APPENDIX I

INTERNATIONAL ABBREVIATIONS FOR POLYMERS AND

POLYMER PROCESSING

(Compiled by L. A. Utracki)

National Research, Council Canada, Industrial Materials, Institute,

Boucherville, QC, Canada

AA Acrylic acid (monomer)

aPP Amorphous polypropylene
AAS, ASA Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate (ester) and styrene
ACM Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl acrylate with other acrylics
ACS, ACPES Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
ABA Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate copolymer
ABR Elastomeric copolymer from an acrylate (ester) and butadiene;
a rubber
ABS Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
ABS-MA Maleated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
ABM Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methyl acrylate
ABMA Copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-methacrylic acid
ABSM Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-methylmethacrylate
ABSMA Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-maleic anhydride
ABVC Thermoplastic terpolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-vinylchloride
copolymer
ACM Acrylic elastomer, e.g., alkyl acrylate-2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
copolymer
ACPES Acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer
ACRYL Poly- or copoly- methylmethacrylate (Acrylic)
ACS Thermoplastic blend of acrylonitrile-styrene-chlorinated PE terpolymer
AEM Elastomeric ethyl (or other) acrylate-ethylene copolymer
AES Terpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomer and
styrene
AF Aniline-formaldehyde molding resins
AFMU Terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoro nitrosomethane and
nitrosoperfluorobutyric acid
AK Alkyd resin
AMAB Copolymer from acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate and butadiene rubber

L.A. Utracki (Ed.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 1201-1214.

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
1202 Appendix I

AMC Alkyd molding compound bisphenol-A

AMMA Thermoplastic copolymer from BPA Bisphenol-A
acrylonitrile and methyl BR Butadiene rubber
methacrylate Bu-ABS Graft copolymer of butylacrylate
AMS α-methyl styrene and triallyl isocyanurate on
AN Acrylonitrile polybutadiene, in turn emulsion
ANM Acrylate rubber, based on ethyl grafted with styrene and
acrylate with acrylonitrile acrylonitrile
AP, APR Elastomeric ethylene-
propylene-diene copolymer; now CA Cellulose acetate
EPDM CAB Cellulose acetate-butyrate
APET Amorphous CAN Cellulose acetate-nitrate
polyethyleneterephthalate CAP Cellulose acetate-propionate
aPP Atactic PP CB Cellulose butyrate (also carbon
AR Elastomeric copolymer from black reinforcing pigment)
acrylates and olefins CBR Chlorinated butadiene rubber
ARP Polyarylterephthalate liquid crystal CDB Conjugated diene butyl elastomer
copolymers, also PAT CE Cellulose plastics in general
AS Acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer CEM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; also
(see also SAN) CFM, CTFEP, PCTFE
ASA, AAS Thermoplastic copolymer from CF Cresol-formaldehyde resins (also
acrylonitrile, styrene, and acrylates reinforcing carbon fiber)
ASR Alkylene sulfide rubber CFM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; also
AU Elastomeric polyester or CEM, CTFEP, PCTFE
polyurethane with polyester CHR Elastomeric copolymer from
segments epichlorohydrin and ethylene
oxide
BA, PBA Polybutylacrylate (incorrectly used CIIR Post chlorinated elastomeric
for acrylic elastomer, ACM) copolymer from isobutene and
BAAN Butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile isoprene
copolymer CM Chloro-polyethylene (also:
BAMM Butyl acrylate-methylmethacrylate Compression molding)
copolymer CMC Carboxy methyl cellulose, (or
BFE Bromotrifluoroethylene polymers critical micelle concentration)
BIIR Brominated elastomer from CMHEC Carboxy methyl hydroxy ethyl
isobutene and isoprene; cellulose
bromobutyl rubber CMPS Poly(chloromethyl styrene)
BMC Bulk molding compound (UP resins) CN Cellulose nitrate (Celluloid)
BMI Bismaleimide CNR Elastomeric terpolymer from
BMMM Butyl methacrylate-methyl tetrafluoroethylene, tri-fluoro
methacrylate copolymer nitroso methane, and a small
BOPP Biaxially oriented polypropylene amount of an unsaturated
film monomer, e.g., nitroso perfluoro-
BP, BR Polybutadiene or an isobutene/ butyric acid; nitroso or carboxy
isoprene copolymer; butyl or nitroso rubber
butadiene rubber CO Polychloromethyl oxirane
bPC Branched polycarbonate of elastomer, epichlorohydrin rubber
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1203

COP Cycloolefin polymers or copolymers

CO-PAI Copolyamideimide E-PVC Emulsion polyvinyl chloride; PVC
COPE Copolyester elastomer polymerized in emulsion
CO-PI Copolyimide E-SBR Polymerized in emulsion styrene/
COPO Poly(carbon monoxide-co- butadiene copolymer
polyolefin), a linear, alternating E/B Copolymers of ethylene and
terpolymer: ethylene-co- 1-butene
propylene-co-carbon monoxide E/P Ethylene-propylene copolymer
COX Carboxylic rubber EA, EAA Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
CP Cellulose propionate, or chlorinated EAM Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene
polyethylene; also CPE and vinyl acetate
CP2 Alternating copolymer from vinyl EBA Ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
ether and maleic acid EBA-AA Ethylene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid
CP4 Copolymer from acrylic acid and copolymer
maleic acid EBA-GMA Ethylene-butyl acrylate-glycidyl
CPE Chlorinated polyethylene methacrylate copolymer
CPET Crystallizable (or chlorinated) EBA-MA Ethylene (50 to 90 parts)-co-butyl
polyethyleneterephthalate acrylate (5 to 49 parts)-co-maleic
CPI cis-Polyisoprene; also IR anhydride (0.5 to 10 parts)
CPVC Chlorinated polyvinylchloride copolymer
CR Chloroprene, or Neoprene, rubber EBM Extrusion blow molding
CRM Chlorosulfonated polyethylene EC Ethyl cellulose
CRP Carbon fiber reinforced plastics ECA Ethylene-carbonate copolymer
CS Casein ECB Blends from ethylene copolymers
CSM, CSPE Chlorosulfonated polyethylene; also with bitumen
CSPE or CSR ECO, CO Elastomeric copolymer from
CSR Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (also ethylene oxide and
CSPE or CSM) epichlorohydrin
CT, CTA Cellulose triacetate (also EO-ECH)
CTBN Carboxy-terminated nitrile rubber ECPE Extended chain polyethylene
CTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene ECTF, Poly(ethylene-co-chloro tri-fluoro
CTFEP Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; also ECTFE ethylene)
CFM, CEM, PCTFE EEA Elastomeric copolymer from
CUT Continuous use temperature ethylene and ethyl acrylate
CV Viscose; also VI EEA-GMA Ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl
methacrylate copolymer
DAC Diallylchlorendate EEAAA Polyethylene grafted with ethyl
DAF Diallylfumarate acrylate and acrylic acid
DAIP Diallylisophthalate EGMA Ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate
DAP Diallylphthalate copolymer
DCA Dichloroacetic acid EHEC Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis ELAST Elastomer
DMC Dough molding compound EMA Copolymer from ethylene and
DMF N,N-dimethylformamide (solvent; maleic anhydride or ethylene-
also DMT) methyl acrylate
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent) EMAc Copolymer from ethylene and
DSC Differential scanning calorimetry methacrylic acid
1204 Appendix I

EMAC Ethylene methacrylate copolymer vinyl acetate

EMI Electromagnetic interference EVAc-AA Ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid
EMM Copolymer from ethylene and graft copolymer
methylmethacrylate EVAc-CO Ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon
EMP Ethylene-propylene copolymers monoxide copolymer
(ethylene modified EVAc-MA Copolymer from ethylene, vinyl
polypropylene) acetate and methacrylic acid
ENR Epoxidized natural rubber EVAl, EVAL Copolymer of ethylene and vinyl
EO-ECH Copolymer of ethylene oxide and alcohol
epichlorohydrin; also ECO, CO EVAVC Ethylene-vinyl acetate-vinyl
EP Epoxy resins chloride copolymer
EP-G-G Prepreg from epoxy resin and EVC Copolymer from ethylene and
glass fabric (German literature) vinylene carbonate
EP-K-L Prepreg from epoxy resin and EVE Ethylene-vinyl ether copolymer
carbon fiber fabric (German EVM Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer,
literature) a thermoplastic elastomer
EPD Ethylene-propylene-diene EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer;
copolymer also EVAl, EVAL
EPD, EPDM Elastomeric terpolymer from EVP Ethylene vinyl pyrrolidinone
ethylene, propylene, and a non- copolymer
conjugated diene
EPDM-MA Maleic anhydride-modified FA Formic acid
ethylene-propylene-diene FE Fluorine containing elastomer
terpolymer FEP Fluorinated EPR;
EPE Ester of an epoxy resin tetrafluoroethylene/hexa-fluoro
EPR, EPM Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene propylene rubber
and propylene FF Resin from furan and
EPR-MA Maleated ethylene-propylene formaldehyde
rubber, EPR FFKM Perfluoro rubbers of the
EPS Polystyrene foam; expanded PS polymethylene type, having all
EPT, EPTR Ethylene, propylene, and a non- substituent fluoro, perfluoroalkyl
conjugated diene terpolymer; or perfluoroalkoxy groups on the
also EPDM polymer chain
ES Ethylene-styrene block copolymer FK, FRP, Fiber reinforced plastic
ESCR Environmental stress crack GRP
resistance FKM Hexa-fluoro propylene-
ESD Electrostatic dissipation vinylidenefluoride copolymer
ETE Engineering thermoplastic FMQ Methyl fluoro silicone rubber
elastomer FP Fluoroplastic
ETFE Copolymer from ethylene and FPM Vinylidenefluoride/hexa-fluoro
tetrafluoroethylene propylene elastomer; rubbers
EtOH Ethanol with fluoro and fluoroalkyl or
EU Polyether urethane fluoroalkoxy groups
EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetal copolymer FPVC Flexible PVC film
EVA-GMA Ethylene-vinyl acetate-glycidyl FQ Elastomeric silicone with fluorine
methacrylate copolymer containing substituents
EVAc Copolymer from ethylene and FRE Fiber reinforced epoxy
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1205

FRP, GRP, FK Glass fiber reinforced polyester HEC Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
FTIR Fourrier-transform infrared HIPS High impact polystyrene
spectroscopy HISMA High impact styrene-maleic
FVMQ Silicone rubber with fluorine, vinyl, anhydride copolymer
and methyl substituents HM Hot melt adhesive
HMC Sheet molding compound with high
GC Gas chromatograph glass fiber content
GECO Epichlorohydrin-ethylene glycol- HMW High molecular weight
glycidyl ether elastomeric HMW-PE Polyethylene with high molecular
copolymer weight
GEP Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin H-NBR, HNBR Hydrogenated acrylonitrile-
GF Glass fiber, or glass fiber reinforced butadiene elastomer
plastic HPC Hydroxy propyl cellulose
GF-PF Glass fiber reinforced phenolic resin HPMC Hydroxy propyl-methyl cellulose
GF-UP Glass fiber reinforced unsaturated HR High resiliency foams
polyester resin HTE Hydroxyl terminated polyether
GMA Glycidyl methacrylate (monomer)
GMT Glass mat reinforced plastics ICP Intrinsically conductive
GP Gutta percha (or connecting) polymer
GPC Gel permeation chromatograph IEN Interpenetrating elastomeric
(now: size exclusion network
chromatography, SEC) IGC Inverse gas chromatograph
GPO Elastomeric copolymer from IHPN Interpenetrating homopolymer
propylene oxide and allyl glycidyl network
ether IIR Isobutene-isoprene rubber
GPPS General purpose polystyrene (also (butyl rubber)
PS) IM Polyisobutene; also PIB
GPSMA General purpose styrene-maleic IO Ionomer
anhydride copolymer (also SMA) IPN Interpenetrating polymer network
GR Government Rubber from IPS Impact resistant polystyrene
state-owned factories in the USA IR, FTIR Infrared spectroscopy (or Fourrier-
during the Second World War transfrom infrared spectroscopy)
GR-1 Butyl rubber IR Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene,
GR-N Nitrile rubber; now NBR synthetic isoprene rubber
GR-S Styrene-butadiene rubber
GRP Glass reinforced polyester L-SBR Solution polymerized SBR
(thermoset) LCP Liquid crystal polymer
GUR Ultrahigh molecular weight LDPE Low density polyethylene
polyethylene (UHMWPE) (ca. 918 kg/m3)
LIM Liquid impingement molding (now
HALS Hindered amines (antioxidants) reactive injection molding, RIM)
HAO Higher alpha-olefins LIPN Latex interpenetrating polymer
HBV Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate- network
co-valerate) LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene
HDPE High density polyethylene LMDPE Linear medium density polyethylene
(ca. 960 kg/m3) LPE Linear polyethylene
HDT Heat deflection temperature LRM Liquid reaction molding (now
1206 Appendix I

reactive injection molding, RIM) ethyl acrylate

LRMR Reinforced liquid reaction molding MMBA Copolymer from methyl
(now reinforced reactive injection methacrylate, butyl acrylate
molding, RRIM) MMBA-TPT Copolymer from methyl
LSR Liquid silicone rubber methacrylate, butyl acrylate,
LTG Low temperature zinc phosphate diallyl maleate and trimethylol
glasses propane triacrylate,
MMEA Methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate
M-PVC Polymerized in bulk copolymer
polyvinylchloride MMMA Methyl methacrylate-methyl
MA or Maleic anhydride (monomer) acrylate copolymer
MAH MMPMI Methylmethacrylate-co-
MABS Copolymer from methyl N-phenylmaleimide copolymer
methacrylate, acrylonitrile, MMS Copolymer from methyl
butadiene and styrene methacrylate and α-methyl styrene
MAN Copolymer from methyl MMVAc Methyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate
methacrylate and acrylonitrile copolymer
MAS Copolymer from methyl MMVAc-AACopolymer of methylmethacrylate,
methacrylate, acrylonitrile vinyl acetate and acrylic acid
and styrene MMW Medium molecular weight
MBA Copolymer from MPC Tetramethyl polycarbonate;
methylmethacrylate, butadiene and also TMPC, TMBPA-PC
acrylonitrile MPF Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde
MBS Copolymer from resin
methylmethacrylate, butadiene and MPQ Silicone rubbers having both methyl
styrene and phenyl substituent groups;
MC Methylene chloride (solvent) also PMQ
MC Methyl cellulose MPR Melt-processable rubber
MDI Methyl di-isocyanate MPS Poly(α-methyl styrene)
MDPE Medium density polyethylene MPVQ Silicone rubbers with methyl,
(ca. 930 to 940 kg/m3) phenyl and vinyl groups;
MEK Methyl ethyl ketone (solvent) also PVMQ
MeSAN Copolymer from α-methyl styrene MQ Elastomeric silicones with methyl
and acrylonitrile substituents
MF Melamine-formaldehyde resins MSABS Methylstyrene-styrene-
MFI Melt flow index acrylonitrile-grafted polybutadiene
MFK Metal fiber reinforced plastic MSAN Thermoplastic copolymer from
MFQ Silicone rubbers with methyl α-methyl styrene and acrylonitrile
and fluorine substituent groups; MSMA Copolymer of methylmethacrylate,
also FMQ p-methyl-styrene and maleic
MFR Melt flow rate anhydride
MI Melt index MVQ Silicone rubbers having both methyl
MIPS Medium impact strength and vinyl substituent groups; also
polystyrene VMQ
MMA Methylmethacrylate (monomer) MWR Molding with rotation
MMA-MAc-EA Copolymer of methyl
methacrylate, methacrylic acid and n-C6 n-Hexane
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1207

n-C7 n-Heptane hexamethylenediamine condensed

n-C10 n-Decane with isophthalic and terephthalic
NBR Elastomeric copolymer from acids is abbreviated as PA-6IT6,
butadiene and acrylonitrile; nitrile or that from caprolactam,
rubber m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid
NC Cellulose nitrate; also CN as PA-mXD6, etc.
NCR Elastomeric copolymer from PA-6 Poly-ε-caprolactam
acrylonitrile and chloroprene PA-46 Poly(tetramethylene adipamide),
NDPE Low density polyethylene; also PTA
see also LDPE PA-66 Poly(hexamethylene diamine-adipic
NIR Elastomeric copolymer from acid), polyhexamethylene-
acrylonitrile and isoprene adipamide
NK Natural rubber; also NR PA-6IT6 Poly(caprolactam-co-hexa-
NP Network polymer methylene diamine-isophthalic
NR Natural rubber; also NK and terephthalic acids)
PA-mXD Poly(m-xylylene adipamide)
OEP Oil-extended polymer PA-mXD6 Poly(m-xylylenediamine and adipic
OPET Oriented polyethyleneterephthalate acid-co-caprolactam)
OPP Oriented polypropylene, film or PAA Polyacrylic acid
bottles; also PP PAAE Polyarylamide-polyether
OPR Elastomeric polymer from PAAM Polyacrylamide
propylene oxide PABM Polyaminobismaleimide
OPS Oriented polystyrene films PAC Polyacrylonitrile fiber (also PAN);
OPVC Oriented polyvinylchloride polyacrylate
OSA Olefin-modified styrene- PACE Polyacetylene
acrylonitrile copolymer PADC Poly(allyl diglycol carbonate)
PAE Polyarylether
P-S, PSA Pressure-sensitive adhesive PAEB Poly(p-aminoethyl benzoate)
P3FE Poly(tri-fluoro ethylene) PAEI Polyacrylic ester imide
PA Polyamide; the abbreviation PA is PAEK Polyaryletherketone
normally followed by a number, PAES Polyarylethersulfone
a combination of numbers, a PAI Polyamide-imide
letter or a combination of letters PAK Polyester alkyd
and numbers. A single number PALL Polyallomer — a block copolymer
refers to the polyamide from an of propylene, ethylene (1.5 to 3%),
α,ω-amino acid or its lactam. butene (8%) and hexene (5%)
A combination of two numbers PAMS Poly-α-methyl styrene
is often separated by a comma. PAN Polyacrylonitrile
The first number following the PANI Polyaniline
symbol PA indicates the number PAPA Polyazelaic polyanhydride
of methylene groups of aliphatic PAPI Polymethylenepolyphenylene
di-amines, the second number isocyanate; also PMPPI
the number of carbon atoms of PAr, PAR Polyarylate,
aliphatic di-carboxylic acids. An [-φ-C(CH3)2-φ-CO2-φ-CO2-]n,
I stands for isophthalic acid, a T amorphous polyester of
for terephthalic acid. For example, bisphenol-A with isophthalic and
co-polyamide from caprolactam, terephthalic acids
1208 Appendix I

PARA Polyaryl amide (aromatic, usually PC-Ph Co-polycarbonate from phosgene

amorphous polyamide) with bisphenol-A and
PARS Polyaryloxysiloxane phenolphthalein
PArSi Poly(aryloxysiloxane), e.g., PCA Polycarbonate-acrylic
poly(dimethylsiloxybiphenylene- PCD Polycarbondiimide
oxide) PCDP Polydicyclopentadiene
PAS Polyarylsulfide copolymers (esp. in PCDT Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene
German and Japanese literature) di-methylene terephthalate)
PAS, PASU Polyarylsulfone [-φ-SO2- φ-O-]0.875 PCE Polycycloenes
[-φ-O-]0.125 PCF Polychlorotrifluoroethylene fiber
PAT Polyaminotriazole; also PCHMA Polycyclohexyl methacrylate
polyarylterephthalate, aromatic PCI Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene
LCP polyester isophthalate)
PAUR Polyester urethane PCME Poly(2,2-dichloro-
PB Poly-1-butene, polybutylene; elastic methyltrimethylene ether)
polydiene fiber PCN Poly(2-cyano-5-norbornene)
PB-SMA Styrene-maleic anhydride-grafted PCO Polycycloolefin
polybutadiene PCT, PCTG Poly(cyclohexane terephthalate-
PBA Polybutylacrylate; also poly(1,4- glycol), copolymer of
benzamide) cyclohexanedimethanol
PBAN Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) (• 66 mol %), ethylene glycol,
PBCD Poly(butylene cyclohexane (” 34 mol %) and terephthalic acid
dicarboxylate) PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; also
PBD Polybutadiene CEM, CFM, CTFE
PBE Poly(1-butene-co-ethylene) PCU Polyvinyl chloride
PBG Polybutylene glycol; also known as (old German literature)
polytetrahydrofuran, PTHF PDAP Polydiallylphthalate; also DAP,
PBI Polybenzimidazoles FDAP
PBMA Poly-n-butyl methacrylate PDCP Polydicyclopentadiene
PBMI Polybismaleimide PDMDPhS Poly(dimethyl-diphenyl siloxane)
PBN Poly(butylene-2,6-naphthalene PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
dicarboxylate) PDPS Polydiphenylsiloxane
PBNDC Poly(butylene- PE Polyethylene
2,5-naphthalene-dicarboxylate) PEA Polyetheramide
PBO Polybutyleneoxide PEAc Polyethylacrylate
PBR Copolymer from butadiene and PEB polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
vinyl pyridine PEBA Thermoplastic elastomer, polyether-
PBS Copolymer from butadiene and block-amide
styrene; see also GR-S, SBR PEC Polyestercarbonate or chlorinated
PBT, PBTP Polybutyleneterephthalate polyethylene; usually CPE
PBT-PBG Copolymer of 1,4-butanediol- PeCe Chlorinated PVC; also CPVC, PC,
polybutylene glycol-terephthalic PVCC
acid PECO Polyethylene carbonate,
PBZ Polybenzobisoxazole PEE Polyester ether fibers (containing
PBzMA Poly(benzyl methacrylate) diol and p-hydroxy benzoate units,
PBZT Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) e.g., polyethylene-p-oxybenzoate
PC Polycarbonate of bisphenol-A PEEI Polyesteretherimide
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1209

PEEK Polyetheretherketone PHBA Poly(β-hydroxybutyric acid)

PEG Polyethyleneglycol PHEMA Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
PEH High density polyethylene; PHIT Poly(hexylene-
also HDPE isophthalate-terephthalate)
PEI Polyetherimide PHMT, PHT Polyhexamethyleneterephthalate
PEIE Polyetherimide ester copolymer PHP Physiological hydrophilic polymers
PEIm Polyetherimine PhPS Poly(p-phenyl styrene)
PEK Polyetherketone PHT, PHMT Polyhexamethyleneterephthalate
PEKEKK Poly(ether-ketone- PHZ Polyphosphazene
ether-ketone-ketone) PI Polyimide, but also trans-1,4-
PEL Low density polyethylene; polyisoprene, gutta-percha (UK)
also LDPE PIAN Isoprene - acrylonitrile oil resistant
PEM Medium density polyethylene; elastomer
also MDPE PIB Polyisobutene
PENDC, Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene PIBI Copolymer from isobutene and
PEN dicarboxylate) or isoprene, butyl rubber; also Butyl,
Polyethylenenaphthalate GR-I, IIR
PENi Polyethernitrile PIBO Polyisobuteneoxide
PEO Polyethylene glycol, usually PEG PIP Synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene; also
PEOX Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) CPI, IR
PEP Thermoplastic copolymer from PIPO Polyimidazipyrolone
ethylene and propylene PIR Polyisocyanurate (foam)
PEPA Polyether-polyamide copolymer PIS Polyisobutylene
PES Polyethersulfone [-φ-SO2-φ-O-]n PISU Polyimidesulfone
PEsA Polyesteramide PL Polyethylene (EWG); also PE
PESK Polyarylenethioetherketone PLA Polylactic acid
PEST Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, PMA Polymethylacrylate
PET, also TPES PMAC Polymethoxy acetal
PET, PETP Polyethyleneterephthalate PMAN Polymethyl acrylonitrile
PETG Polyethyleneterephthalate glycol; PMB Polyp-methylenebenzoate
copolymer with 66 mol % PMCA Polymethyl-α-chloro acrylate
ethylene glycol and 34 mol % PMI Polymethacrylimide
cyclohexylene dimethanol PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate
PEtI Polyethyleneimine PMMA- Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-
PEUR Polyetherurethane GMA glycidyl methacrylate)
PF Phenol-formaldehyde resin PMMA- Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylic
PFA Polyfluoroalcoxyalkane; copolymer MA acid)
of tetrafluoroethylene and PMMI Polypyromellitimide
perfluorinated PMP Poly-4-methyl-1-pentene; see also
PFEP Copolymer from tetrafluoroethylene TPX
and hexa-fluoro propylene; PMPhS Polymethylphenylsiloxane
also FEP PMPPI Polymethylenepolyphenylene
PFF Phenol-furfural resin isocyanate; also PAPI
PG Poly-α-hydroxy acrylic acid PMQ Silicone rubbers with methyl and
PGI Polyglutarimide phenyl substituents
PH Phenolics PMS Poly-α-methyl styrene
PHB, POB Poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid) PNA Polynuclear aromatics
1210 Appendix I

PNF Polyfluoroalcoxyphosphazene PpMS

PNR Polynorbornene rubber PPO GE Co., Polymer Products
PO Polyolefin, but also: Elastomeric Operation, trade name for
polypropylene oxide, and Phenoxy poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene
resin ether); see PPE
POB, PHB Poly-p-hydroxy benzoate PPOEA Poly(phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate)
POBA Polyoxybenzoyl acid, rigid-rod PPOX, PPO Polypropylene glycol, usually PPG
polymer PPP Poly-p-phenylene
POBI Polyoxadiazobenzimidazole PPrA Poly(n-propyl acrylate)
POCA Poly(oxy(cyanoarylene)) or PPR Polypyrrole
Polyoxycyanoarylene PPS Polyphenylsulfide
POD Polyoctadecene PPSK, PKS Polyketonesulfide [-φ-S-φ-CO-]n
PODZ Poly(p-phenylene 1,3,4-oxadiaxole) PPSS, Polyphenylenesulfidesulfone,
POM Polyoxymethylene, PPS-S polythioethersulfone
polyformaldehyde, polyacetal or PPSU, Polyphenylene sulfone; polysulfone
“acetal resin” PSF, PSO
POMA Poly(oxetane methacrylate) PPT, PPTP Polypropyleneterephthalate; see
POP Polyoxypropylene, usually PPG also PTT
POR Elastomeric copolymer from PPTA, Poly(1,4-phenylene
propylene oxide and allyl glycidyl PPD-T terephthalamide)
ether PPX Poly(p-xylylene)
POT Polyoctyl thiophene PPy Polypyrrole
PP Polypropylene or oriented PPZ Polyorganophosphazene
polypropylene; see also OPP PQ Elastomeric silicone with phenyl
PP-MA Maleic anhydride-modified substituents
polypropylene PS Polystyrene
PPA Polyphthalamide; also PS-GMA Styrene-glycidyl methacrylate
polypropyleneadipate copolymer
PPAc Polypropylacrylate PS-MA Styrene-maleic anhydrite copolymer
PPBA Polyparabanic acid PS-TSG Polystyrene foam, processed by
PPC Chlorinated polypropylene injection (German literature)
PPC Polyphthalate-carbonate, High heat PS-VPh Poly(styrene-b-vinyl phenol) block
PC with HDT = 160°C copolymer
PPCA Poly(polycyclic (meth)acrylate) PSAB Copolymer from styrene and
PPD-T, Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), butadiene; also SB, S/B
PPTA Kevlar™ PSAN Thermoplastic copolymer from
PPeA Poly(n-pentyl acrylate) styrene and acrylonitrile;
PPE Poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene also SAN
ether); see also PPO PSB Styrene-butadiene rubber, also
PPE-MA Maleic anhydride-modified GS-R, SBR
poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene PSBR Elastomeric terpolymer from vinyl
ether) pyridine, styrene, and butadiene
PPG Polypropylene glycol PSF Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSO
PPhA Polyphthalamide PSI Polymethyl phenyl siloxane
PPI Polymeric polyisocyanate PSL Polyspirodilactone
PPMA Poly(phenyl methacrylate) PSO Polysulfone, also PSUL, PSU, PSF
PPMS, Poly(para-methyl styrene) PSOX Styrene polymer having reactive
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1211

(2-oxazoline) groups PVM Copolymer from vinyl chloride and

PST Polystyrene fiber with at least 85% vinyl methyl ether
styrene units PVME Polyvinylmethylether
PSU Polysulfone PVMQ Silicone rubber with methyl,
[-φ-SO2-φ-O-φ-C(CH3)2-φ-O-]n phenyl, and vinyl substituents
PSUL Polysulfone, also PSF, PSU, PSO PVOH Polyvinyl alcohol; also PVAL,
PTA Polytetramethylene adipamide PVAl
PTF Polytetrafluoroethylene fiber PVP Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (also TFE) PVPh Poly(4-vinylphenol),
PTHF Polytetrahydrofuran [also known as poly(p-hydroxy styrene)
polybutylene glycol, PBG] PVSI Polydimethyl siloxane with phenyl
PTMA Polytetramethyleneadipate and vinyl substituents
PTMC Poly(trimethylene carbonate) PY Unsaturated polyester resins;
PTMEG Poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) also UP
PTMG Polytetramethylene glycol
PTMT Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Q Silicone elastomer
= polybutyleneterephthalate; PBT QA Quality assurance
PTO Polytransoctanylene QC Quality control
PTR Polysulfide rubber QDS Quality data statistics
PTT Poly(trimethyleneterephthalate); QMC Quick molding change
also PPT
PU, PUR Polyurethane elastomer RAM Restricted area molding
PVA Polyvinyl acetal RCF Refractory ceramic fiber
PVAc, Polyvinyl acetate REX Reactive extrusion
PVAC RF Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin
PVAl, Polyvinyl alcohol RH Relative humidity (in %)
PVAL RHB Reheat blow molding
PVBO Polyvinyl butyral RIM Reaction injection molding
PVBu Polyvinyl butyrate RLM Reactive liquid polymer
PVC Polyvinyl chloride RMPS Rubber-modified polystyrene
PVC-DC Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene RP, RTP Reinforced plastics, reinforced
chloride) thermoplastic, also RP/C
PVCA, Copolymer from vinyl chloride and RPBT Reinforced
PVCAc vinyl acetate polybutyleneterephthalate
PVCC Chlorinated PVC; also CPVC, PeCe RPET Reinforced
PVD Polyvinylidene chloride fiber with polyethyleneterephthalate
50 wt% vinylidene chloride RPVC Rigid PVC film
PVDC Polyvinylidene chloride; also PVC2 RRIM Reinforced reaction injection
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride; also PVF2 molding
PVE Polyvinylethylene RTD Residence time distribution
PVF Polyvinyl fluoride RTM Resin transfer molding
PVFM, Polyvinyl formal RTP Reinforced thermoplastic
PVFO RTPO Reactor-blended thermoplastic
PVI Poly(vinyl isobutyl ether) olefinic elastomer
PVID Polyvinylidenecyanide RTS Reinforced thermoset
PVIE Polyvinylisobutyl ether RTV Room temperature vulcanization
PVK Poly-N-vinylcarbazole (of silicone rubber)
1212 Appendix I

RUC Chlorinated rubber network or semi-interpenetrating

network
S-EPDM Sulfonated ethylene- SIPN Sequential interpenetrating polymer
propylene-diene terpolymer network
S-PVC Suspension PVC SIR Elastomeric copolymer from
SAA Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer styrene and isoprene
SAMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-methacrylic SIS Styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock
acid copolymer polymer
SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile SMA Copolymer from styrene and maleic
SAN Thermoplastic copolymer from anhydride
styrene and acrylonitrile; also: SMA-AA Styrene-maleic anhydride-acrylic
AS, PSAN acid copolymer
SANGMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl SMAA Copolymer from styrene and
methacrylate copolymer methacrylic acid
SANMA Styrene-acrylonitrile-maleic SMC Sheet molding compound
anhydride copolymer SMI Copolymer from styrene and
SAXS Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering maleimide
SB, SBR Thermoplastic copolymer from SMM-GM Styrene-methyl methacrylate-
styrene and butadiene; glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
also PASB, S/B SMM-MA Styrene-methyl methacrylate-maleic
SB/BA Styrene-butadiene-butyl acrylate anhydride copolymer
copolymer SMMA, Styrene-methyl methacrylate
SBCL Styrene-butadiene-caprolactone SMM copolymer
copolymer SMS Copolymer from styrene and
SBMA Styrene-butadiene-maleic anhydride α-methyl styrene
copolymer SP Saturated polyester plastics
SBMI Styrene-butadiene-maleimide SPC Statistical process control
SBP Styrene-butadiene polymer sPP Syndiotactic polypropylene
SBR Styrene-butadiene elastomer SPPF Solid-phase pressure forming
SBS Styrene-butadiene-Styrene SPSF Solid-phase stretch forming
SBS Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock SR Synthetic rubber, polysulfide rubber
polymer SRIM Structural reactive injection
SCR Elastomeric copolymer from molding
styrene and chloroprene SRP Styrene-rubber plastics
SEBS Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene SSE Single-screw extruder
triblock polymer SVA Styrene-vinyl-acrylonitrile
SEM Scanning electron microscopy copolymer
SEP Styrene-ethylene-propylene block SVPh Styrene-p-vinyl phenol copolymer
copolymer SWP Solvent welded plastics pipe
SF, SFM Structural foam, structural foam
molding TA Cellulose triacetate; also CT, CTA
SFK Synthetic fiber reinforced plastic TC Technically classified natural rubber
(German literature) TCE Tetrachloroethane
SFP Scrapless forming process TDI Toluene di-isocyanate
SHIPS Super-high impact polystyrene TE Thermoplastic elastomer of any
SI Thermoplastic silicone type
SIN Simultaneous interpenetrating TEEE Thermoplastic elastomer, ether-ester
 International Abbreviations for Polymers and Polymer Processing 1213

TEO Thermoplastic elastomer, olefinic UP-G-G Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters

TES Thermoplastic elastomer, styrenic and textile glass fibers
TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene (also PTFE) UP-G-M Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis and textile glass mats
TGIC Triglycidyl isocyanurate UP-G-R Prepreg from unsaturated polyesters
THF Tetrahydrofuran (solvent) and textile glass rovings
TM Thioplasts, transfer molding UPVC Unplasticized PVC
TMA Thermo-mechanical analyzer UR Polyurethane elastomers; also UP
TMBA-PC Tetra-methyl bisphenol-A
polycarbonate (or MPC, TMPC) VAc Vinylacetate
TMC Thick molding compound VAc-AN Copolymer from vinylacetate and
TMPC Tetra-methyl bisphenol-A acrylonitrile
polycarbonate (TMBPA-PC) VAcE Vinylacetate-ethylene copolymer
TOR trans-polyoctenamer rubber VC/E, VCE Vinylchloride-ethylene copolymer
TP Thermoplastic VCEMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride,
TPA, TPR 1,5-trans-polypentenamer ethylene and methyl acrylate (or
TPE, TPEL Thermoplastic elastomer maleic anhydride)
TPE-A Thermoplastic elastomer-amide VCEV Copolymer from vinyl chloride,
TPE-E Thermoplastic elastomer-ester ethylene and vinylacetate
TPE-S Thermoplastic elastomer- VCMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and
polystyrene methyl acrylate
TPES Thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., PBT, VCMMA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and
PET, see also PEST methylmethacrylate
TPI Thermoplastic polyimide VCOA Copolymer from vinyl chloride and
TPO Thermoplastic olefinic elastomer octyl acrylate
TPS Toughened PS (in the UK for HIPS) VCVAc Copolymer from vinyl chloride and
TPU, TPUR Thermoplastic urethanes vinyl acetate
TPV Thermoplastic vulcanizate VCVDC Copolymer from vinyl chloride and
TPX Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene); vinylidene chloride
see also PMP VCE Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl
TR Thermoplastic elastomer or Thio chloride
Rubber (UK) VCM Vinyl chloride (monomer); also VC
TREF Temperature rising elution VDC Vinylidene chloride
fractionation VDC/AN Copolymer from vinylidene
TS Thermoset chloride and acrylonitrile
TSE Thermoset elastomer VF/HFP Copolymer from vinylidene fluoride
TSI Thermoset polyimide and hexa-fluoro propylene
TSUR Thermoset polyurethane VLDPE Very low density polyethylene
(ca. 885 kg/m3)
UE Polyurethane elastomer VMQ Silicone rubber with methyl and
UF Urea-formaldehyde resin vinyl substituents
UFS Urea-formaldehyde foam VOC Volatile organic compound
UHMW-PE Ultrahigh molecular weight VPE Vulcanized (cross-linked)
polyethylene (over 3 Mg/mol) polyethylene; also XLPE
ULDPE Ultra low density polyethylene VQ Elastomeric silicone with vinyl
(ca. 900 to 915 kg/m3) substituents
UP Unsaturated polyester VSI Polydimethylsiloxane with vinyl
1214 Appendix I

groups Note: This list is based on the nomenclature proposed by

diverse standardizing organizations, as well as on the acro-
WAXS Wide-angle X-ray scattering nyms used in technical literature, viz. American Society for
WR Woven rovings Testing Materials, Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms
Relating to Plastics, ASTM D1418-01a, ASTM D1600-99
XABS Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene/ and there referenced standards; British Standards, Schedule of
acidic monomer; an elastomeric common names and abbreviations for plastics and rubbers, BS
copolymer 3502-1978; Deutsches Institut für Normung, Plastics, symbols
XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene and codes for polymers and their special characteristics, DIN
XMC Extra-strength molding compound 7728 Teil 1 01.88; Symbols for reinforced plastics, DIN 7728
XNBR Acrylonitrile/butadiene/acidic Teil 2 03.80; Plastics molding materials DIN 7742 Teil 1
monomer; an elastomeric 01.88; Molding techniques for molding materials, definitions,
copolymer DIN 16700 09.67; Association Française de normalisation,
XPS Expandable or expanded PS Plastics, vocabulary, T 50-100 08.90; Plastics, symbols,
XSBR Butadiene/styrene/acidic monomer; T 50-050-1, T 50-050-2, T 50-050-3 06.89; International
an elastomeric copolymer Organization for Standardization, Plastics - symbols, ISO
1043-1; 1987, ISO 1043-2; 1988, ISO 1043-3; International
YBPO Elastomeric polyetherester: Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem., 18
[((CH2)4-O)n-CO-φ CO-O-]m 583 (1969); ibid., 40, 473 (1974).
YSBR Thermoplastic, elastomeric block
copolymer from styrene and
butadiene
YXSBR Block copolymer from styrene and
butadiene containing carboxylic
groups
 APPENDIX II

MISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS1

(Prepared by S. Krause1 and S. H. Goh2)

1
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

2
National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore

Definition of Miscibility

In the following Tables, a rigorous definition of miscibility is used. In order to

be classified as miscible polymers, there must be some evidence in the literature
that the polymers are miscible on a submolecular (segmental) scale. If the polymer
mixture contains several phases, the polymers are listed as miscible even if segmental
miscibility data exists in only one of these phases, but this is noted under COMMENTS
in the Tables. In Tables I-VII, which list miscibility in the amorphous state, for
example, a polymer pair will be listed as miscible even if one or both of the polymers
forms a single-component crystalline phase in the mixture; a note about the existence
of crystallinity, however, is made under COMMENTS. Also, in some cases, there
is evidence for miscibility of a polymer with only one microphase in a microphase
separated block copolymer; this is also noted. In other cases, literature data indicate
miscibility with a known block copolymer, but no data were shown that would indicate
whether the mixture still contained the second microphase. In those cases, no comments
are made in these Tables, and readers will have to make judgements of their own. Since
miscibility on a submolecular or segmental scale includes co-crystallization, some
mixtures that have proven co-crystallization behavior are shown in Table VIII.
There is some controversy in the literature about the dimensions of the submolecular
scale of segment mixing that indicates true miscibility in the amorphous state of
polymers (see Chapter 2 in this Handbook). Followers of one school of thought feel
that every segment of polymer A must be surrounded by the numbers of segments
of polymers A and B whose fraction is governed by the volume fraction of the two
polymers present in that phase. This is the random mixing assumption implicit in the
Huggins-Flory theory of polymer solutions and mixtures. These ideas are much too
rigorous for real solutions, even solutions of small molecules. It is well known that
clustering occurs in real solutions, so that volume elements containing an unexpectedly
1
Tables and some of the written material taken, with permission, from J. Brandrup, E. H. Immergut, E. A.
Grulke, Polymer Handbook, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999.

