form,
similar to the way the space between notes in a musical composition create a
rhythm.
• There are five basic types of visual rhythm that designers can create:
1) Random Rhythm
2) Regular Rhythm
3) Alternating Rhythm
4) Flowing Rhythm; and
5) Progressive.Rhythm

1) Random rhythm
• Repeating elements with no specific regular interval create random rhythms.

René Magritte - Golconde, 1953, oil on Patrick Raymond, Rhythm 2

canvas, 81 x 100 cm

Chuck Close - Self Portrait 2007 Screenprint,

2007, Screenprint in 187 colors, 74.5 x 57.8 in.

• The artist René Magritte made particularly interesting use of random rhythm.
• It’s also worth noting that a rhythm may appear random if you examine a small
section of the rhythm. However, if you step back and examine a larger section,
it may be that there is a regular but complex rhythm applied to the design.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 15

 2) Regular rhythm
• Created by a series of elements, often identical or similar, that are placed at
regular or similar intervals, such as in grids.

Jasper Johns - Three Flags, 1958, encaustic on

canvas, 30 7/8 × 45 1/2 × 5 in.
• Based from the example, the flag stripes have alternating rhythm, but the stars
and flags themselves have regular rhythm
• Like a heart or song with a steady beat, regular rhythm is created by a series
of elements, often identical or similar, that are placed at regular or similar
intervals, such as in grids. Simple regular rhythms, if overused, can be
monotonous.

. 3) ALTERNATING rhythm
• created by two or more different motifs which can be alternated.

M.C. Escher - Lizard, 1942

• M.C. Escher’s Lizard (1942) is another great example of this, incorporating

three colors of lizards with a pair of lizards of each color facing away from each
other, tail to tail. As simple or complex as we want to make an alternating
rhythm, it can be an easy way to break up the monotony of a regular rhythm.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 16

 4) FLOWING rhythm
• A flowing rhythm shows the repeated elements following bends, curves, and
undulations.

Gloria Petyarre - Bush Medicine Dreaming, 2008, acrylic

on canvas, 152 x 91 cm

• In nature, you can see this in in streams and waterways, beaches and waves,
sand dunes and glaciers, rolling hills and wind-blown grasses.As designers, we
can mimic nature by making wonderful patterns of elements with flowing
rhythm. We can show clumps of seaweed underwater, their strands gently
facing in a series of directions. The user imagines them washing against each
other.

5) progressive rhythm
• created by changing one characteristic of a motif as they repeat.

Photo by: Chiu-Shui Chan

• Try to draw a series of circles, one above the other, making each lower one
larger. Do you see how the largest one at the bottom looks like it’s closest to
you? You could add shade to the smaller circles progressively so that the
smallest one at the top is dark, the middle one in partial shade, and the biggest
one only slightly shaded. Lastly, if you were to video someone dancing and then
examine that video frame-by-frame, you would have a progressive rhythm.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 17

 • reading the image
SEMIOTICs
• The study of signs and symbols and their use of interpretation.

Founders of semiotics
• Ferdinand de Saussure is one of the two founders of
semiotics saussure was a swiss linguist who’s responsible
for creating designed signifier, signified concept.

• Charles Sanders Pierce an American philosopher who is

responsible for creating the we only think in science concept
where anything is considered a sign as long as someone
interprets it as having meaning other than itself.

Signs, denotation, & connotation

• Semiotic deals with concrete examples such as physical sign and more abstract
concept such as denotation and connotation.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 18

 Signs
• Sign is broken down into two parts, namely:
o Signifier - are the physical forms of a sign, such as a sound, word or
image that create a communication.
Example: The sound is the sound of the spoken word or string of
letters.

= Facebook

= Music Television/ MTV

- 3 Different Types of Signifier:

➢ Icon - has a physical resemblance to the signified.
Example: Mustache

➢ Symbol - is the opposite of an icon, so it does not resemble

the signifier that is being represented.
Example: Toilet Facilities

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 19

 ➢ Index - describes the physical connection between a signifier
and the signified. This means that the signifier cannot exist
without physical presence of the signified.
Example: A smoke can’t exist without fire. (The signifier is
smoke which leads to the signified being fire)

o Signified - is the concept that the signifier refers to.

Example: What concept comes to mind when
you see this image? For some, it may be social media.
Others may think of friends, family or entertainment.