L.A. Utracki (Ed.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 1215-1322.

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
1216 Appendix II
large number of one of the solution components
(in solutions of small molecules) or segments of
one of the polymers (in polymer mixtures) can
and do occur. An interesting case of clustering
in solutions of small molecules occurs in water-
benzene mixtures containing small amounts of
water [Gordon, 1960]. Densities and viscosities
of these single-phase solutions indicate that the
water molecules almost certainly polymerize by
hydrogen bonding into large clusters in these
solutions. However, hydrogen bonding is not
necessary for cluster formation; the interactions
between the same molecules or segments must
simply be more favorable than those between
unlike molecules or segments. Thus, data gener-
ated by some solid state NMR techniques and
some fluorescence techniques that can show the
proximity of two polymers over a distance of 1
to 2 nm have often been misinterpreted to show
immiscibility in a miscible polymer system. In
fact, data showing that a large proportion of the
nearest neighbor segments of a particular polymer
belong to the same polymer could simply indicate
clustering in a homogeneous phase.
Since the Tables of this Appendix II were
prepared only from experimental data in the
literature, only a few comments about the theoreti-
cal treatment of polymer-polymer miscibility will
be made here. Krause [1978] has discussed this
topic, but only for the case in which each poly-
mer is treated as monodisperse, and only in
terms of the theories that existed at that time.
Polymer samples, however, are all polydisperse,
and theoretical treatments involving polydisperse,
not monodisperse samples should be used. Fur-
thermore, new theoretical treatments, some of
which may supplant existing treatments in the
future, are being developed at the present time.
There is a large and growing body of literature on
this subject, well beyond the scope of any state-
ments made in this Appendix. Here we simply
suggest three books in which the subject of poly-
mer solutions and miscibility is treated at some
length. Present theoretical treatments involving
the miscibility of real, polydisperse (multicompo-
nent) polymers in terms of the Huggins-Flory
theory have been discussed at length by Kurata
[1982] and Kamide [1990], among others. One
of the corresponding states (equation of state)
theories of polymer solutions (for monodisperse
systems) was discussed by Olabisi et al. [1979].
It is necessary to consider this and other newer
theories of polymer solutions because the older
Huggins-Flory theory does not allow the predic-
tion of lower critical solution temperatures. The
corresponding states theories were the first to
predict the full range of polymer solution phase
diagrams.
Data Collection
As stated by Krause [1999], the following Tables
include the information from Krause [1989], addi-
tional information from an incomplete polymer-
polymer miscibility database compiled by one
of us (SK), and the data from papers (but not
patents) published in the English language and
listed in “CA Selects - Polymer Blends” through
December 1995 as compiled by one of us (SHG).
Information on the database has been published in
ChemTracts: Macromolecular Chemistry [Krause,
1991]. Note that Table VIII contains less complete
information for the earlier years than the other
Tables because most of the information in this
Table comes from the incomplete database. The
inclusion of patents and papers in languages other
than English by SHG would have necessitated a
great deal more time and additional data compil-
ers. It would have been useful if the database
had been up to date, but the funding for the
database unfortunately ended at the end of 1989.
A knowledgeable scientist needs to work full-time
on such a database.
Arrangement of the Tables
The following eight Tables are the same as
those compiled for the fourth edition of the
Polymer Handbook [Krause and Goh, 1999].
Each Table contains a particular polymer mixture
only once. The column labeled POLYMER I
OF is an alphabetical listing. The column labeled
POLYMER II OF is an alphabetical listing
of the polymers miscible with the appropriate
polymer from the first column. The common
names of polymers were used whenever possible;
 Miscible Polymer Blends
sometimes the Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC
names of polymers also appear. Unfortunately, we
could not cross-list the many possible names of
the polymers. Thus, it may be necessary to look
for a particular polymer under several names in
these Tables.
The column labeled METHODS very briefly
indicates the method(s) used by the experimenters
to determine miscibility in amorphous phases.
A large number of such methods exist, but two
of these are most commonly used. One of these
involves the determination of glass transition tem-
peratures (Tg’s) by methods such as DSC, DTA,
dynamic mechanical measurements, dilatometry,
or other methods. The observation of a single Tg
for the amorphous portion of a polymer mixture,
especially if it is intermediate between those of
the constituent polymers and varies monotonically
between these values as the mixture composition
changes, has generally been considered an indica-
tion of a miscible polymer pair. This method is
difficult to use when the Tg’s of the constituent
polymers are close together, perhaps within 10
degrees C of each other. Furthermore, the glass
transition region of a miscible polymer pair is
often broader than that of the unmixed polymers.
Some experimenters have interpreted this as an
indication of two overlapping glass transition
regions, but we have taken the existence of such
a broad glass transition region as an indication
of miscibility. We feel that a broad glass transi-
tion region probably indicates the existence of
composition fluctuations rather than two overlap-
ping Tg’s.
The criterion of sample clarity has often been
used as an indication of miscibility. This criterion
will not work if the constituent polymers have the
same refractive index or if they are so immiscible
that they form phases so large that they do
not scatter light appreciably. Furthermore, semi-
crystalline mixtures are always turbid, even if
their amorphous phases are completely miscible.
In addition, on at least one occasion, a set of
polymers was turbid at low temperatures, clear
at intermediate temperatures, and turbid again at
high temperatures only because their refractive
indices became almost identical at the intermedi-
1217
ate temperatures.
All single methods, not all them described
here, of determining polymer-polymer miscibility
sometimes give ambiguous results. Unless many
experimenters have used a variety of methods
to determine miscibility, the inferences drawn
from the data may be wrong. This is one of
the reasons for listing the methods used and the
references that describe the experiments, results,
and interpretation. Some of the mixtures listed
in these Tables, especially when only a single
mixture has been reported in a single reference,
may turn out to be less miscible than stated.
This is especially possible because some of the
methods that were used in the original investiga-
tions do not necessarily probe miscibility as
such. For example, a negative volume change
on mixing, that is, a shrinkage on mixing, could
possibly be observed if each of the coexisting
phases contains both polymers, though in different
proportions, and if each of the coexisting phases
has a negative volume change on mixing. Also,
FTIR methods generally involve the observation
of absorption band shifts due to hydrogen bonding
between polymers; however, this hydrogen bond-
ing could conceivably occur on phase boundaries
or within coexisting phases each of which con-
tains both polymers, but in different proportions.
The COMMENTS column in the Tables indi-
cates compositions of copolymers, whether the
samples were semicrystalline, and other relevant
data.
The eight Tables are:
I. Chemically dissimilar polymer pairs mis-
cible in the amorphous state at room tem-
perature. Some of these polymers may be
copolymers, but the polymer pairs may
not have any monomer units in common.
One or both of the polymers may be
semicrystalline.
II. Polymer pairs containing one monomer in
common (at least one of these must be
a copolymer), miscible in the amorphous
state at room temperature. One or both of
the polymers may be semicrystalline.
III. Chemically dissimilar polymer triads and
tetrads miscible in the amorphous state at
1218 Appendix II

room temperature. It seemed reasonable to Krause, S. ChemTracts: Macromolecular Chemistry 2, 367

place mixtures of three or four polymers (1991).
that were miscible in a separate Table. Krause, S., Goh, S.H. in Polymer Handbook, Brandrup, J.,
IV. Polymer pairs miscible in the amorphous Immergut, E. H., and Grulke, E.A., Eds. 4th Ed., John
state at room temperature. Molecular weight Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1999).
dependence investigated. These are usu- Kurata, M. Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions, Harwood
ally polymer pairs that are miscible when Academic, Chur (1982).
the molecular weights are low and immis- Olabisi, O., Robeson, L.M., and Shaw, M.T. Polymer-Polymer
cible as when the molecular weights are Miscibility Academic Press, New York (1979).
increased.
V. Polymer pairs that appear to have high tem-
perature miscibility although immiscible at Abbreviations
or below room temperature (Upper Critical
Solution Temperature [UCST] behavior). DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
VI. Polymer pairs miscible at room tempera- FTIR Fourier-transform infrared
ture that appear to have a lower critical spectroscopy
solution temperature (LCST) above room IGC Inverse gas chromatography
temperature. These polymer pairs are also LS Light scattering
listed in one of the earlier Tables, usually MW Molecular weight (unspecified)
Table I or II. Mn Number-average molecular weight
VII. Polymer pairs that appear to have both Mw Weight-average molecular weight
lower and upper critical solution tempera- NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
tures. spectroscopy
VIII. Polymer pairs that co-crystallize and form NRET Nonradiative energy transfer
mixed crystals. These blends are generally fluorospectroscopy
composed of polymers with similar sub- PALS Positron annihilation lifetime
units that can substitute for each other spectroscopy
in the same unit cells; this is generally SAXS Small-angle X-ray scattering
called “isomorphous replacement”. This SALS Small-angle light scattering
Table is probably incomplete even though SANS Small-angle neutron scattering
co-crystallization is expected to be rare. SEM Scanning electron microscopy
Tg Glass transition temperature
Tm Melting temperature
WAXD Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
References

Gordon, M., Hope, C.S., Loan, L.D., Roe, R.-J. Proc. Roy.
Soc. (London) A258, 215 (1960).
Kamide, K. Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions. Phase
Equilibria and Critical Phenomena. Elsevier, Amster-
dam (1990).
Krause, S. in Polymer Blends, Vol. I. D. R. Paul and
S. Newman, Eds., Academic Press. Polymer-Polymer
Compatibility, pp 15-113 (1978).
Krause, S. in Polymer Handbook, Brandrup, J. and Immergut,
E.H., Eds., 3rd Ed., Wiley - Interscience, New York,
(1989).
Table I. Chemically dissimilar polymer pairs miscible in the amorphous state at room temperature

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

2-acrylamido-2-methyl- vinylpyridine single Tg II was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine (2 blend systems); 354

propanesulfonic acid formed complexes
acrylic acid acrylamide NMR formed complexes 1012
acrylamide-co-N, fluorescence study formed complexes; II had 6.0-55 mol% acrylamide 859
N-dimethylacrylamide
caprolactam (nylon 6) single Tg; WAXD semicrystalline 1140
N,N-dimethylacrylamide fluorescence study formed complexes 859
ethylene glycol single Tg; FTIR; NMR semicrystalline when > 50% II 374, 772, 953,
1115, 1128
vinyl alcohol FTIR; Tm-depression; NMR semicrystalline 197, 1211, 1255,
1256, 1257
vinylmethylether single Tg formed 1:1 complexes 160
N-vinylpyrrolidone NMR formed complexes 1128
acrylic acid-co-ethylene caprolactam (nylon 6) single Tg I had 19 wt% acrylic acid 564
acrylic acid-co-styrene amide single Tg I had 20% acrylic acid; II was nylon 6, nylon 11 471
or nylon 12 (3 miscible blend systems)
caprolactone single Tg I had 11.4-20.8 wt% 383
ethyl methacrylate single Tg; IGC I had 2.65-20 wt% acrylic acid 72, 1001
ethyl methacrylate-co-4- single Tg; IGC I had 20 mol% acrylic acid 1001
vinylpyridine
ethylene glycol single Tg I had 21 wt% acrylic acid 384
isobutyl methacrylate-co- single Tg; IGC I had 20 mol% acrylic acid 1001
Miscible Polymer Blends

acrylonitrile-co-butadiene
4-vinylpyridine
methyl methacrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
vinylmethylether
cellulose acetate-butyrate
chloroprene
epichlorohydrin
nitrocellulose
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl
chloride
single Tg
single Tg
single Tg
some compositions
appeared homogeneous
single Tg when I had 18%
acrylonitrile; sorption of
solvent vapors
single Tg
transparent films when I had
28.6-44.4% acrylonitrile
single loss peak when ”40%
vinyl acetate in II; clear films
for some mixtures of
commercial polymers
I had 8-20 wt% acrylic acid 72, 382, 384
I had 2.65-8.84 wt% acrylic acid 70
I had 8-20 wt% acrylic acid 576
— 30, 249, 452, 651
two phases in electron micrograph when I had 18% 93, 797
acrylonitrile may indicate a crystalline phase; two
torsional transitions when I had • 28% acrylonitrile
II had 26-54 wt% acrylonitrile 966
immiscible when I had 18.4% acrylonitrile 93, 296, 398,
399, 452
two loss peaks when • 50% vinyl acetate in II 296, 452, 539,
651
1219
Table I. Continued.
Polymer I of
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-
methyl acrylate
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-
styrene
acrylonitrile-co-methyl
methacrylate
acrylonitrile-co-methyl metha-
crylate-co-α-methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-α-methylstyrene
Polymer II of
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride, head-to-head single Tg
ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride single Tg; microscopy
propylene-co-vinyl chloride
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
maleic anhydride
vinyl chloride
N-vinylpyrrolidone
vinyl chloride
alkyl methacrylate
n-butyl methacrylate
n-butyl methacrylate-co-
methyl methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl
methacrylate
ethylene, chlorinated
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-
tetramethyl-piperidinyl
methacrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
1220
Method Comments References
single Tg; IGC I had 29-45 wt% acrylonitrile 9, 79, 85, 161,
196, 452, 484,
520, 561, 614,
615, 632, 682,
755, 799, 860,
867, 885, 1186
single Tg; microscopy I was hydrogenated; I had 38 wt% acrylonitrile 1191
I had 23.5-56.6 wt% acrylonitrile 158
I was made from a copolymer of AN/MA(75/25) 1156
grafted onto BD/AN(70/30) copolymer
single Tg I was Blendex 701; II had 3.2 or 3.8% propylene; 107
electron micrographs may indicate two phases
single Tg; transparency I had 70 wt% acrylonitrile (AN) 648
single Tg; transparency I had 70 wt% AN 648
single Tg; transparency II had 2-17 wt% AN 1091
single Tg; transparency I had 70 wt% AN 648
single Tg I had 8/58/34 or 32.3/8.1/59.6//acrylonitrile/ 93, 1078
methyl methacrylate/α-methylstyrene
I had 30 wt% acrylonitrile (AN); II had an alkyl 266, 268, 279
Appendix II
single Tg; transparency
group of acetonyl, chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl,
2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, methyoxymethyl,
methylthiomethyl or tetrahydrofurfuryl
(8 miscible blend systems)
single Tg I had 12 wt% AN 152
single Tg; transparency I had 30 wt% AN; II had 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 289
single Tg I had 10-28 wt% AN 152, 277
single Tg; transparency I had 30 wt% AN; II had 30 or 60 wt% 287
methyl methacrylate
single Tg depended on AN and Cl contents 154
single Tg region of miscibility was sensitive to molecular weight 1011
single Tg I had 10-37 wt% AN; I had 30 wt% AN and II was 152, 277, 1010
atactic or isotactic (ref. 277); I had 6.5-30 wt% AN
(ref. 1010)
single Tg; transparency I had 30 wt% AN; II had • 76.2 wt% 272, 274
methyl methacrylate
single Tg I had 17-20 wt% AN 152
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

acrylonitrile-co-p-methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene
vinyl chloride
acetonyl methacrylate
2-bromoethyl methacryalate
n-butyl methacrylate
2-chloroethyl methacrylate
chloromethyl methacrylate
cyclohexyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether
ethyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
methylthiomethyl methacrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl
methacrylate
acetonyl methacrylate
arylate
arylate of tetrabromobis-
phenol-A-co-arylate of
single Tg I had 30 wt% AN; miscible when melt blended 435, 684, 1010
or cast from methyl ethyl ketone; immiscible
when cast from tetrahydrofuran;
I had 11.9-30 wt% AN (ref. 1010)
single Tg; transparency I had 43-61 wt% AN 118
single Tg; transparency I had 14-61 wt% AN 608
single Tg; transparency I had 13.6 wt% AN 285
single Tg; transparency I had 18.3-46 wt% AN 613
single Tg; transparency I had 13-42 wt% AN 263
single Tg; transparency I had ” 22 wt% AN 120
single Tg; transparency I had ” 5.0 wt% AN 275
single Tg; transparency I had 12-33 wt% AN 285
single Tg; transparency I had 12-34 wt% AN 285
single Tg; transparency I had 19-34 wt% AN 269
single Tg; transparency I had 6-28 wt% AN 285
single Tg; transparency I had 12-48 wt% AN 286
single Tg; transparency I had 5-29 wt% AN 119
single Tg; transparency I had 33-58 wt% AN 121
single Tg miscibility the greatest when AN = 25% 7
single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1048
Miscible Polymer Blends

tetramethylbisphenol-A
arylate of tetramethylbisphenol-A single Tg I had 4-13 wt% AN 1048
benzyl methacrylate single Tg I had 7.8-24.3 wt% AN 1180
2-bromoethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 10-58 wt% AN 608
butylene adipate single Tg I had 13-32.3 wt% AN 228
butylene sebacate single Tg I had 13-20 wt% AN 228
n-butyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg; transparency I had 22 wt% AN; II had 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 289, 405
methacrylate
t-butyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 621
methacrylate
caprolactone single Tg; FTIR; I had 13-30 wt% AN 228, 295, 458,
microscopy; LS 565, 729, 1021,
1047, 1097,
1145, 1183
carbonate of bisphenol-A-co- single Tg I had ” 18 wt% acrylonitrile; II had ” 22 wt% 431
carbonate of bisphenol-A
tetramethylbisphenol-A
2-chloroethyl methacrylate I had 12.5-43 wt% AN 613
1221

single Tg; transparency

Table I. Continued.

1222
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

chloromethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 12-37 wt% AN 262

cyclohexyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had ” 20 wt% AN 119
cyclohexyl methacrylate-co- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 621
methyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether single Tg I had ” 10.5 wt% AN 457, 1022
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether, single Tg I had 18 mol% AN; II had 35 or 86% benzoylated units 776
benzoylated
ethylene adipate single Tg I had 25-28 wt% AN 228
ethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 5.5-28.0 wt% AN (ref. 229); I had 9-34 wt% 112, 229, 489
AN (ref. 112)
ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg; transparency I had 22 wt% AN; II had 30 or 50 wt% methyl 288
methacrylate methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6- single Tg; transparency I had 30 wt% AN; II had ”13.3 wt% 2,2,6,6- 274
tetramethyl-piperidinyl methacrylate tetramethyl-piperidinyl methacrylate
ethyloxazoline single Tg; transparency I had 25-40 wt% AN; two Tg’s when I had 8, 23.5 426, 652
or 70% AN
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg I had 16.2 wt% AN 228
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate transparency I had 22 wt% AN 277
2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 22 wt% AN 279
itaconic anhydride-co-methyl miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 920
Appendix II

single Tg
methacrylate
methoxymethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 30 wt% AN 269
methyl methacrylate transparency I had 9.4-34.4 wt% AN (ref. 789); I had 9.5-28 wt% 56, 164, 229,
AN (ref. 229); I had 9-39 wt% AN (ref. 164) 392, 566, 598,
651, 670, 741,
782, 789
methyl methacrylate-co-N- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 169
phenylitaconimide
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 621
phenyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg; transparency I had 22 or 30 wt% AN; II had ” 31.4 wt% 2,2,6,6- 272, 274
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- tetramethyl-piperidinyl methacrylate
piperidinyl methacrylate
methylthiomethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 9-36 wt% AN 267
Novolac single Tg I had 25 wt% AN; II was formaldehyde + 221
13/17/70 mol% p-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/o-cresol
oxy-1,4-phenylene-sulfonyl-1,4- modulus-temperature I had 13-16% AN 685
phenylene oxy-2,6-diisopropyl-
1,4-phenylene isopropylidene
3,5-diisopropyl-1,4-phenylene
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

phenyl acrylate single Tg I had 14.6-34.1 wt% AN (ref. 717) or 11.5-32 wt% 717, 1171, 1180
AN (ref. 1171)

acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene
chloride
allyl alcohol-co-styrene
amic acid
n-propyl methacrylate
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl
methacrylate
vinyl chloride
caprolactone
hexamethylene terephthalate
ester
3,3’-diamino-4,4’-benzidine
isophthalamide
single Tg I had 5.7-19.5 wt% AN (ref. 229) or 9-24 wt% AN 229, 1090
(ref. 1090)
single Tg; transparency I had 9-48 wt% AN 281, 286
single Tg; transparency I had ” 31 wt% AN 116
single Tg I had 11.5-26 wt% AN 437
single Tg I was usually Saran F (80% vinylidene chloride); 31, 825, 887
semicrystalline when ” 70 wt% I
single Tg probably semicrystalline; 36
I was Saran F (80% vinylidene chloride)
single Tg I had Mw = 1.4-2.1 kg/mol and had 1.3-7.7 wt% 46, 869
OH groups; II was butylene adipate, butylene
sebacate, caprolactone, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethylene
succinate, decamethylene sebacate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate or hexamethylene
sebacate (7 blend systems); high OH content of
I favored miscibility
transparency; FTIR I was PARC-TPI 1071
Miscible Polymer Blends

phenol-formaldehyde clear before and after curing I was made from 4,4’-methylene-dianiline and 1
pyromellitic dianhydride
imide single Tg II was Polyimide P84; 538
miscible over certain composition range
amideimide Novolac single Tg I was made from rosin 466
resol single Tg I was made from rosin maleic anhydride Diels-Alder 468
adduct with 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane
Shellac single Tg I was made from rosin-imidoamino 469
acid with 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane
n-amyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 319, 649, 812, 850
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg; transparency II had 65 or 68 wt% Cl 319, 810
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg; transparency II was Saran, • 80% vinylidene chloride 407, 812
chloride
aramide amide single Tg I was made from 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine 211, 212, 595
and terephthalic acid (Trigamid T); semicrystalline;
II was nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,12, nylon 6,9 or
nylon 6,10 (5 miscible blend systems)
butylene terephthalate I was Trogamid T; semicrystalline 596
1223

single Tg
Table I. Continued.

1224
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

caprolactam-co-laurolactam single Tg I was Trogamid T; II had 43.8-55.6 mol% 213, 214

caprolactam; semicrystalline
caprolactam-co-2-pyrrolidinone single Tg I was Trogamid T; II had 93.5 mol% caprolactam; 213, 214
semicrystalline
cycloaliphatic amide single Tg I was Trogamid T; II was made from 1,4- and 1,3- 212
benzenedicarboxylic acids and a mixture of
1,6-hexanediamine and bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane
(Bexloy AP C-803)
ester single Tg I was Trogamid T; II was made from 1,4-cyclohexane- 596
dimethanol/ethylene glycol/terephthalic acid
(PETG 6763)
ethylene terephthalate single Tg I was Trogamid T; semicrystalline 596
aramide amide single Tg I was made from 1,6-hexanediamine and a mixture of 212, 213
isophthalic and terephthalic acids (Zytel 330);
semicrystalline; II was nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon
6,9 or nylon 4,6 (4 miscible blend systems)
cycloaliphatic amide single Tg I was Zytel 330; II was Bexloy AP C-803 212
aramide amide single Tg; Tm-depression I was poly[2,2’-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4’-biphenylene 1013
dicarboxamide]; II was nylon 6, nylon 4,6, nylon
6,6, nylon 6,9, nylon 6,10 or nylon 11
Appendix II

(6 blend systems)
arylate aramide single Tg I was made from bisphenol-A and a mixture of 188
terephthalic acid/ isophthalic acid/5-t-butyl-
isophthalic acid = 44/44/12 (Polyarylate C);
II was Trogamid T
aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate C; II was made from 189
5-t-butylisophthalic acid/ isophthalic acid
90/10 and 1,12-diaminododecane (Aramide-S)
aramide single Tg I was made from bisphenol-A and a mixture of 189
terephthalic acid/ isophthalic acid/5-t-butyl-
isophthalic acid = 42.5/42.5/15 (Polyarylate D);
II was made from adipic acid and m-xylene-diamine/
hexamethylene diamine 80/20 (Aramide-M)
aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate D; II was Trogamid T 189
aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate D; II was Aramide-S 189
aramide single Tg I was made from bisphenol-A and a mixture of 189
terephthalic acid/ isophthalic acid/5-t-butyl-
isophthalic acid = 37.5/37.5/25 (Polyarylate E);
II was Aramide-M
aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate E; II was Trogamid T 189
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate E; II was Aramide-S 189

aramide single Tg I was made from bisphenol-A and a mixture of 189
terephthalic acid/ 5-t-butylisophthalic acid 50/50
(Polyarylate F); II was Trogamid T
aramide single Tg I was Polyarylate F; II was Aramide-S 189
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg I was made from bisphenol-A and a mixture of 687
terephthalic acid/ isophthalic acid 50/50
(Ardel D-100); miscibility arised from
transesterification
ester single Tg I was Ardel D-100; II was made form cyclohexane 687
dimethanol and terephthalic acid/isophthalic acid
(80-87% tere) (Kodar A-150) and another copolymer
with tere/iso ratio of 70/30
ester single Tg I was Ardel D-100; II was made from cyclohexane 291, 687
dimethanol, ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid
(molar ratio 1:2:3, PETG-6763)
ethylene terephthalate single Tg I was Ardel D-100; miscibility arised from transesterification 687
hydroxyether of single Tg I was Ardel D-100; miscibility arised from 687
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy) transesterification
arylate of tetramethylbisphenol-A butylene sebacate single Tg semicrystalline 907
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg semicrystalline 906
aryletherketone etherimide single Tg I was made from 4,4’-difluoro-benzophenone and 334
Miscible Polymer Blends

hydroquinone; II was Ultem 1000

arylsulfone
γ-benzyl glutamate
bis(methyoxyethoxyethoxy)
phosphazene
bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy-
ethoxy)phosphazene
3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1,
4-phenylene ether
etherimide single Tg I was made from p-phenoxybenzoyl chloride; 334
II was Ultem 1000
imide single Tg I was Radel A; II was XU-218 375
γ-butyl glutamate dynamic mechanical miscible as random coils but not as α-helics 813
methods; DSC
acrylic acid-co-methyl single Tg; transparency II had 10, 20 or 30 mol% acrylic acid 1087
methacrylate
methacrylic acid-co-methyl single Tg; transparency II had 20 mol% methacrylic acid 1087
methacrylate
styrene-co-styrene-4-carboxylic single Tg; transparency II had 75 mol% styrene 1087
acid
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol single Tg; transparency II had 78 mol% styrene 1087
p-vinylphenol single Tg; transparency — 1087
p-vinylphenol single Tg; transparency — 1087
p-bromostyrene single Tg; microscopy — 402
1225
Table I. Continued.

1226
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

p-bromostyrene-co-styrene single Tg; microscopy II had ” 85 mol% styrene 402

3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1, p-bromostyrene single Tg; microscopy I had ” 22 mol% 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether 402
4-phenylene
oxide-co-2,6-dimethyl-1,
4-phenylene ether
styrene single Tg; microscopy miscible up to full bromination of I when I had 402, 530
MW ” 40 kg/mol and II had MW ” 30 kg/mol
2-bromoethyl methacrylate ester single Tg semicrystalline; II was bytylene adipate, caprolactone, 1137
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate, ethylene adipate,
or hexamethylene sebacate (6 miscible blend systems)
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 606

bromohydroquinone-co-4,4’ (decamethylenedioxy)-bibenzoic
-(decamethylenedioxy) acid-co-4,4’-
bibenzoic acid (ethylenedioxy)diphenol
hydroxybenzoic acid-co-3-
methyl-1,6-hexanediol-
terephthalic acid
p-bromostyrene-co-styrene 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether
single Tg; microscopy transition temperature from a mesophase to an isotropic 380
phase changed continuously and smoothly depending
on the composition
single Tg; microscopy transition temperature from a mesophase to an isotropic 380
phase changed continuously and smoothly depending
on the composition
I had • 53 mol% styrene 402
Appendix II

single Tg; microscopy

butadiene butadiene single Tg I was 1,4-polybutadiene; II had 63% 1,2- 701
diene-co-ethylene-co-propylene single Tg commercial samples; many mixtures had two Tg’s 92, 440, 451
isoprene single Tg; microscopy; depended on microstructure; immiscible when 47, 80, 149, 237,
light scattering; NMR I and II were both highly cis; I was deuterated 249, 335, 520,
(ref. 335) 542, 548, 549,
757, 770, 771,
787, 854, 901,
1032, 1063
butadiene-co-styrene t-butylstyrene single dynamic mechanical I had 25% styrene; II had Mw = 0.835 kg/mol 138
loss peak
glycerol ester of hydrogenated single dynamic mechanical I had 25% styrene; II had Mw = 0.5 kg/mol 139
rosin loss peak
1-butene 1-pentene single Tg — 190
propylene single Tg semicrystalline 190, 502, 657
butyl acrylate ethylene, chlorinated single Tg; transparency II had 49.8 or 62.1% Cl; immiscible when II 100
had 48.0% Cl
4-hydroxystyrene-co-styrene single Tg I was t-butyl; II had 28-66 mol% 4-hydroxystyrene 897
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency some papers showed two Tg’s (refs. 812, 866) or 425, 655, 812,
phase separation in solution (ref. 425) 845, 846, 850,
851, 866
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
chloride
butyl acrylate-co-methyl vinyl chloride
methacrylate
butyl methacrylate p-(2-hydroxy-hexa-
fluoroisopropyl)
styrene-co-styrene
p-(2-hydroxy-hexa-
fluoroisopropyl)-α-
methylstyrene-co-styrene
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
chloride
n-butyl methacrylate-co- styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine
methacrylic acid
n-butyl methacrylate- styrene-co-methacrylic acid
co-4-vinylpyridine
N-butyl-3-hydroxymethyl ω-hydroxybutyl-3,5-dinitro-
carbazoyl methacrylate benzoyl methacrylate
t-butylstyrene cyclohexyl acrylate
single Tg; transparency II was Saran (• 80% vinylidene chloride) 812
single Tg; electron I was Degalan V26(90% methyl methacrylate) 654, 886
microscopy (ref. 866); I had 75% butyl acrylate) (ref. 425)
single Tg; transparency II had 83.3-98.25 mol% styrene; immiscible when II 103, 572, 646,
had 99.0 mol% styrene 807
NMR II had 1.5 mol% OH-containing monomer 89
single Tg; transparency I was n-butyl, isobutyl or sec-butyl 319, 425, 649,
653, 810, 846,
850
single Tg; transparency II was Saran, • 80% vinylidene; I was n-butyl, 409, 812
isobutyl or sec-butyl
single Tg; FTIR I had 8 or 18 mol% methacrylic acid; II had 15, 22 or 985
28 mol% 4-vinylpyridine
single Tg; FTIR I had 10.6, 18.9 or 26 mol% 4-vinylpyridine; II had 198, 985
12, 24 or 29 mol% methacrylic acid
single Tg — 693
single Tg; transparency — 765
Miscible Polymer Blends

cyclohexyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 765

isoprene single dynamic I had Mw = 0.835 kg/mol; II was natural rubber 138
mechanical loss peak
3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl single Tg; transparency — 765
methacrylate
butylene adipate epichlorohydrin single Tg semicrystalline 223
hydroxyether of single Tg; semicrystalline when ” 60 wt% II 332, 1205
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy) melt transparent; IGC
vinyl acetate-co-vinylidene single Tg II was Saran C (• 80% vinylidene chloride); 31
chloride semicrystalline
vinyl bromide single Tg — 150
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when ” 70 wt% II 900
butylene dodecamethylene vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
dicarboxylate
butylene 2,6-naphthalene ethylene 2,6-naphthalene single Tg blend had • 80 wt% I 1238
dicarboxylate dicarboxylate
Table I. Continued.
1227
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

1228
butylene terephthalate arylate single Tg; X-ray scattering semicrystalline 1040
butylene oxide-g-butylene single Tg; dielectric loss II had 84 wt% butylene terephthalate 554, 703
terephthalate measurements; microscopy
decamethylene-4,4’- single Tg; microscopy; 0-50% II in blend 660, 661, 662
terephthaloyldioxydibenzoate Tm-depression
ester single Tg semicrystalline when 768
≥ 25 wt% I; II was CP-350(bisphenol-A-neopentyl
glycol terephthalate)
ester single Tg semicrystalline; II was made from bisphenol-A and 438, 439
1/1 or 1/3 terephthaloyl chloride/isophthaloyl
chloride
ethylene terephthalate single Tg semicrystalline 219, 220, 916
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; melt transparent semicrystalline 688, 689, 735
(Phenoxy)
vinyl acetate-co-vinylidene chloride single Tg II had ≥ 80% vinylidene chloride 36
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 36, 686
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg semicrystalline 36
caprolactam acrylic acid single Tg semicrystalline 378
hexamethylene adipamide single Tg; enthalpy semicrystalline 215, 830
recovery kinetics
methacrylic acid SAXS semicrystalline 371
styrene, sulfonated and II had 9.8 mol% sulfonated groups; semicrystalline 583, 584
Appendix II

single Tg
Li-neutralized
styrene, sulfonated and single Tg; Tm-depression II had 10.2 mol% sulfonated groups; semicrystalline 523
Mn-neutralized
styrene, sulfonated and single Tg; Tm-depression II had 10.1 mol% sulfonated groups; semicrystalline 524
Zn-neutralized
caprolactone acrylonitrile-co-tert-butylstyrene single Tg; SALS; microscopy II had 19.8-39.6 wt% acrylonitrile 1175
3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane single Tg semicrystalline; II was Penton 301, 445
chlorostyrene single Tg II was o-chlorostyrene or mixed o- and p-isomers; 18, 32
semicrystalline when ≥ 21% I
epichlorohydrin single Tg semicrystalline 82, 223
ester DSC; SALS; X-ray II was made from terephthaloyl chloride and 821
diffraction; microscopy 4,4’-bis(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)biphenyl
ethylene, chlorinated single Tg semicrystalline when ≤ 90% II; II had ≥ 30% Cl; 32, 55, 191, 295
two Tg’s when II had 25% Cl
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; melt transparent; semicrystalline when > 50 wt% I 82, 193, 332, 982
(Phenoxy) IGC
nitrocellulose single Tg ≥ 50% I; semicrystalline when ≥ 50% I 82, 352, 353
propylene, chlorinated single Tg I had 66 wt% Cl; semicrystalline when ≥ 50 wt% I 18, 32
vinyl acetate-co-vinylidene single Tg II was Saran C (≥ 80 mol% vinylidene chloride); 31, 887
chloride semicrystalline
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl bromide single Tg semicrystalline when > 30% I 147

vinyl chloride single Tg; NMR semicrystalline when • 30% I 82, 352, 353,
446, 628, 635,
872, 900, 1082
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg II had 67.2 wt% Cl; semicrystalline when • 50 wt% I 54
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg semicrystalline; II had 79% or 88% vinylidene 31, 825, 868,
chloride chloride; some samples of II were Saran B 873, 887
vinylidene fluoride Tm-depression semicrystalline 386
vinylmethylether single Tg — 1145
caprolactone-co-ethylene ethylene, chlorinated single Tg I had 33-89 wt% ethylene terephthalate; 525, 892
terephthalate II had 67.2 wt% Cl
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; FTIR II had 48-82 wt% ethylene terephthalate 1243
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg I had 33 or 44 wt% ethylene terephthalate 525
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg I had 33 wt% ethylene terephthalate 525
carbon monoxide-co-ethyl vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when I had > 60% ethylene; I had 692
acrylate-co-ethylene 4.0-19.6% carbon monoxide, 5.5-35.4% ethyl
acrylate, and 34.2-79.6% ethylene
carbon monoxide-co- vinyl chloride single Tg I had 17.8/34.2/47.9 or 18.6/39.6/41.8 = carbon 692
2-ethylhexyl acrylate- monoxide/ 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/ethylene
co-ethylene
carbon monoxide-co- chlorostyrene single Tg I was Elvaloy 741; II was a mixture of o- and 18
Miscible Polymer Blends

ethylene-co-vinyl acetate p-isomers

carbonate of bisphenol-A
propylene, chlorinated single Tg I was Elvaloy 741 18
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when I had > 60% ethylene; I was 21, 40, 692
Elvaloy 741 or 10.5/66.7/22.8 or 10.2/58.2/31.5 =
carbon monoxide/ ethylene/vinyl acetate
alkylene terephthalate single Tg II had an alkylene group of 2-ethyl-2-methylpropylene, 1074
1,7-heptylene, 1,9-nonylene or 1,5-pentylene
(4 blend systems); miscibility arised from
transesterification
biphenyl-4,4’ylene sebacate single Tg up to 40 wt% II in blend 387
butylene adipate single Tg semicrystalline 174, 176
butylene terephthalate single Tg; FTIR — 1132
p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde single Tg — 1057
caprolactone single Tg; SANS; SAXS; semicrystalline, especially when • 25 wt% II 174, 176, 645,
FTIR; NMR 948, 949, 950
caprolactone-co-ethylene single Tg; FTIR II had 48 or 58 wt% ethylene terephthalate 1120, 1242
terephthalate
1229
Table I. Continued.

1230
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

carbonate single Tg; transparency II was carbonate of bisphenol-E, bisphenol-F, 427

bisphenol-Z, bisphenol chloral, dimethylbisphenol-A,
dimethylbisphenol-Z, norborane, or
tetramethylbisphenol-F (8 miscible blend systems)
1,4-cyclohexane-dimethylene single Tg semicrystalline 174, 175
succinate
1,4-cyclohexane-dimethylene single Tg; melt transparent semicrystalline 174, 486, 581
terephthalate
cyclohexyl methacrylate-co- single Tg II had 6.1-43.8 wt% cyclohexyl methacrylate 574, 622, 1039
methyl methacrylate
ester single Tg; melt transparent semicrystalline when cast form solvent up to 585
80 wt% II; II was prepared from bisphenol-A
and 1/1 = terephthalic/isophthalic acid
ester single Tg II was made from terephthalic acid and 23, 1093
1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol and up to 60 mol%
ethylene glycol
ester single Tg; melt transparent semicrystalline; II was KODAR A150, made from 174, 556, 581,
1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and 1/4 = isophthalic/ 1251
terephthalic acid
ester II was Hytrel 5556, a multiblock copolymer with 248
Appendix II

single Tg
poly(tetramethylene ether)glycol terephthalate soft
segment and tetramethylene terephthalate
hard segment
ethylene adipate single Tg semicrystalline 174, 176
ethylene succinate single Tg semicrystalline 174, 176
ethylene terephthalate single Tg semicrystalline; • 50 or 75% II; two Tg’s 337, 593, 603,
when ” 60% II 1151
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso- single Tg; transparency II had 29-78 mol% styrene; immiscible when II had
propyl)styrene-co-styrene 83 mol% styrene 571, 646, 807
maleic anhydride-co-styrene light scattering II had 8% maleic anhydride 712
methacrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg II had 2-23 wt% methacrylic acid 10, 11
methyl methacrylate single Tg blends prepared by precipitation of THF solutions 29, 109, 481,
in n-heptane or cast from hot THF solutions 482, 486, 715
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg II had • 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 357
p-methylstyrene
methyl methacrylate-co-N- single Tg II had • 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 357
phenylmaleimide
methyl methacrylate-co-phenyl single Tg II had 16-63 wt% phenyl methacrylate 622
methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had ” 14 wt% styrene 577, 930
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

Novolac single Tg II had MW = 1 kg/mol and was made from 221

formaldehyde and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenyl/
m-cresol/o-cresol
phenyl methacrylate single Tg — 480, 622
pyrrole single Tg blend had 7% II 856
vinylidene chloride-co-vinyl single Tg II had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline when 871
chloride ” 25 wt% I
carbonate of hexafluoro- alkyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or n-propyl 225, 430
bisphenol-A (3 miscible blend systems)
isopropyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency ” 70 wt% I in blend 430
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg II had 81 or 95 wt% methyl methacrylate 930
α-methylstyrene
carbonate of tetramethyl- acrylonitrile-co-α-methylstyrene single Tg II had 4-16.5 wt% acrylonitrile 1010
bisphenol-A
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR II had < 13% acrylonitrile 8, 225, 1069
allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg II had < 19.1 wt% allyl alcohol 225
butylene sebacate single Tg semicrystalline 227
caprolactone single Tg semicrystalline 227
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency; — 51, 427, 1124
dielectric spectroscopy
carbonate single Tg; transparency II was carbonate of bisphenol-AP, bisphenol-E, 427
bisphenol-F, bisphenol-S, bisphenol-Z, bisphenol
Miscible Polymer Blends

chloral, dimethylbisphenol-A, dimethylbisphenol-Z,

norbonane, tetramethylbisphenol-F or tetramethyl-
bisphenol-P (11 miscible blend systems)
ester single Tg II was decamethylene decamethylene dicarboxylate, 227
decamethylene sebacate, ethylene adipate,
hexamethylene decamethylene dicarboxylate, or
hexamethylene sebacate (5 miscible blend systems)
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg II had 8% maleic anhydride 225
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had < 50 wt% methyl methacrylate 575, 884, 1194
α-methylstyrene single Tg — 227
p-methylstyrene-co- single Tg II had ” 50 mol% tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate 270
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate
methacrylate
cellulose acrylonitrile NMR; single Tg; — 560, 627, 1208
microscopy; WAXD
caprolactone NMR — 556
ethylene glycol single Tg; FTIR — 625, 1075
vinyl acetate • 70% I in blend 626
1231

single Tg
Table I. Continued.

1232
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

styrene-co-tetrahydrofurfuryl single Tg II had ” 53 mol% tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate 270

vinyl alcohol NMR; FTIR; Tm-depression — 560, 623, 744,
1075
4-vinylpyridine single Tg, NMR — 559, 1208
cellulose acetate 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg II had 9.5% P 87
ether, phosphonate derivative
2,6-dimethyl-3-bromo- single Tg II had 10.5% P 87
1,4-phenylene ether,
phosphonate derivative
styrene, phosphonate derivative single Tg II had 8.0% P 87
styrene, phosphorylated single Tg II had more than 1 phosphoryl 550
group per 4 styrene units
styrenephosphonate ester single Tg blend initially prepared was heterogeneous, became 792
miscible when annealed above Tg
vinylidene chloride-co-styrene, single Tg; electron I was Eastman 394-45; II had 7% P, 14.5% Cl 88
phosphonylated, microscopy
chloromethylated
vinylidene chloride-co-styrene, single Tg II had 8.6% P 87
phosphonylated
4-vinylpyridine semicrystalline; I had 39.4% acetyl content or had 27, 86
Appendix II

single Tg; cast films

cellulose acetate-butyrate
cellulose acetate proprionate
cellulose triacetate
chitin
chitin-g-2-methyl-2-oxazoline
chitosan
chitosan acetate
p-chloro-(3-ethenoxypropyl)
cinnamate
transparent 10H/2 glucose
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; transparent films I had 18.5/45 = acetic acid/butyric acid and II had 93, 452
80% vinyl acetate; two Tg’s when II had 70%
vinyl acetate
hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate single Tg; WAXD; NMR II had 10 mol% valerate; miscible when blend had 84
20-50% II, and partially miscible when blend
had 60-80% II
alkylene glutarate single Tg the alkylene group was ethylene, diethylene, 927
hexamethylene, pentamethylene, tetramethylene or
trimethylene (6 miscible blend systems)
highly subsitituted cyanoethyl single Tg; FTIR; microscopy — 1026
cellulose
N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg; FTIR — 1133
vinyl alcohol single Tg; FTIR — 913
vinyl chloride sinlge Tg; FTIR blend had ” 10 wt% II 914
ethylene oxide Tm-depression — 1245
ethylene oxide FTIR; microscopy — 1227
p-methyoxy-(6-ethenoxyhexyl) single Tg — 515
cinnamate
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

p-methyoxy-(6-ethenoxypropyl) single Tg — 515

1-chloroethyl methacrylate
2-chloroethyl methacrylate
chloromethyl methacrylate
cinnamate
p-methyl-(3-ethenoxypropyl)
cinnamate
alkyl methacrylate
ester
alkyl methacrylate
ester
N-vinylpyrrolidone
alkyl methacrylate
single Tg
single Tg; transparency
single Tg; trasparent melt
single Tg; transparency
single Tg; transparent melt
single Tg
single Tg
— 515
the alkyl group of II was methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1152
isopropyl, n-butyl or tetrahydrofurfuryl
(6 miscible blend systems)
II was butylene adipate, caprolactone, 1154
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene sebacate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate or
hexamethylene sebacate (6 miscible blend systems)
the alkyl group of II was methyl, ethyl or 612
tetrahydrofurfuryl (3 miscible blend systems)
II was butylene adipate, caprolactone, 609, 611
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene sebacate, ethylene
adipate or hexamethylene sebacate (6 miscible
blend systems)
— 607
II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 123, 273
isopropyl, acetonyl or tetrahydrofurfuryl
Miscible Polymer Blends

(6 miscible blend systems)

chloroprene
3-chloropropyl methacrylate
carbonate of bisphenol-A
ester
N-vinylpyrrolidone
ethylene-co-methyl acrylate
isoprene, epoxidized
acrylonitrile-co-p-methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene
ester
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate
single Tg miscibility depended on method of preparation 271
single Tg; transparent melt II was butylene adipate, caprolactone, 609, 611
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene sebacate,
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate, ethylene
adipate, ethylene succinate or hexamethylene
sebacate (8 miscible blend systems)
single Tg — 607
single Tg; phase contrast semicrystyalline 396
microscopy
single Tg; FTIR — 597
single Tg II had 15-33 wt% AN 1105
single Tg II had 12-35 wt% AN 1105
single Tg II was butylene adipate, caprolactone, 1111
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate or hexamethylene
sebacate (4 miscible blend systems)
— 1104
1233

single Tg
Table I. Continued.

1234
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

o-chlorostyrene styrene single Tg — 396

o-chlorostyrene-co-p-
chlorostyrene
o-chlorostyrene-co-o-
fluorostyrene
p-chlorostyrene-co-o-
fluorostyrene
p-chlorostyrene-co-styrene
collagen hydrolyzate
2-cyanoethyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; transparency I had 23-64% p-chlorostyrene 16
ether
styrene single Tg after quenching from 145oC; I had 71-92 mol% 131, 803
o-chlorostyrene; two Tg’s when I had ” 62 mol%
o-chlorostyrene
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; transparency; I had 14-40 mol% o-chlorostyrene; two Tg’s when 22, 840, 843
ether NMR I had > 36 mol% o-chlorostyrene
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; transparency; I had 13-74 mol% p-chlorostyrene; two Tg’s when 22, 840, 843
ether NMR I had > 74 mol% p-chlorostyrene
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg I had • 34.7 mol% styrene; two Tg’s when I had 243, 413, 749
ether < 34.7 mol% styrene
ethyl acrylate single Tg — 578
alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of methyl, acetonyl or 1234
tetrahydrofurfuryl (3 miscible blend system)
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline single Tg blend had • 80 wt% I 1236
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR — 1235
2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR blend had ” 50 wt% I 1235
tertiary amide single Tg II was N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-methyl-N- 1236
vinylacetamide or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
Appendix II

(3 blend systems); formed complexes

cyanomethyl methacrylate alkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl group of acetonyl, 2-hydroxyethyl 1233, 1235
or 2-hydroxypropyl (3 miscible blend systems)
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline single Tg blend had • 60 wt% I 1236
tertiary amide sinlge Tg complexation formation; II was N-vinylpyrrolidone, 1236
N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-methyl-
N-vinylacetamide (3 miscible blend system)
1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene epichlorohydrin single Tg semicrystalline 223
succinate
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparent melt semicrystalline • 50 wt% I 332
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline ” 30 wt% II 898
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene transparent melt; II was Saran (86.5% vinylidene chloride) 868
chloride large Tm-depression
1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene arylate single Tg; PALS II was Ardel D100 1251
1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg’ PALS II was Ardel D100 1251
cyclohexyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg; NMR — 641
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg semicrystalline • 75% II; II had 86.5 wt% 409, 870
chloride vinylidene chloride
Table I. Continued.
Polymer I of
decamethylene
decamethylene dicarboxylate
decamethylene sebacate
dianhydrosorbityl dicarboxylate
2,3-dichloro-1-propyl acrylate
2,2-dichloroethyl methacrylate
2,6-diethyl-1,4-phenylene ether
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
N,N-dimethylacrylamide-
co-ethylene
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
ether
Polymer II of Method Comments References
2-vinylnaphthalene single Tg; excimer I had low MW; II had MW = 70 kg/mol 231
fluorescence
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
epichlorohydrin single Tg semicrystalline 223
dianhydrosorbityl dicarboxylate single Tg; microscopy 6 miscible blend systems based on different polyesters; 925
the dicarboxylate was adipate, oxalate, sebacate,
suberate or succinate
ethyl acrylate-co-glycidyl single Tg II had 65% ethyl acrylate 181
methacrylate
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency the alkyl group of II was methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1110
isopropyl, n-butyl, isoamyl, cyclohexyl or
tetrahydrofurfuryl (8 miscible blend systems)
styrene single Tg — 134
allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR formed complexes; II had 4.5 or 6.5 wt% OH groups 974
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl of chloromethy, 2-chloroethyl, 1108
3-chloropropyl, 2-bromoethyl or 2-iodoethyl
(5 miscible blend systems)
vinylidene fluoride single Tg semicrystalline • 60 wt% II 241
vinyl chloride single Tg I had 71.4 or 73.1 wt% ethylene; two Tg’s when I had 563
• 75.1 wt% ethylene
acrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg II had 4.7-8.5 wt% acrylic acid 921, 1022
Miscible Polymer Blends
p-bromostyrene-co-fluorostyrene single Tg; FTIR II had 11-73 mol% p-bromostyrene 547, 834
cyclohexylmaleimide-co-styrene light scattering I had 83 wt% styrene 712
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-fluorostyrene single Tg; transparency II had 10-38% para isomer; two Tg’s when II 412, 835
ahd 5 or • 43% para isomer
o-fluorostyrene-co-styrene single Tg; transparency II had • 9 mol% styrene 836, 839, 842
p-fluorostyrene-co-styrene single Tg; transparency II had • 44 mol% styrene 531, 532, 836,
839, 842
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso- single Tg II had 77.9-90.3 mol% styrene 571, 572, 646,
propyl)styrene-co-styrene 807
luoloylmeleimide-co-styrene light scattering II had 81 wt% styrene 712
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg; transparency; II had 5.9-12.5 wt% maleic anhydride 232, 233, 1022,
microscopy 1026
methacrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg II had 5.9 or 7.8 mol% methacrylic aicd 917, 921
2-methyl-6-benzyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; transparency — 751
ether
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had 2-20 wt% methyl methacrylate 258, 461, 1022
1235
Table I. Continued.

1236
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg — 752, 753

ether
α-methylstyrene single Tg — 134, 459, 691
α-methylstyrene-co-styrene single Tg all compositions of II 459, 754
o-methylstyrene NMR NMR showed heterogeneity on a 3-nm scale 195
p-methylstyrene single Tg — 195, 235, 788
p-nitrostyrene-co-styrene single Tg II had < 22 mol% nitrostyrene 155, 158
N-phenylmaleimide-co-styrene single Tg; light scattering II had 84 or 90 wt% styrene 712, 1102
styrene single Tg; transparency; — 39, 201, 526,
NMR 589, 663, 750,
753, 784, 1207
styrene, head-to-head single Tg — 463
styrene, iodinated single Tg II had ” 47% iodination 261
styrene, sulfonated and single Tg II had up to 7.8 mol% sulfonation (ref. 677); 677, 1200
metal-neutralized II had 2.8 mol% sulfonation and was neutralized
by Na, Zn, Ni or Mn, and miscible when blend had
” 40 wt% I (ref. 1200)
styrene, syndiotactic single Tg — 954
styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene single Tg for mixed with II had block MW 15-51-17 and 78-52-80 kg/mol 568
styrene blocks of II
Appendix II

styrene-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- single Tg II had ” 24 wt% 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl 257

piperidinyl methacrylate methacrylate
urethane acrylate single Tg; FTIR I and II formed interpenetrating network 567
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene styrene single Tg 11.8 mol% of repeat units in I carboxylated; 874
ether, carboxylated two Tg’s when 35.0 mol% repeat units in
I carboxylated
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene cellulose acetate single Tg; electron II was Eastman 394-45 88
ether, brominated microscopy
phosphonylated
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene epichlorohydrin, modified single Tg Both I and II had at least 25% carbazolyl or 664
ether, modified 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl groups
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg I had 20-26 wt% sulfonylation 410
ether, sulfonylated
p-bromostyrene single Tg I had > 12 mol% sulfonylation 1216, 1220
o-bromostyrene-co-p- single Tg high p-bromostyrene content and high degree of 1216
bromostyrene sulfonylation favored miscibility
p-chlorostyrene single Tg II had > 9 mol% sulfonylation 1217, 1220
o-chlorostyrene-co-p- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1217
chlorostyrene
o-chlorostyrene-co-o- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1218
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

fluorostyrene
p-chlorostyrene-co-o- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1218
fluorostyrene
o-fluorostyrene single Tg I had 4-17 mol% sulfonylation 1220
p-fluorostyrene single Tg I had 17-66 mol% sulfonylation 1220
o-fluorostyrene-co-p- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1215
fluorostyrene
p-fluorostyrene-co-styrene single Tg I had 20-26 wt% sulfonylation 410
phenylvinyl sec-butyl single Tg I had 68-87 mol% sulfonylation 1219
ether-alt-N-phenylmaleimide
phenylvinyl ethyl ether-alt- single Tg I ahd 61-91 mol% sulfonylation 1219
N-phenylmaleimide

styrene single Tg I had < 31 wt% sulfonylation 410

α,α-dimethyl-β-propiolactone vinyl chloride Tm-depression semicrystalline 32, 33
(pivalolactone)
dimethylsiloxane ethylene-co-methyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR I had a small amount of vinyl groups; II had 21 wt% 1182
methyl acrylate
dimethylsiloxane, modified butyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR one of the methyl groups in the repeating unit of 127
I was changed to 4-hydroxy-4,4-bis (trifluoromethyl)
butyl group
ethylene glycol single Tg; FTIR one of the methyl groups in the repeating unit of 127
Miscible Polymer Blends

I was changed to 4-hydroxy-4,4-bis (trifluoromethyl)

butyl group
2,6-dipropyl-1,4-phenylene styrene single Tg — 134
ether
dodecamethylene adipamide, p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso- single Tg semicrystalline when ” 50% substitution on I 454
N,N-dimethyl substituted propyl)styrene-co-styrene
dodecamethylene adipate epichlorohydrin single Tg semicrystalline 223
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
dodecamethylene vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
decamethylene dicarboxylate
dodecamethylene vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
dodecamethylene dicarboxylate
1237
Table I. Continued.

1238
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

enaminonitrile ethylene glycol single Tg — 587

tertiary amide single Tg II was N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline 587
or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (3 miscible blend systems)
4-vinylpyridine single Tg — 587
epichlorohydrin acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had 18 or 25 wt% acrylonitrile 305
alkyl acrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of ethyl or n-propyl 224, 226
(2 miscible blend systems)
alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of ethyl, n-propyl, 224
n-butyl or cyclohexyl (4 miscible blend systems)
butyl acrylate rubber single Tg II was Hycar 4043 226
ester single Tg II was ethylene adipate, ethylene sebacate or 223, 278
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate
(3 miscible blend systems)
ethyl acrylate rubber single Tg II was Hycar 4051EP 226
glycidyl methacrylate single Tg — 864
glycidyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg II had 76% glycidyl methacrylate 864
methacrylate
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg — 864
methacrylonitrile-co-methyl single Tg II had 30-40 mol% methacrylonitrile 864
methacrylate
Appendix II

epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene
glycol
methyl methacrylate
vinyl acetate
neopentyl glycol adipate
single Tg broad Tg might due to separate phases with 135, 224
differing Tg’s within the mixture
single Tg — 303
transparency I was Hydrin 200; refractive indices not equal in 288
the temperature range investigated

ester ester single Tg; microscopy 13 miscible blend systems based on different linear 925
aliphatic polyesters
ester melting behavior both polymers I and II were liquid crystalline; 979
II had one more ethylene unit in the main chain
ester, hyperbranched and amide single Tg II was PA-6 1125
3,5-dihydroxyphenyl-
terminated
aramide single Tg II was Trogamid T or MXD-6 1125
butylene adipate single Tg — 1125
ester single Tg II was made from terephthalic acid and a mixture of 965
ethylene glycol and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol
ester, hyperbranched and butylene terephthalate single Tg — 1125
3,5-diacetoxyphenyl-
terminated
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ester single Tg II was made from terephthalic acid and a mixture 1125
of ethylene glycol and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol
etheretherketone arylketone single Tg II had 25, 50 or 57% ketone content 333
etherketone single Tg I was oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene- 739
carbonyl-1,4-phenylene; II was oxy-1,4-phenylene-
carbonyl-1,4-phenylene; semicrystalline
etherimide single Tg; microscopy; I was Victrex 450G; II was Ultem 1000; 172, 946, 1037,
WAXD; Tm-depression semicrystalline 1178
ethersulfone single Tg — 883
etheretherketone, sulfamidated amideimide single Tg; FTIR I had degree of sulfamidation of 1.33; II was 1061
Torlon 4000T
etheretherketone, sulfonated amideimide single Tg; FTIR I had degree of sulfonation of 0.42, 0.53 or 1.00; 414, 1061
II was Torlon 4000T
etherimide single Tg; FTIR II was Ultem 1000 414, 1061
etherethersulfone, epoxy single Tg; microscopy miscible when II was cured by amine; 1023
immmiscible when II was cured by anhydride
etherimide amideimide single Tg I was Ultem 10000; II was Torlon 4203L 1147
ethylene terephthalate single Tg; microscopy; I was Ultem 1000 942, 1054, 1127
Tm-depression
imide single Tg I was Ultem 1000; II was based on 240
diphenylpyromellitic dianhydride (DPPMDA)
(3 different imides)
Miscible Polymer Blends

etherimide ether thioetherimide ether NMR I was made from 4,4’-oxydianiline (ODA) and 1000
4,4’-(1,4-phenylenedioxy)diphthalic acid; II was
made from ODA and 4,4’-thio-diphthalic anhydride
etherketoneketone etherimide Tm-depression II was Ultem 1000 946
ethersulfone aramid single Tg II was made from isophthaloyl chloride and bis 562, 600
(4-aminophenyl) ether
imide single Tg; NMR II was Polyimide XU218 372
imide single Tg II was Matrimide 5218 510, 940
N,N’-(oxydi-p-phenylene)iso- sinlge Tg — 1031
phthalamide
phenylene ether ether ketone single Tg — 1184
phenylene ether sulfone ketone single Tg — 1184
phenylene sulfone ether sulfone single Tg — 1184
ketone
phenylene thioether ether single Tg — 1184
ether ketone
m-phenylene isophthalmide single Tg prepared by in-situ blending 1030
1239
Table I. Continued.

1240
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ether urethane vinyl chloride
3-ethenoxypropyl cinnamate p-methyl-
(3-ethenoxypropyl)cinnamate
ethyl acrylate Novolac
hexafluoroacetone-co-
vinylidene fluoride
styrene, sulfonated
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
chloride
vinylidene fluoride
ethyl acrylate-co- vinyl chloride
single Tg 20 or 40 wt% II; I was Adiprene L-100 and 344
4,4’-methylene-bis-2-chloroaniline
single Tg — 515
single Tg II had MW about 1 kg/mol; II was formaldehyde 221
and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/
o-cresol or formaldehyde and 15/17/
68 mol% = 2-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/o-cresol
single Tg II had 8 mol% vinylidene fluoride 411, 1059
single Tg; FTIR II had 7.2 mol% sulfonated units 1198
single Tg; FTIR II had > 4.46 mol% vinylphenol 1198
single Tg in situ polymerized II; other mixtures formed two 846
phases (refs. 296, 426 for example)
single Tg; transparency II was Saran (80% vinylidene chloride); I had 812, 870
MW = 50 kg/mol; two Tg’s when I had
MW = 140 kg/mol and II was Saran
(86.5 wt% vinylidene chloride)
single Tg; transparency semicrystalline > 25 wt% II 56, 80, 844
I had 2/40/58 = ethyl acrylate/methacrylonitrile/ 422, 424
Appendix II

single Tg; transparency

methacrylonitrile-co-α-
methylstyrene
ethyl acrylate-co-methyl
methacrylate
ethyl acrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine styrene-co-styrene sulfonic acid
(N-ethylcarbozol-3-yl)methyl
acrylate
(N-ethylcarbozol-3-yl)methyl
methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride, sulfonated
2-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)
oxyethyl methacrylate
2-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) oxyethyl
methacrylate
Novolac
ethyl acrylate
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso-
propyl)styrene-co-styrene
α-methylstyrene or unknown composition
single Tg; electron I was Polaroid K120N (95% methyl methacrylate) 886
microscopy
single Tg; transparency I and II both • 5% of second monomer 210, 773
(data obtained ” 10% substitution)
single Tg I had 2-14 mol% 4-vinylpyridine 137
single Tg I had 6.2 mol% 4-vinylpyridine; 137
II had 3.7 mol% sulfonic acid
single Tg; NMR — 760
single Tg; NMR — 761
single Tg; FTIR II had MW about 1 kg/mol and was formaldehyde 221, 434
and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenol/
m-cresol/o-cresol
single Tg — 156
single Tg; transparency II had 90.3-98.9 mol% styrene 103, 571, 646
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl acetate transparency transparent film when I < 25 wt% or when content 634
of I toward 100 wt%
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 234, 319, 649,
812, 846
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg; transparency II was Saran (• 80% vinyldene chloride) or 86.5 wt% 409, 812, 870
chloride vinylidene chloride; semicrystalline ” 30% I
vinylidene fluoride single Tg semicrystalline when • 40% II; two Tg’s 244, 361, 476,
when > 60% II 630, 695
ethylene, chlorinated acrylonitrile-co-butadiene single Tg depended on Cl content and acrylonitrile content 96, 161
hexamethylene terephthalate single Tg I had 48% Cl; immiscible with I had 36% Cl 36
methyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency; I had • 50 wt% Cl; II was atactic, isotactic or 99, 296, 812,
electron microscopy syndiotactic (ref. 1204) 848, 1204
neopentyl glycol adipate single Tg I had 42 or 48 wt% Cl; immiscible when I had 288
” 36 wt% Cl
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg I and II with identical chlorine content were 818
immiscible
ethylene, chlorosulfonated vinyl chloride single Tg I had 1% S as SO2Cl and 42 wt% Cl; stated 200
immmiscible when I had 30 wt% Cl in ref. 296
ethylene adipate hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparent melt semicrystalline when • 50 wt% I 332
(Phenoxy)
ethylene-co-methacrylic acid ethylene glycol FTIR I had 55 wt% methacrylic acid 287
ethylene glycol-co-propylene single Tg; FTIR I had 18, 32, 44 or 55 wt% methacrylic acid; 494
Miscible Polymer Blends

glycol II had 70 wt% ethylene oxide

ethyloxazoline FTIR I had 44 wt% methacrylic acid 512
styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine FTIR I had 32 wt% methacrylic acid; II had 70 wt% 495
2-vinylpyridine
tetramethylene glycol FTIR I had 55 wt% methacrylic acid 496
vinylethylether FTIR I had 55 wt% methacrylic acid 496
vinylmethylether single Tg; FTIR I had 18, 32, 44 or 55 wt% methacrylic acid 494
2-vinylpyridine FTIR miscible when I had 18 wt% methacrylic acid and 494
formed complexes when I had 44 or 55 wt%
methacrylic acid; formed complexes when I had
32 wt% methacrylic acid and was ” 35% I in blend
ethylene-co-methacrylic acid, vinylmethylether FTIR I had 44 wt% methacrylic acid 732
zinc neutralized
4-vinylpyridine NMR I had 15 wt% methacrylic acid and 52
60% zinc-neutralized
ethylene-co-methyl acrylate- vinyl chloride single Tg I was Vamac N-123 395
co-unspecified acid
ethylene orthophthalate vinyl acetate — 829
1241

single Tg
Table I. Continued.

1242
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethylene glycol copolyester-polyurethane single Tg — 363

epoxy resin single Tg miscible when II was uncured; immiscible when II 313, 1118, 1119
was cured (ref. 313)
ethersulfone single Tg; light scattering — 317, 534, 743
ethyl methacrylate single Tg — 130
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg II had 87.1 wt% vinyl acetate (ref. 132); 132, 328
II had 73.4 wt% vinyl acetate, miscible with I of
Mw = 20 and 100 kg/mol (ref. 328)
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; NMR semicrystalline when > 40% I 363, 364, 690
(Phenoxy)
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso- single Tg II had 77.9 mol% styrene and I/II was 1/8-1/2; 806
propyl)styrene-co-styrene semicrystalline and no amorphous phase
methacrylic acid single Tg; NMR formed complexes in water and dimethylsulfoxide 374, 1128
methacrylic acid-co-styrene, FTIR I had 5.6-17.9 mol% acid 1098
Na-neutralized
methyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR; NMR I was miscible with atactic or syndiotactic II and 124, 389, 511,
immiscible with isotatic II; semicrystalline 552, 759, 1192
when > 20 wt% I
Resorcinol NMR — 51
styrene, sulfonated and II had 2.9-8.8 mol% sulfonation; miscible when 498
Appendix II

single Tg
Na-neutralized blend had low I content
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol single Tg II had 13.1 mol% styrene and I/II was 1/8-1/1; 806
semicrystalline at higher I content and no amorphous
phase miscibility
styrene-co-vinylphenol single Tg II had 84.4 mol% styrene and I/II was 1/8-1/4 or II 860
trifluoromethyl carbinol had 54.5 mol% styrene and I/II was 1/8-1/2;
semicrystalline at higher I content and no
amorphous phase miscibility
sulfone transparency; I had Mn = 3.5-4.0 kg/mol; immiscible when I had 796
light scattering Mn = 200 kg/mol
vinyl acetate single Tg ref. 397 stated miscible when • 40 wt% II in blend; 311, 397, 553
ref. 311 stated completely miscible if I had
Mw = 20 kg/mol, and miscible up to 50 wt% II
if I had Mw = 100 kg/mol
vinyl chloride single Tg; semicrystalline 418, 1126, 994
Tm-depression; NMR; IGC
vinylnapthalene single Tg semicrystalline when > 50% I; two amorphous phases 178, 580, 679
when 25-50% I
p-vinyl phenol FTIR; NMR; X-ray semicrystalline 668, 888, 1149,
diffraction 1150
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethylene-co-sulfur vinyl chloride
dioxide-co-vinyl acetate
ethylene terephthalate ester
ester-carbonate
ethylene-2,6-naphthalene
dicarboxylate
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A
(Phenoxy)
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate acrylic acid-co-alkyl acrylate
3-alkyl thiophene
aniline, N-octadecylated
chloroprene
single Tg; transparency I had 72.7/8.8/18.5 = ethylene/ sulfur dioxide/vinyl 339
acetate; immiscible when I had 89.0/
3.2/7.8 = ethylene/sulfur dioxide/vinyl acetate
single Tg II was ethylene terephthalate (40%) and 898, 1099
hydroxybenzoic acid (60%) (ref. 898) or
a segmental block copolyester (ref. 1099)
single Tg II was 1/2 = terephthalate/ bisphenol-A with ester 3
and carbonate linkages
single Tg miscibility arised from transesterification 912
single Tg Tgs of I and II wre close; semicrystalline 689
single Tg II had an alkyl group of n-butyl, ethyl, ethylhexyl 924
or methyl (4 blend systems); miscibility depended
on compositions of I and II
microscopy I had 20 wt% of vinyl acetate; II had an alkyl group 1033, 1095
of dodecyl or octyl; blend had < 30 wt% II
microscopy I had 20 wt% vinyl acetate; II was 60.2 mol% 1246
alkylated
single Tg; microscopy I had 28 wt% vinyl acetate 1081

hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene single Tg I had • 70% vinyl acetate; II had 8.9 mol% 336
Miscible Polymer Blends

fluoride hexafluoroacetone
Novolac single Tg; FTIR I had 14-50 wt% vinyl acetate 1130
propylene, chlorinated single Tg I had 40, 44.3 or 45 wt% vinyl acetate; 499, 500
II had 40 or 50 wt% Cl
vinyl chloride single Tg I had 65-75 wt% vinyl acetate; two Tg’s 216, 222, 325,
when I had 40-45 wt% vinyl acetate; ambiguous 330, 452, 541,
when I had 45-65 wt% vinyl acetate 672, 756
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg stated that there was a miscible region when I had 747
0.4-0.75 mol% ethylene and II had 0.4-0.8 mol%
vinyl chloride
ethylene-co-vinyl vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline; I was du Pont de Nemours PB3041 41
acetate-co-unnamed monomer (> 60% ethylene)
ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol alkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl group of methyl, n-octyl or n-decyl 1054
(3 miscible blend systems); I had 21 mol%
vinyl alcohol
amide single Tg I had 33 mol% vinyl alcohol; II was PA-12 4
or PA-6,12 (2 miscible blend systems)
1243
Table I. Continued.

1244
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

copolyamide single Tg II had 60 mol% nylon 6 units and 40 mol% PA-12 909
units; I had 59 mol% vinyl alcohol
4-vinylpyridine single Tg I had 68 mol% vinyl alcohol 1045
2-ethylhexyl methacrylate styrene-co-hexyl methacrylate single Tg I had 3-5% acrylic acid; II had 30% styrene 766
and 5-15% 3-(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl
methacrylate
N-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl- ω-hydroxyalkyl-3,5-dinitro- single Tg II had an alkyl group of butyl, hexyl, pentyl 694
carbazoyl methacrylate benzoyl methacrylate or propyl (4 blend systems)
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline aramid optical microscopy; — 533
light scattering
acrylic acid single Tg formed complexes in water, methanol or dioxane 517
acrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg II had 74 mol% acrylic acid 517
allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR II had 4.5 or 6.5 wt% of hydroxyl group 974
ethersulfone light scattering, transparency — 599
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency — 426
(Phenoxy)
maleimide-co-styrene single Tg II had 9.5-48.2 mol% maleimide 188
Novolac single Tg formed complexes in methanol or acetone 517
sulfone, carboxylated single Tg II had • 0.93 degree of carboxylation 254
p-vinyl phenol formed complexes in dioxane 517, 857
Appendix II

single Tg
vinylidene fluoride single Tg > 50 wt% II 243
2-ethyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene styrene single Tg — 134
ether
2-fluoroethyl methacrylate alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of methyl or ethyl 1153
(2 miscible blend systems)
3-fluoropropyl methacrylate alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of methyl or tetrahydrofurfuryl 1155
(2 miscible blend systems)
ester single Tg II was butylene adipate or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene 1155
adipate (2 miscible blend systems)
glycidyl methacrylate acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had 32.3-58.8 wt% AN 1007
methyl methacrylate single Tg II had Mw ” 4.25 kg/mol 1007
α-methylstyrene single Tg II had Mw = 3.5 kg/mol 1007
glycidyl methacrylate-co-methyl acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of I and II 1007
methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate-co-styrene carbonate of single Tg I had 1.6-37.1 wt% GMA 1007
tetramethylbisphenol-A
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether single Tg I had 1.6-18.6 wt% GMA 1007
vinylidene fluoride single Tg I had ” 35.7 wt% GMA 1009
hexadecamethylene vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline 872
dodecamethylene dicarboxylate
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of methyl or ethyl 1153
(2 miscible blend systems)
hexamethylene adipamide ethylene terephthalate FTIR; NMR blends prepared by coprecipitation; blends prepared 656
(nylon 6,6) by melt blending showed no sign of hydrogen-bonding
hexamethylene adipate ester single Tg; microscopy II was butylene sebacate or butylene succinate 925
(2 miscible blend systems)
hexamethylene isophthalate amide single Tg II was PA-6,5, PA-6,7, PA-6,8, or PA-6,9 962
(4 miscible blend systems)
hexamethylene sebacate vinyl acetate-co-vinylidene single Tg semicrystalline; II was Saran C 31
chloride (• 80% vinylidene chloride)
vinyl bromide single Tg — 150
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when • 50% I 872, 900
hexamethylene terephthalate hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg semicrystalline when • 75% I 735
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline; deposited from some solvents 36
as two phases
1-hexene 1-pentene single Tg — 190
hexyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency especially when II was polymerized in situ 812, 846, 850
(ref. 846); stated as immiscible in ref. 812
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg; transparency II was Saran (• 80% vinylidene chloride) 409, 812
chloride
3-hydroxybutyrate cellulose acetate-butyrate single Tg semicrystalline 719, 933, 1183
Miscible Polymer Blends

cellulose acetate-proprionate single Tg; microscopy semicrystalline 719, 1183

cellulose tributyrate single Tg; microscopy semicrystalline 1183
epichlorohydrin single Tg; microscopy; semicrystalline 987, 1183, 1201
Tm depression
ethylene glycol single Tg semicrystalline 37, 464, 1237
ethylene glycol-co-lactide single Tg II had 15 wt% ethylene glycol 1241
lactide single Tg; microscopy — 923, 1079
methyl methacrylate single Tg blend had ” 20 wt% I 1103, 1183, 1189
vinyl acetate single Tg semicrystalline 292, 465
vinyl alcohol NMR blend had a large amount of I 1239
p-vinylphenol single Tg; FTIR — 1043
vinylidene fluoride single Tg; Tm-depression semicrystalline 407, 414
3-hydroxybutyrate-co- acrylonitrile-co-butadiene- single Tg I had 16% hydroxyvalerate 180
3-hydroxyvalerate co-styrene
vinyl chloride single Tg I had 16 or 18% hydroxyvalerate 180, 952
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A 2,2-dichloroethyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR — 1017
(Phenoxy)
1245
Table I. Continued.

1246
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

2,2-dichloroethyl methacrylate- single Tg; FTIR II had ” 62 wt% methyl methacrylate 1017
co-methyl methacrylate
ester single Tg II was cyclohexylene dimethylene tere/isophthalate 689
ether sulfone light scattering — 714
ethylene oxide-co-propylene single Tg II had • 22 mol% ethylene oxide 1025
oxide
methyl methacrylate single Tg; NMR II was atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic 112, 218, 775,
910
vinylmethylether single Tg; IGC — 690, 819, 820,
996
vinylpyridine single Tg; FTIR II was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine 981
(2 miscible blend systems)
N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg; transparency: — 209, 977, 1253
FTIR
urethane single Tg II was made from 1/1/2 = polycaprolactone 730
diol (Mn = 2100)/1,4-butanediol/4,4’-diphenyl-
methane diisocyanate
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A, N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg; FTIR — 1002
benzoylated
hydroxyether of 2-vinylpyridine OH groups in I was converted to benzoate, acetate 989
Appendix II

single Tg; FTIR

bisphenol-A, modified or methoxy group
hydroxyether of phenolphthalein butylene terephthalate single Tg — 310
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg — 310
ethersulfone single Tg; FTIR — 306
ethylene glycol single Tg — 309
β-hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl N-alkyl-3-hydroxymethyl- single Tg II had an alkyl group of butyl, decyl, dodecyl, ethyl, 693
methacrylate carbazoyl methacrylate hexadecyl, hexyl, methyl, octyl or tetradecyl
(9 miscible blend systems)
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbazoyl single Tg — 693
methacrylate
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate acrylamide-co-styrene single Tg; NRET II had 40, 47 or 52 mol% acrylamide 955, 1248
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroiso butyl acrylate single Tg I had • 1.2 mol% OH-containing monomer 90
propyl)-α-methylstyrene-
co-styrene
butyl methacrylate single Tg I had > 2.8 mol% OH-contanining monomer 1166
methyl methacrylate single Tg I had • 1.9 mol% OH-containing monomer 90
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg I had • 6 mol% OH-containing monomer 377
2-vinylpyridine
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

p-(2-hydroxy- aramide single Tg; transparency I had 60 mol% styrene; two Tg’s when I had 83 mol% 571, 646
hexafluoroiso- styrene; II was iminotrimethylhexamethylene-
propyl)styrene-co-styrene iminoterephthaloyl
butyl methacrylate single Tg; NRET I had > 1 mol% OH-containing monomer; formed 1166
complexes when I had 18 mol% OH
α,ω-decanedicarboxylic acid- single Tg semicrystalline 454
co-hexanediamine (nylon-6,12)
ester single Tg; transparency II was KODAR PETG (made from terphthalic and 571, 646
isophthalic acid and ethylene glycol and
1,4-dihydroxymethyl cyclohexane; II had 60 mol%
styrene; immiscible when I had • 83 mol% styrene
ester single Tg; transparency I had 83-90.3 mol% styrene; II was VITEL PE-307 646
ester single Tg II was VITL VPE-5545; miscible when I had 646
83 mol% styrene; immiscible when I had
90.3 mol% styrene
hydroxypropyl L-glutamate single Tg; light scattering; blend had < 50 vol% II 971
microscopy
methyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency; I had > 8 mol% OH; formed complexes when I had 571, 646, 1021,
NMR; FTIR; WAXD; 24 mol% OH; II was isotactic or syndiotactic 1116, 1117,
NRET (refs. 1116, 1117) 1241
vinyl acetate single Tg; transparency I had 90.3 mol% styrene 571, 646
vinylmethylether single Tg; transparency I had 83.3-99.9 mol% styrene 571, 572, 646
Miscible Polymer Blends

vinylmethylketone transparency I had 90.3 mol% styrene 567

2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate
imide
tertiary amide single Tg; FTIR formed complexes; II was dimethylacrylamide, 975
N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide or ethyloxazoline
(3 blend systems)
ether ketone ketone single Tg I was made from pyromellitic dianhydride 1179
(PMDA) and 4,4’-bis(3-aminophenoxy)biphenyl
ether ketone single Tg I was the same as the previous system; II was 1179
Victrex 220P; blend had ” 50 wt% I
imide X-ray diffraction I was made from PMDA and oxydianiline; II was 391
made from PMDA and p-phenylenediamine; < 90%
II in blend
imide single Tg I was made from 2,2’-bis(3,4’-dicarboxyphenyl)hexa- 130
fluoro-propane dianhydride (6FDA) and
2,2’-bis(3-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane
(3,3’-6F-diamine); II was made from 6FDA and
2,2’-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoro-propane
(4,4’-6F-diamine)
1247
Table I. Continued.