Denotation
• Denotation is the literal meaning of a word.
• Example: A dog is defined as a domesticated
carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout
and acute sense of smell and a barking, howling or
whining voice.

connotation
• Conotation represents the various social overtones,
cultural implications, or emotional meanings
associated with a sign.
• Example: To one person this photo may invoke a
happy memory of a much love pet while to another
person may be remembering being chased by a dog
and possibly feeling scared.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 20

 ICONIC
• The plane of analysis that examines signifiers as unique signs with particular
and highly nuanced meanings.
• It includes the choice of the subject which may bear social and political
implications.
• The Iconic Plane or The Image
itself, it may be confused as being
part of the semiotic plane, an
analysis in the iconic is mainly fits
with representational or figurative
art, in the other hand the semiotic
plane deals more with abstract art.
• This plane includes the
presentation of the figure relative to
the viewer and part of the iconic
plane is the positioning of the figure
that implies its bearing to the The third of may 1808 – Francisco De Goya

meaning of the work.

Subject-Viewer Relationship
• Particular features, aspects, and qualities of the image
• Includes the choice of subject
o Socio-political implications

Position of Figures
• Presentation of the image
o Frontal, three-fourths, etc.

Position of Figures
• Proportion of the body
• Deals with image itself

ICONOGRAPHY THEORY
• ICONOGRAPHY THEORY of Panofsky's three levels of understanding that we
have already seen:
1) The primary or natural,
2) The secondary or conventional,
3) The tertiary or intrinsic.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 21

 The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci

1) The Primary level

• Should be correspond to the most basic level of understanding the natural
perception of the work. Which we don’t use knowledge to understand the
message. Let’s say that the painting contains 13 men at the table during supper.

2) The Second level

• It requires a certain iconographic knowledge, to the extent that this is the
interpretation of the message and its meaning, like any individual can identify
the scene as the Last Supper that Jesus had with his Apostles.

3) The Third and Final level

• The observer will not only receive and interpret the message contained within
the representation, but also seeks to interpret it under an historical point of view,
looking for social and cultural interrelations that might broaden the meaning.

CONTEXTUAL PLANES
• Analysis of artwork in different perspectives: cultural, social, or political context.
It is often used by historians, art critics or sociologists.
• Putting work in context.
• Relationship of art and society.

ELEMENTS OF CONTEXTUAL PLANE

• History
o When was the text written?
o Where was the text written?
• Author
o Who made the artwork?
o Why did the author make the artwork?

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 22

 o Which is the author’s target audience?
• Influence
o What are some political, cultural, or social factors that could have
affected the author?
o What influenced the author to create this artwork?
• Reaction
o Does the text/artwork prompted the readers/audience to a certain
action?
o What does the readers/audience feel when encountering the artwork?

APPLICATION OF ELEMENTS
• A group of people called the Doukhobors.
Originally from Russia, they fled in large
numbers — mostly to British Columbia
• This photo taken by George Diack, depicted a
young boy sitting amidst burned down houses
in 1962 (the Sons of Freedom used to burn
structures as a form of protest against
materialism).
• This photo caught the attention of a reader who
immediately got in touch with the author, Rob
Chursinoff, to explain the story behind the
photo.
• Simma Holt for her biased book, Terror In The Name of God.
• It was printed almost every week in the STAR WEEKLY paper
• Gave worse image for the boy and the culture of the doukhobors

• The context plane might also include the folliwing:

o The artist’s life and training
➢ Albrecht Dürer’s father was a goldsmith, and he received
training in his workshop as a very young boy.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 23

 o Patronage of the work (who paid for it, how and why)
➢ Pope Julius II paid Michelangelo for the Sistine Chapel, after being
convinced to do so by Raphael and Bramante, who wanted to see the
remarkable young sculptor fail at this massive painting project.

o Political circumstances when the work was made

➢ Goya created his Los Capricos etchings in part as a response to his
disappointment with Spanish politics.

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 24

 o Religious circumstances
➢ As popular piety grew in Renaissance Flanders, laypeople began to
worship on their own, creating a market for personal home altars like the
Merode Altarpiece.

o Other major forms of cultural expression from the same period

➢ The long, smooth barrel vaults of Romanesque churches were perfectly
suited to Gregorian (or Plainsong) chant, popular at the time, with its
long, low, simple monophonic melodies.

o Contemporary scientific and geographic knowledge

➢ The maps of Abraham Ortelius were based on history, myth, and recent
scientific observations
➢ “Art should be placed in the context of society and history.” – Alice
Guillermo