1248
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

imide single Tg I was made from 4,4’-biphthalic anhydride (BPDA) 130

and 3,3’-6F-diamine; II was made from BPDA and
4,4’-6F-diamine
imide single Tg I was made from 3,3’4,4’-benzophenonetetracarboxylic 130
dianhydride (BTDA) and 3,3’-6F-diamine; II was
made from BTDA and 4,4’-6F-diamine
imide single Tg I was made from 3,3’4,4’-diphenylethercarboxylic 130
dianhydride (OPDA) and 3,3’-6F-diamine;
II was made from OPDA and 4,4’-6F-diamine
imide single Tg I was made from PMDA/BPDA/3,3’-6F-diamine = 130
25/25/50; II was made from PMDA/BPDA/
4,4’-6F-diamine = 25/25/50
imide single Tg I was made from PMDA/BTDA/3,3’-6F-diamine = 130
25/25/50; II was made from PMDA/BTDA/
4,4’-6F-diamine = 25/25/50
imide single Tg I was made from PMDA/OPDA/3,3’-6F-diamine = 130
25/25/50; II was made from PMDA/BTDA/
4,4’-6F-diamine = 25/25/50
imide single Tg; WADX; SAXS I was made from 3,3’,4,4’-diphenyltetracarboxylic 1244
dianhydride (DBTA) and oxydianiline (DOA);
Appendix II

II was made from 4,4’-thiodiphthalic anhydride

and ODA
imide single Tg I was made from DBTA and 3,3’-hexafluoroiso- 957
propylidene dianiline (3,3’-HIPD); II was made
from DPTA and 4,4’-hexafluoroisopropylidene
dianiline (4,4’-HIPD)
imide single Tg I was made from 5,5’-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1- 957
(trifluoromethyl)-ethylidene] bis-1,3-isobenzo-
furanedione (A) and HIPD; II was made from A
and 4,4-HIPD
imide single Tg I was made from BTDA and 3,3’-HIPD; II was made 957
from BTDA and 4,4’-HIPD
2-iodoethyl methacrylate acrylonitrile-co-p-methylstyrene single Tg II had 21-42 wt% AN 1106
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had 13-51 wt% AN 1106
ester single Tg II was butylene adipate, caprolactone, 1111
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene adipate or
hexamethylene sebacate (4 miscible blend systems)
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate single Tg — 1107
cis-isoprene butadiene-co-1,2-vinylbutadiene single Tg II had • 32.3% vinylbutadiene 420
Table I. Continued.
Polymer I of
isoprene, chlorinated
isoprene, modified by
hexafluoroisopropanol group
isoprene-stat-N-
(2-hydroxyethyl)carbazole
methacrylate
isoprene-b-methyl methacrylate
isopropenyl methyl ketone
isopropyl acrylate
maleic acid-co-styrene
maleic anhydride-alt-
α-methylstyrene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
maleimide-alt-α-methylstyrene
methacrylate, liquid crystalline
methacrylic acid-co-α-
methylstyrene
Polymer II of Method Comments References
cis-pentenamer single Tg — 77
vinylethylene single Tg; NMR II had 86% 1,2-butadiene 570, 697, 700,
810, 811
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; transparency semicrystalline; commercial samples 503, 665
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl group of methyl or n-butyl 959
(2 miscible blend systems)
ethylene-co-methyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR II had 40 or 75 wt% methyl acrylate 959
ethylene-co-methyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had 50 wt% methyl methacrylate 959
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR II had 35 or 70 wt% vinyl acetate 959
methyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR — 959
methyl acrylate-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR II had 28 wt% methyl acrylate 959
styrene-stat-N-itaconimidyl single Tg polymer had at least 20 mol% of electron-donor 963
-3,5-dinitrobenzoate or electron-acceptor group
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had 22 wt% acrylonitrile 1049
p-(2-hydroxy- microscopy II had • 1.6 mol% OH gorups 1254
hexafluoroisopropyl)-α-
methylstyrene-co-styrene
p-vinylphenol single Tg; NMR; FTIR — 1035
isopropyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 453
vinyl butyral transparency I was Daidou Kygyo Styrite HS-2 452
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg II had < 55 mol% sulfonylation 838
Miscible Polymer Blends
ether, sulfonylated
caprolactone single Tg I had 14 or 25 wt% maleic anhydride; semicrystalline 192
carbonate of single Tg I had <12% maleic anhydride 1008
tetramethylbisphenol-A
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg I had < 10% maleic anhydride 1008
oxide
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg I was alternating copolymer and had < 55 mol% 838
ether, sulfonylated sulfonylation
ethyl methacrylate single Tg I had 0-33 wt% maleic anhydride 73
methyl methacrylate single Tg; NMR; FTIR I had 8-33 wt% maleic anhydride 73, 999
n-propyl methacrylate single Tg I had 0-18.1 wt% maleic anhydride 73
vinylmethylether single Tg I had 4.7 wt% maleic anhydride 862
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg depended on degree of sulfonylation of II 837
ether, sulfonylated
methacrylate, liquid crystalline single Tg; microscopy I had electron-donating (carbazolyl methylene)aniline 1077
groups; II had electron-accepting groups
butyl methacrylate- single Tg; FTIR I had 50.6 mol% methacrylic acid (MA); II had 18 1131
co-4-vinylpyridine or 26 mol% vinylpyridine (VP)
1249
Table I. Continued.

1250
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

methacrylic acid-co-styrene
methacrylonitrile-
co-α-methylstyrene
methacrylonitrile-
co-p-methylstyrene
methacrylonitrile-co-styrene
ethyl methacrylate- single Tg; FTIR I had 50.6 mol% MA; II had 23 mol% VP 1131
co-4-vinylpyridine
methyl methacrylate- single Tg; FTIR I had 50.6 mol% MA; II had 8 mol% VP 1131
co-4-vinylpyridine
ethyl methacrylate single Tg; fluorescence study miscible when cast from toluene or dioxane; 103
immiscible when cast from chloroform;
I had 93.4-96.7 mol% styrene
vinylchloride single Tg I was azeotropic 423
n-butyl methacrylate single Tg II had 12-28 wt% of methacrylonitrile (MAN) 944
ethyl methacrylate single Tg II had 12-55 wt% MAN 944
methyl methacrylate single Tg II had 19-70 wt% MAN 944
isopropyl methacrylate single Tg I had 19-34 wt% MAN when II had Mn = 161 kg/mol; 944
I had 16-34 wt% MAN when II had
Mn = 41.6 kg/mol
n-propyl methacrylate single Tg I had 12-43 wt% MAN 944
t-butyl methacrylate- single Tg miscibility depended on composition of I and II 1139
co-methyl methacrylate
cyclohexyl methacrylate-co- miscibility depended on composition of I and II 1139
Appendix II

methacryloyl glycine-co-styrene
4-[[6-(methacryloyloxy)hexyl]
oxy]-N-[(9-methyl-2-
carbazolyl)methylene] aniline
4-[[1-[4(-methoxypheny)azo]
phenyl]-4-oxy]-3-
propyl]oxy] styrene
methyl methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
isopropyl methacrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate
4-[[6-(methacryloyloxy)
hexyl]oxy]-N-
(4’-nitrobenzylidene) aniline
4-[[1-[(4-cyanobiphenyl)-
4’)oxy]-3-propyl]oxy] styrene
single Tg
single Tg I had 4.5-44 wt% methacrylonitrile (MAN) 943
single Tg; transparency; miscibility range varied in various studies especially 970, 986, 1018,
fluorescence spectroscopy at the low MAN end 1139
single Tg; transparency I had 12-38 wt% MAN when 943
II had Mn = 161 kg/mol;
I had 8-43 wt% MAN when
II had Mn = 41.6 kg/mol
single Tg; transparency I had 2-32 wt% MAN 943
fluorescence study miscible when cast from toluene; immiscible 103
when cast from chloroform; I had
93.8-97.2 mol% styrene
single Tg polymer I and polymer II were liquid crystalline 1076
single Tg blend showed liquid crystallinity 1042
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

p-methoxystyrene-co-p-
vinylphenol
methyl acrylate
methyl acrylate-co-
vinylcarbazole
methyl 1-bicyclobutane-
alkyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl group of methyl or ethyl 1177
(2 miscible blend systems);
I had 33-63 mol% vinylphenol
vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR I had 33-63 mol% vinylphenol 1177
epichlorohydrin single Tg — 226
epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene single Tg I had 50 mol% epichlorohydrin (Hydrin 200) 226
glycol
ethylene glycol single Tg — 226
nitrocellulose single Tg — 416
vinyl acetate single Tg; transparency; probably formed two phases when deposited from 453, 601, 615,
NMR some solvents (ref. 601) 1196
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg; transparency II was Saran (• 80% vinylidene chloride); I had 812, 870
chloride MW = 1 kg/mol; two Tg’s when I had
MW = 576 kg/mol (ref. 870)
vinylidene fluoride single Tg; transparent melt semicrystalline 844, 1122
methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg both I and II had > 27 mol% monomer with 705
2(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)oxyethyl
methacrylate interactive groups
styrene-co-2(3,5- single Tg both I and II had > 12 mol% monomer with 173
dinitrobenzoyl)oxyethyl interactive groups
methacrylate
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg; transparency II had 24-38 wt% acrylonitrile 202
Miscible Polymer Blends

carboxylate
ethylene glycol
2-methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-phenylene styrene
ether
α-methyl-a-ethyl-β- vinyl chloride
propiolactone
methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile-co-methyl
methacrylate-co-styrene
4’-[[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]-
ethylamino]-4-nitroazobenzene
4’-[[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]-
ethylamino]-4-chloro-4-
nitroazobenzene
p-tert-butylphenol-co-
formaldehyde
carbon monoxide-alt-propylene
carbonate
single Tg; transparency ” 20 wt% II 202
single Tg — 134
single Tg semicrystalline when 75% I 33
single Tg II had 40/39.1/20.9 or 61.1/19.6/19.3 = styrene/ 620
methyl methacrylate/acrylonitrile
single Tg; NMR — 1228
single Tg; NMR — 1228
single Tg; FTIR; WAXD — 647, 1056
single Tg; FTIR; NMR — 1229
single Tg; transparency II was carbonate of bisphenol-F or bisphenol-AF 426
(2 miscible blend systems)
1251
Table I. Continued.

1252
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

carbonate of bisphenol-A-
co-hexafluorobisphenol-A
carbonate of bisphenol chloral
p-chlorophenol-co-formaldehyde
epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene
glycol
ethyl acrylate
ethyl methacrylate
formaldehyde-co-p-nitrophenol
formaldehyde-co-phenol
N-maleimide-co-styrene
methoxymethyl methacrylate
methyl acrylate
single Tg; transparency II had 4.5-14.0 wt% hexafluorobisphenol-A 430
single Tg; NMR — 110, 426, 673,
983
single Tg; FTIR — 647
single Tg — 224
single Tg — 156
single Tg made from slurries of polyethyl methacrylate and 763
methyl methacrylate; inherently unstable, phase
separation upon heating
single Tg; FTIR — 647
single Tg; FTIR — 647
single Tg; FTIR II had 8, 14 or 21 wt% N-maleimide 1213
single Tg — 264
single Tg — 156

α-methylstyrene single Tg — 167, 765

nitrocellulose no phase separation in — 199, 296, 452,
solution or films 651
Appendix II

Novolac single Tg; FTIR II had MW about 1.0 kg/mol and was formaldehyde 221, 434, 473
and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenol/ m-cresol/
o-cresol or formaldehyde and 15/17/68 mol% =
2-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/o-cresol; I was isotactic,
atactic or syndiotactic
propylene glycol single Tg; SAXS I had MW = 550 kg/mol; II had MW = 1-3.9 kg/mol 527
tetrafluoroethylene-co- single Tg; Tm-depression II had 80 mol% vinylidene fluoride 113, 324
vinylidene fluoride
trifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene light scattering; FTIR; II had 58 or 75 mol% vinylidene fluoride 713, 1066
fluoride Tm-depression
vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR; LS; miscible when cast from chloroform or cyclohexanone; 302, 602, 726,
microscopy immiscible when cast from tetrahydrofuran or melt 777, 778, 928,
blended 1092
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency II had 5.9-15.1 vol% vinyl acetate 236, 296, 452,
497, 651
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency especially when II was polymerized in situ (ref. 846); 66, 338, 368,
I of all tacticities miscible with II (ref. 338); 641, 642, 653,
increase in isotactic content and mol. wt. of 812, 846, 850,
I reduced miscibility with II (ref. 893) 892, 893, 895
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

methyl methacrylate, imidized
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene
vinyl chloride, chlorinated
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
chloride
vinyl chloroacetate
vinylidene fluoride
vinylidene fluoride-co-
hexafluoroacetone
acrylonitrile-co-styrene
vinyl chloride
carbonate of bisphenol-A-co-
tetramethylbisphenol-A
carbonate of hexafluoro-
bisphenol-A-co-
tetramethylbisphenol-A
single Tg; FTIR II had 63-68 wt% Cl; I was atactic, isotactic of 506, 833, 1204
syndiotactic (ref. 1204)
single Tg; transparency II was Saran (> 80% vinylidene chloride) or 86.5 wt%% 409, 506, 812,
vinylidene chloride; semicrystalline when • 20%
II and I was isotactic, and when • 75% II and I was 870
atactic for the second II
single Tg — 179
single Tg; NMR semicrystalline when > 35-65% II; I was isotactic, 124, 293, 320,
atactic or syndiotactic 342, 361, 569,
618, 630, 643,
644, 696
single Tg — 443
single Tg I had 53-91 wt% imidized units; II had 5.7-33 wt% 230, 1123
acrylonitrile; miscibility depended on extent of
imidization of I and acrylonitrile content of II
single Tg I had 53-85 wt% imidized units 230
single Tg; transparency I had ” 33 wt% methyl methacrylate; II had ” 15 wt% 431
bisphenol-A
single Tg I had 9, 20 or 33 wt% methyl methacrylate; 1194
II had 20 wt% hexafluorobisphenol-A
Miscible Polymer Blends

methyl methacrylate-co- acrylic acid-co-butyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR I had 13-20 mol% vinylpyridine; II had 13-20 mol% 385
vinylpyridine acrylic acid
2-methyl-2-oxazoline allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR II had 6.5 wt% OH group 978
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; FTIR — 978
2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR — 978
vinyl alcohol single Tg; FTIR — 913
vinyl chloride single Tg I < 50 wt% in blend 442
vinyl fluoride single Tg I < 50 wt% in blend 442
p-vinylphenol single Tg; FTIR — 978
2-methyl-1-pentene sulfone Novolac single Tg II had MW = 1.0 kg/mol and was formaldehyde 221
and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/
o-cresol or formaldehyde and
15/17/68 mol% = 2-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/o-cresol
2-methyl-6-propyl-1,4-phenylene styrene — — 134
ether
α-methyl-α-n-propyl- vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when > 50% I 32, 33
β-propiolactone
1253
Table I. Continued.

1254
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

α-methylstyrene
p-methylstyrene
α-methylstyrene-co-4-
(2-hydroxyethyl)-α-methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-co-
alkyl methacrylate
cyclohexyl acrylate
cyclohexyl acrylate
cyclohexyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
ether, bromobenzylated
alkyl acrylate
alkyl methacrylate
dialkyl itaconate
vinyl acetate
4-vinylpyridine
N-vinyl pyrrolidone
alkyl acrylate
single Tg; transparency II had an alkyl group of cyclohexyl, ethyl or n-propyl 116, 765
(3 miscible blend systems)
single Tg; transparency — 765
single Tg; transparency — 765
single Tg; transparency — 116, 765
single Tg; transparency II had 9, 16 or 37% bromination 261
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72 or 89 mol% α-methylstyrene; II had 968
an alkyl group of ethyl, t-butyl or methyl
(3 blend systems)
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72 or 89 mol% α-methylstyrene; 968
II had an alkyl group of ethyl, t-butyl or methyl
(3 blend systems)
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72, or 89 mol% α-methylstyrene; II had 968
a dialkyl group of dimethyl, diethyl, di-t-butyl or
di-n-propyl (4 blend systems)
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72 or 89 mol% α-methylstyrene 969
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72 or 89 mol% α-methylstyrene 969
single Tg I had 6, 41, 72 or 89 mol% α -methylstyrene 969
I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene; 968
Appendix II

single Tg
[4-(1,1,1-trifluoro- II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl
2-hydroxyethyl)- (3 blend systems)
α-methylstyrene
alkyl methacrylate single Tg I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene; 968
II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl
(3 blend systems)
dialkyl itaconate single Tg I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene; 968
II had a dialkyl group of dimethyl, diethyl,
di-n-propyl or di-t-butyl (4 blend systems)
vinyl acetate single Tg I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene 969
4-vinylpyridine single Tg I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene 969
N-vinyl pyrrolidone single Tg I had 23, 47, 60, 84 or 93 mol% α -methylstyrene 969
N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg; FTIR II had 4.5 or 6.5 wt% OH group; formed complexes 973
in 2-butanone
monomethyl itaconate thiocarboate single Tg II had methyl, ethyl or propyl side groups 669
natural rubber, epoxidized acrylic acid-co-ethylene single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation; II had 6 mol% acrylic 1134
acid; blend had > 50 wt% II
alkyl acrylate-co-vinylidene single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation; II had 10% alkyl acrylate 400
chloride
chloroprene single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation 1065
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethylene, chlorinated single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation; II had 25 or 48% Cl 543

neopentyl glycol adipate
(2,2-dimethyl-
1,3-propylene adipate)
neopentyl glycol succinate
(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene
succinate)
ethylene, chlorosulfonated single Tg I had 25 mol% epoxidation; II was Hypalon 40 590
Novolac single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation 401
propylene, chlorinated single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation 400
vinyl chloride single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation 507, 827, 828
vinyl chloride, plasticized single Tg I had 50 mol% epoxidation; II had 40 phr 826
dioctyl phthalate
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency — 332
(Phenoxy)
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency II had 2 or 17 wt% vinyl acetate 276
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 277
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg semicrystalline; II was Saran 868
chloride (86.5 wt% vinylidene chloride)
vinylidene fluoride Tm-depression semicrystalline; clear melt although different 287
refractive indices
epichlorohydrin single Tg; transparency — 223
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency semicrystalline ” 20 wt% II 332
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 900
Miscible Polymer Blends

vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg ” 60 wt% I; possible second Tg when > 60 wt% I; 868
chloride semicrystalline
nitrocellulose ester single Tg; FTIR I had 12.62 or 13.42% N; II was butylene adipate, 393
caprolactone, ethylene adipate or valerolactone
(4 miscible blend systems)
vinyl acetate single Tg; clear films — 236, 421, 452
Novolac n-butyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR — 434
vinyl acetate single Tg I had MW about 1 kg/mol and was formaldehyde and 221
15/17/68 mol% = 2-t-butylphenol/m-cresol/o-cresol
vinylmethylether single Tg I had MW about 1.0 kg/mol and was formaldehyde 221
and 13/17/70 mol% = p-t-butylphenol/
m-cresol/o-cresol
phenolphthalein epoxy single Tg — 312
polyetheretherketone
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg — 308, 312
(phenoxy)
sulfone single Tg — 308, 311
1255
Table I. Continued.
Polymer I of
phenolphthalein
polyetherethersulfone
phenol-formaldehyde
phenyl acrylate
phenylene, sulfonated
p-phenylene benzobisoxazole
2,2-(m-phenylene)-5,
5’-bibenzimidazole
m-phenylene isophthalamide
phenylene sulfide
1256
Polymer II of Method Comments References
N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg — 307
N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg — 307
N,N-dimethylacrylamide single Tg formed complexes from acetone, dioxane and 881
ethyl acetate
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had > 20 wt% methyl methacrylate 433
vinyl benzoate single Tg; transparency — 535
ethyl acrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine single Tg — 592
amide single Tg; dielectric II was Zytel 330 (Du Pont) 945
measurements; WAXS; LS
amide single Tg; microscopy; II was PA--66; semicrystalline 1084
dielectric measurements
arylate single Tg — 125
carbonate of bisphenol-A FTIR — 594
imide single Tg; FTIR II was made from 3,3’,4,4’-benzophenonetetra- 299
carboxylic dianhydride and
3,3’-diaminobenzophenone (LARC TPI)
imide single Tg; FTIR II was Ultem 1000 507, 509, 748,
823
Appendix II
imide single Tg; FTIR II was made from 3,3’,4,4’-benzophenonetetra- 115, 507, 748
carboxylic dianhydride and 5,6-amino-1-
(4’-aminophenyl)-1,3,3’-trimethylindam (XU 218)
imide single Tg; FTIR II was made from benzophenone-tetracarboxylic 507, 781
dianhydride and 4/1 mixture of 2,4-toluenediisocyanate
and 4,4’-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (PI 2080)
imide sulfone single Tg; FTIR II was made from 3,3’,4,4’-benzophenonetetracarboxylic 105, 369, 492
dianhydride and 3,3’-diaminodiphenyl sulfone
imide sulfone, fluorinated single Tg; FTIR • 80% I 369
siloxaneimide, segmental single loss tangent peak II was 3,3’,4,4’-benzophennone-tetracarbxylic 105
copolymer dianhydride and 3,3’-diaminodiphenylsulfone based
polyimide and dimethylsiloxane segmental copolymer
aramide single Tg II was a copolyamide of 1,6-hexanediamine, caprolactam 993
and terephthalic acid (BASF Ultramid T) or Selar 3426
(Du Pont) (2 blend systems)
hexamethylene isophthalmide single Tg semicrystalline 81, 993
heptamethylene isophthalamide single Tg semicrystalline 81
m-xylene adipamide single Tg semicrystalline 993
phenylene sulfide ether single Tg semicrystalline 926
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

p-phenylene terephthalamide
n-propyl acrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
propyloxazoline
propylene
propylene, chlorinated
rubber, chlorinated
styrene
amide
p-phenylene 1,3,4-oxadizole
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
chloride
styrene
hydrogenated
oligocyclopentadiene
neopentyl glycol adipate
vinylmethylether
carbonate of
tetramethylbisphenol-A
carbonate of bisphenol-A and
tetramethylbisphenol-A
2-chlorostyrene
cyclohexyl acrylate
cyclohexyl methacrylate
single Tg; FTIR
miscroscopy; FTIR
single Tg; transparency
single Tg; transparency
single Tg; transparency
single Tg
melting point depression; WAXS;
SANS
single Tg; transparency
phase diagram
single Tg; light scattering
single Tg; transparency
negative volume change on mixing
single Tg
single Tg; transparency
semicrystalline; II was nylon 6 or nylon 6,6 477
(2 miscible blend systems)
— 1080
— 850
— 319, 649, 812,
850
semicrystalline when • 65% II; II was Saran 409, 812, 870
(• 80% vinylidene chloride)
or 86.6 wt% vinylidene chloride
< 25 wt% I in blend 442
— 550
I had 67 wt% Cl 287
— 250
semicrystalline after long annealing 316, 359, 428,
741, 1100,
1230, 1231
II had • 85 wt% tetramethylbisphenol-A 431
— 814
— 765
— 116, 621, 765
Miscible Polymer Blends

cyclohexyl methacrylate-co- single Tg II had • 21.6% cyclohexyl methacrylate 621

methyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg II had ” 76% bromination 259
ether, bromobenzylated
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg II had < 1.9% sulfonation 345
ether, sulfonated
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg I was atactic or isotactic; II had < 20 mol% 638
ether-co-2,3,6-trimethyl-1, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide
4-phenylene oxide
ethyl methacrylate single Tg miscible when melt blended 72
o-fluorostyrene-co-p- single Tg II had 10 or 23 mol% p-fluorostyrene 1144
fluorostyrene
α-methylstyrene single Tg — 710, 722, 822,
865, 878
n-propyl methacrylate single Tg miscible when melt blended 72
vinylmethylether single Tg; transparency; two phases when deposited from 43, 44, 62,
NMR; attenuated total some solvents 126, 475,
reflectance IR 565, 616, 964
1257
Table I. Continued.

1258
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinylmethylether single Tg I was syndiotactic; blend had < 20 wt% I 954

vinylmethylether SANS; NMR I was atactic or isotactic 915, 918, 1199
styrene, sulfonated alkylene glycol, amine- FTIR I had 4.5 mol% sulfonation; II had Mn = 0.9 kg/mol 246
terminated (Jeffamine ED-900)
N,N-dimethyacrylamide transparency; NMR I had 12 mol% sulfonation 487, 1064
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether single Tg I had < 2.6% sulfonation 345
10,12-docosadiynylene single Tg; FTIR I had 9 mol% sulfonation 990, 991
diisonicotinate
ethylene oxide single Tg I had 1.35 or 4.51 mol% SO3H; II end-capped with 861
propylamine groups
bis[2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) single Tg; FTIR I had 14 mol% sulfonation 1086
ethoxy]ethyl itaconate
methyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 12 mol% sulfonation 487
methyl methacrylate-co- NMR I had 9.9% sulfonation; II had 11.1% vinylpyridine 604
4-vinylpyridine
urethane FTIR I had 7.9 mol% sulfonation 801
styrene, sulfonated and amide single Tg; FTIR; SAXS I was lightly sulfonated and Mg- or Mn-neutralized; 1038
metal-neutralized II was PA-6
amide single Tg; FITR; SAXS I had 9.7 mol% sulfonation and Li-neutralized; 1138
II was PA-4
Appendix II

amide single Tg I had 9.8 mol% sulfonation and Li-neutralized; 1135

styrene-co-styrene-4-carboxylic
acid
styrene-co-4-vinylbenzene
phosphonic acid
styrene-co-4-vinylbenzoic
acid, K-neutralized
styrene-co-4-vinylbenzoic acid,
triethylammonium ionomer
amide
amide
ethyl acrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine FTIR
N,N-dimethylacrylamide
methyl methacrylate
styrene-co-4-vinylbenzene
phosphonic acid diethyl ester
5,7-dodecadiyne-1,
12-dicarboxylic acid,
K-neutralized
5,7-dodecadiyne-1,
12-dicarboxylic acid,
triethylammonium ionomer
II was PA-6,6 or PA-6,10 (2 blend systems)
sinlge Tg; FTIR; SAXS I had 5.4 or 9.8 mol% sulfonation and Li-neutralized; 1168, 1223
II was PA-6
single Tg; NMR; FTIR; I had 6.5-9.0 mol% sulfonation and Zn-neutralized; 1083, 1223
SAXS II was PA-6
I had 2.1-7.3 mol% sulfonation and Zn-neutralized; 1176
II had 2.4-10.6 mol% vinylpyridine
single Tg; transparency I had 25 or 54 mol% acid groups 487
single Tg; transparency I had 25 mol% acid units 487
single Tg both I and II had 7.5 or 13.3 mol% phosphorus moiety 1250
single Tg I had 26 mol% acid group 990
single T; FTIR I had 26 mol% acid group 990, 991
Table I. Continued.
Polymer I of
styrene-co-4-vinylphenyl-
dimethylsilanol
when II had • 34 mol%
silanol group
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol
styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine
N,N’-sulfo-p-phenylene
terephthalamide
sulfone of hexafluoro-
bishpenol-A
sulfone of tetramethyl-
bisphenol-A
tetrafluoroethylene, sulfonated
tetrafluoroethylene-alt-vinyl
alcohol
Polymer II of Method Comments References
n-butyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR I had 9-34 mol% silanol group 1112, 1114
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone single Tg; FTIR I had • 4 mol% silanol group; formed complex 1113
bis[2-[2-(2-methyoxyethoxy) single Tg; FTIR II had 22 mol% vinylphenol 1086
ethoxy]ethyl] itaconate
n-butyl methacrylate transparency; FTIR; I had 8, 25, 43 or 75 wt% vinylphenol 103, 876
fluorescence study
caprolactone single Tg I had 10-20.4 wt% vinylphenol 905, 1206
N,N-dimethylacrylamide transparency; FTIR; I had 22, 42 or 82 mol% vinylphenol 487, 1064
single Tg; NMR
ethyl methacrylate transparency; fluorescence I had > 0.93 mol% vinylphenol 103
study
n-hexyl methacrylate FTIR; LS I had 8, 25 or 43 wt% vinylphenol 876, 922
methyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency; I had > 0.93 mol% vinylphenol; II was atactic, 103, 487, 1055
fluorescence study; isotactic or syndiotactic
FTIR; NMR
vinylbutylether FTIR I had 48 wt% vinylphenol 734
4-vinylpyridine single Tg I had 50 mol% vinylphenol 832
isoprene, sulfonated single Tg; transparency II had 5-10% substituted and partly cyclized; 210, 896
immiscible when II had 2% substituted
Miscible Polymer Blends
vinyl alcohol single Tg — 972
4-vinylpyridine single Tg — 972
N-vinylpyrrolidone NMR — 972
methyl methacrylate single Tg I had Mw = 27 kg/mol and II had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; 931
blends of polymers of higher MW showed LCST
acrylonitrile-co-α-methylstyrene single Tg II had 9-19 wt% AN when I had Mw = 4.8 kg/mol; 931
II had 16-19 wt% AN when I had Mw = 12.4 kg/mol
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had 11-25 wt% AN when I had Mw = 4.8 kg/mol; 908, 931
II had 13-20 wt% AN when I had Mw = 12.4 kg/mol
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg II had 17 or 18 wt% maleic anhydride when I had 931
Mw = 4.8 kg/mol
ethyl acrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine single Tg I had equivalent weight of 1.155 kg/mol 591
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR II had an alkyl group of methyl or ethyl 961
(2 miscible blend systems)
methyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR — 961
vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR — 961
1259
Table I. Continued.

1260
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate allyl alcohol-co-styrene transparency II had 5.4-6.0% OH 253

tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl
methacrylate
2,2,2-trichloroethyl
methacrylate
3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexyl
epichlorohydrin single Tg; transparency — 117
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency — 253
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 281
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg II had 88% vinylidene chloride 117
chloride
allyl alcohol-co-styrene transparency II had 5.4-6.0 wt% OH 118
epichlorohydrin single Tg; transparency — 117
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency — 118
(Phenoxy)
vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency — 117
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene single Tg II had 88% vinylidene chloride 117
chloride
p-vinyl phenol single Tg; transparency — 118
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1110
isopropyl, cyclohexyl or tetrahydrofurfuryl
(6 miscible blend systems)
3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl — 765
Appendix II

single Tg; transparency

methacrylate acrylate
trifluoroethylene vinylidene fluoride single Tg semicrystalline 252
trimethylene adipate vinyl chloride single Tg; transparency when • 75% II 872
urethane carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg I was based on polycarbonate diols and/or 997
polypropylene glycol; miscible when blend had
10-20 wt% I
ethylene glycol FTIR I was made from a mixture of 2,4- and 141, 347
2,6-tolyldiisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol
ethylene-co-methyl acrylate single Tg; FTIR I was Estane 58311; II had 21 wt% methyl acrylate 1181
ethylene glycol-co-propylene single Tg; FTIR I was made from a mixture of 2,4- and 145
glycol 2,6-tolyldiisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol; II had
70 wt% ethylene glycol
methacrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg I had polyether segment with MW = 1.0 or 2.0 kg/mol; 707
II had 10.5% methacrylic acid, Li-neutralized
urethane single Tg I and II were separate polymers; I was 521
4,4’-diisocyanate diphenyl methane (MDI)/dipropylene
glycol = 9/10 mol ratio; II was poly G55-56
polyoxyethylene-co-oxypropylene, 45% ethylene oxide,
MW = 2 kg/mol
vinyl chloride single Tg blend had ” 30 wt% I 1029
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg for II with hard I was segmented, made from methylene bis(4-phenyl 206
segments of I; soft isocyanate) and poly(ethylene glycol) and cis-
segment Tgs also observed; 2-butene-1,4-diol and butane-1,4-diol
clear films
urethane, functionalized acrylic acid-co-styrene single loss peak; miscoscopy I had tertiary amine group; II had 15 or 30 mol% 346
acrylic acid; linear blend of I and II or
interpenetrating polymer network of I and II
2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine- single Tg I carried pendant carboxylated groups neutralized 706
co-styrene by ammonium ion
valerolactone vinyl acetate-co-vinylidene single Tg semicrystalline; II was Saran C 31
chloride (• 80% vinylidene chloride)
vinyl bromide single Tg — 150
vinyl chloride single Tg semicrystalline when • 50% I 32, 34, 35
vinyl acetate 2-bromoethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency miscible when cast from methyl ethyl ketone; 610
immiscible when cast from tetrahydrofuran
chloroalkyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency II had chloromethyl or 2-chloroethyl group 610
(2 blend systems)
hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene single Tg II had 8.9 mol% hexafluoroacetone 748, 1073
fluoride
maleic anhydride-alt-styrene, single Tg 1.8-43% hydrolyzed 67
hydrolyzed
vinyl nitrate single Tg; phase contrast — 12
Miscible Polymer Blends

microscopy
vinylidene fluoride single Tg semicrystalline 53, 57
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl chloride n-butyl methacrylate-co-isobutyl single Tg miscibility range depended on compositions 748
methacrylate of I and II; I had • 81 wt% vinyl chloride
hexyl acrylate-co-methyl single Tg I had 5-23.7 vol% vinyl acetate; II had 15-88 vol% 379
acrylate hexyl acrylate; miscibility depended on compositions
of I and II
n-butyl methacrylate single Tg I had 5.9-15.1 wt% vinyl acetate 497
vinyl alcohol ethylene imine single Tg semicrystalline 1024
methacrylic acid NMR formed complexes 1255, 1256,
1257
vinyl alkanoate vinyl alkanoate single Tg; microscopy the alkanoate was butyrate, caprate, caproate, 925
caprylate or laurate (5 miscible blend systems)
vinyl butyral N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg; transparency ” 50% II 209
urethane elastomer single Tg II from methylene bisdiphenyl diurethane and 762
polytetramethylene ether glycol; miscible with hard segment
1261
Table I. Continued.

1262
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl chloride acetonyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 123

acrylic acid-co-carbitylacrylate- single Tg II was an oligomer with Mn = 1.07 kg/mol and 683
co-α-methylstyrene-co-styrene Mw = 3.32 kg/mol
acrylonitrile-co-n-butyl acrylate optical microscopy II had 53, 67 or 84 mol% butyl acrylate 655
alkyl acrylate single Tg II had pentyl or propyl group (2 blend systems) 851
alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had cyclohexyl or isopropyl group (2 blend systems) 319
butadiene, epoxidized single Tg II had 50 mol% epoxidation 546
butadiene-co-styrene, epoxidized single Tg II had 45 wt% styrene; epoxidation > 40 mol% 544
butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate single Tg II had 22.9, 43.5 or 52.8% butyl acrylate 851
butyl acrylate-co-hexyl acrylate single Tg II had 47.8% butyl acrylate 851
butyl acrylate-co-methyl acrylate single Tg II had 44.6% butyl acrylate 851
butyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg II had 30 or 70% methyl methacrylate 880
methacrylate
caprolactone-co-L-lactide single Tg II had ” 40 wt% lactide 831
caprolactone-co-lignin single Tg; microscopy II was a 7-armed starlike polymer containing 984
20 wt% lignin derivative
caprolactone-co- single Tg whatever composition of II 831
methylcaprolactone
carbonate-ester single Tg II was made from adipic acid, hexane-1,6-diol, 611
neopentane-diol and diphenyl carbonate
Appendix II

2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene single Tg; transparency — 851

sebacate
ester
ester
ethyl acrylate-co-hexyl acrylate
ethyl acrylate-co-methyl
methacrylate
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate
hexyl acrylate-co-methyl acrylate single Tg
methyl methacrylate-b-styrene
single Tg for I with soft II was Hytrel, a multiblock copolymer with 343, 344, 617
segments of II poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol terephthalate
soft segments and tetramethylene terephthalate hard
segments; hard segments crystalline; two Tgs after
130oC annealing; refs. 343 and 344 showed single
Tg to 50 or 60 wt% II
single Tg II was made from adipic acid, hexane-1,6-diol and 331
neopentanediol and had Mn = 2 kg/mol
single Tg II had 41.7 or 43.2% ethyl acrylate 851
single Tg II had 10% ethyl acrylate 875
permittivity measurements II had 70% vinyl acetate; composition dependent; 678
miscible when blend contained • 25% II
II had 9.7% methyl acrylate 851
— no gross phase separation when I had Mn = 43 kg/mol; 376
PMMA and PS block had the same
Mn = 40 kg/mol in II
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

nitrile rubber, carboxylated single Tg II was Krynac-221 1170

vinyl chloride, chlorinated
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene
pentyl acrylate-co-propyl acrylate single Tg II had 48.1% propyl acrylate 851
vinyl acetate single Tg ref. 59 stated miscible when cast from methyl ethyl 59, 183
ketone and immiscible when cast from
tetrahydrofuran; ref. 183 stated blends cast from
both THF and MEK were immiscible
alkyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency I had 65 or 68 wt% Cl; II had n-butyl, cyclohexyl, 319, 812
ethyl, n-hexyl, n-propyl or isopropyl group
(6 blend systems)
butadiene, epoxidized single Tg II had 20 or 43 mol% epoxidation 779
butadiene-co-acrylonitrile single Tg depended on Cl-content and acrylonitrile content 96, 152, 355,
356
ethylene terephthalate single Tg probably semicrystalline 36
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg I had 67.2 wt% Cl; semicrystalline when • 50 wt% II 54
hexamethylene terephthalate single Tg semicrystalline 36
maleic anhydride-ran-styrene single Tg I was Goodrich CPVC 3010; II had 86% styrene 68, 69
α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β- single Tg I had 67.2 wt% Cl 54`
propiolactone
urethane single Tg I had 67 wt% Cl; II had a soft poly(tetramethylene 246
adipate) segment capped with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate
valerolactone single Tg I had 67.2 wt% Cl 54
alkyl methacrylate single Tg I had 12% vinyl chloride; II had phenyl or isopropyl 409
Miscible Polymer Blends

chloride group (2 blend systems)

butylene adipate single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
butylene sebacate single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
dodecamethylene adipate single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
dodecamethylene decamethylene single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
dicarboxylate
dodecamethylene single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
dodecamethylene
dicarboxylate
hexadecamethylene single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
dodecamethylene dicarboxylate
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg I had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride; semicrystalline 873
vinyl fluoride vinylidene fluoride single Tg semicrystalline; later work found the blends 252, 298
immiscible (ref. 298)
vinyl p-methoxycinnamate p-chloro-(3-ethenoxypropyl) single Tg — 515
cinnamate
vinyl p-chlorocinnamate single Tg — 515
vinyl cinnamate — 515
1263

single Tg
Table I. Continued.

1264
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl p-methylcinnamate p-chloro-(3-ethenoxypropyl) single Tg — 515

cinnamate
p-cyano-(3-ethenoxypropyl) single Tg — 515
cinnamate
3-ethyoxypropyl cinnamate single Tg — 515
vinyl p-chlorocinnamate single Tg — 515
vinyl cinnamate single Tg — 515
vinylmethylether acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg II had < 10-11% acrylonitrile 576
alkyl acrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group of ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl 941
(3 miscible blend systems)
2-chlorostyrene single Tg; FTIR; SAXS — 1203
epichlorohydrin NMR, dielectric spectroscopy — 911, 1129
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg II had 15% maleic anhydride 576
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had < 60 mol% methyl methacrylate 108, 321
α -methylstyrene light scattering — 318
α -methylstyrene-co-4- single Tg II had 6-89 mol% α -methylstyrene 170
(2-hydroxyethyl)-α
-methylstyrene
α-methylstyrene-co- single Tg II had 0-96 mol% α -methylstyrene 170
4-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-
Appendix II

ethyl)-α -methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-co-styrene light scattering II had 77.5 or 88 wt% styrene 318
m-methylstyrene-co-styrene FTIR; light scattering II had 76.5 or 87.5 wt% styrene 1028
o-methylstyrene-co-styrene FTIR; light scattering II had 76.2 or 86.8 wt% styrene 1028
p-methylstyrene-co-styrene light scattering II had • 61 mol% styrene 318, 1016
nitrostyrene-co-styrene single Tg II had ” 25.6 mol% nitrostyrene 158, 166, 192
styrene-co-1-vinylnaphthalene light scattering II had 17.4, 23, 50 or 80 wt% styrene; miscibility 318, 406
depended on composition of blend
styrene-co-2-vinylnapthalene sinle Tg; FTIR; light II had 19.2, 51 or 84 wt% styrene 318, 1175
scattering
vinyl alkanoate single Tg; IGC the alkanoate was butyrate or propionate 988
(2 miscible blend systems)
1-vinylnaphthalene single Tg; FTIR II had Mn = 5.4 kg/mol; blend contained 65-85 wt% II 407
vinylidene fluoride single Tg; transparent melt semicrystalline 58
vinylmethylketone vinylidene fluoride single Tg; transparent melt semicrystalline 58
p-vinylphenol acetonyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 118
4-acetoxystyrene single Tg; FTIR — 340
amide single Tg polymer II was PA-66, PA-66 or PA-11 1088
(3 miscible systems); semicrystalline
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

butyl acrylate-co-t-butyl acrylate single Tg II had 64 mol% butyl acrylate 897

butylene adipate single Tg; FTIR; NMR semicrystalline 667, 919, 1088,
1089
butylene terephthalate single Tg; FTIR semicrystalline 1088, 1089
caprolactone single Tg; FTIR; IGC semicrystalline 143, 677, 1088,
1096
cellulose tripropionate single Tg — 1088
copolyester single Tg; FTIR II was five different copolyesters 1089
dialkyl itaconate single Tg; FTIR II had a dialkyl group of methyl, ethyl, 1034, 1086
bis[2-[2-(2-methyoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl or
bis[2-(2-methyxyethoxy)ethyl (4 miscible blend
systems)
N,N-dimethylacrylamide single Tg formed complexes in dioxane or acetone 487, 795, 857,
1088, 1089
2,2-dimethylpropylene single Tg; FTIR — 1088, 1089
terephthalate
ethyl acrylate FTIR — 143
γ-ethyl L-glutamate FTIR; microscopy — 639, 902
ethyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR — 146, 282, 733,
1164
ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg; FTIR II had 30, 60 or 70 wt% MMA 1162, 1164
methacrylate
Miscible Polymer Blends

ethylene adipate single Tg; NMR semicrystalline 667, 919, 1089

ethylene 2,6-naphthalene single Tg; FTIR — 1088, 1089
dicarboxylate
ethylene succinate single Tg semicrystalline 919
ethylene terephthalate single Tg; FTIR semicrystalline 1089
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR II had 70% vinyl acetate 143, 144, 588
hexamethylene sebacate single Tg semicrystalline 667
n-hexyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg; FTIR II had 20, 38 or 48 wt% n-hexyl methacrylate 958
methacrylate
hexylene-m-xylene single Tg — 1088
dicarboxamide
2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl single Tg; FTIR — 1086
methacrylate
γ-methyl L-glutamate FTIR; microscopy — 639, 902
methyl acrylate FTIR; NMR — 143, 889, 894,
1195, 1224
1265
Table I. Continued.