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 25

 REFERENCES
A. ELEMENTS OF ART
VISUAL ELEMENTS
Aclan S., “Intoduction of Arts”, SlideShare, April 21, 2016,
https://www.slideshare.net/wolphy10/introduction-of-arts
Anonymous, “The Visual Elements”, Artyfactory, N.A.,
https://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/visual-elements/visual-
elements.html
Art and Art History https://www.uvm.edu/wid/writingcenter/tutortips/ArtPage.pdf
Bernard T., “Basic Art Element — Space”, Teresa Bernard Oil Paintings, February 17,
2016, http://teresabernardart.com/basic-art-element-space/
Niveditha, “The elements of art and their importance”, OpenArt, September 30, 2016,
https://www.openart.in/general-topics/elements-art-importance/
Sanders F., “What is Color? Color is the light reflected from a surface.”, SlidePlayer,
2018, https://slideplayer.com/slide/12712233/
Yang H., “Elements of Art”, Pinterest, N.A.,
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/61/23/18/61231867735a115717ff6471fc657b4e.j
pg

AUDITORY
Epperson, G. (1998). Music | Art Form, Styles, Rhythm, & History. Retrieved 9 October
2020, from https://www.britannica.com/art/music
Estrella, E. (2019). An Introduction to the Elements of Music. Retrieved 9 October
2020, from https://www.liveabout.com/the-elements-of-music-2455913
Palad, A. (2018). Auditory Arts. Retrieved 9 October 2020, from
https://prezi.com/p/nx4ulbmyuqwb/auditory-arts/l
Somers, D. (2017). What Are the Seven Elements of Music? Retrieved 9 October
2020, from https://ourpastimes.com/different-kinds-of-musical-scales-
12279423.htm
TEMPORAL ARTS AND COMBINED ARTS
Combined Arts. (n.d.). Retrieved October 08, 2020, from
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/299458600/Combined-Arts

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 26

 Heller, D. (2018, May 26). Mediums of art. Retrieved October 08, 2020, from
https://artgreet.com/mediums-of-art/
Lakeser, K. (2018). Elements Of Literature and the Combined Arts - HUM1 - OLFU.
Retrieved October 09, 2020, from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/our-
lady-of-fatima-university/art-appreciation/lecture-notes/elements-of-literature-
and-the-combined-
arts/2699394/view?fbclid=IwAR1KZj95SJhy42WQkm6RaBxe53E9lgWl-
mjlMroeofR_WLrVsl24NJVqujI
The Mediums of Literature And The Combined Arts. (n.d.). Retrieved October 08,
2020, from https://prezi.com/dx4uok9k7afa/the-mediums-of-literature-and-
the-combined-arts/

B. PRINCIPLES OF ART
Balance as a Principle of Design. (2020, July 9). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/balance-as-a-principle-of-design.html
Basic Principles of Graphic Design. (2020, July 16). Retrieved from
https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/computers/basic-principles-graphic-
design
Chan, C.S. (2012). Phenomenology of rhythm in design. Frontiers of Architectural
Research 1. 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2012.06.003
Chapman, C. (n.d.). The Principles of Design and Their Importance [Blog Post].
Retrieved from https://www.toptal.com/designers/ui/principles-of-design
Ingram, C. (2018, November 17). The Ultimate Collection of Principles of Design
Examples and Definitions [Blog Post]. Retrieved from
https://artclasscurator.com/principles-of-design-
examples/#:~:text=As%20a%20principle%20of%20art,and%20drama%20in%
20an%20artwork
Principles of Design: Scale and Proportion. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://kidcourses.com/principles-design-scale-proportion/
Rafiq, E. (2016, June 30). Design Principles: Repetition, Pattern, and Rhythm.
Retrieved from https://www.designorate.com/design-principles-repetition-
pattern-and-rhythm/
Soegaard, M. (2020, September). Repetition, Pattern, and Rhythm. Interaction Design
Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm
The Last Supper. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/last_supper_iconography/2/

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 27

 C. READING THE IMAGE
SEMIOTICS
Semiotics. (2020, May 21). Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/semiotics
Semiotics. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/comm321/gwalker/semiotics.htm
Hanna, L. (Producer). (2016, November 13). Semiotics Lesson [Video File]. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3XvJDxjIpU
ICONIC PLANE
Bulawan, M. (n.d.). Reading The Image Summary. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/452451654/READING-THE-IMAGE-
Summary-1-docx
Citaliarestauro Blogue. (2018, November 4). Art analysis | The Panofsky method [Blog
Post]. Retrieved from https://aus.libguides.com/apa/apa-blog
CONTEXTUAL PLANE
Contextual Analysis. Word Press. Retrieved from
https://arthistoryrules.wordpress.com/essays/contextual-anal/
Contextual Plane. Prezi. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/p/mwywxnxd_jg2/contextual-plane/

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART PAGE 28