1266
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

methyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR; NMR — 146, 282, 487,

733, 1164,
1224
n-propyl acrylate FTIR — 143, 641
n-propyl methacrylate FTIR; single Tg — 146, 282, 733
isopropyl methacrylate single Tg — 280
styrene-co-4-vinylbenzene- single Tg; FTIR; NMR II had > 7.5 mol% phosphorus groups 1249
phosphonic acid diethyl ester
styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine single Tg II had 50 mol% 4-vinylpyridine 832
styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine single Tg; FTIR formed complexes in ethanol; II had 70 mol% 976
2-vinylpyridine
tetrahydrofuran FTIR; transparency — 734
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate single Tg — 282
2,2,5-trimethylene single Tg — 1088
terephthalamide
vinyl acetate single Tg; FTIR — 143, 144, 588
vinyl methyl ether single Tg; FTIR — 1150
vinylpyridine single Tg; FTIR formed complexes; II was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine 832, 976
(2 miscible systems)
N-vinylpyrrolidone formed complexes from methanol 857
Appendix II

single Tg
vinyl propionate ethyl acrylate single Tg; transparency; IGC — 60, 61
N-vinylpyrrolidone alkyl methacrylate single Tg II had an alkyl group or methyl or ethyl; miscible 607, 1141
when cast from chloroform (ref. 1141); immiscible
when cast from DMF (ref. 607)
allyl alcohol-co-styrene single Tg; transparency II had 5.4-6.0 or 7.3-8.0 wt% OH 284, 977
aramide single Tg; transparency polymer II was five different types of aramides 947
amide single Tg II had 1/1/1 = caprolactam/ hexamethylene adipamide/ 315
hexamethylene sebacamide structural unit
amide single Tg; transparency II was made from isophthaloyl chloride and cis-4,4’- 720
diamino-dibenzo-18-crown-6
benzimidazole single Tg; transparency — 947
n-butyl methacrylate-co-2- single Tg; transparency II had • 20.9 mol% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 501
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
haloalkyl methacrylate sinlge Tg; FTIR II had a haloalkyl group of chloromethyl, 607, 1109, 1141
2-chloroethyl, 3-chloropropyl, 2-bromoethyl or
2-iodoethyl (5 miscible blend systems)
dialkyl itaconate single Tg II had an alkyl group of methyl, 2-chloroethyl or 1141
3-chloropropyl (3 miscible blend systems)
epoxy resin single Tg; FTIR — 370
Table I. Continued.

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethersulfone single Tg — 307

ethylene glycol single Tg I had MW = 360 kg/mol; II had MW = 0.3 kg/mol 780
epichlorohydrin single Tg — 300
ethyl methacrylate-co- single Tg; transparency II had • 7.5 mol% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 265
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate single Tg; transparency — 284
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate- single Tg; transparecny II had • 1.9 mol% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 501
co-methyl methacrylate
2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate sinlge Tg; transparency — 284, 977
methacrylic acid NMR formed complexes 1128
monoalkyl itaconate FTIR II had an alkyl group of benzyl or ethyl 95, 938
(2 blend systems); formed complexes
sulfone single Tg; transparency — 255
sulfone, carboxylated single Tg; transparency II had degree of carboxylation 0.43-1.93 255
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol single Tg II had • 70% vinyl alcohol 207
vinyl alcohol single Tg; NMR semicrystalline 624, 659, 805,
856, 890, 998
vinyl chloride single Tg — 300
vinyl formal single Tg: FTIR — 349, 1044
vinylidene fluoride acetonyl methacrylate single Tg semicrystalline 122
N,N-dimethylacrylamide single Tg semicrystalline 242
ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl Tm-depression II had 16-80 wt% methyl methacrylate 283
Miscible Polymer Blends

methacrylate
methacrylic acid-co-methyl single Tg; Tm-depression semicrystalline; II had 2.2-9.5 mol% methacrylic acid 1094
methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg II had < 13 vol% styrene 388
N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide single Tg semicrystalline 242
methoxymethyl methacrylate single Tg semicrystalline 267
pivalolactone Tm-depression semicrystalline 1038
N-vinylpyrrolidone single Tg semicrystalline 17, 94, 241, 408
vinylpyridine hydroxyalkyl methacrylate single Tg; FTIR I was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine; II had an alkyl group of 937
2-hydroxyethyl or 3-hydroxypropyl
(4 miscible systems)
monoalkyl itaconate single Tg; FTIR I was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine; II had an alkyl group 939, 1014, 1212
or methyl or ethyl (4 miscible systems);
formed complexes
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol single Tg; FTIR I was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine (2 miscible systems); 934, 935, 991
II had 29-88 mol% vinyl alcohol
vinyl butyral SALS I was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine (2 miscible systems) 1003
1267
Table I. Continued.

1268
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

2-vinylpyridine aramide
4-vinylpyridine methylocellulose
sulfone, carboxylated
p-phenylene terephthalamide
2,3-xylenyl methacrylate 2,6-xylenyl methacrylate
single Tg; FTIR II was made from hexamethylenediamine and 767
a mixture of terephthaloyl and isophthaloyl
dichlorides
single Tg; NMR — 559
single Tg; transparency II had degree of carboxylation 0.43-1.93 256
transparency; microscopy — 329
single Tg — 1158
Appendix II
Table II. Polymer pairs containing one monomer in common, miscible in the amorphous state at room temperature

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

acrylic acid-co-styrene methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions 72

of I and II

acrylonitrile-co-butadiene acrylonitrile-co-butadiene single Tg; clear films; difference in composition between I and 19, 47, 101,
electron microscopy II ” 22% acrylonitrile 106, 149,
390, 452
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg — 162

acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride single Tg I had 23.6-49.6 vol% AN; II had 19 wt% AN 966

acrylonitrile-co-maleic acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 965

anhydride-co-styrene I and II

maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 965

I and II
acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylonitrile-co-N-phenylitaconimide single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 168
methacrylate I and II
itaconic anhydride-co-methyl single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 920
methacrylate I and II

methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 168

N-phenylitaconimide I and II
Miscible Polymer Blends

acrylonitrile-co-methyl methyl methacrylate single Tg I had 20/20/60 = acrylonitrile/methyl 633

methacrylate-co- methacrylate/ α-methylstyrene
α-methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylonitrile-co-styrene light scattering — 358
methacrylate-co-styrene
methyl methacrylate light scattering — 358

acrylonitrile-co-α- acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate single Tg — 152

methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg I had 32.3 wt% acrylonitrile; 155, 684
II had 27 wt% acrylonitrile
acrylonitrile-co- acrylonitrile-co-α clear films difference in composition betwen I and II 769
α-methylstyrene- -methylstyrene-co-styrene < 12% acrylonitrile
co-styrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene acrylic acid-co-styrene single Tg — 380
acrylonitrile-co-benzyl methacrylate single Tg — 1180
acrylonitrile-co-fumaronitrile- single Tg I had 32-40 wt% AN; II had 11-17 wt% 1222
co-styrene fumaronitrile
1269
Table II. Continued

1270
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate single Tg — 164, 620

acrylonitrile-co-N-phenylitaconimide single Tg — 168
acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg; no visible phase separation difference in composition between 485, 582
I and II < 3.5% acrylonitrile
p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoro- single Tg; clear film I had 70% styrene; II had 90.3% styrene 571, 646
isopropyl)styrene-co-styrene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg I had 44.4-94.6 wt% styrene; II had 25, 462, 554,
50-91.5 wt% styrene 745, 1008
N-phenylitaconimide-co-styrene single Tg — 164
N-phenylmaleimide-co-styrene single Tg — 25, 26
3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1, 3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; microscopy II had • 48 mol% 3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl- 402
4-phenylene ether ether-co-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene 1,4-phenylene oxide
ether
3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1, 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether single Tg; microscopy I had • 62 mol% 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene 402
4-phenylene ether-co- ether
2,6-dimethyl-
1,4-phenylene ether
p-bromostyrene-co-styrene styrene single Tg I had • 90 mol% styrene 402, 785
butadiene butadiene single Tg semicrystalline; I was SKD 251, 736
(87% cis-1,4) and II was SKBM (ref. 251);
Appendix II

I had 50% vinyl-1,2, 35% cis-1,4 and 15%

butadiene-co-styrene
butadiene-co-styrene butadiene-co-styrene
styrene
butyl acrylate-co-butyl butyl acrylate-co-butyl methacrylate
methcrylate
trans-1,4, and II had 98% cis-1,4 (ref. 736);
I had 50% vinyl-1,2, 35% cis-1,4 and 15%
trans-1,4, and II had 55% trans-1,4, 35%
cis-1,4 and 10% vinyl-1,2 (ref. 736)
single Tg II had > 70% butadiene; immiscible when II 92, 149, 182,
had < 60% butadiene 237, 238,
520, 548,
549, 737,
770, 771,
787, 882
single Tg; microscopy difference in composition between I and 182, 455, 519,
II < 20 % styrene; two Tg’s when 520, 757, 771
composition difference > 20%
single dynamic mechanical loss peak I had 25% styrene; II had Mw ” 917; 138, 139
” 50% II; two loss peaks when 75% II
clear films difference in composition between I and II 453
25% butyl acrylate; immiscible when
composition difference 50% butyl acrylate
Table II. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

butyl acrylate-co- butyl acrylate-co-β-hydroxyethyl-3,5- single Tg I had 6 or 48 mol% electron donating 723
N-hydroxyethylcarbozolyl dinitrobenzoyl acrylate carbozoyl groups; II had 10 or 63 mol%
acrylate electron withdrawing dinitrobenzoyl groups
butyl acrylate-co-ethyl butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate clear films difference in composition between I and 453
acrylate II 25% ethyl acrylate; immiscible when
composition difference 50% ethyl acrylate
ethyl acrylate clear films I had 75% ethyl acrylate; immiscible when I 453
had ” 50% ethyl acrylate
butyl acrylate-co-methyl butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate single Tg; clear films difference in composition between I and 447, 448
methacrylate II ” 10% methyl methacrylate
n-butyl methacrylate n-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg; clear films II had • 90 wt% n-butyl methacrylate 238
n-butyl methacrylate- n-butyl methacrylate-co- single Tg; microscopy — 76
co-p-chlorostyrene p-chlorostyrene
n-butyl methacrylate-co- n-butyl methacrylate-co-α- single Tg I had 9 mol% carbazoyl groups; II had 723
N-hydroxyethyl hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl 9 mol% dinitrobenzoyl groups
carbazoyl acrylate acrylate
butyl methacrylate- butyl methacrylate-co-methyl clear films difference in composition between I and 76, 447
co-methyl methacrylate methacrylate II ” 20-30% butyl methacrylate, depending
on compositions of I and II
n-butyl methacrylate- n-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg; microscopy — 76
co-styrene
styrene single Tg; clear films I had • 90 wt% styrene 239
Miscible Polymer Blends

caprolactam-co- caprolactone-co-laurolactam single Tg I and II had various compositions 1126

caprolactone
caprolactam-co- caprolactam-co-laurolactam single Tg I and II had various compositions 992
caprolactone-co-
laurolactam
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg difference in degree of sulfonylation 410
ether, sulfonylated ether, sulfonylated between I and II in the range of 20-26 wt%
dimethylsiloxane, dimethylsiloxane, functionalized single Tg I had 4-15 mol% electron-donating carbazoyl 723
functionalized or N-methylaniline groups; II had 4-15 mol%
electron-accepting dinitrobenzoyl groups;
donor/aceptor = 1/1
epichlorohydrin epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene glycol single Tg I was Hydrin 100; II was Hydrin 200 373
ethyl acrylate-co-ethyl ethyl acrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate clear films I and II had 25, 50 or 75% ethyl acrylate 453
methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate clear films I had 75 wt% ethyl methacrylate; immiscible 453
when I had ” 50 wt% ethyl methacrylate
1271
Table II. Continued

1272
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethyl acrylate-
co-methyl methacrylate
ethylene, chlorinated
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate
ethylene-co-vinyl chloride
ethylene naphthalene-
2,6-dicarboxylate
ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate clear films difference in composition between I and 447
II < 20-27% ethyl acrylate depending on
compositions of I and II
ethylene, chlorinated single Tg; clear films difference in composition between I and 97, 98, 636,
II ” 1.2-13.3 wt% Cl depending on 817
compositions of I and II
ethylene-co-methyl acrylate single Tg; phase contrast microscopy semicrystalline when I had 25 wt% Cl; I had 396
25 or 48 wt% Cl
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; microscopy I had 35.4-52.6 wt% Cl; II had 50-60 wt% 849
ethylene
ethylene, low density single Tg I:II = 50:50 1172
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate single Tg; microscopy I and II had 7-100 wt% vinyl acetate 925
ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol Single Tg; FTIR I had 21 mol% vinyl acetate; II had 960
21 mol% vinyl alcohol
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl chloride single Tg — 745, 746
ethylene-co-vinyl chloride single Tg difference in vinyl chloride or ethylene 70,71
content of I and II < 15 mol%
vinyl chloride single Tg I had > 80 mol% vinyl chloride 70
ethylene naphthalene-2,6- NMR II had 20 mol% 4-hydroxybenzoate 1027
dicarboxylate-co-4-hydroxybenzoate
Appendix II

ethyl methacrylate-co- ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg — 98

methyl methacrylate
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-
fluorostyrene
o-fluorostyrene-co-styrene
p-fluorostyrene-co-styrene
hydrocarbon polymer,
chlorinated
p-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-
6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic
acid-co-terephthalic acid-
co-hydroquinone
hydroxybutyrate
methacrylate
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-fluorostyrene
o-fluorostyrene-co-styrene
styrene
styrene
hydrocarbon polymer, chlorinated
p-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-
6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
hydroxybutyrate
hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate
single Tg I and II had 10 and 23 mol% p-fluorostyrene, 1144
respectively
single Tg I had 18 or 49% o-fluorostyrene; II had 40 716, 1144
or 77% o-fluorostyrene
single Tg I had 18, 40 or 49% o-fluorostyrene and II 716, 1144
had Mn = 15 kg/mol; I had 18% o-fluoro-
styrene and II had Mn = 110 kg/mol
single Tg I had 8 or 16 mol% p-fluorostyrene; II had 1144
Mn = 40 or 326 kg/mol
clear films one series derived from reduction of polyvinyl 75
chloride and one series derived from
chlorination of polyethylene
single Tg; X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction showed no significant 92
transesterification occurred in the mixture
microscopy; SAXS I was isotactic; II was atactic 903
microscopy; melting behavior II had 3.8-22.3 mol% hydroxyvalerate 1142, 1143
Table II. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

isoprene isoprene-b-styrene electron microscopy I had Mn = 6.5-53.9 kg/mol; II was diblock, 378
triblock or four-arm star copolymer having
total Mn = 26-622 kg/mol
maleic anhydride-co-styrene acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg; transparency; microscopy I had 15.3 wt% maleic anhydride; II had 15.0, 436, 555
19.5 or 25.0 wt% acrylonitrile
maleic anhydride-co-styrene single Tg miscibility occurred when difference in MA 1159
contents between I and II was < 2.5 vol%
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 1008
I and II
maleimide-co-styrene styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine single Tg; FTIR I had 86 wt% styrene; II had 30 wt% styrene 1214
methacrylic acid-co- methyl methacrylate-co- phase diagram I had 91.48 or 77.7 mol% methyl methacrylate; 198
methyl methacrylate 4-vinylpyridine II had 80.2 mol% methyl methacrylate
methacrylic acid-co-styrene butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic single Tg I and II had 13.7 and 20.2 mol% methacrylic 1051
acid acid, respectively; both were Na-neutralized
styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine phase diagram I had 89.5 mol% styrene; II had 83.9 mol% 198
styrene
methacrylonitrile-co- methacrylonitrile-co-methyl single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 970
styrene methacrylate I and II
methacrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg miscibility depended on compositions of 970
I and II
[4-(methacryloyloxy)- [4-(methacryloyloxy)-butyl]penta- single Tg; clear films II had 67% methyl methacrylate 64
butyl]pentamethyl- methyldisiloxane-co-methyl
Miscible Polymer Blends

disiloxane methacrylate
[4-(methacryloyloxy)- methyl methacrylate single Tg; clear films I had 67 or 75% methyl methacrylate 64
butyl]pentamethyldisil-
oxane-co-methyl
methacrylate
methyl acrylate methyl acrylate-co-vinyl acetate clear films II had 25-75% methyl acrylate 453
methyl acrylate-co-methyl methyl acrylate-co-methyl e clear films difference in composition between I and 447
methacrylate methacrylat II 28-48% methyl acrylate when I and II
had degree of polymerization = 400 and
20-35% methyl acrylate when I and II
had degree of polymerization = 3,000,
depending on compositions of I and II
methyl acrylate-co-vinyl vinyl acetate clear films I had 25-75% vinyl acetate 453
acetate
methyl methacrylate ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl single Tg I was isotactic; II had ” 45% ethyl 727
methacrylate methacrylate
methyl methacrylate single Tg I was isotactic; II was sydiotactic 727
1273
Table II. Continued

1274
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

methyl methacrylate-alt-styrene
methyl methacrylate-co- methyl methacrylate-co-2-
(N-ethylcarbazol- [(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)oxy]ethyl
3-yl)methyl methacrylate methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co- acrylonitrile-co-styrene
styrene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
methyl methacrylate-co-N-
phenylitaconimide
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene
N-phenylitaconimide-co-styrene
p-nitrostyrene-co-styrene p-nitrostyrene-co-styrene
novolac resin novolac resin
N-phenylmaleimide-co- 4-cyanostyrene-co-styrene
single Tg; microscopy deuterated blends were miscible; 1006
miscibility affected by deuteration of I
single Tg I and II had similar acceptor or donor content 1160
single Tg — 164, 404
single Tg — 404
single Tg — 168
single Tg; microscopy — 76, 444
single Tg — 168
single Tg difference in p-nitrostyrene content of 158
I and II, < 20 mol%
single Tg I was formaldehyde and 13/17/70 mol% 221
= p-t-butyl phenol/m-cresol/o-cresol;
II was formaldehyde and 15/85 mol% =
2-t-butyl phenol/o-cresol; I and II had
MW = 0.8-1.6 kg/mol
I had 39 wt% styrene; II had 58.5-83.1 mol% 187
Appendix II

single Tg
styrene styrene
2-cyanostyrene-co-4-cyanostyrene- single Tg II had 23.5 or 22.7 mol% styrene; ratios of 187
co-styrene 2-cyanostyrene/4-cyano-styrene were
25:75 or 78:22
styrene styrene single Tg I had MW = 0.800 kg/mol II had 102
MW = 8420 kg/mol; I/II = 31.7/68.5
styrene, iodinated transparency II had degree of iodination of 6 or 15% 261
styrene-co-styrenesulfonic styrene-co-p-vinylphenol single Tg; FTIR I had 86 mol% styrene; II had 22 mol% 1086
acid vinylphenol
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol FTIR I had 1.8-9.9 mol% acid; II had 1.9-9.9 mol% 1190
pyridine
styrene-co-vinylphenol styrene-co-vinylphenol FTIR — 349
vinylphenol single Tg; FTIR I had > 11 mol% OH groups 1088, 1247
sulfone sulfone, carboxylated single Tg degree of carboxylation of II ” 1.3 1258
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl vinyl chloride single Tg; microscopy of fibers I had 78 or 86 wt% vinyl chloride 449
chloride
vinyl chloride, chlorinated single Tg — 745
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl vinyl acetate-co-vinyl stearate single Tg; microscopy I and II had 21-98 wt% vinyl acetate 925
stearate
Table II. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl chloride propylene-co-vinyl chloride single Tg; microscopy of fibers II had 89 or 91 wt% vinyl chloride 449

vinyl chloride, chlorinated
vinyl chloride
vinyl chloride, chlorinated
single Tg up to 61.3 or 65.2% Cl in I with dependence 91, 504, 505
on mol% CCl2 groups
single Tg difference in composition between I and II 98, 504
” 3-4% Cl depending on composition of
I and II with dependence on number of
CCl2 groups
Miscible Polymer Blends
1275
Table III. Chemically dissimilar polymer triads (and tetrads) miscible in amorphous state at room temperature

1276
Polymer I of Polymer II of Polymer III of Method Comments References
(and Polymer IV of)

acrylic acid-co-styrene
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-
co-styrene
acrylonitrile-co- methyl
methacrylate
ethylene glycol methyl methacrylate
vinyl chloride vinyl chloride-co-
vinylidene chloride
carbonate of bisphenol-A propylene-co-vinyl
chloride
acrylonitrile-co-styrene maleic anhydride-co-
styrene
single Tg I had 12.2, 20.8 or 33.1 mol% acrylic acid 384
single Tg semicrystalline; I had 30 or 40 wt% 860
acrylonitrile; III had 65 wt% vinylidene chloride
single Tg I was Blendex 701; II was Merlon M39, M-60; 107
III had 3.2 or 3.8% propylene; I/II/ III=1/1/2;
two Tg’s when I/II/III=3/7/10
single Tg I had 12% acrylonitrile; II had 25% acrylonitrile; 74
III had 25% maleic anhydride; miscible at
all compositions

acrylonitrile-co- α-
methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene methyl methacrylate-co- single Tg I had 68 or 95 vol% MMA; II had 63 or 70 vol% 967
N-phenylitaconimide styrene; III had 12 or 45 vol% MMA;
three miscible binary pairs; there was
an immiscibility loop
acrylonitrile-co-styrene methyl methacrylate- single Tg I had 2.7-7.4 vol% acrylonitrile; II had 163, 165
co-styrene 14.5-49.5 vol% acrylonitrile; III had
11.2-16.0 vol% styrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene vinyl chloride single Tg I had 32.3 wt% acrylonitrile; II had 27 wt% 684
acrylonitrile; > 25% I
Appendix II

ethyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate single Tg I had 30 wt% acrylonitrile 290

acrylonitrile-co- acrylonitrile-co-styrene N-phenylitaconimide- single Tg I had 6 or 9 vol% acrylonitrile; II had 22, 157
N-phenylitaconimide co-styrene 44 or 65 vol% acrylonitrile; III had 12 or
42 vol% styrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene butylene adipate carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg I had 12 or 25% acrylonitrile 738
caprolactone carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg — 738
caprolactone hydroxyether of single Tg I had 5.7-30 wt% AN 1052, 1209
bisphenol-A
(Phenoxy resin)
caprolactone maleic anhydride- single Tg I had 15 wt% AN; III had 14 wt% 1210
co-styrene maleic anhydride
caprolactone vinyl chloride single Tg miscible when I/II/III= 68/16/16 351
carbonate of bisphenol-A cyclohexane dimethylene single Tg — 738
succinate
ethyl methacrylate maleic anhydride- single Tg I had 25% acrylonitrile; III had 14-25% 74
co-styrene acrylonitrile; miscible at all compositions
ethyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate single Tg I had 30 wt% acrylonitrile; some blends 280
showed LCST
methyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg I had 23 wt% acrylonitrile 349
Table III. Chemically dissimilar polymer triads (and tetrads) miscible in amorphous state at room temperature

Polymer I of Polymer II of Polymer III of Method Comments References

(and Polymer IV of)

n-amyl methacrylate n-butyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg blend had > 70 wt% III 1157
n-propyl methacrylate vinyl chloride single Tg blend had > 70 wt% III 1157
arylate butylene therphthalate hydroxyether of single Tg I was Arilef U-100; III > 30 wt% 7, 208, 366
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy)
3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1, p-bromostyrene-co- 2,6-dimethyl-1, single Tg; ” 37 mol% brominated monomer in I and in II 402
4-phenylene ether-co- styrene 4-phenylene ether microscopy
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
ether
p-bromostyrene- styrene single Tg; ” 16 mol% brominated monomer in I and in II 402
co-styrene microscopy
2,6-dimethyl-1, styrene single Tg; ” 45 mol% brominated monomer in I 402
4-phenylene ether microscopy
p-bromostyrene-co- 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene single Tg; ” 26 mol% brominated monomer in I and in II 402
styrene ether (Polymer IV microscopy
of styrene)
p-bromostyrene-co-styrene 2,6-dimethyl-1, styrene single Tg; ” 29 mol% p-bromostyrene in I 402
4-phenylene ether microscopy
butylene terephthalate carbonate of hydroxyether of single Tg — 680, 681
bisphenol-A bisphenol-A (Phenoxy)
hydroxyether of methyl methacrylate single Tg, blend had > 50 wt% II 1053
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy) microscopy
Miscible Polymer Blends

caprolactone hydroxyether of vinylmethylether single Tg miscible at all compositions; all blends 303
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy) showed LCST
carbonate of hydroxyether of single Tg generally miscible when > 60 wt% I in blend 125
bisphenol-A bisphenol-A (Phenoxy)
carbonate of carbonate of tetramethyl- single Tg miscible at all compositions 1070
bisphenol-A bisphenol-A
vinyl chloride vinyl chloride, single Tg II had 67.2 wt% Cl; generally miscible when I 20
chlorinated > 40% at high II/III ratio and miscible when
I > 26% at low II/III ratio
carbonate of bisphenol-A carbonate of bisphenol methyl methacrylate single Tg — 427
chloral
carbonate of tetramethyl- acrylonitrile-co-styrene single Tg III had 2.7-19.7 wt% AN 1068
bisphenol-A
carbonate of tetramethyl- methyl methacrylate- single Tg III had 4.5-58.5 wt% MMA 1068
bisphenol-A co-styrene
carbonate of tetramethyl styrene single Tg — 488, 1068
bisphenol-A
1277
Table III. Chemically dissimilar polymer triads (and tetrads) miscible in amorphous state at room temperature

1278
Polymer I of Polymer II of Polymer III of Method Comments References
(and Polymer IV of)

carbonate of tetramethyl- methyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate- single Tg — 884

bisphenol-A co-styrene
2-chlorostyrene cyclohexyl acrylate styrene single Tg; three miscible binary pairs; there was an 1167
light scattering immiscibility loop in the phase diagram
copolyester epoxy hydroxyether of single Tg, II/III = 1/1; I was made from 65/30/5 = 2
bisphenol-A (Phenoxy) microscopy terephthalate/isophthalate/sebacate and
70/20/10 = ethylene glycol/resorcinal
di(b-hydroxy ethyl)ether/poly(tetra-methylene
ether)glycol; II was 4/1 by wt=Araldite 6099/
Araldite 6010

epichlorohydrin ethylene glycol methyl methacrylate single Tg miscible at all compositions 573
methyl methacrylate vinyl acetate single Tg miscible at all compositions; all blends 304
showed LCST
etherimide amideimide etheretherketone, sulfonated single Tg I was Ultem 1000; II was Torlon 4000T;
III had degree of sulfonation of 0.53 or 1.00 415
etheretherketone liquid crystalline polymer single Tg I was Ultem 1000; II was Victrex 450G; 78
III was HX4000
ether urethane oxytetramethylene- vinyl chloride I was Adiprene L-100 and 4,4’-methylene-bis-2- 344
Appendix II

single Tg
co-oxyditetramethylene- chloroaniline: I/II/III = 1/1/2; two Tg’s when
co-terephthalic acid I/II/III = 1/2/1 and 1/1/1
ethyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate p-vinylphenol single Tg; FTIR; blend had • 60 wt% III 1161, 1163
microscopy
methyl methacrylate vinylidene fluoride single Tg blend had 30-80 wt% III 474
ethylene, chlorinated natural rubber, vinyl chloride single Tg II was 50 mol% epoxidized 394
epoxidized
ethylene, chlorosulfonated natural rubber, nitrile rubber, single Tg I had 35% Cl and 1% S (Hypalon-40); II was 702
epoxidized carboxylated 50 mol% epoxidized; III was Krynac-211
ethylene glycol vinyl acetate p-vinyl phenol single Tg; FTIR three miscible binary pairs; there was an 491, 1240
immiscibility loop in the phase diagram
hexafluoroacetone-co- methyl methacrylate vinyl acetate single Tg I had 9 mol% hexafluoroacetone 1073
vinylidene fluoride
methyl acrylate vinyl acetate p-vinylphenol single Tg miscible at all compositions 1240
methyl acrylate-co-styrene vinyl acetate p-vinylphenol single Tg I had 28 wt% styrene 1240
methyl methacrylate vinyl acetate vinylidene fluoride single Tg — 956
natural rubber, epoxidized nitrile rubber, chloroprene single Tg I was 50 mol% epoxidized; II was Krynac-211; 14
carboxylated I/II/III = 1/1/1
neopentyl glycol adipate vinyl chloride vinylidene fluoride single Tg III < 50 wt% 490
styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine vinyl acetate p-vinylphenol single Tg I had 30 wt% styrene 1240
Table IV. Polymer pairs miscible in the amorphous state at room temperature. Molecular weight dependence investigated.
Polymer I of
acrylonitrile-co-α-methylstyrene
acrylonitrile-co-styrene
3-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-1,
4-phenylene ether
n-butyl methacrylate
carbonate of bisphenol-A
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
ether
Polymer II of Method Comments References
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency I had 9-12 wt% AN; miscible when II had 930
Mw = 3.8 kg/mol, immiscible when II had
Mw = 9.9 kg/mol
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency I had 24.6 wt% AN and II had Mw = 3.8 kg/mol; miscible 932
when I had Mw = 3.137 kg/mol and immiscible when
I had Mw = 6.085 kg/mol
styrene single Tg; transparency I had MW ” 40 kg/mol; II had MW ” 30 kg/mol 529
styrene single Tg; transparency I had Mw = 320 kg/mol; II had MW = 171 kg/mol; two 193
Tg’s when II had MW = 1100 kg/mol
ester single Tg II was made from 4,4’-(2-norbornylidene)di-phenol and 1232
a mixture of terephthalic acid and azelaic acid; miscible
when I had Mw = 28.1 kg/mol; immiscible when I had
Mw = 73.2 kg/mol
alkylstyrene transparency I had Mw = 5-500 kg/mol and II was a ring-alkyl (with 403
various carbon atoms) styrene. Raising MW of II
eventually produced a transition from clear to hazy or
cloudy films in each system except that containing
poly-α-methylstyrene. With this resin, clear single-Tg
flims were obtained even with Mw of I = 500 kg/mol
and Mw of II = 800 kg/mol
p-bromostyrene transparency II had Mn = 29.1 kg/mol and Mw = 32 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
Miscible Polymer Blends
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was
6.2 ± 2.4 kg/mol. When II had Mn = 6.4 kg/mol and
Mw = 7.04 kg/mol, Mw limit for miscibility of I was
14 ± 4 kg/mol
p-tert-butylstyrene transparency II had Mn = 113 kg/mol and Mw = 289 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was
4.5 ± 0.7 kg/mol
4-ethylstyrene transparency II had Mn = 139 kg/mol and Mw = 158 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 22.4 kg/mol
4-methoxystyrene transparency II had Mn = 282 kg/mol and Mw = 457 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 3.6 kg/mol
4-methylstyrene transparency II had Mn = 118 kg/mol and Mw = 265 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 35.5 kg/mol
4-n-propylstyrene transparency II had Mn = 128 kg/mol and Mw = 267 kg/mol; Mw limit for 403
miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 14 ± 4 kg/mol
vinylbenzylchloride transparency II had Mn = 16.8 kg/mol and Mw = 29.3 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 14 ± 4 kg/mol
1279
Table IV. Continued

1280
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

4-vinylbiphenyl transparency II had Mn = 79 kg/mol and Mw = 153 kg/mol; Mw limit for 403
miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 7 ± 1.6 kg/mol
vinylnaphthalene transparency II had Mn = 13 kg/mol and Mw = 32.6 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 10.2 kg/mol
vinyltoluene transparency II had Mn = 20.7 kg/mol and Mw = 40.4 kg/mol; Mw limit 403
for miscibility in 50/50 blend of I with II was 69 ± 25 kg/mol
ethylene dimethylsiloxane cloud point curve I was oligomeric polyethylene with Mw = 0.254 to 2.234 kg/mol 584
and II was oligomeric polydimethylsiloxane with
Mw = 0.505 to 4.5 kg/mol
ethylene glycol propylene glycol miscibility stated I and II both had MW < 1 kg/mol 65
vinyl acetate single Tg I had Mw = 20 kg/mol miscible with II; I had Mw = 100 kg/mol 328
miscible with II when blend had ” 50% II
sulfone scattering turbidimetry Blends with II > 40 wt% were homogeneous when I had 796
MW = 3.5-4.5 kg/mol and II had MW = 35.600 kg/mol.
Blends were heterogeneous at all compositions when I had
MW = 200 kg/mol
hydroxybutyrate lactide microscopy miscible when II had Mn = 1.759 kg/mol; immiscible when 923
II had Mn = 159.4 kg/mol
cis-isoprene styrene single dynamic mechanical I was natural rubber; II had Mw ” 0.375 kg/mol; two peaks 140
loss peak
Appendix II

when II had Mw • 0.6 kg/mol

methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene
vinyl cyclohexane single dynamic mechanical I was natural rubber; II had Mw ” 0.375 kg/mol; two peaks when 140
loss peak II had Mw • 0.65 kg/mol
carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency miscible when Mw of I/II were 2.4/38, 10.55/38, 60/9.9, 930
105/9.9 kg/mol; immiscible when Mw of I/II were 20.3/38,
33.5/25.9, 33.5/38 and 60/38 kg/mol
carbonate of hexafluorobis- single Tg; transparency II had 60 wt% HFPC and Mw = 33 kg/mol, and miscible when 1194
phenol-A-co-carbonate of I had Mw = 4-99 kg/mol; when II had Mw = 103 kg/mol,
tetramethylbisphenol-A it was miscible with I having Mw = 4 and 11 kg/mol only
styrene single Tg, transparency miscible when I had Mw = 2.4 kg/mol and II had 640, 804,
Mw = 2.95 kg/mol; blends showed UCST when I and II 929
had higher Mw (ref. 929)
α -styrene single Tg; transparency immiscible when I had Mw = 6.7 kg/mol and II had 929
Mw = 10.55 kg/mol; miscible when I and II had lower Mw
sulfone single Tg; transparency miscible when I had Mw = 1.21 or 2.4 kg/mol and II had 931
Mw = 12 kg/mol; immiscible when I had Mw = 4.25 kg/mol
and II had Mw = 34 or 44 kg/mol
styrene single Tg; transparency I had 26% styrene and II had 0.6 kg/mol or I had 62.6% styrene 557, 804
and II had MW ” 2.1 kg/mol or I had 80% styrene and II had
MW ” 4 kg/mol
Table IV. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

α -methylstyrene styrene single Tg; transparency; miscible when I had Mw = 55 kg/mol and II had Mw = 22 or 38, 42, 63,
neutron scattering 52 kg/mol; immiscible when II had Mw = 341 kg/mol 159, 203,
(ref. 929) 691, 710,
721, 822,
865, 929
styrene, deuterated single Tg I had Mn = 25.8-78.3 kg/mol; II had Mn = 36.1-84.1 kg/mol 671
α -methylstyrene-co-styrene styrene single Tg I had Mn = 59-818 kg/mol; II had 3-79 mol% α -methylstyrene 159
propylene ethylene-co-propylene single Tg miscible when I had Mw = 33 kg/mol and II had 1101
Mw = 44.5 kg/mol; immiscible when I and II had higher Mw
styrene carbonate of bisphenol-A single Tg; transparency I had Mw = 0.58, 0.68, 0.95 or 2.95 kg/mol; II had Mw = 3.8, 9, 930
25.9 or 38 kg/mol; miscibility depended on Mw and
composition of blend
carbonate of single Tg; transparency II had Mw = 30 kg/mol; miscible when I had Mw = 0.58, 0.68 or 930
dimethylbisphenol-A 9.5 kg/mol; immiscible when I had Mw = 2.95 kg/mol
carbonate of tetramethyl- single Tg; transparency II had Mw = 31 kg/mol; miscible when I had Mw = 2.95 kg/mol; 930
bisphenol-P partially miscible when I had Mw = 9.2 or 17.5 kg/mol;
immiscible when I had Mw = 341 kg/mol
o-chlorostyrene-co- single Tg I had Mn = 2.2-93 kg/mol; II had 7-100 mol% o-chlorostyrene 131
p-chlorostyrene
vinylmethylether single Tg I had MW = 0.8-233 kg/mol; II had MW = 1-97.5 kg/mol 724, 878
2-vinyl naphthalene single Tg I had MW = 2.2 kg/mol; II had MW ” 70 kg/mol 731
p-vinylphenol diethyl itaconate single Tg II had Mw = 9.4 kg/mol and was miscible with I having 1034
Miscible Polymer Blends

Mw = 1.5-7, 9-11, 22 or 30 kg/mol; II had Mw = 61 kg/mol

and was miscible with I having Mw = 1.5-7 and 9-11 kg/mol
1281
Table V. Polymer pairs that appear to have high temperature miscibility although immiscible at or below room temperature (UCST behavior)
Polymer I of
acrylonitrile-co-styrene
aramide
butadiene
butadiene-co-styrene
caprolactone
carbonate of bisphenol-A
chlorostyrene-co-styrene
cyclohexyl methacrylate
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene
sebacate
dimethylsiloxane
epoxy
etherethersulfone
etherimide
ethyl acrylate
ethylene
ethylene, chlorinated
hemicellulose
isophthalamide-6I
(iminoisophthaloyl-
iminohexamethylene)
isoprene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
Polymer II of
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-A
Mw = 12.4 kg/mol
imide
butadiene
butadiene, perdeuterated
butadiene-co-styrene
styrene
terpene resin, hydrogenated
styrene
ester
biphenyl-4,4’ylene sebacate
methacrylic acid-co-styrene
segmented copolyetherester
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide
cyclohexyl acrylate
haloalkyl methacrylate
methylethylsiloxane
phenylmethylsiloxane
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene,
carboxyl terminated
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide
etheretherketone-co-
etherethersulfone
ethylene naphthalate-co-ethylene
terephthalate
ethyl methacrylate
propylene
ethylene, chlorinated
lignin
hexamethylene adipamide
(PA-66)
vinylethylene
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-A
1282
Comments References
I had 9 wt% AN and II had Mw = 4.8 kg/mol; I had 11 wt% AN and II had 931
I was Aramid 34I; II was Polyimide UR 1136
I had 98% cis-1,4; II had 71% vinyl-1,2 and 19% trans-1,4 736
both I and II were cis-1,4 49
I was cis-1,4; II had 23-30 wt% styrene 362, 650, 737,
797, 1121
II was hydrogenated or partly deuterated, I and II had MW = 2 kg/mol (ref. 516); 516, 808
I had Mw = 0.96 kg/mol and II had Mw = 9 kg/mol (ref. 808)
I had 10-70.4% 1,2-content 1062
II was hydrogenated or partly deuterated; II was 68.4 wt% styrene and had MW of 516
10 kg/mol and II had MW of 100 kg/mol
II was made from adipoyl chloride and 4,4’-bis(6-hydrohexyloxy)biphenyl 821
blend had 50-80 wt% II 387
II had 4-23 wt% methacrylic acid 10
I had a hard tetramethylene terephthalate segment and a soft polytetramethylene- 1015
ether-glycol terephthalate segment
I had 32.9 mol% styrene 234, 863
— 765
II had a haloalkyl group of 2-bromoethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 3-chloropropyl or 2-iodoethyl 611, 1111,
Appendix II
(4 blend systems) 1137
— 341
— 469
I was Epon 828, Mn = 0.38 kg/mol; II had 17 wt% acrylonitrile, Mn = 3.5 kg/mol 492
II was diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A 1148
II had 50% etherethersulfone 740
the higher the ethylene naphthalate content in II, the lower the UCST 1072
— 766
II was atactic; no UCST when II was isotactic; from high temperature phase diagrams 452
Cl contents = 40-50 wt% 816
blend had 10, 80 or 90 vol% of II 1188
interchange reaction slow 899
II was syndiotactic and had 92% vinyl-1,2- 363
I had 14 wt% maleic anhydride; II had Mw = 4.8 kg/mol 931
Table V. Polymer pairs that appear to have high temperature miscibility although immiscible at or below room temperature (UCST behavior)
Polymer I of
methyl methacrylate
1,3-phenylene adipamide
styrene
vinyl chloride
vinylidene fluoride
vinylidene fluoride-
co-tetrafluoroethylene
Polymer II of
carbonate of dimethylbisphenol-A
carbonate of tetrachlorobisphenol-A
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-P
hydroxybutrate
styrene
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-A
sulfone of tetramethylhexafluoro-
bisphenol-A
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-P
vinyl chloride
hexamethylene adipamide
(PA-66)
caprolactone
carbonate of bisphenol chloral
α-methylstyrene
o-methylstyrene
p-methylstyrene
m-methylstyrene
styrene, brominated
styrene, deuterated
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-A
sulfone of tetramethylbisphenol-P
sulfone of tetramethylhexafluoro-
bisphenol-A
vinylmethylether
acrylonitrile-co-methyl
methacrylate-co-α -methylstyrene
methyl methacrylate
vinylidene fluoride-co-
hexafluoroacetone
Comments References
I had Mw = 1.21 or 2.4 kg/mol; II had Mw = 33 kg/mol 930
I had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; II had Mw = 41 kg/mol 930
I had Mw = 1.21 or 2.4 kg/mol; II had Mw = 31 kg/mol 930
— 1189
I had Mw = 2.03-6.0 kg/mol; II had Mw = 1.95-9.2 kg/mol 558, 929, 1146
I had Mw = 1.21 or 2.4 kg/mol; II had Mw = 4.8 or 12.4 kg/mol 931
I had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; II had Mw = 40 kg/mol 931
I had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; II had Mw = 40 kg/mol 931
— 674
I was made from m-phenylenediamine and adipic acid; interchange reaction slow 899
I had Mn = 0.95 kg/mol 629
I had Mw = 0.58 or 0.68 kg/mol; II had Mw = 30 kg/ml 930
UCST increased with molecular weight 514
— 24
— 24, 786
— 24
II had 27 or 29 mol% brominated units 784
— 48, 879
I had Mw = 1.21 or 2.4 kg/mol; II had Mw = 4.8 or 12.4 kg/mol 931
I had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; II had Mw = 40 kg/mol 931
Miscible Polymer Blends
I had Mw = 1.21 kg/mol; II had Mw = 40 kg/mol 931
by extrapolation of solution data 168
II had 32.3 wt% AN, 8.1 wt% MMA and 59.6 wt% α -MS; blend had 50-80 wt% II 1078
— 809
I had 80 mol% vinylidene fluoride; II had 92 mol% vinylidene fluoride 951
1283
Table VI. Polymer pairs miscible at room temperature that appear to have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) above room temperature

1284
Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

acrylic acid, Li-neutralized ethylene oxide 0.1-0.4 mole fraction of I was neutralized 1115
acrylic acid-co-styrene ethyl methacrylate I had 8.84 wt% acrylic acid 72
methyl methacrylate I had 2.65-20.0 wt% acrylic acid 384, 856
n-propyl methacrylate I had 2.65-8.84 wt% acrylic acid 856
acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-methyl ethlene-alt-maleic anhydride I was Barex 210 1156
acrylate
acrylonitrile-co- α -methyl styrene acetonyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% acrylonitrile (AN) 266
n-butyl methacrylate I had 12 wt% AN 152
n-butyl methacrylate-co-methyl I had 30 wt% AN; II had 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 289
methacrylate
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-A I had 4-16.5 wt% AN 1010

ethyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN (ref 277); II had 10-28 wt% AN (ref 152) 152, 277

ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN; II had 60 wt% methyl methacrylate 289
methoxymethyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN 266
methyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN and II was atactic or isotactic 152, 277,
(ref. 277); I had 31.3, 33.1, 34.8 or 41.3 wt% AN (ref. 790); 790, 1010
I had 10-37 wt% AN (ref. 152)
methyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- I had 30 wt% AN; II had • 76.2 wt% methyl methacrylate) 272, 274
Appendix II

piperidinyl methacrylate
methylthiomethyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN 268
n-propyl methacrylate I had 17-20 wt% AN 152
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN 281
vinyl chloride I had 11.9-30 wt% AN 1010
acrylonitrile-co-p-methylstyrene acetonyl methacrylate I had 43.0-61.0 wt% AN 121
n-butyl methacrylate I had 13.6 wt% AN 285
cyclohexyl methacrylate I had 15.8-21.3 wt% AN 120
ethyl methacrylate I had 26.5-32.3 wt% AN 285
n-propyl methacrylate I had 21.3-26.5 wt% AN 285
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate I had 32.3-46.5 wt% AN 285
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl methacrylate I had 23.8-26.5 wt% AN 191
acrylonitrile-co-styrene copolycarbonate of bisphenol-A and some blends showed LCST, depending on compositions 431
tetramethylbisphenol-A of I and II
acetonyl methacrylate I had 33-58 wt% AN 121
acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate some blends showed LCST 620
butyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate some blends showed LCST 405
caprolactone I had 24-28 wt% AN 565, 1145
cyclohexyl methacrylate I had 13.4-19.8 wt% AN 120
Table VI. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether, I and 18 mol% AN; II had 35% benzoylated unit 776
benzoylated
ethyl methacrylate I had 5.5-28 wt% AN 229, 489
maleic anhydride-co-styrene some blends showed LCST 436, 462, 555
methoxymethyl methacrylate I had 30 wt% AN 258
methyl methacrylate I had 9.4, 9.8, 27.0, 28.2, 30.5 or 34.4 wt% AN (ref. 506); 56, 164, 460,
I had 29.4-39.3 wt% AN (ref. 164) 506
methyl methacrylate-co-N-phenylmaleimide I had 24.6 wt% AN; II had 23.5 wt% N-phenylmaleimide wt% 185
methyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetra- I had 22 or 30 wt% AN; II had 69, 74 or 85.5 wt% methyl 272, 274
methylpiperidinyl methacrylate methacrylate
methylthiomethyl methacrylate I had 34.5 wt% AN 269
phenyl acrylate I had 14.6, 29.9 or 34.1 wt% AN 717
n-propyl methacrylate I had 5.7-19.5 wt% AN 229, 1090
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate I had 34.5-46.6 wt% AN 286
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl methacrylate I had 2.2 or 22-30.5 wt% AN 119
vinyl chloride I had 11.5-26 wt% AN 437
aniline, N-octadecylated ethylene-co-vinyl acetate I was 60.2% alkylated; II had 20 wt% vinyl acetate 1246
aramide caprolactam-co-laurolactam I was Trogmid T; II had 43.8 mol% caprolactam 213
arylsulfone imide I was Radel A; II was XU 218 375
2-bromoethyl methacrylate vinyl acetate blends cast from methyl ethyl ketone 610
butadiene butadiene I had 50% vinyl-1,2, 35% cis-1,4 and 15% trans-1,4; II had 55% 736
trans-1,4, 35% cis-1,4 and 10% vinyl-1,2
Miscible Polymer Blends

isoprene I had ” 59% 1,4 content and II was cis-1,4 isomer (ref. 810); 335, 810
I was deuterated and II was protonated (ref. 335)
butyl acrylate ethylene, chlorinated — 100
vinyl chloride — 655, 845,
850, 851
butyl methacrylate p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroisopropyl) II had 90.3-90.8 mol% styrene 646
styrene-co-styrene
N-butyl-3-hydroxymethyl- ω-hydroxybutyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl — 298
carbazoyl methacrylate methacrylate
p-tert-butylstyrene cyclohexyl acrylate — 765
cyclohexyl methacrylate — 765
caprolactone ethylene, chlorinated II had 30 or 42.1 wt% Cl 53, 191
vinylidene fluoride blends rich in I showed LCST 386
carbon monoxide-co-ethyl vinyl chloride I had 13.8/7.41/78.8 = carbon monoxide/ethyl acrylate/ethylene 692
acrylate-co-ethylene
carbonate of bisphenol-A caprolactone — 56, 177, 645
1285
Table VI. Continued
Polymer I of
carbonate of hexafluorobisphenol-A
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-A
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-P
caprolactone
cellulose acetate
1-chloroethyl methacrylate
2-chloroethyl methacrylate
chloromethyl methacrylate
o-chlorostyrene
o-chlorostyrene-co-p-chlorostyrene
2,2-dichloroethyl methacrylate
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether
1286
Polymer II of Comments References
cyclohexyl methacrylate-co-methyl II had ” 3.3 wt% cyclohexyl methacrylate (ref. 574); II had 81, 574
methacrylate 14.7-34.3 wt% cyclohexyl methacrylate (ref. 81)
methyl methacrylate blends prepared by precipitation of tetrahydrofuran solutions by 109, 481, 486
n-heptane; or by solution casting from tetrahydrofuran at
high temperature
methyl methacrylate-co- p-methylstyrene II had •70 wt% methyl methacrylate 357
methyl methacrylate-co- N-phenylmaleimide II had • 70 wt% methyl methacrylate 357
methyl methacrylate-co-phenyl methacrylate II had 16-63 wt% phenyl methacrylate 81
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene II had ” 14 wt% styrene 577
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl 427, 430
(3 blend systems)
acrylonitrile-co-styrene II had 2 or 11.5 % acrylonitrile 225
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene II had 4.5, 32.5, 33.5 or 35 wt% methyl methacrylate (ref. 575); 429, 575, 884
II had 4.5-33.5 wt% methyl methacrylate (ref. 429)
styrene I had Mw = 341 kg/mol; II had Mw = 33 kg/mol 359, 428,
741, 930
styrene I had Mw = 9.2 kg/mol; II had Mw = 31 kg/mol 930
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol II had 10 wt% vinylphenol 905
vinyl methyl ether — 1145
4-vinyl pyridine I was 10H/2 glucose 86
Appendix II
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or n-butyl 1152
(4 blend systems)
ethyl methacrylate — 612
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of ethyl, isopropyl or n-propyl 273
(3 blend systems)
styrene — 15
styrene I had 71-92 mol% o-chlorostyrene 803
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl or isoamyl 1110
(4 blend systems)
acrylic acid-co-styrene II had 6.3 or 8.5 wt% acrylic acid 1022
acrylonitrile-co-styrene II had 6.3 wt% acrylonitrile 1022
o-chlorostyrene-co-p-chlorostyrene — 16
o-chlorostyrene-co-o-fluorostyrene II had about 14-40 mol% o-chlorostyrene 840, 841
p-chlorostyrene-co-o-fluorostyrene II had 66-74 mol% p-chlorostyrene 840, 841
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-fluorostyrene II had 10-38% p-fluorostyrene 835
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-bromostyrene II had 68 or 73 mol% bromostyrene 834
o-fluorostyrene-co-styrene II had 9-20 mol% styrene 839, 842
p-fluorostyrene-co-styrene II had about 22-54 mol% styrene 531, 839, 842
Table VI. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

maleic anhydride-co-styrene II had 4.6-9.9 wt% MA (ref. 1226); II had 7.3-12.5 wt% MA 1022, 1226
(ref. 1022)
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene II had 12.5-20 wt% methyl methacrylate 1022
2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether, o-fluorostyrene I had 4-17 mol% sulfonylated units 1220
sulfonylated
p-fluorostyrene I had 17-66 mol% sulfonylated units 1220
phenylvinyl sec-butyl ether-alt- I had 87 mol% sulfonylated units 1219
N-phenylmaleimide
phenylvinyl ethyl ether-alt-N- I had 87 or 91 mol% sulfonylated units 1219
phenylmaleimide
dodecamethylene decamethylene vinyl chloride — 872
dicarboxylate
dodecamethylene dodecamethylene vinyl chloride — 872
dicarboxylate
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride II had 13.5 wt% vinyl chloride 873
epichlorohydrin alkyl acrylate II had an alkyl group of ethyl or n-propyl (2 blend systems) 224
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or 224
cyclohexyl (5 blend systems)
ethyl acrylate rubber — 226
vinyl acetate — 305
N-vinylpyrrolidone — 300
ethersulfone imide II was Matrimide 5218 510
Miscible Polymer Blends

ethyl acrylate vinylidene fluoride — 56, 844

hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene fluoride II had 8 mol% hexafluoroacetone 411, 1059
2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, modified hexyl methacrylate-co-styrene, modified I had 3-5% acrylic acid; II had 30% styrene and 5-15% 766
3-(dimethylamino) 2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate
N-ethyl-3-hydroxymethylcarbazoyl ω-hydroxyalkyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl II had an alkyl group of butyl, hexyl, pentyl or propyl 694
methacrylate methacrylate (4 blend systems)
ethyl methacrylate p-(2-hydroxy-hexafluoroisopropyl) styrene- II had 90.3-98.8 mol% styrene 646
co-styrene
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride II had 86.5 wt% vinylidene fluoride 870
vinylidene fluoride I was syndiotactic or atactic; LCST below Tm of II if I had 56, 695, 802
high MW isotactic
ethyloxazoline aramid — 532
ethersulfone — 599
ethylene, chlorinated ethylene-co-vinyl acetate I had 35.4-52.6 wt% Cl; II had 40-45 wt% vinyl acetate 849
methyl methacrylate I had 50-52 wt% Cl 99, 848
ethylene orthophthalate vinyl acetate I had Mn = 9.5 kg/mol; no LCST when I had Mn = 5.1 kg/mol 829
1287
Table VI. Continued

1288
Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

ethylene ether enaminonitrile — 585

ethylene-co-vinyl acetate
2-fluoroethyl methacrylate
3-fluoropropyl methacrylate
hexadecamethylene dodecamethylene
dicarboxylate
n-hexyl methacrylate
hydroxyether of bisphenol-A (Phenoxy)
hydroxyether of phenolphthalein
ethersulfone — 317, 534,
743, 853
ethylene-co-vinyl acetate — 129
sulfone Mn of I = 3.5-4.5 kg/mol; II was Udel P1700 796
hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene fluoride I had 70% vinyl acetate; II had 8.9 mol% hexafluoroacetone 336
vinyl chloride I had 30 or 37 wt% ethylene 631, 678
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl or ethyl (2 blend systems) 1153
methyl methacrylate — 1155
vinyl chloride — 872
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol II had 7 or 9 wt% vinylphenol 922
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, tetrahydrofurfuryl or 111, 118, 253
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl (3 blend systems)
ester II was neopentyl glycol adipate or neopentyl glycol succinate 332
(2 blend systems)
ethersulfone — 714, 764
ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide II had 22, 50 or 66 mol% ethylene oxide 1025
vinylmethylether — 818
butylene terephthalate — 310
Appendix II

β-hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl
methacrylate
2-(hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl)
styrene-co-styrene
hydroxypropyl glutamine
2-iodoethyl methacrylate
isoprene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
methacrylonitrile-co-p-methylstyrene
ethersulfone — 306
ethylene glycol — 309
N-alkyl-3-hydroxymethylcarbazoyl II had an alkyl group of butyl, decyl, dodecyl, ethyl, hexadecyl, 693
methacrylate hexyl, octyl or tetradecyl
methyl methacrylate I had 90.3-96.1 mol% styrene 646
vinylmethylether I had 90.3-99.9 mol% styrene 646
styrene-co-p-(hexafluoro-2-hydroxy- II had 98.5 mol% styrene; blend had < 50 vol% I 971
2-propyl)- α -methylstyrene
tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate — 1107
cis-butadiene-co-1,2-vinylbutadiene II had ” 24.3 % vinylbutadiene 420
ethyl methacrylate I had 0-33 wt% maleic anhydride 73
methyl methacrylate I had 8, 10, 13 or 33 wt% maleic anhydride 73
n-propyl methacrylate I had 0-18.1 wt% maleic anhydride 73
n-butyl methacrylate I had 15-25 wt% methacrylonitrile (MAN) 944
ethyl methacrylate I had 40, 46 or 53 wt% MAN 944
methyl methacrylate I had 34, 53, 56 or 68 wt% MAN 944
isopropyl methacrylate I had 22-31 wt% MAN and I had Mn = 161 kg/mol; II had 944
17-31 wt% MAN and I had Mn = 41.6 kg/mol
Table VI. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

n-propyl methacrylate I had 37 or 40 wt% MAN 944

methacrylonitrile-co-styrene
methyl acrylate
methyl methacrylate
ethyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
n-propyl methacrylate
vinylidene fluoride
copolycarbonate of bisphenol-A and
hexafluorobisphenol-A
acrylonitrile-co-methyl
methacrylate-co-styrene
carbonate of bisphenol chloral
epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene glycol
ethylene, chlorinated
ethylene glycol
hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene fluoride
N-maleimide-co-styrene
styrene-co-p-vinylphenol
sulfone of hexafluorobisphenol-A
tetrafluoroethylene-co-vinylidene fluoride
vinyl acetate
vinyl chloride
I had 5.6, 35.4 or 40.1 wt% MAN 943
I had 46.6-62.8 wt% MAN 1018
I had 2-32 wt% MAN 943
— 56, 844
II had 5.3-14 wt% hexafluorobisphenol-A 430
II had 40.0/39.1/20.9 or 61.1/19.6/19.3 of S/MMA/AN 620
— 110, 930
II had 50 mol% ethylene glycol 224
II had 56-68 wt% Cl; I was atatic, isotactic or syndiotactic 1204
— 224
— 443
II had 8, 14 or 21 wt% N-maleimide 1213
I was syndiotactic; II had 5 mol% vinylphenol 1055
I had Mw = 2.4, 1.21 or 4.25 kg/mol; II had Mw = 27 or 56 kg/mol 931
II had 80 mol% vinylidene fluoride 324
blends cast from chloroform or cyclohexanone 302, 777,
778, 1092
— 368, 506,
653, 742
Miscible Polymer Blends

vinyl chloride, chlorinated II had 63, 65 or 68 wt% Cl 506, 833

methyl methacrylate, imidized
α-methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-ran-4-
(2-hydroxyethyl)- α-methylstyrene
vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride I was atactic or isotactic; II had 86.5 wt% vinylidene chloride 506, 870
vinylidene fluoride LCST above decomposition temperature of I 55
acrylonitrile-co-styrene I had 53-91 wt% imidized unit; II had 5.7-33 wt% acrylonitrile; 230
some blends showed LCST
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-A I had Mw = 3.5 or 6.7 kg/mol; II had Mw = 33 kg/mol 930
carbonate of tetramethylbisphenol-P I had Mw = 3.5 or 6.7 kg/mol; II had Mw = 31 kg/mol 930
ethyl methacrylate — 765
methyl methacrylate — 167, 765
n-propyl methacrylate — 765
styrene — 710, 722,
865, 929
tetrahydropyranyl-2-methyl methacrylate — 116
alkyl acrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl (3 blend systems) 968
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl (3 blend systems) 968
1289
Table VI. Continued

1290
Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

dialkyl itaconate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or t-butyl 968
(5 blend systems)
vinyl acetate — 969
vinyl pyrrolidone — 969
4-vinylpyridine — 969
α-methylstyrene-stat-[4-(1,1,1-trifluoro- alkyl acrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl (3 blend systems) 968
2-hydroxyethyl)-α -methylstyrene
alkyl methacrylate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl or t-butyl (3 blend systems) 968
dialkyl itaconate II had an alkyl group of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or t-butyl 968
(4 systems)
vinyl acetate — 969
vinyl pyrrolidone — 969
4-vinylpyridine — 969
neopentyl glycol succinate vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride II was Saran, 86.5 wt% vinylidene chloride; LCST above Tm 868
(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene succinate) when ≤ 50 wt% I

oxymethylene novolac — 858

phenol-formaldehyde methyl methacrylate-co-styrene II had 30.4-83.5% MMA 433
p-phenylene benzobisoxazole nylon II was Zytel 330 (Du Pont) or PA-66 (2 blend systems) 945
2,2’-(m-phenylene)- 5,5’-bibenzimidazole imide II was Ultem 1000 or XU218 (2 blend systems) 114
Appendix II

n-propyl methacrylate vinyl chloride-co-vinylidene chloride
styrene copolycarbonate of bisphenol-A and
tetramethylbisphenol-A
o-fluorostyrene-co-p-fluorostyrene
styrene, sulfonated and Zn-neutralized caprolactam (PA-6)
styrene, sulfonated and neutralized caprolactam (PA-6)
vinyl acetate maleic anhydride-alt-styrene, hydrolyzed
hexafluoroacetone-co-vinylidene fluoride
vinyl acetate-co-vinyl chloride n-butyl methacrylate
hexyl acrylate-co-methyl acrylate
methyl methacrylate
vinyl butyral vinylpyridine
vinyl chloride acrylonitrile-co-n-butyl acrylate
alkyl acrylate
alkyl methacrylate
butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate
butyl acrylate-co-hexyl acrylate
II had 86.5 wt% vinylidene chloride 870
II had ≥ 85 wt% tetramethylbisphenol-A 431
I had Mn = 7 kg/mol; II had 10 or 33 mol% p-fluorostyrene 1144
I had 6.5, 8.1 or 9.0 mol% sulfonated units 1083
I was neutralized by Li, Mg or Zn 1223
II was 1.8-43% hydrolyzed; LCST increased with increasing 67
degree of hydrolysis
— 1073
I had 5.9-15.1 vol% vinyl acetate 497
I had 5-23.7 vol% vinyl acetate; II had 15-88 vol% hexyl acrylate; 379
some blends showed LCST
I had 5.9-15.1 vol% vinyl acetate 497
II was 2- or 4-vinylpyridine (2 blend systems) 1003
II had 53, 67 or 84 mol% butyl acrylate 655
II had an alkyl group of n-propyl or n-amyl (2 blend systems) 851
II had an alkyl group of n-butyl or n-amyl (2 blend systems) 649, 653
II had 22.9, 43.5 or 52.8% butyl acrylate 851
II had 47.8% butyl acrylate 851
Table VI. Continued
Polymer I of Polymer II of
butyl acrylate-co-methyl acrylate
butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate
butyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate
ethyl acrylate-co-hexyl acrylate
methyl acrylate-co-hexyl acrylate
pentyl acrylate-co-propyl acrylate
vinylmethylether acrylonitrile-co-styrene
alkyl acrylate
2-chlorostyrene
hydrogeneous styrene-b-deuterated styrene
maleic anhydride-co-styrene
α -methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-co-4- (2-hydroxyethyl)-
α-methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-co-4-(1,1,1-trifluoro-
2-hydroxyethyl)-α-methylstyrene
α -methylstyrene-co-styrene
m-methlstyrene-co-styrene
o-methylstyrene-co-styrene
p-methylstyrene-co-styrene
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene
nitrostyrene-co-styrene
styrene-co-1-vinyl naphthalene
styrene-co-2-vinyl naphthalene
vinylmethylketone styrene-co-4-vinylstilbene
p-vinyl phenol 4-acetoxystyrene
2-vinyl pyridine aramide
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
4-vinyl pyridine vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol
vinylidene fluoride methoxymethyl methacrylate
Comments References
II had 44.6% butyl acrylate 851
II had 75% butyl acrylate 654
II had 30 or 70% methyl methacrylate 653
II had 41.7 or 43.2% ethyl acrylate 851
II had 9.7% methyl acrylate 851
II had 48.1% propyl acrylate 851
II had ” 10-11 % acrylonitrile 575
II had an alkyl group of ethyl or n-butyl (2 blend systems) 941
— 1203
— 1019
II had < 15% maleic anhydride 575
— 318
II had 6-89 mol% α-methylstyrene 170
II had 0-93 mol% α -methylstyrene 170
II had 77.5 or 88 wt% styrene 318
II had 76.5 or 87.5 wt% styrene 1028
II had 76.2 or 86.8 wt% styrene 1028
II had 61-95 wt% styrene 318, 1016,
1028
II had < 60 mol% methyl methacrylate 108
Miscible Polymer Blends
II had ” 25.6 mol% nitrostyrene 165, 192
II had 17.4 wt% styrene 318
II had 19.2 wt% styrene 318
cloud point was sensitive to the cis- fraction of 4-stilbenzyl groups 365
— 340
II made from hexamethylenediamine and a mixture of isomers of 767
phthalic acid
— 937
II had 32-55 mol% vinyl alcohol 1046
— 267
1291
Table VII. Polymer pairs appear to have both a lower critical solution temperature and a upper critical solution temperature

1292
Polymer I of Polymer II of Comments References

acrylonitrile-co-styrene acrylonitrile-co-butadiene I had 25 wt% acrylonitrile; II had 40 wt% acrylonitrile 636

butadiene butadiene-co-styrene II had 45 wt% styrene 797
caprolactone acrylonitrile-co-styrene II had 12.4-26.4 wt% acrylonitrile 1193
carbonate of bisphenol-A methyl methacrylate blends showed an LCST-UCST loop 72, 479, 1085
dimethylsiloxane methylphenylsiloxane — 467
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-liquid 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-liquid both I and II had 6% 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate; the liquid 1252
crystalline acrylate crystalline acrylate crystalline polyacrylates had different spacer groups
o-methylated phenol formaldehyde methyl methacrylate I had 20 or 50% of OH group methylated 432
methyl methacrylate-co-styrene I had 20 or 50% of OH group methylated; II had 50 or 60% 432
methyl methacrylate
styrene 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether, II had 8.0-10.3 mol% carboxyl group 148
carboxylated
Appendix II
Table VIII. Polymer pairs that co-crystallize

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

butylene terephthalate butylene glycol-b-butylene
terephthalate
butylene glycol-b-butylene
terephthalate
ester-ether segmented polymer
etheretherketone etheretheretherketone
Tg and Tm by DSC, dielectric
loss measurements
Tg and Tm by DSC, dielectric
loss measurements, microscopy (General Electric) with Mn = 33 kg/mol,
dielectric loss peak and Tm
by DSC
Tg and Tm by DSC
two Tg’s when I was Valox 310 (General Electric) having 554
Mn = 20 kg/mol and II contained 44-67 wt% butylene
terephthalate; single Tg and single Tm when II contained
85 wt% butylene terephthalate; single Tm indicated that
only one type of crystal was present
single Tg and single Tm when I was Valox 310 703
II contained 84 wt% butylene terephthalate and
I/II = 1/3 to 3/1; thermal analysis and morphological
evidence pointed to extensive co-crystallization in this
mixture; two Tg’s when II contained 50 wt% butylene
terephthalate
I was Valox 310 (General Electric) with Mn = 20 kg/mol; 704
II was comprised of a poly(butylene oxide) soft segment
and a hard segment 4GT-butylene terephthalate, and had
total MW = 25 to 30 kg/mol; single beta dielectric loss
peak and single Tm were found when II was 44 or 67 wt%
4GT; single Tm between the Tms of the pure components
indicated co-crystallization; two dielectric loss peaks and
two Tm when II was 84 wt% 4GT
single Tg and single Tm when I contained 33% ketone 333
linkages and had melt flow = 3.0 dg/min at 400oC and
Miscible Polymer Blends

II had melt flow = 10 dg/min; I/II = 1/1

etheretherketoneketone Tg and Tm by DSC single Tg and single Tm when I contained 33% ketone 333
linkages and had melt flow = 3.0 dg/min at 400oC and
II contained 50% ketone linkages and had melt
flow = 4.0 dg/min; I/II = 1/1
etherketone Tg and Tm by DSC single Tg and single Tm when I contained 33% ketone 333
linkages and had melt flow = 3.0 dg/min and II contained
50% ketone linkages and had melt flow = 1.5 dg/min;
I/II = 1/1
etherketone Tg and Tm by DSC; WAXD single composition-dependent melting endotherms obtained 739
upon quenching when I had intrinsic viscosity = 1.124 dl/g
in sulfuric acid at 30oC and II had intrinsic viscosity =
1.107 dl/g in sulfuric acid at 30oC, but it did not happen
when other thermal histories were imposed
ether-co-ketone Tg and Tm by DSC single Tg and single Tm when I contained 33% ketone 333
linkages and had melt flow = 3.0 dg/min and II contained
57% ketone linkages and had melt flow = 1.5 dg/min;
I/II = 1/1
1293
Table VIII. Polymer pairs that co-crystallize

1294
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

etherketone (polymer II), Tg and Tm by DSC I had reduced viscosity = 1.05 dl/g in 1 wt% conc. sulfuric 334
etherimide (polymer III) acid at 23oC; II had reduced viscosity = 1.9 dl/g in
the same condition as for I; III was Ultem 1000 from
GE with reduced viscosity = 0.5 dl/g in 0.2 wt%
chloroform at 25oC; single Tg and single Tm for
I/II/III = 25/25/50
ethylene butadiene, hydrogenated DSC, SALS and SEM I was narrow MW fraction with Mw = 113 kg/mol and 13
Mn = 105 kg/mol; II contained 2.2-5.5 mol% ethyl
branches and had Mw = 103-420 kg/mol and
Mn = 83-156 kg/mol; stated that I and II co-crystallized
upon rapid crystallization from the melt when II
contained up to 2 mol% of ethyl branches
ethylene DSC and SALS I was polyethylene and II was UHMWPE with 483
MW = 5,000 kg/mol; I was LLDPE (GRSN-7047 from
Union Carbide with Mw = 134 kg/mol and Mw/Mn = 4),
or I was HDPE (Chemplex 6186 with Mw = 134.8 kg/mol
and Mw/Mn = 7.4); only a single composition dependent
Tm was observed; SALS showed the co-crystallization took
place; but when I was LDPE (Mw = 114 kg/mol and
Appendix II

Mw/Mn = 5.2), separate crystals were formed

DSC, SAXS and X-ray I was linear LLDPE and II was HDPE; co-crystallization 783
diffraction was evidenced by a single Tm by DSC; stated that X-ray
diffraction peak width, SAXS and Raman spectra were
all consistent with a single crystallizing species; but for
HDPE/LDPE and LLDPE/LDPE, separate crystals were
seen with two Tms being found by DSC
I was HDPE with Mw = 100 kg/mol and Mn = 11 kg/mol 360
and II was LLDPE with Mw = 350 kg/mol and
Mn = 16 kg/mol; after the blend with I/II = 25/75 by
weight was crosslinked either by irradiation or by
peroxides in the liquid state above a critical degree of
cross-linkage, the DSC curve of the blend showed only
one single melting point on heating and only one single
crystallization peak on cooling references 45, 348, 478,
579 and 676 also discussed the miscibility of PE/PE blends
ethylene, deuterated Tm by DSC single Tm varying smoothly with composition and no gross 217
segregation occurred
Table VIII. Continued

Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

ethylene ethylene-co-vinyl acetate DSC, SALS and SEM I was narrow MW fraction with Mw = 113 kg/mol and 13
Mn = 105 kg/mol; II contained 1.12-6.6 mol% of acetate
branches and had Mw = 60.3-105 kg/moland
Mn = 23.5-43.6 kg/mol; stated that I and II co-crystallized
upon rapid crystallization from the melt contained up to
2 mol% of acetate branches
ethylene-co-vinyl ethylene-co-vinyl acetate DSC, SALS and SEM I and II had Mw = 60.3-105 kg/mol, Mn = 23.5-43.6 kg/mol, 13
acetate and they were different in the content of acetate branches;
stated that these copolymers containing about 1-2 mol%
of acetate branches were found to cocrystallize with
one another
glutamate glutamate dynamic mechanical I or II was poly(L-glutamate) or poly(D-glutamate) having 717
measurements, m number of methylene group in the ester group of
X-ray diffraction a general formula as -CH2CH2COO-(CH2)m-C6H5-, m
might be 1, 2 or 3 so the component polymer would be
represented as Lm or Dm; the MW of both components
were 135 to 380 kg/mol and Mw/Mn = 1.1 to 1.2; stated
that binary blends of L2, D2, L3 and D3 were miscible
and formed isomorphous mixed crystals at all compositions,
whereas other pairs, with the exception of L1/D1,
were immiscible
isopropylvinylether, sec-butylvinylether, isotactic unit cell dimension from X-ray co-crystallization at all compositions 605
Miscible Polymer Blends

isotactic diffraction
4-methyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, isotactic unit cell dimensions from X-ray co-crystallization only below 25 wt% I and above 75 wt% I 605
isotactic diffraction
tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene-co- dynamic mechanical II had 98-99 mol% tetrafluoroethylene; single α-transition 1173
perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether measurements from DMA
trifluoroethylene-co- trifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene DSC, X-ray and phase-constrast no phase separation by phase-contrast microscopy, a sharp 800
vinylidene fluoride fluoride microscopy single X-ray peak, intermediate in spacing between those
of the individual copolymers, and clearly different from
their superposition, and only one ferroelectric transition
and only one melting point by DSC, indicated
co-crystallization within the same lattice when I was
52/48 mol% vinylidene fluoride (VDF)/trifluoroethylene
(TFE), II was 65/35 mol% VDF/TFE, or I was 65/35 mol%
VDF/TFE, and II was 73/27 mol% VDF/TFE; but two
X-ray peaks and two ferroelectric transitions and two
melting points when I was 52/48 and II was 73/27 mol%
VDF/TFE
1295
Table VIII. Continued

1296
Polymer I of Polymer II of Method Comments References

vinyl alcohol vinyl alcohol DSC I and II had a diad syndiotacticity of 54 and 58 mol%, 1197
respectively
vinylidene fluoride-co- vinylidene fluoride DSC I had 9.1, 14.3 or 17.6 mol% tetrafluoroethylene 980
tetrafluoethylene
hexafluoroacetone-co- DSC I had 80 mol% vinylidene fluoride; II had 92 mol% 951
vinylidene fluoride vinylidene fluoride; single melting peak
Appendix II
 Miscible Polymer Blends 1297

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87 (1991).
1257. X. Zhang, K. Tagegoshi, K. Hikichi, Polymer, 33, 718
(1992).
1258. W. W. Y. Lau, Y. Q. Jiang, P. P. K. Tan, Polym. Int.,
31, 163 (1993).
 APPENDIX III

EXAMPLES OF COMMERCIAL BLENDS

(Compiled by L. A. Utracki)

National Research, Council Canada, Industrial Materials, Institute,

Boucherville, QC, Canada

L.A. Utracki (Ed.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 1323-1331.

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

1324
A B

1. PS PB(BR) or PE Hostyren Hoechst The blends are formulated for extrusion, injection and blow molding.
Limera R Dainippon Ink and Chemicals They show excellent processability, low moisture absorption and
Polysar Bayer Miles shrinkage, improved impact strength. Composition-dependent modulus,
Polystyrol BASF A.-G. toughness, ductility, transparency and gloss.
Styroblend BASF A.-G.
Styroplus BASF A.-G.
2. ABS Elastomer Cadon* Monsanto Chem. Blends of ABS or ASA with either acrylic rubber (800) or PB (900-series),
or or Centrex Monsanto Chem. were formulated for extrusion, thermo-forming, injection and blow
ASA SMA* Luran S BASF A.-G. molding. They show excellent processability, weatherability, impact
Magnum Dow Chem. Co. strength, HDT, scratch resistance, paintability and plateability.
Rovel Uniroyal
Starflam ABS Ferro Plastics
Terluran BASF A.-G.
3. TPU ABS Prevail Dow Chem. Co. The blends can be injection molded, extruded, blow molded, or thermo
Techniace TU Sumitomo Dow formed. Transfer or compression molding, calendering and solid state
may also be used. They show hardness between that of TPU and ABS,
superb toughness, chemical resistance, appearance
4. LDPE PIB Lupolen O 250 BASF A.-G. The 1:1 blends are flexible, resistant to cracking under stress,
Pax-Plus Paxon Polymer Co. show good water-vapor properties. The blends are formulated for
extrusion, injection and blow molding. The weld-line strength, resistance
Appendix III

to warpage and shrinkage depend on processing conditions.

5. NBR EPDM Geolast JSR NE * Monsanto JSR The blends are formulated for extrusion, calendering, injection and blow
or CPE Chemigum TPE # Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. molding. They have either co-continuous or (less frequently) dispersed
or PVC Krynac NV Polysar, Inc. morphology. They show good processability, ozone, oil and heat
#
Nipol Nippon Zeon resistance, low compression set, low-temperature flexibility, nearly total
#
Paracril OZO Uniroyal Chemical elastic recovery and excellent weather resistance. Principal use includes
automotive weather stripping, interior moldings, tubings, hoses, seals,
gaskets, expansion joints, cable sheathings, conveying belts, roofing,
pond liners, geomembranes, floorings, etc.
6. PP TPO BK 891 Mitsui Chemical The blends are formulated mainly for injection molding, but they can also
or EPR Deflex A. Schulman be extruded, thermo- or vacuum- formed (e.g., Optum) compression or
or EPDM Dynaflex JSR transfer molded, calendered and blow molded. Several are dynamically
Ferrolene Ferro Plastics EPR) properties, viz. hardness and heat resistance. Some blends
Ferro Flex Ferro Plastics vulcanized, showing toughness, and composition-dependent (” 30 wt%
HiFax Himont Adv. Mat. (e.g., Kelburon) are reactor-made. Reinforced and filled grades
Hostalen PP Hoechst (containing glass fiber, talc, CaCO3, or mineral filler) are available.
IPCL JSA1986 IPCL These blends show good processability, low-temperature modulus and
Kelburon, Keltan TP DSM Polymer International impact strength, dimensional stability, low shrinkage, good mechanical
Milastomer Mitsui Petrochem. properties at temperatures from - 40 to 150°C, ozone resistance, dynamic
Modylen Tiszagi Vergi Kom. fatigue and abrasion resistance, as well as high good weatherability
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

A B

Moplen SP Himont (especially carbon-black filled grades) tear strength and paintability.
Oleflex Showa Denko Co. Over 200 applications have been found for these materials, e.g., they are
Optum Ferro Plastics used in appliances, hardware and plumbing, automotive industry
Polytrope A. Schulman, Inc. (arm rests, pillar trim, door panels, radiator grilles, dashboards, children
Propathene ICI seats, side protectors, bumpers, spoilers), etc.
PU-21713 Ferro Plastics
RPI 507 EP Research Polym.
RxLoy Ferro Plastics
Santoprene Monsanto
Sarlink Novacor
Sumitomo TPE Sumitomo Chem.
Thermolan 2000 Mitsubishi Petrochemicals
TPO 900 Reichold Chem.
Vestolen EM Hüls A.-G.
7. PVC Acrylics Acrylivin Gen. Tire & Rub. Suspension PVC modified by 5-15 wt% acrylic elastomer. The blends are
Cladux R. Daleman formulated for extrusion, injection and blow molding, vacuum- or
Decoloy GE Plastics thermo- forming and calendering. They show high impact strength,
Fiberloc HTX The Geon Company rigidity, resilience, dimensional stability, flame retardancy, excellent
Haibulen Nippon Zeon outdoor performance, good flame, abrasion, electrical, chemicals and
Kane-ace Kanegafuchi Chem. solvent resistance. These blends are used in industrial, commercial,
Kydex Rohm & Haas consumer (e.g., as wall coverings, corner guards, column covers,
Metabulen Mitsubishi Rayon shelving, counter laminates, ceiling tiles), medical, food or beverage
Polycast Royalite equipment, aircraft or mass transit interior components, and in
Examples of Commercial Blends

Sunloid KD Tsusunaka applications requiring good resistance to weathering.

Vinidur BASF A.-G.
8. PVC NBR Carloy Cary Chem. Inc. These blends (containing 30-60 wt% PVC) are formulated mainly for
Geon/Hycar B. F. Goodrich extrusion and calendering, but injection, blow, compression and transfer
Denka LCS Showa Denko Co. molding can also be used. They show good processability, fast calendering
JSR NV Jap. Synth. Rub. and extrusion, impact and tear strength, oil, fuel, improved chemical,
Krynac NV Miles-Polysar abrasion, weathering, ozone, antistatic, flame and moisture resistance.
Nipol Nippon Zeon Their applications include cables and hoses, printing plates and rollers,
Oxyblend OxyChem shoe soles, bottles for cosmetics and edible oils, profiles, etc.
paracril OZO Uniroyal Chem.
Vynite Alpha Chem. Plast.
9. PVC ABS Abson 042 Abtec Chem. Co. These blends are formulated for injection molding, extrusion, and thermo-
or ASA* Cycovin K-29 The Geon Co. or vacuum-forming, but calendering can also be used. The blends show
Denka Taimel. Denki Kagaku superior processability to component polymers, impact strength, flame
*
Geloy XP2003 GE Plastics retardance, cost-to-performance ratio. The blends with ASA show
Kaneka Enplex Kanegafuchi Corp. superior weatherability; while those containing SMA - high HDT.
Kralastic Uniroyal/Sumitomo The main use is for business machines, electrical and electronic
1325
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

1326
A B

Lustran ABS 860 Monsanto Chem. equipment housings, automotive applications, swimming pool fittings,
Nipeon AL Zeon Kasei Co. irrigation, etc.
Polyman 500 A. Schulman, Inc.
Ronfaloy V DSM
Tufrex VB Mitsubishi
Triax CBE (discontinued) Monsato Chem.
10. PA-6 Other Grilon BT EMS-Chemie Miscible blends show improved processability, solvent resistance,
PA Wellamid MR Wellman, Inc. elongation, low-temperature impact and tensile strength.
Zytel 3100 E. I. du Pont
11. PA PP Akuloy RM DSM Eng. Plast. The blends are formulated mainly for injection molding and extrusion.
Dexpro, Dexlon Dexter Corp. Polyamides PA-6, PA-66, PA-mXD6 and PARA. In most blends PA is
Eref Solvay the matrix phase, but those with PP as a matrix are also available
Flexloy Sumitomo Chem. (e.g., from Solvay). The blends show good processability, reduced water
Gapex Ferro Plastics absorption, dimensional stability, low density (i.e., low cost per volume),
LAX 23 Ube, Inc. low liquid and vapor permeability, moderate impact strength, good
MCX-Q Mitsui Petrochem. resistance to alcohols, glycols and gasohol, improved heat aging,
NB Toyobo primer-less paintability, resistance to cracking when exposed to metal
Novamid AC Mitsubishi Chem. halides (e.g., CaCl2). Some grades are reinforced. Principal blend uses
Orgalloy R-6 Atochem include appliances, automotive, tools, building, furniture and industrial.
Poliblend NH Poliresins SA
Appendix III

Snialoy Nylon Corp. Amer.

Systemer S Showa Denko Co.
Thermocomp LNP
Ube Alloy CA Ube Inc.
Ultramid KR BASF A. G.
UTX Unitika
12. PA-6, PE, EPR, Albis Albis Plastics The blends are formulated for extrusion, co-extrusion, injection, compres-
PA-66, acrylic Bexloy C E. I. du Pont sion, transfer and blow molding. They can also be thermoformed. Grades
PARA, elastomers, Brilion BT-40 Emser Ind. containing up to 40 wt% mineral or glass fibers are available. Some may
or or Capron AlliedSignal contain PTFE. The blends have good processability, low temperature
PA-666 ionomers Durethan Bayer A.-G impact strength, rigidity, stiffness, high heat resistance, lower service
Dynyl Rhône Poulenc temperature. The molded articles can suppress vibration, even when dry
Fiberfil TN DSM Eng. Plast. and at sub-zero temperatures. The blends find use in a broad range of
Grilon A EMS-Chem. A.-G. applications, viz., automotive (stone & splash guards, under-the-hood
Maranyl ICI moldings, seals, hoses, tubes, clips, fasteners, fuel doors, gears),
Minlon E. I. du Pont appliances, sport (e.g., ski bindings, roller skates), business equipment,
Nybex Ferro Plastics consumer products (office chair seats, housings, casters, wheels, rollers,
Nycoa Nylon Corp. Amer. pulleys, gears), etc.
Nydur Bayer A.-G
Nylafil Wilson-Fiberfil Int.
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

A B

Nylon Celanese Eng. Res.

Star X Ferro Plastics
Technyl A & B Rhône Poulenc
Ultramid A, B, C & T BASF A. G.
Vydyne Monsanto Chem.
Wellamid 22 L Wellman Inc.
Zytel ST E. I. du Pont
Zytel 300, 400 E. I. du Pont
13. PA-66, Brominated Akulon K228 DSM These fire-resistant, unreinforced blends designed for injection molding or
or PS Latamid 66 Lati extrusion, are used in automotive and electrical applications. They show
PA-6 Starflam PA6 Ferro Plastics good flame retardance, mechanical properties and dimensional stability.
Ultramid A3X BASF A.-G.
Zytel FR E. I. du Pont
14. PA-6 ABS Alphaloy MPA Kanegafuchi Chem. The compatibilized blends (with either PA as matrix or co-continuity of
or Elemid GE Plastics both phases) are formulated for injection molding, extrusion, and
PA-66 Diaaloy N Mitsubishi Rayon thermoforming, but blow and compression molding also can be used.
Kane ace MUH Kanegafuchi Chem. The blends show good processability and flow, high heat and chemical
Malecca S Denki Kagaku K. resistance, high resistance to oil, wear, and abrasion, dimensional
Maxloy A JSR stability, low temperature impact strength, reduced moisture sensitivity,
Monkalloy N Monsanto Kasei and economy. Main application is in automotive, chemical, electrical,
N5 Thermofil Inc. customer, and sport industries. Some grades are glass fiber reinforced.
Novaloy-A Daicel Chem. Ind. The material has been also used in anti-vibration damping structures.
Stapron N DSM Polymer Int.
Examples of Commercial Blends

SX Toray Ind., Inc.

Techniace TA Sumitomo Dow
Toyolac Alloy Toray Ind., Inc.
Triax 1000 Monsanto
Ultramid BASF A.-G.
15. PA Cyclic - PO Elmit ZF Mitsui Petrochemicals Processability, impact strength, moisture insensitivity
16. PA PC Dexcarb D & S Int. Processability, HDT > 200°C, impact strength, low mold shrinkage,
Iupilon Mitsubishi Gas solvent, and moisture sensitivity.
SC 720 Idemitsu
Petrochemicals
17. PC TPU Texin 3000 Bayer/Miles PC blends with polyester urethane were designed for extrusion or molding
Texin 4000 articles used in automotive and consumer goods’ industries.
18. PC Elastomer Idemitsu SC-150 Idemitsu Petrochemicals The blends for extrusion or injection molding contain < 6 wt% elastomer
Makrolon T-78 Bayer/Miles (e.g., butyl acrylate-co-methacrylate), thus are opaque. They show low
Novarex AM Mitsubishi Chem. temperature toughness, high impact strength, good weld-line strength,
and HDT.
1327
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

1328
A B

19. PC ABS Alphaloy Kanegafuchi Chem. The blends are formulated for injection molding, extrusion and thermo-
(and SAN Bayblend T Bayer/Miles or vacuum forming, but they can also be compression or transfer molded.
in some Cycoloy GE Plastics They show good processability, excellent plating, HDT and impact
blends) Denka HS Denki Kagaku strength, high stiffness and strength, dimensional stability, toughness,
Dialoy C Mitsubishi Rayon delamination resistance, low-temperature impact strength, good weldline
Exceloy JSR strength, solvent and chemical resistance. These are three-phase blends,
Iupilon MB Mitsubishi Gas with 30-65 wt% PC usually being the matrix. Grades with glass fiber
Lynex B Asahi Chem. reinforcement are available. The blends are used for housings of
Malecca P Denka computers, business machines and electrical appliances, electrical and
Multilon PX Teijin Chem. Ltd. electronic parts, connectors, carriages, switches, fans, power and agricul-
Novaloy-S Daicel Chem. Ind. tural, garden and lawn tools, cameras, optical instruments, exterior
Proloy/Lexan GE Plastics automotive components, electronic or telecommunication parts, sporting
Pulse Dow Chem. Co. goods, etc.
Ronfalin DSM
Royalite R11 Uniroyal
Ryulex Dainippon
SC 250 Idemitsu Petrochem.
Techniace TC Sumitomo Dow
Toplex Multibase, Inc.
Terblend B BASF A.-G.
Appendix III

Triax 2000 Monsanto Chem.

ABS/PC 7901 Diamond Polymers
20. PC ASA, Baitaloy * Hitachi Chem. High impact strength, thermal stability, improved resistance to high
or AAS* Dialoy A Mitsubishi Rayon temperature aging and UV degradation, excellent weatherability, rigidity,
Geloy XP4001 GE Plastics and dimensional stability. The blends are formulated mainly for
Terblend S BASF A. G. extrusion, injection molding and thermoforming.
21. PC PS Novadol Mitsubishi Chem. Impact strength, thermal stability and weatherability.
SC 200 Idemitsu Petrochemicals
22. PC SMA Arloy 1000 ARCO Chem. Co. The blends designed for extrusion, thermoforming, or injection molding.
Ektar MB Eastman Kodak They show excellent processability, toughness and heat resistance.
R4 9900 Thermofil Inc.
23. PC PBT or Azloy Azdel, Inc. The blends are formulated for injection molding, extrusion, and blow
PET or BCT 4201 Toray molding, but they can be transfer or compression molded, formed in
PCTG Defsan Russia solid state, or thermoformed. In most blends PC is the matrix phase.
(and Dialoy P Mitsubishi Rayon The impact modifier can be PE, ABS, or acrylic copolymer, e.g., MBS.
10-20 wt% Ektar MB, Eastman Chemical Company The blends show good processability, heat resistance, ductility, HDT,
impact modifier) Eastalloy DA (PCTG) Eastman Chemical Company high modulus, impact, tensile and flexural strength over a wide
Idemitsu SC 600 Idemitsu Petrochem. temperature range, good adhesion, solvent, chemical, and UV resistance.
Makroblend Bayer A.-G. They can be painted, hot stamped, metallized and plated. Some blends
MB4300 Mitsubishi Gas (containing polybutadiene as impact modifier) may have poor weather-
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

A B

Novadol Mitsubishi Chem. ability. The blends are mainly used in automotive industry.
Pocan Bayer
R2-9000 Thermofil Inc.
Sabre Dow
Stapron E DSM Polymer Int.
Ultrablend KR BASF
Valox GE Plastics
Xenoy 1000 GE Plastics
24. PET Elastomer Arloy 2000* ARCO Chem. Co. The blends are formulated for extrusion, injection, compression, blow, and
or SMA* Celanex Celanese Eng. Res. transfer molding. The blends contain up to 35 wt% glass fiber. They show
Rynite E. I. du Pont good processability, rigidity, impact and tensile strength, as well as
SC-150 Idemitsu Petrochemicals excellent weatherability.
25. PET PC *Ektar MB Eastman These blends can be injection molded or extruded. They are partially
or (and Hyperlite Kanegafuchi Chem. miscible, with co-continuous morphology showing improved
PCTG* 15-20 wt% Impact AlliedSignal processability, solvent resistance, elongation, low-temperature impact
impact modifier) Makroblend UT Mobay and tensile strength (possible reduction of crystallinity upon blending).
MB 3500 Mitsubishi Gas Ektar resins are based on poly(cyclohexane-terephthalate-glycol) mixed
Petsar Polysar with PC and/or with SMA. They are primarily used in business
Sabre 1600 Dow machines, appliances, consumer goods, garden tools, lightning, automo-
SC Idemitsu Petrochemicals tive, sports equipment, fluid handling, etc.
Xenoy 2000 GE Plastics
26. PBT PET C, CN Teijin Good surface properties, HDT, impact strength, dimensional stability, and
Celanex Hoechst Celanese economy.
Examples of Commercial Blends

EMC Toyobo
Valox GE Plastics
27. PBT Acrylic rubber BU Dai Nippon Ink Improved processability and impact resistance.
BX Toray
Novadol Mitsubishi Chem.
Vandar Hoechst
28. PBT Elastomer Bexloy J E. I. du Pont These impact-modified PBT blends are formulated for injection molding,
Celanex Hoechst Celanese but they can also be extruded and thermoformed. They show good
Gafite GAF processability, electrical properties, high stiffness and strength, HDT,
Macroblend Bayer Miles dimensional stability, impact strength, solvent and chemical resistance.
Pibiter HI Montedipe
Starflam PBT Ferro Plastics
Techster T Rhône Poulenc
Ultradur KR BASF A.-G.
29. PBT ABS or AAS* A, AN Teijin The blends contain 0-30 wt% glass fiber or mineral fillers. They are
Alphaloy MPB Kanegafuchi Chem. formulated for injection molding, but can be extruded, thermoformed or
BA Dai Nippon Ink solid state formed. They show excellent processability, high gloss,
1329
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

1330
A B

Baitaloy VL* Hitachi Chem. stiffness at high temperature, good electrical properties, thermal stability,
Cycolin GE Plastics and mechanical strength, HDT, low shrinkage, good dimensional stability,
Diaaloy B Mitsubishi Rayon impact strength, as well as solvent (e.g., to gasoline and motor oils) and
Lumax Lucky Co., Ltd. chemical resistance. The main consumption includes electronics,
Malecca B Denka Kagaku K. automotive and electrical industry, as well as office, sports and
Maxloy B JSR household equipment.
Novaloy-B Daicel Chem. Ind.
Techniace TB Sumitomo Dow
Triax 4000 Monsanto
Ultrablend S BASF A.-G.
VX Toray
30. PAr PET or PC Ardel D-240 Amoco Corp. Processability, high HDT, tough, high impact strength.
U-8000 Unitika
31. POM PBT Duraloy Celanese HDT, toughness, softness, high impact strength.
Lynex T Asahi Chem.
32. POM TPU Celcon Celanese Eng. Res. The blends are formulated for extrusion, injection, compression, blow, and
Delrin E. I. du Pont transfer molding. They show excellent processability, rigidity, high
Duraloy H.-Celanese impact strength, high fatigue, flexural, and tensile strength, high
Formaldafil Wilson-Fiberfil toughness, low water absorbency, gloss, resistance to chemicals. In most
Fulton KL LNP Corp. blends POM is impact-modified with 10-30 wt% TPU. Some grades
Appendix III

Hostaform S Hoechst A.-G. contain PTFE. Co-continuous morphology gives especially good perfor-
RTP 800 RTP Corp. mance. These blends find use in sports equipment, plumbing, electronic/
TC Polyplastics mechanical parts, automotive, appliances, hinges, etc.
Thermocomp LNP
Ultraform BASF A.-G.
33. PPE PS (HIPS, Gepax GE Plastics These blends, with 25-60 wt% PPE, were designed for injection or blow
SBS, SEBS, Luranyl BASF A.-G. molding, calendering, thermoforming, extrusion. Some grades are rein-
ABS, SB,...) Noryl GE Plastics forced with < 30 wt% glass fibers. They show good processability, heat
Prevex GE Plastics resistance, HDT = 90-150°C, toughness, good dimensional stability,
Verton Hüls resistance to hot water, flame retardance, low density, cost/performance
Vestoran 1900 and 2000 Hüls-Nuodex ratio, low moisture absorption.
Xyron 200 Asahi Chem. Ind.
34. PPE PA Artley Sumitomo Chem. The blends designed for extrusion, thermoforming, or injection molding.
Dimension AlliedSignal They are compatibilized, with 40-60 wt% PA, showing moderate
Lynex A Asahi Chem. Ind. processability and impact strength, good tensile and flexural strength,
Noryl GTX GE Plastics high temperature creep, solvent, and chemical resistance, low moisture
Remaloy Mitsubishi Petrochemicals absorption. They are dimensionally stable, paintable, and palatable.
Ultranyl BASF A. G.
Vestoblend Hüls A.-G.
Xyron A & G Asahi Chem. Ind.
No. Polymer Name Supplier Comments

A B

35. PPE PBT Dialoy X Mitsubishi Rayon Excellent processability, high solvent, and temperature resistance,
(+ PC BE Dai Nippon Ink dimensional stability
+ impact Gemax GE Plastics
modifier) Iupi-ace Mitsubishi Gas
36. PPE PPS DIC PPS Dainippon Ink & Chemicals The blends designed for injection molding, but extrusion, compression
Iupi-ace Mitsubishi Gas molding or thermoforming can also be used. The blends have to be
Noryl APS GE Plastics compatibilized, and contain up to 40 wt% glass fibers. They show good
processability, reduced flash, toughens, and high heat resistance.
37. PVDF PMMA Polycast Royalite Used for electrets or as outdoor films with good clarity, chemical and
UV stability.
38. PSF ABS Arylon Uniroyal The blends can be either extruded or injection molded. They show good
Mindel A Amoco Corp. processability, toughens, dimensional stability, high HDT, hot water
resistance, plateability, and paintability. The applications include
plumbing, food service, fiber optics controlled system.
39. PSF PET Mindel B Amoco Corp. The blends can be either extruded or injection molded. They show
improved processability, and impact strength, low shrinkage and
warpage, high HDT, good stress crack chemical and solvent resistance,
good economy. The blend find applications as molded electrical parts,
viz., connectors, relays, switches, motor starters, control housings, etc.
40. PSF PA Reo-alloy Riken Vinyl Processability, low viscosity and low water absorption.
41. SMI SAN Malecca A Denka High heat and impact resistance.
42. SMI ABS Malecca K Denka High heat and impact resistance.
43. SMI PA Malecca N Denka High heat, solvent and impact resistance.
Examples of Commercial Blends

44. PEEK PES Sumiploy SK Sumitomo Chem. The blends are designed for injection molding, but extrusion, compression
molding or thermoforming can also be used. SK 1660 grade contains
glass fibers. The materials show good processability, excellent high
temperature, chemical and hot water resistance.
45. PEEK LCP Sumiploy EK Sumitomo Chem. The blends are designed for injection molding, but extrusion, compression
molding or thermoforming can also be used. They show good process-
ability, high strength, modulus, and HDT.
46. PEI PC Ultem LTX GE Plastics Designed for injection molding and extrusion. Processability, HDT,
flexural, tensile and impact strength, flame retardancy, long term
hydrolytic stability, stain and chemical resistance, lower cost than PEI
47. PI LCP Aurum Mitsui Toatsu Good processability, low viscosity, HDT, and low water absorption.
48. ABS Hydrophilic Adion Asahi Chemical Permanent antistatic properties.
or polymer — Toray
HIPS
1331
 APPENDIX IV

DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Compiled by L. A. Utracki)

National Research, Council Canada, Industrial Materials, Institute, Boucherville, QC,

Canada

A-, B-, and C-stages Expressions used by Baekeland to differentiate polymerization

steps of phenolic resins. A-stage: Initial; resins are still fusible and soluble. B-stage:
Advanced degree of condensation; resins are still capable of swelling but no longer
soluble. C-stage; Complete cross linking and insolubility.
AB, AABB Polymerization Step-growth polymerization, in which the two types of
functional group (A and B) are attached to the same or two different monomers, viz.
hydroxy acid (AB) and diol-diacid (AABB).
Ablation Decomposition of a material caused by heat friction.
Abrasion The wearing away of some surface area by its contact with another
material.
Abrasion resistance Ability of material to withstand mechanical action such as
rubbing, scraping, or erosion that tends to progressively remove material from its
surface; to resist surface wear.
ABS A thermoplastic classified as an elastomer-modified styrene-acrylonitrile copo-
lymer.
Accelerated aging Aging by artificial means to obtain an indication on how a
material will behave under normal conditions over long period. Also tests in which
conditions are intensified to reduce the time required to obtain deteriorating effects,
similar to these resulting from normal service conditions.
Accelerated weathering Duplicating or reproducing weather conditions by machine-
made means. Test in which the normal weathering conditions are accelerated by
means of a device.
Accumulator A device for conserving energy in hydraulic systems of molding
equipment, or an auxiliary ram extruder used to provide fast material delivery in a
molding machine.
Acetal resins Polyoxymethylene — a crystalline thermoplastic material made from
formaldehyde, viz. Delrin™ or Celcon™.
Acrylic Elastomer An elastomer based on polyethylacrylate and/or poly-n-butylac-
rylate with thermal stability up to T = 200°C, usually crosslinked by heating with

L.A. Utracki (Ed.), Polymer Blends Handbook, 1333-1385.

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
1334 Appendix IV
peroxides or with alkali. To improve the solvent
resistance 20-50 wt% of ethoxy or methoxyethyl-
acrylate may be added.
Acrylics Name given to plastics produced by
the polymerization of acrylic acid derivatives,
usually including methyl methacrylate. An amor-
phous thermoplastic material. In technological
jargon polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or poly-
acrylonitrile fiber with at least 85 wt% of PAN.
Adapter A mechanical reducing mechanism
between the barrel and either a nozzle or a die.
Additive A material added to a polymer during
the final synthesis stages or in subsequent process-
ing to improve or alter some characteristic of
the polymer. Additives as a class of materials
are not intended to increase strength properties.
Examples: Pigments, lubricants, anti-static agents,
flame retardants, and plasticizers.
Adhesion The state in which two surfaces are
held together at an interface by mechanical or
chemical forces, by interlocking action, ect.
Adhesive A substrate capable of holding two
materials together by surface attachment. Adhe-
sive can be in film, liquid, or paste form.
Advanced composites Composite materials that
are reinforced with continuous fibers having a
modulus higher than that of glass fibers. The
term includes polymeric matrix, metal matrix, and
ceramic matrix composites, as well as carbon-
carbon composites.
Aging The change of a material over time
under defined natural or synthetic environmental
conditions, leading to improvement or deterio-
ration of properties. Also, changes caused by
exposure to physical and chemical factors (viz.,
light, temperature, chemicals, weather), leading
to irreversible deterioration. A process of expos-
ing plastics to natural or artificial environmental
conditions for a prolonged time. See also Acceler-
ated aging, Artificial aging, Chemical Aging,
Physical Aging.
Alkyd resins Name given to synthetic, thermo-
setting resins processed from polyhydric alcohols
and polybasic acid or anhydrides. These unsatu-
rated polyesters are prepared by esterification
of a polyfunctional alcohol (e.g., glycerin) with
phthalic anhydride in combination with fatty acids
or rosin acids (molecular weight about 2000
to 5000). These resins are frequently modified
by incorporation of, e.g., nitrocellulose, NC, or
phenolics. Alkyds are used mainly as lacquers.
Alloy A material made by blending polymers
or copolymers with other polymers or elastomers
under selected conditions, e.g., styrene-acryloni-
trile copolymer, SAN, blended with butadiene-
acrylonitrile elastomer, NBR. A mixture of two
chemically different polymers to form a material
having properties different from, but often com-
prising those of the original resins. Also see
Polymer alloy
Allyl resin Low molecular weight polymeriza-
tion product of allyl monomer, CH2=CHCH2X,
where, for example, X = -OH, -OOCCH3, etc.
Ambient temperature Temperature of the medi-
um surrounding an object. Used to denote prevail-
ing room temperature, RT.
Amino resin Collective term for resins that are
capable of being crosslinked. Terms: Aminoplast
or Amino plastic are also used. The materials
are based on compounds containing NH2-group
and formaldehyde. The representatives are urea-,
melamine- and dicyanodiamide- based resins,
used for laminating and molding.
Amorphous polymer A non-crystalline poly-
meric material that has no definite order or crystal-
linity. A polymer in which the macromolecular
chain has a random conformation in solid (glassy
or rubbery) state. On the one hand, an amorphous
polymer may show a short range order, while on
the other, a crystalline polymer may be quenched
to the amorphous state (viz. polyethylenetere-
phthalate, PET).
Amplitude The maximum value of a periodi-
cally varying function, e.g., used to describe the
energy transmitted from the ultrasonic welding
horn to the weld joint.
Analysis of variance A statistical technique
where the total variation of the investigated
response is being analyzed or divided into
meaningful components, such as a portion due
to regression and a portion due to error.
Anionic polymerization Chain polymerization
in which the active center is an anion, usually
carbanion. The method is mostly used to polymer-
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
ize vinyl monomers carrying electron withdraw-
ing substituents (e.g., -CN, -COOR, -COR, -Aryl).
The polymerization is frequently initiated by
n-butyl lithium.
Anisometry The difference in the magnitude of
the dimensions of a particle that depend on the
direction. Thus, sphere is isometric — it has a
minimum of anisometry. It is customary to define
anisometry in terms of the aspect ratio, p. For
platelets, p is defined as thickness divided by the
longest orthogonal dimension, thus for platelets’
p ≤ 1. By contrast, for fiber-like particles, p is
the length-to-diameter ratio, i.e., p ≥ 1. Macro-
molecules show high anisometry with a typical
value p = 1,000.
Anisotropy The material properties being depen-
dent on the direction. Most multiphase polymeric
systems show some degree of anisometry. The
mechanical performance in the machine direction
can be as much as a hundred times higher than
those in the transverse direction. In homopolymers,
the anisotropy is a reflection of the molecular
orientation in either a glassy or a semicrystalline
state (see Birefringence).
Annealing To heat a molded plastic article to
a predetermined temperature and slowly cool it to
relieve stresses. Annealing of molded or machined
parts may be done dry, as in an oven, or wet, as in
a heated tank of mineral oil. To relieve the stresses
without introducing major change of the molecu-
lar structure in the formed article the annealing is
frequently carried out at a temperature being few
degrees below the glass transition temperature,
Tg. The treatment is also used to increase polymer
crystallinity. The process requires keeping the
polymer at a temperature T < Td (where Td is the
thermal degradation temperature). The best results
are usually obtained when (Tg + Tm)/2 ≤ T < Tm,
where Tm is the melting temperature.
Antioxidant A substance that, when added in
small quantities to the resin during mixing, pre-
vents its oxidative degradation and contributes to
the maintenance of its properties.
Antiplasticization An increase of stiffness,
tensile strength and/or the glass transition tem-
perature, and a decrease of the elongation at
break, caused by addition of small amount of
1335
a plasticizer. For example, maximum hardness
of polyvinylchloride was observed at 5-10 phr
of diethylhexylphthalate, PVC/DOP, and mini-
mum impact strength at 12 phr. Antiplasticiza-
tion occurs in many polymers, viz. PVC, poly-
methylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS),
polycarbonate (PC), polyamides (PA), silk (by
water), etc.
Antistatic agents (antistats) Substances that, when
added to the molding material or applied on the
surface of the molded part, make it less able to store
static electrical charge.
Apparent or Bulk density Weight of unit volume
of material including voids (air) inherent in the
material.
Arc resistance The time required for a given
electrical current to render the plastic surface of
a material conductive because of carbonization by
the arc flame. Also ability to resist the action of
a high voltage electrical arc, usually in terms of
time required to render the material electrically
conductive. The total time (in sec) that intermit-
tent arc may play across the plastic surface with
rendering the surface conductive.
Aromatic Description used for chemicals that
have at least one ring structure derived from
benzene in their chemical structure. Benzene rings
are made by six carbon atoms forming a hexagonal
structure with alternating single and double bonds.
The description is general and covers a wide
range of chemicals. The word “aromatic” is used
because of the strong smell of benzene. Many of
the chemicals classified as aromatics have a very
different smell or no smell at all. A benzene ring
structure with one bonding site is a “phenyl” ring
or group. See also Benzene.
Aromatic polymer A polymer containing aro-
matic ring structures, viz. polyamides, polyesters,
polyethers, polysulfides, polysulfones, polysilox-
anes, etc.
Artificial aging The exposure of a plastic to
conditions that accelerate the effects of time, such
as heating, exposure to cold, flexing, application
of electric field, immersion in water, exposure to
chemicals and solvents, ultraviolet, light stability,
resistance to fatigue, etc. The accelerated testing
of plastic specimens to determine their changes in
1336 Appendix IV
properties, carried out over a short time. The tests
indicate what may be expected of a material under
service conditions over extended periods. Typical
investigations include those for dimensional sta-
bility, mechanical fatigue, chemical resistance,
stress cracking resistance, dielectric strength, and
so forth, under the conditions that reflect the
conditions under which the article will be used.
Usually, the time the article is exposed to these test
conditions is relatively short. (See also Aging.)
Ashing The reduction of a polymer by high
heat to yield any inorganic material, e.g., fillers or
reinforcements, used to verify the percentage of
non-organic content in the resin.
Aspect ratio The relative comparison of one
dimension of an object to another. For fibers, the
aspect ratio is the length divided by the diameter.
For mica, it is the shorter of the length and
width of a platelet to its thickness. For complex
objects like a particle of clay, it is a relative
number approximating the ratio of the longer
of two dimensions to the shorter. This ratio is
key in how effective a reinforcement is within
a matrix of polymer molecules. Given uniform
composition and coupling agents, higher aspect
ratio reinforcement results in a higher increase
in strength. The aspect ratio determines how
much stress can be transferred to the fibers or
platelets before being transferred back into poly-
mer matrix.
ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for
Testing and Materials.
Atactic polymer A polymer in which at least one
chain atom in a mer can exhibit stereoisomerism
(e.g., -CH2C*HX-), but has no preference for one
particular configuration, e.g., atactic vinyl polymers
(PVC or PS), atactic polypropylene, PP, etc.
Atom The most basic compositional unit of
the elements composed of protons, electrons, and
neutrons. Elements are any substance composed
solely of chemically identical atoms, viz. carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iron, alumi-
num, etc.
Attenuation The diminution of vibrations or
energy over time or distance. The term is also
used to describe a process of making thin and
slender articles, e.g., the formation of fiber from
molten glass.
Autoclave A closed vessel for conducting either
a chemical reaction or other operation (e.g., cool-
ing) under pressure and heat. Autoclaves are
widely used for bonding and curing reinforced
plastic laminates.
Autoclave molding A process in which, after
lay-up, winding, or warping, an entire assembly
is placed in a heated autoclave, usually at 340 to
1380 kPa (50 to 200 psi). The pressure results in
higher density and improved removal of volatiles.
The lay-up’s are usually vacuum bagged with a
bleeder and release cloth.
Automatic mold A mold or die in injection or
compression molding that repeatedly goes through
the entire cycle without human assistance.
Auxiliary equipment Refers to equipment,
other than the principal processing unit (e.g.,
an extruder or an injection molding machine),
required to insure that the manufactured part
would be made correctly. The auxiliary equip-
ment comprises: dryers, chillers, material and
part conveyors, robots, process monitoring and
controlling units, etc.
Average molecular weight Summation over the
distribution of molecular weights of a polymeric
substance, e.g., with respect to the number, Mn,
weight, Mw, or higher moments. Depending on
the method of determination, Mn, Mw, or higher
average molecular weight is obtained.
Back pressure A pressure against the free flow of
material during extrusion that causes the material
to have a high-mixing action. Also resistance of
a material, caused by its viscosity, to flow when
mold is closing.
Back taper or draft Reverse draft used in mold
to prevent molded articles from drawing freely.
Backing plate In mold construction, a plate used
as a support for the cavity blocks, guide pins,
bushings, etc.
Ball valve A screw melt seal or valve, similar to
a check ring valve, but designed differently. Uses a
round ball to seal off the melt so it does not flow back
over the screw flights during the injection cycle.
Banbury An internal mixer for compounding,
composed of a pair of counter-rotating rotors that
masticate the materials.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Barrel In extrusion, injection molding, or blow
molding machine a hollow tube in which the
plastic material is gradually heated and melted
and from which it is extruded.
Batch A quantity of materials formed during
the same process or in one continuous process
and having identical characteristics throughout.
Also a Lot.
Benzene A chemical structure composed of six
carbon atoms arranged in a stable cyclic structure.
Each carbon atom is single bonded to the next
carbon atom on one side, and double bonded to
the carbon atom on the other side. Each also has
a hydrogen atom bonded to it. Phenyl groups are
benzene rings where one of the carbon atoms is
bonded to another molecule, making the entire
cyclic structure a substituent or side group of that
molecule.
Bezel A grooved rim or flange.
Binder The resin or a cementing constituent that
holds the other components together. The agent
applied to mats or preforms to bond the fibers
before molding.
Binomial distribution A discrete probability
distribution based on two possible outcomes,
which may be labeled success (with probability p)
or failure (with probability q = 1 - p); the
probability function expresses the number of X
successes in n independent trials.
Bimodal distribution A probability distribution
in which the differential distribution function has
two maxima.
Biopolymer Polymer produced by biosynthesis
in nature, viz. polysaccharides, nucleic acids,
proteins, cellulose, lignin, natural rubber.
Binodal The line on the temperature vs. com-
position phase diagram for a mixture of two com-
ponents, which separates the metastable region
from the single-phase regions. Hence, it represents
the limits of stability in a two-phase system, viz.
a polymer solution or polymer blend.
Birefringence (double refraction) The differ-
ence between index of refraction in two directions,
measured with polarized light. The birefringence
originates in the molecular orientation in either a
glassy or crystalline phase. Positive birefringence
occurs when the principal optic axis lies along
1337
the chain; negative, when it is perpendicular. See
also Dichroism.
Bleed To give up color when in contact with
water or a solvent. Also a “migration,” undesired
movement of additives in a plastic (e.g., plasticiz-
ers in PVC) to the surface of the finished article
or into an adjacent material. The term is also used
to describe a passage at the parting line of a mold
(such as a vent, but deeper) that makes it possible
for the material to escape or bleed.
Bleeding Diffusion of an additive in or out of a
plastic part. See Bleed.
Blending Preparation of polymer blends or
alloys, usually involving mixing of two polymeric
liquids.
Blends see Polymer Blends
Blister A raised area on the surface of a molded
part caused by the pressure of gases inside it.
Blister packaging Packaging method based on
sealing articles inside thermoformed, transparent
cases.
Block copolymers copolymer synthesized from
two or more monomers in such a way that
monomers of the same kind are arranged in
homopolymeric blocks.
Block polymerization An older expression for
bulk or mass polymerization.
Blocking The adhesion between layers of plastic
that may develop under pressure during storage
or use.
Bloom A visible exudation or efflorescence on
the surface of a plastic — it may be caused by
lubricant, plasticizer, etc.
Blow film extrusion Techniques for making film
by extruding the plastic through a circular die,
followed by expansion (by the pressure of internal
air admitted though the center of the mandrel),
cooling, and collapsing the bubble.
Blow molding A molding process used to pro-
duce hollow objects in which a hollow tube
(parison) is forced into a shape of the mold cavity
using internal air pressure. The two primary types
are: injection blow molding and extrusion blow
molding. Blow molding is a method of fabrication
in which a warm plastic parison is placed between
the two halves of a mold and forced to assume the
shape of that mold cavity by use of air pressure
1338 Appendix IV
introduced through the inside of the parison that
forces the melt against the surface of the mold.
Blow pin A hollow pin inserted or made to contact
the blowing mold so that the blowing media can
be introduced into the parison or hollow form and
expanded to conform to the mold cavity.
Blowing agent Additive capable of producing a
cellular structure in a plastic or rubber mass.
Blueing off Checking the accuracy of mold cut-
off surfaces by putting a thin coating of Prussian
Blue on one-half and checking the blue transfer to
the other half.
Blush The tendency of a plastic to turn white or
chalky in areas that are highly stressed (viz. gate
blush).
Bonds Forces between atoms that hold them in
relative proximity to each other resulting in larger
structures called molecules. Primary bonds result
from the sharing of two electrons of two atoms of
the same molecule and are strongest. Secondary
bonds are between atoms of different molecules
or remote sections of the same molecule. They are
the result of attractions due to polarity, induced
polarity due to displaced electrons, and temporary
polarity due to vibration and spinning. These bond
forces are weak in comparison to primary bonds.
Boss A projection on a plastic part designed to
add strength, facilitate alignment during assembly,
and provide for fastening.
Bottom plate Part of the mold containing the
heel radius and push up.
Branched chains Side chains attached to the
main, original chain.
Branched polymer A non-linear polymer in
which the molecules consist of linear main chain
to which there are randomly attached secondary
chain branches, viz. low density polyethylene.
A fraction of repeat units in a polymer that
statistically contain one branch is defined as the
branching density: λ = αb/n, where α is branch-
ing coefficient (dependent on functionality of the
branch point), b is number of branch points and n
is the number of repeat units.
Breaker plate A perforated plate located at the end
of an extruder or at the nozzle end of an injection
cylinder. It often supports the screens that prevent
foreign particles from entering the die.
Breathing or degassing The opening and clos-
ing of a mold to allow gases to escape early in
the molding cycle. When referring to plastic film,
“breathing” indicates permeability.
Brittle failure Failure resulting from inability
of material to absorb energy, resulting in instant
fracture upon mechanical loading.
Brittle, or brittleness temperature Temperature
at which plastics and elastomers exhibit brittle
failure under impact conditions — the lowest tem-
perature at which the material withstands given
condition without failure.
Brittle point The highest temperature at which
a material fractures in a prescribed impact test
procedure.
Buckling Crimping of the fibers in a composite
material, often occurring in glass-reinforced ther-
mosets due to resin shrinkage during cure.
Bulk or apparent density Average density of
material in a loose or powdered form of plastic
(granular, nodular, etc.) expressed as a ratio of
weight to volume.
Bulk factor Ratio of volume of any given
quantity of the loose plastic material to the volume
of the same quantity of the material after molding
or forming. It is a measure of volume change that
may be expected in fabrication.
Bulk polymerization Polymerization where only
monomer and initiator (or catalyst) are involved.
Owing to heat of polymerization and difficulty of
safe dissipation of generated heat the conversion
rarely exceeds 50%. Older terms: block or mass
polymerization.
Burning Overheating the resin in the barrel
causing discoloration and, if long enough, char-
ring the material. Burning can be caused by
trapped gasses in poor or non vented area of the
mold. The gasses may ignite, due to pressure and
temperature (as in a diesel engine) and discolor
or char the part.
Burst strength The internal pressure required to
break a pressure vessel such as a pipe or fitting.
The pressure (and therefore the burst strength)
varies with the rate of pressure buildup and the
time during which the pressure is held.
Butadiene A common name of a synthetic elasto-
mer, polybutadiene — BR, e.g., used in butadiene-
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
styrene, butadiene-acrylonitrile, and acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene copolymers.
Butt-fusion A method of joining similar forms
of thermoplastic materials using heat.
Buttress thread A type of thread used for
transmitting power in only one direction. It has
the efficiency of the square thread and the strength
of the V-thread.
Calendering The passing of sheet materials
between sets of pressure rollers to produce a
smooth finish sheet of desired thickness.
Calorimeter An instrument capable of making
absolute measurements of energy absorbed in a
material by measuring changes of temperature.
Capillary rheometer Instrument for measuring
the flow properties (viscosity) of polymer melts.
Composed of a capillary tube of specified diam-
eter and length, means for applying a pressure to
force molten polymer through the capillary, means
for maintaining the desired temperature of the
apparatus, and means for measuring differential
pressures and flow rates.
Carbon black A black pigment or filler produced
by the incomplete burning of natural gas or oil.
It is widely used in the rubber industry and
for wire/cable applications. Since it possesses
ultraviolet protective properties, it is also used
in formulations intended for outside weathering
applications.
Carbon fiber Fibers produced by the pyrolysis of
organic precursor fibers, such as rayon, polyacry-
lonitrile (PAN), and pitch, in an inert environment.
The term is often used interchangeably with the
term graphite; however, carbon fibers and graphite
fibers differ. The differences lie in the temperature
at which the fibers are made and heat-treated,
as well as in the amount of elemental carbon
produced. Carbon fibers typically are carbonized
at around 1315°C and contain 94 ± 1% carbon,
while graphite fibers are graphitized at 1900 to
2480°C and contain • 99% carbon.
Carborane polymer A polymer containing car-
borane structures, viz. -C(B10H10)C-, known for
their high decomposition temperature Td § 500°C.
Owing to the hydrogen presence, the oxidative
stability is limited to about 300°C.
1339
Carreau-Yasuda equation Relation between
viscosity, η, and the deformation rate, y, was
originally derived for monodisperse polymers:
η = η0 [1 + (τy)2]-(1-n)/2
where ηo is the zero-shear viscosity, τ, is the
principal relaxation time, and n is the power-law
exponent. For polydispersed systems, the above
equation was later modified by other authors to
read:
η = η0 [1 + (τy)m1]-m2
where m1 and m2 are polydispersity parameters:
n = 1 - m 1 m 2.
Cartridge heaters Electrical heaters enclosed in
a jacket that can be selectively located to heat the
surrounding metal.
Catalyst A substrate that changes the rate of
a chemical reaction without itself undergoing
permanent change in composition or becoming a
part of the molecular structure of the product. By
contrast, either curing agents, or hardeners, may
not only catalyze the reaction, but also participate
in it. Also Accelerator, Curing agent, Hardener,
Inhibitor, and Promoter.
Cationic polymerization Chain polymerization
in which the active center is a cation, usually
carbonium ion, -C+. Generally, the method is
used to polymerize vinyl monomers carrying elec-
tron releasing substituents (e.g., alkyl or alkoxy
groups). The polymerization is initiated by an
initiator and co-initiator, viz., BH3 + H2O.
Cavity A depression in the mold that usually
forms the outer surface of the part. Depending
on the number of such depressions, molds are
designated as a single cavity, a multicavity, or a
family cavity mold.
Cavity number A sequential number engraved
in a mold cavity and reproduced on the molded
part for later reference in case a problem ever
occurs with the part.
Cavity retainer plates Plates in a mold that hold
the cavities and usually contain the guide pins
and bushings.
1340 Appendix IV
Ceiling temperature Temperature at which the
free polymerization energy is zero. Thus, above this
temperature no further polymerization takes place.
Cellular plastic A plastic with greatly decreased
density because of the presence of numerous cells
or bubbles dispersed throughout its mass. Also
Foamed plastics, and Synthetic cellular plastics.
Cellulose acetate An acetic acid ester of cel-
lulose, obtained by the action of acetic acid
or acetic anhydride on purified cellulose (e.g.,
from cotton linters). All three hydroxyl groups of
each glucose unit can be acetylated. For plastics’
applications, it is usual to acetylate fully and then
lower the acetyl value to 54 ± 2% by partial
hydrolysis.
Cellulosic plastics Plastics based on cellulose
derivatives, such as esters (cellulose acetate) or
ethers (ethyl cellulose).
Cementing A process of joining two similar
plastic materials to themselves or to dissimilar
materials by means of solvents.
Center gated mold An injection or transfer mold
in which the cavity is filled with molding material
through a sprue or gate directly into the center
of the part.
Chain member number Number of atoms
involved in building a macromolecule.
Chain polymerization An addition polymeriza-
tion in which a monomer is converted to polymer
in a chain reaction. Here initiator activates the
monomer to which other monomers are added:
I* + M → IM*
IM* + M → IMM*
preserving the active status of the terminal mer.
The active center may be a free radical, an anion
or a cation.
Chalking A dry, whitish, powdery chalk-like
appearance or deposit on the surface of a plastic
caused by material degradation (usually from
weather). See also: Haze, Bloom.
Change request A request to modify or alter the
dimensions, material, tolerances, or manufacture
of a part now in or soon to be in production. Used
to insure all interested and involved department
personnel are informed and can comment and
approve or disapprove of the pending change.
Charpy A common name of a type of pendulum
tests for toughness.
Charpy impact test A test for shock loading in
which a centrally notched sample bar is held at
both ends and broken by striking the back face
in the same plane as the notch. A destructive
test measuring impact resistance, consisting of
placing the specimen in a horizontal position
between two supports, then striking the specimen
with a pendulum striker swung from a fixed
height. The magnitude of the blow is increased
until specimen breaks.
Check-ring A material shutoff ring mounted
on the front of the screw, behind the screw tip,
that allows melt to flow past it when the screw
is retracting so that a supply of melt builds up in
front of the screw. When the screw moves forward
to inject melt into the mold, the check-ring moves
rearward and seals off the screw flights so that the
melt is pushed into the mold.
Chemical aging The long term deleterious
effects on a material under defined natural or artifi-
cial environmental conditions (viz. light, tempera-
ture, humidity), leading to irreversible deteriora-
tion of properties. A process of exposing plastics
to natural or artificial factors for prolonged time.
See also: Aging, Accelerated Aging, Artificial
Aging, Physical Aging.
Chemical resistance Ability of a material to
retain utility and appearance following contact
with chemical agents.
Chi-square (χ2) test Test of normality of distribu-
tion, or a goodness of fit.
Chromatography The separation, especially of
closely related compounds, caused by allowing a
solution or mixture to seep through an absorbent,
such that each compound becomes adsorbed in
a separate layer.
Chromium plating An electrolytic process that
deposits a hard film of chromium metal onto
working surfaces of other metals. Used when
resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and/or erosion
is needed.
Clamping area The largest rate molding area an
injection or transfer press can hold closed under
full molding pressure.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Clamping force or pressure In injection mold-
ing, the pressure applied to the mold to keep it
closed despite the fluid pressure of the compressed
molding material within the cavity and runner
system.
Clamping plate A plate used to fasten the mold
to a molding machine.
Clarity or transparency Frequently considered
as evidence of blends miscibility or at least that
of fine domains. This however, is misleading
when the refractive indices of the two polymers
approach each other. Also material clearness or
lack of haze.
Closed loop A feedback system used with
microprocessor for control of a processing unit
operation.
Coefficient of expansion or thermal expansion
The fractional change in a specified dimension
or volume of a material for a unit change in
temperature. Values for plastics range from 10 to
200 parts per million per one °C (ASTM D696).
Coefficient of friction A measure of the resis-
tance to sliding of one surface in contact with
another. The value calculated under a known set
of conditions, such as pressure, surface, speed,
temperature, and material, to develop a number,
either static or dynamic, of the resistance of the
material to slide — the lower the value, the higher
the material’s lubricity.
Coefficient of linear expansion A measure of
the change in dimension of an object caused by
a change in temperature; specifically measured by
the increase in length of an object per one degree.
Coefficient of regression, or coefficient of cor-
relation, R Measure of the degree of relationship
between a model obtained by regression (curve
fitting) and the independent variables; if reported
as 100R2 (%), it can be interpreted as the percent-
age variation explained by the postulated model.
Coefficient of thermal expansion The change in
volume per unit volume produced by a one degree
rise in temperature.
Coining The peening over or compressing of a
material to change its original shape or form.
Cold flow A plastic exhibits cold flow when it
does not return to its original dimensions after
being subjected to stress. See also Creep.
1341
Cold shot Incomplete parts formed while cycling
a molding machine during heating.
Cold slug The first material to enter an injection
mold so called because in passing through sprue
orifice it is cooled below the effective molding
temperature.
Cold slug well Space provided directly opposite
the sprue opening in an injection mold to trap
the cold slug.
Colloid A system in which at least one com-
ponent exists in state of fine dispersion with
particle diameter d = 1 to 1000 nm. Three types,
colloidal dispersions, lyophilic colloids and col-
loidal associations are distinguished.
Colloidal molecules A discrete macromolecule
is the colloidal particle.
Color concentrate A mixture of a measured
amount of dye or pigment and a specific plastic
material base. A more precise color can be obtained
using concentrates than using neat colors. Note:
Care should be taken to verify that the color
concentrate base is miscible with the plastic it is
to color. Color concentrate may contain up to 60
wt% of pigment and it is normally used at 1 to 4
percent of the plastic material to be colored.
Color standard The exact color a plastic resin or
part must match to be acceptable. Resin suppliers
often submit color chip samples of the matched
resin color to be compared to the molded part.
The color chip, or standard, is usually 51x76 mm
with one polished surface and various textured
surfaces on the opposite side. Suppliers use similar
standards to verify the color of each lot of resin
shipped to their customer.
Color-fast The ability to resist change in color.
Colorimeter Instrument for matching colors with
results approximately the same as those of visual
inspection but more consistently.
Commodity resin The term associated with
the high-volume low-price resins having low-to-
medium physical properties, used for less critical
applications. The principal five resin types are:
polyethylenes, PE, polypropylenes, PP, styrenics
(PS, HIPS, ABS, MBS, etc.), acrylics, and vinyls
(PVC, EVAc, etc.).
Compatibility Ill-defined term pertaining to abil-
ity of one material to coexist with another without
1342
undesirable effects — to be avoided.
Compatibilization A process of modification of
interfacial properties of an immiscible polymer
blend, leading to creation of a polymer alloy.
Compatible Polymer Blend Ill-defined, utilitar-
ian term indicating a commercially attractive
polymer mixture, normally homogenous to the
eye, frequently with enhanced physical properties
over the constituent polymers — to be avoided.
Complex modulus The ratio of stress to strain in
which each is a vector that may be represented by
a complex number. It may be measured in tension
or flexure, E*; compression, K*; or shear, G*.
Compliance Tensile compliance is the reciprocal
of Young’s modulus. Shear compliance is the
reciprocal of shear modulus. The term is also used
in the evaluation of stiffness and deflection.
Composites Any solid material that consists of a
combination of two or more types retaining their
separate identity. In polymer technology the term
is reserved for these polymeric systems in which
additions of solid particles result in reinforcing
effect. The composites are divided into: reinforced
filled systems (with a particle size: d ” 50 nm),
short fiber composites, long fiber composites, and
continuous fiber composites.
Compound A mixture of polymer(s) with all
materials necessary for the finished product. In
reinforced plastics and composites, the intimate
admixture of a polymer with other ingredients,
such as fillers, softeners, plasticizers, reinforce-
ments, catalysts, pigments, dyes, etc.
Compounding Preparation of a compound.
Compression molding A molding technique
in which the preheated compound is placed in
the heated open mold cavity, the mold is closed,
pressurized (what causes the material to flow and
fill the cavity) and then pressure is held until the
material has cured.
Compression ratio In an extruder is a ratio of
volume available in the first flight (at the feed) to the
last flight at the end of the screw (near the die).
Compressive strength The ability of a material
to resist a compressive force. It is expressed as
maximum load sustained by a test specimen in a
compressive test divided by original cross-section
area of the specimen, or in other words, a crushing
Appendix IV
load at the failure divided by the original sectional
area of the specimen (ASTM D695).
Concentricity The relationship of all circular
surfaces with the same center. Deviation from
concentricity is often referred to as a runout.
Condensation polymer A polymer obtained in
step-growth polymerization, often accompanied
by elimination of small molecules (e.g., water).
Polyesters, polyamides, phenol-, melamine-, and
urea-formaldehyde resins are typical condensation
polymers.
Conditioning The subjection of a material
to standard environmental and/or stress history
before testing, so that it will respond in a uniform
way to subsequent testing or processing. The term
is frequently used to refer to the treatment given
before testing. ASTM standard conditions for a
plastic testing laboratory are 23 ± 2 °C and 50%
+ 5% relative humidity.
Conditioning chamber An enclosure used to
prepare parts for their next step in the assembly
or decorating process. Parts can be stress relieved,
humidity or moisture conditioned, or impregnated
with another element.
Configuration Spatial arrangement of atoms in a
molecule. The chemical constitution of a polymer
chain, wich can be changed only by breaking the
chemical bonds.
Conformation Arrangements of the chain ele-
ments in space, which may be changed by rotation
about bonds. The conformation depends on the
internal and external forces, e.g. interactions, pres-
sure, temperature, and stresses. For polymers with
the carbon-carbon main chain two conformations
are important: trans or t and gauche, or g:
CH3
CH3
H
H CH3 H
H H H H
H CH3
gauche trans
The helical conformations are defined by the
long sequences of these two, viz., tgtgtgtgtgt, or
tggtggtggtggt, etc.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Conjugated polymer A polymer with sequence
of conjugated double bonds, such as polyacety-
lene, polyphenylene, dehydrogenated polyvinyl-
chloride, etc.
Continuous use temperature, CUT Maximum
temperature at which material may be subjected to
continuous use without fear of premature thermal
degradation.
Cooling channels Passageways within the body
of a mold through which a cooling or heating
medium (e.g., chilled water, steam, hot oil, or
other fluid) can be circulated to control tempera-
ture on the mold surface.
Cooling or shrink fixture A block of steel, wood,
or composite material that is similar to the shape
of the molded piece. The hot molded part is taken
from the mold, placed on it, and allowed to cool,
without distorting.
Cooling time The time required after the gate
freezes for the part to cool and becomes rigid
enough for ejection from the mold cavity.
Copolycondensation Polycondensation of differ-
ent monomers having either a different constitu-
tion or different functional groups following dif-
ferent reaction mechanisms.
Copolymer A polymer obtained from polymer-
ization of two or more monomers, where the
repeating structural units of both are present
within each molecule, thus comprising more than
one chemical species. In most cases the term refers
to a polymer containing two monomer types, e.g.,
styrene and butadiene, SBR. When a copolymer
contains three or four different mer species terms:
terpolymer, tetrapolymer, or multipolymer may be
used. Seven types of copolymers are recognized:
statistical, random, alternating, periodic, graft,
block, and core-shell. The copolymers may be
prepared in reactive blending, with properties
intermittent between those of polymers of the two
composing monomers.
Copolymerization parameter Ratio of the veloc-
ity constants during copolymerization.
Copolymerization Polymerization with more
than one species of monomer, which can react
with one another, forming a copolymer.
Core Either a male element in die that produces
a hole or recess in a part, a part of a complex
1343
mold that molds undercut parts (cores are usually
withdrawn to one side before the main sections of
the mold open), a channel in a mold for circulation
of a heat-transfer medium, or the central part of
a laminate.
Coring Removal of excess material from the
cross-section of a molded part to attain a more
uniform wall thickness.
Corona treatment Exposing a plastic part to
a corona discharge increases receptivity to inks,
lacquers, paints, and adhesives. See also Surface
treatment.
Corrosion Material that is eaten away by chemi-
cal reactions at the surface.
Corrosion resistance The ability of a material to
withstand contact with ambient natural factors or
those of a particular artificially created atmosphere.
Coupling agent A material used to improve
the interfacial properties between two phases. The
term most frequently refers to the material used to
improve an adhesion between polymer matrix and
filler or reinforcing particles.
Covalent bond A bond where electrons are
equally shared between two atoms producing a
stable electron configuration and a very stable
molecule. Covalent bonds are the strongest of the
molecular bonds.
Crack A fracture, a separation of material, visible
on opposite surfaces of the part, and extending
through the thickness.
Crazing A series of or the forming of very
fine cracks in the surface of a material, usually a
polymeric substance. The cracks may extend in a
network on or under the surface or through a layer
of plastic material. These are undesirable defects,
characterized by distinct cracks or minute, frost-
like internal cracks, resulting from stresses within
the article. These stresses result from molding
shrinkage, machining, flexing, impact shocks,
temperature changes, or action of solvents. Craz-
ing is generally caused by chemical attack or other
degrading agents such as ultraviolet radiation.
Creep The change in dimension of a plastic
under load over a period of time (excluding the
initial instantaneous elastic deformation). Owing
to viscoelastic nature, a plastic subjected to a load
for a period of time tends to deform more than it
1344 Appendix IV
would from the same load released immediately
after application. The degree of this deformation
depends on the load duration. Creep is the per-
manent deformation resulting from prolonged
application of stress below the elastic limit. Data
obtained in creep test are presented as creep vs.
time, with stress and temperature constant. Slope
of the curve is the creep rate, and the end point of
the curve is the time for rupture. Creep at room
temperature is called Cold flow (ASTM D674).
Creep modulus (apparent modulus) Ratio of
initial applied stress to creep strain.
Creep rupture strength Stress required to cause
fracture in a creep test.
Creep strength Maximum stress required to
cause specific creep in specific time.
Crosslinks Covalent bonds, or a short sequence
of chemical bonds, joining two macromolecules
to form a crosslinked or network polymer.
Crosslinking The chemical reaction between
polymeric molecules to form covalently bonded
three-dimensional macromolecules. The reaction
progresses from a linear chain to branched elasto-
meric macromolecules, than to hard and brittle
resin. When extensive, as in most thermosetting
resins, crosslinking engenders a single, infusible
super-molecule of all the chains. Crosslinking
can be achieved by irradiation with high energy
electron beams or by chemical means.
Crosslinked polymer A polymer in which initial-
ly linear macromolecules are joined by a covalent
bond or a short sequence of chemical bonds either
during the polymerization [e.g., poly(styrene-
co-divinylbenzene)] or in a post-polymerization
crosslinking reaction (crosslinking, curing or vul-
canization). The crosslinked materials are insolu-
ble and they do not flow when heated.
Crystalline polymer A material having an internal
structure in which the atoms are arranged in an
orderly three-dimensional configuration. More accu-
rately a semicrystalline polymer, since only a portion
of the macromolecules is in crystalline form.
Crystallinity A state of molecular structure
attributed to existence of solid crystals with a defi-
nite geometric form. Such structures are character-
ized by uniformity and compactness. A regular
arrangement of the atoms of a solid in space.
In most polymers, including cellulose, this state
is imperfect. The crystalline regions are sub-
microscopic volumes in which there is a degree
of regularity sufficient to obtain X-ray diffraction
patterns. High crystallinity causes a polymer to be
less transparent, or opaque.
Cup flow test Test for measuring the flow
properties of thermosetting materials. A standard
mold is charged with pre weighed material, and
the mold is closed using sufficient pressure to
form a required cup. Minimum pressures required
to mold a standard cup and the time required to
close the mold fully are determined.
Cup viscosity test Test for making flow compari-
son under strictly comparable conditions. The cup
viscosity test employs a cup-shaped gravity device
that permits the timed flow of a known volume
of liquid passing through an orifice located at the
bottom of the cup.
Cure That portion of the molding cycle during
which the plastic material in the mold becomes
sufficiently rigid to permit ejection.
Curing Crosslinking or vulcanizing a polymer
to improve such properties as modulus, strength,
thermal stability, etc.
Curing time The time between the end of
injection pressure and the opening of the mold.
Cushion The 5-10 mm of resin in front of the
screw tip that remain at the end of the injection
cycle. It is used to maintain packing pressure on
the melt until the cavity gate freezes.
Cycle Complete, repetitive sequence of operations
in a process or part of a process. In molding, the
cycle time is the period, between a certain point in
one cycle and the same point in the next.
Cyclopolymerization Polymerization leading
to ring structures, with usually low molecular
weight and low viscosity. These pre-polymers or
cyclomers can be used at a higher temperature in
the subsequent catalyzed reaction to generate a
high molecular weight, linear polymers, viz., poly-
carbonates, polyesters, etc. The cyclomer technol-
ogy facilitates preparation of polymer alloys,
composites or nanocomposites.
Damping The loss in energy, as dissipated heat,
that results when a material system is subjected to
an oscillatory load or displacement.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Daylight opening Clearance between two platens
of a press in the open position. Mold daylight
describes the opening distance of mold halves for
part removal.
Deboss(ed) Indent or cut in design, or lettering
of a surface.
Decompression The removal of the melt pressure
by an increase in screw flight depth and a positive
vent opening in the barrel of a vented barrel
extruder or injection molding machine.
Deflashing The term is used for a variety
of finishing methods used to remove the flash
(excess, unwanted material), viz. filing, sanding,
milling, tumbling, vibrating, etc.
Deflection temperature under load, DTUL The
temperature at which a simple beam has deflected
a given amount under load (formerly called heat
distortion temperature, HDT).
Deformation Any change of form or shape in a
body, in particular a linear change of dimension
of a body in a given direction produced by the
action of external forces.
Degating The removal of the part from the
runner system.
Degradation A deleterious change in the chemi-
cal structure, physical properties, and/or appear-
ance of a plastic, usually caused by exposure to
heat. Also any undesirable change of polymer
chemical structure leading to deleterious change
of properties, viz. thermal, hydrolytic, oxidative,
photo, bio, radiation, etc.
Degree of polymerization The number of mers
in a macromolecule, i.e., the number of repeat
units in the chain of a molecule, DP. In a conden-
sation polymer a repeating unit is composed of a
monomer group from each reactive species.
Delaminate To split or separate a laminated
plastic material along the plane of its layers.
Density The weight per unit volume of a sub-
stance, expressed in kilograms per cubic meter.
Depropagation or unzipping A degradation
reaction in which the consecutive mers are gradu-
ally removed from one macromolecular chain end
to another. Few polymers undergo this reverse
kinetics process, viz. PMMA, POM, PTFE, etc.
Desiccant A substance that can be used for
drying purposes because of its affinity to water.
1345
Design of experiments, DOE Process of plan-
ning the experiment so that sufficient data will
be collected for the statistical analysis, to provide
valid and objective conclusions. It includes the
choice of the factors, levels, and treatments, as
well as the use of certain tools called randomiza-
tion and replication. The term is frequently used to
indicate a problem-solving technique developed
by Taguchi, i.e., by using a testing process with
an orthogonal array to analyze data and determine
the main contributing factors in the solution to
the problem.
Degree of freedom The number of degree of
freedom in statistical analysis is the number of
independent elements used in the computation of
that statistic.
Design stress The long-term stress, including
creep factors and safety factors, that is used in
designing structural fabrication.
Destaticization Treating plastic materials to
minimize their accumulation of static electricity.
Destructive test Any test performed on a part
in an attempt to destroy it; often performed to
see how much abuse the part can tolerate without
failing.
Deterioration permanent change in the physical
properties of a plastic evidenced by impairment
of these properties.
Devolatilization The removal of volatile compo-
nents during processing.
Diaphragm gate The gate used in molding
annular or tubular articles that forms a solid web
across the opening of the part.
Diblock copolymer A block copolymer made of
two blocks, one having a chain of AAAAA mers,
and the other of BBBBB to form AAAAAA
BBBBBBB polymer. The two block copolymers
are used as compatibilizers in the poly-A + poly-B
mixtures.
Dichroism The dependence of absorbency of
polarized radiation on the direction of polariza-
tion. For polymers the magnitude of dichroism,
expressed as Dichroic Ratio, depends on the
orientation of the radiation absorbing groups, thus
the macromolecules. In consequence, the infrared
dichroism is a powerful method to measure the
molecular orientation.
1346
Dichroic Ratio The ratio of absorbencies of
polarized radiation, usually the infrared region.
The dichroic ratio is used as a measure of molecu-
lar orientation in oriented polymers. The dichroic
ratio may provide information on the orientation
in the glassy and at the same time in the crystalline
phase.
Die A metal form in making or punching plastic
products.
Die adapter The part of an extrusion die that
holds the die block.
Die drips Carbonized resin drool formed on the face
of an extrusion die face during the resin production
cycle. If the die face is not kept clean, it can solidify,
break off, and contaminate the product.
Dielectric constant or permittitivity Normally
the relative dielectric constant, in practice, a ratio
of the capacitance of a given configuration of
electrodes with a material as dielectric to the
capacitance of the same electrodes’ configuration
with a vacuum or air as dielectric. A relative
measure of non conductance. Capacitance is the
ability of a material to store electrical charge when
exposed to electrical current. A low dielectric
constant is desired for plastic components used
to insulate and isolate electrical components from
each other. High dielectric constant materials are
desirable for use as the insulator portion of capaci-
tors, so that the electrical energy can be stored in
as small a volume of material as possible.
Dielectric heating (also electronic, or R.F. heat-
ing) The plastic to be heated forms the dielectric
of a condenser to which a high frequency (20 to
80 MHz) voltage is applied. Dielectric loss in the
material is the basis of the process (e.g., used for
sealing vinyl films).
Dielectric strength The maximum electrical
voltage a material can sustain before it is broken
down, or “arced through.” Also an electric voltage
gradient at which an insulating material is broken
down or “arced through.”
Dielectrometry An electrical technique to mea-
sure changes in loss factor and capacitance dur-
ing cure of the resin. Also called Dielectric
spectroscopy.
Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC Ther-
mal analysis technique that measures the quantity
Appendix IV
of energy absorbed or evolved (given off by a
specimen as its temperature is changed). Also
measurements of the energy absorbed (endotherm)
or produced (exotherm) while undergoing glass
transition, melting, crystallizing, curing, evaporat-
ing of solvents, and other processes involving
energy change.
Differential shrinkage Non uniform material
shrinkage in part caused by non-uniform distribu-
tion of stresses, thus orientation.
Differential thermal analysis, DTA An analyti-
cal method in which a specimen and a control
are simultaneously heated and the difference in
their temperatures is monitored. The difference
provides information on the relative heat capaci-
ties, presence of solvents, changes in structure,
and chemical reactions. See also DSC.
Diffusion The movement of a material, such
as a gas or liquid, in the body of a polymer.
If the gas or liquid is adsorbed on one side
of a test piece and given off on the other, the
phenomenon is related to permeability. Diffusion
and permeability are controlled by the chemical
not physical mechanisms.
Digital device Numerical output device that must
index from the initial to the final output reading.
More accurate than a similar analog device, but
slower.
Dimensional stability Ability to retain the
precise shape to which it was molded, cast, or
otherwise fabricated.
Discoloration Either a change from an initial
color possessed by a plastic, or lack of uniformity
in color over the whole area of an object, caused
either by overheating, light exposure, irradiation,
or chemical attack.
Dished Showing a symmetrical distortion of a
flat or curved section of a plastic object, so that
as normally viewed, it appears concave, or more
concave than intended. See Warpage.
Dispersion Finely divided particles of one
material suspended in another.
Dispersive mixing A mixing process in which
agglomerates are reduced in size by fracture due
to stresses generated during mixing, and/or drops
of the dispersed phase are deformed and broken.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Dissipation factor Ratio of the conductance of
a capacitor in which the material is dielectric to
its substance, or the ratio of its parallel reactivity
to its parallel resistance. Most plastics have a low
dissipation factor, a desirable property because it
minimizes the waste of electrical energy as heat.
Distribution A method of describing the varia-
tion of a stable system, in which individual values
are not predictable but in which the outcome as
a group forms a pattern that can be described in
terms of its location, spread, and shape.
Distribution function A differential or integral
description of population. For the polymer molec-
ular weight a mathematical description of the
polydispersity.
Distributive mixing A mixing process in which
the dispersed phase domains are uniformly dis-
tributed — a reduction of non-uniformity.
Domain A morphological term used in non-
crystalline systems, such as block copolymers,
in which the chemically different sections of the
chain separate, generating amorphous phases.
Domed Showing a symmetrical distortion of a
flat or curved section of a plastic object, so that,
as normally viewed, it appears convex, or more
convex than intended. See Warpage.
Double strand polymer Rigid rod “ladder
polymer,” consisting of two parallel chains of
polymer regularly joined by covalent bonding,
viz. pyrrones, polyquinoxalines, polyphenylsilses-
quioxane, etc.
Double-shot molding A method of producing
two-color pieces in thermoplastic materials by
successive injection molding operations.
Draft A taper or slope in a mold that facilitates
removal of the molded piece. The opposite of this
is called back draft, q.v.
Drool Melt oozing from a nozzle that is not
correctly temperature controlled, or presence of
drip on the face of extruder die.
Drop impact test Impact resistance test in which
a predetermined weight is allowed to fall freely
onto the specimen from varying heights.
Dry as molded, DAM Term used to describe a
part immediately after it is removed from a mold
and allowed cooling down. All physical, chemical,
and electrical property tests are performed on non
1347
conditioned test bars and the results recorded on
the data sheets. Parts and test bars in this DAM
state are felt to be their weakest in some properties
as they have not had time to condition or relieve
the molded-in stresses.
Dry blend Molding compound containing all
necessary ingredients mixed in a way that pro-
duces a dry, free flowing, particulate material
(commonly used for PVC formulations).
Dry coloring A method commonly used to color
plastic by tumble blending uncolored particles
of the plastic material with selected dyes and
pigments.
Dryers Auxiliary equipment used to dry resins
before processing to ensure that surface proper-
ties are within manufacturer specifications. There
are several styles of dryers, including ovens,
microwave, hot-air desiccant bed, and refrigera-
tion types.
Ductility The amount of plastic strain that a
material can withstand without fracturing, the
extent to which a solid material can be drawn
into a thinner crossection without breaking. Also,
the ability of material to deform plastically before
fracturing.
Duromer Old German name for thermosets, i.e.,
strongly cross-linked, insoluble polymer.
Durometer hardness Measure of the indenta-
tion hardness of plastics, usually understood as
hardness measured by the Shore Durometer as
an extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter
protrudes into the material.
Dwell A pause in the application of pressure to
a mold, just before the mold is completely closed,
to allow the escape of gas from the thermoset
molding material. Also the time between when
the injection ram is fully forward holding pressure
on the material within the mold and the time the
ram retracts.
Dyes Intensely colored synthetics or natural
chemicals that are soluble in most common sol-
vents and can be dissolved in a resin to impart
color. Dyes are characterized by good transpar-
ency, high-tincturial strength, and low specific
gravity.
Dynamic mechanical measurement A technique
in which either the modulus and/or damping of
1348 Appendix IV
a substance under oscillatory load or displace-
ment is measured as a function of temperature,
frequency, time, or their combination.
Ebonite A material consisting of rubber cured
with large quantity with sulfur (one sulfur atom
per 4 to 8 main chain carbons).
Ejection The removal by mechanical means of
the finished part from the mold cavity.
Ejection time Time in the cycle when the mold
opens, the part is ejected, the mold closes, and
clamping pressure is applied.
Ejector pin (ejector sleeve) A rod, pin, or sleeve
that pushes a molding off a core or out of a cavity.
It is attached to an ejector bar or plate that can be
activated by the ejector rod(s) or the press or by
auxiliary hydraulic or air cylinders.
Ejector pin retainer plate A retainer plate onto
which ejector pins are assembled.
Ejector return pins Projections that push the
ejector assembly back as the mold closes. Also
called safety pins or position push backs.
Ejector rod or bar A bar that activates the ejector
assembly when the mold is open.
Elastic deformation A deformation in which
a substance returns to its original dimensions on
release of the deforming stress — any portion
of the total deformation of a body that occurs
immediately when load is applied and disappears
immediately and completely when the load is
removed.
Elastic limit The greatest stress a material is
capable of sustaining without permanent strain
remaining after the complete release of the stress.
A material is said to have passed its elastic limit
when the load is sufficient to initiate plastic, or
non-recoverable, deformation.
Elastic recovery The fraction of a given deforma-
tion that behaves elastically. A perfectly elastic
material has an elastic recovery of one, while a
perfectly plastic material has an elastic recovery
of zero.
Elasticity That property of plastic materials
because of which they tend to recover their
original size and shape after removal of a force
causing deformation. If the strain is proportional
to the applied stress, the material is said to exhibit
Hookean or ideal elasticity.
Elastomers A customary name for substances
showing the plastic-elastic behavior, characteristic
for vulcanized rubber-like synthetic or natural
polymers, viz. rubbers, weakly crosslinked poly-
ether and polyester urethanes, etc.
Elastomeric The property of a material that
at room temperature can be stretched under low
stress to at least twice its original length and, upon
immediate release of the stress, will return with
force to its approximate original length.
Electric discharge machining, EDM A metal-
working process applicable to mold construction
in which controlled sparking is used to erode the
work piece.
Electrical strength [dielectric strength] That
property of an insulating material that enables it
to withstand electric stress. The electric strength is
defined as the highest electric stress that an insu-
lating material can withstand for a specified time
without the occurrence of electrical breakdown.
Electroformed molds A mold made by electro-
plating metal on the reverse pattern of the cavity.
Molten steel may be then sprayed on the back of
the mold to increase its strength.
Electronic data interchange, EDI Exchange of
data by customer and supplier computers, usually
through a third neutral company that safeguards
the host computers from unwanted entry. Used
for order placement, shipment, receiving, billing,
and payment.
Electroplating A deposition of metals on certain
plastics and mold for finish.
Elongation at break Elongation recorded at the
moment of rupture of a specimen, often expressed
as a fraction or percentage of the original length.
Elongation Deformation caused by stretching,
or fractional increase in length of a material
in tension, expressed as a percentage difference
between the original length and the length at
the moment of the break — higher elongation
indicates higher ductility.
Embossing Techniques used to create depressions
of a specific pattern in plastics’ films or sheeting.
Also development of surface patterns on the molded
part by photoengraving or a similar process.
Embrittlement Reduction in ductility due to
physical or chemical changes.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Emulsion A stable dispersion of one liquid
in another created in the presence of an emulsify-
ing agent (that has affinity with both phases).
The emulsifying agent, discontinuous phase, and
continuous phase produce the third phase, the
Interphase, that serves as an enveloping protective
layer around each dispersed drop.
Emulsion polymerization Free radical polymer-
ization of an emulsion, consisting of aqueous
phase containing an initiator and emulsified oil
phase containing the monomer.
Endothermic An action or reaction that absorbs
heat.
Endurance or fatigue life time Maximum
fluctuating stress a material can endure for infinite
number of cycles — determined from the S-N
diagram.
End-use Function the part or assembly was
originally designed and manufactured to perform.
Engineering polymer alloy A processable engi-
neering material containing two or more compati-
bilized polymers, capable of being formed to
precise and stable dimensions, exhibiting high
performance at the continuous use temperature
above 100°C, and having tensile strength exceed-
ing 40 MPa.
Engineering polymer A processable polymeric
material capable of being formed to precise and
stable dimensions, exhibiting high performance at
high temperature and high tensile strength. Usu-
ally to qualify for the term the material must have
the continuous use temperature above 100°C,
and the strength exceeding 40 MPa. Five types
of polymers are customarily qualified as engineer-
ing resins: polyamides — PA, polycarbonates —
PC, thermoplastic polyesters — PEST, polyoxy-
methylene — POM, and modified polyphenylene
ethers — PPE.
Engineering polymer blend A polymer blend
either containing engineering polymer(s) or hav-
ing properties of an engineering polymer.
Engineering resin Term associated with plastics
having medium to high physical properties used
for structural and demanding applications. Five
types of resins belong to this group: PA, PEST
(viz., PBT, PET, PAr), PC, PPE, and POM.
1349
Environmental stress cracking, ESC The suscep-
tibility of a thermoplastic resin to crack or craze
when in the presence of surface active agents or
other environments, e.g., under the influence of
certain chemicals or aging, weather, and stress.
Epoxide A compound containing 1,2-epoxide,
CH2(O)CH-R, or its derivative.
Epoxy plastics A thermoset polymer containing
one or more epoxide groups and curable by reac-
tion with amines, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic
acids, acid anhydrides, and mercaptans. It has
been primarily used as a matrix resin in compos-
ites and adhesives.
Epoxy resin An oligomer containing two or more
epoxide groups per molecule crosslinked with a
hardener, usually diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A
or pentaerythritol:
RH + CH(O)CH- → -C(R)H-C(OH)H-
The OH group may further react with the hard-
ener, what leads to highly crosslinked thermoset
polymer.
Etch To treat with an acid, leaving parts of the
surface in relief to form the desired design.
Ethylene plastics Plastics based on polymers
of ethylene or copolymers of ethylene with other
monomer, the ethylene being in greatest amount
by mass.
Ethylene-propylene rubber, EPR An elasto-
meric copolymer based on ethylene and propylene
prepared in Ziegler-Natta polymerization. When
small amount of a diene monomer is added the
resulting polymer becomes ethylene-propylene
terpolymer, EPDM.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate, EVAc A thermoplastic
copolymer made from ethylene and vinyl acetate.
This copolymer is similar to polyethylene, but has
considerably increased flexibility.
Exfoliated clay Individual clay platelets dis-
persed in a matrix polymer with the interlayer
distance d001 > 8.8 nm. The platelets can be
randomly dispersed individually or as Short stacks
or Tactoids.
Exfoliation Chemical and/or mechanical means
of dispersing clay platelets in a polymer matrix.
The process usually starts with intercalated clay
(qv).
1350 Appendix IV
Exothermic Pertaining to an action or reaction
that gives off heat.
Extensibility (or Extendibility) The ability of
a material to extend or elongate upon application
of sufficient force, expressed as a percentage of
the original length.
Extensometer Instrument for measuring changes
in linear dimensions (also called strain gauge).
Extrudate swell (sometimes improperly called
Die swell) The ratio of the outer parison diameter
to the inner diameter of the die. The swell is influ-
enced by polymer nature, die construction, land
length, extrusion speed, additives (viz. external
lubricants), and temperature.
Extruder A machine that accepts solid (pellets or
powder) or liquid feed, conveys it through a sur-
rounding barrel by means of a rotating screw(s),
and pumps it, under pressure, through an orifice
called “die”.
Extrusion blow molding Most often the process,
in which a parison is extruded from a polymeric
melt and is then entrapped between the halves of
a mold. The parison is expanded by compressed
air against the mold cavity, then it is cooled,
removed, and trimmed.
Extrusion Compacting a plastic material (pow-
ders or granules) into a uniform melt and forcing
it through an orifice in a continuous fashion to
yield a desired shape. While held in the desired
shape, the melt must be cooled to solidify. The
term also describes plasticization of a resin in an
extruder (barrel-and-screw or plunger assembly)
and forcing of the molten material or extrudate
through a die or into a mold. Extrusion is the
initial part of the molding process.
Extrusion plastometer or melt indexer A primi-
tive viscometer used for determining the melt
flow index, MFI. It is composed of a vertical
cylinder with two longitudinal bored holes (one
for measuring temperature and one for containing
the specimen, the latter having an orifice of
stipulated diameter at the bottom and a plunger
from the top). The cylinder is heated by external
bands and weight is placed on the plunger to
force the polymer specimen through the orifice.
The result is reported in g/10 min. See also Melt
index.
Exudation Formation of liquid plasticizer on the
surface of a plasticized (usually PVC) resin.
Fabricate To work a material into a finished
form by machining, forming, or other operation.
In the broadest sense, it means to manufacture.
Fading Any lightning of an initial color pos-
sessed by a plastic.
Fadometer Apparatus for determining the resis-
tance of materials to fading by exposing them
to ultraviolet rays of approximately the same
wavelength as those found in sunlight.
Family mold A multicavity mold in which each
cavity forms a part that often has a direct relation-
ship in usage to the other parts in the mold. Family
molds can have more than one cavity making
the same part, but they will still always have the
same direct relationship to usage. The term is
often applied to molds in which parts for different
customers are grouped for economy of production.
Sometimes called a combination mold.
Fan gate A shallow gate somewhat wider than
the runner from which it originates.
Fatigue Permanent structural changes that occur
in a material subjected to fluctuating stress and
strain, which cause decay of mechanical proper-
ties. See S-N Diagram.
Fatigue ductility The ability of a material to
plastically deform before fracturing in constant-
strain amplitude, low-cycle fatigue test. See S-N
Diagram.
Fatigue failure The failure or rupture of a
plastic under repeated cyclic stress, at a point
below the normal static breaking strength. See
S-N Diagram.
Fatigue limit The stress below which a material
can be stressed cyclically for an infinite number of
times without failure. See S-N Diagram.
Fatigue strength Magnitude of fluctuating
stress required to cause failure in a fatigue test
specimen after specified number of cyclic loading
— determined from the S-N diagram. Also the
maximum cyclic stress a material can withstand
for a given number of cycles before failure. The
residual strength after being subjected to fatigue.
See S-N Diagram.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Feathered thread A thread that is thin at one
end and does not end abruptly. Usually found in
screw-machine parts.
Feed throat The section of the hopper mounted
on the extruder to feed resin into the feed section
of the barrel and screw.
Feedback Information returned to a system or
process to maintain the output within specified
limits. See also Closed loop.
Fiber Often the term is used synonymously with
filament having a finite length, L • 100d, where
the diameter is typically d = 100-130 µm. In most
cases it is prepared by drawing from a molten bath,
spinning, or depositing on a substrate. Fibers can
be continuous, long (10 to 50 mm) or short (about
3 mm). In the plastics industry almost synonymous
with thin strands of glass used to reinforce both
thermoplastic and thermosetting materials.
Fiber-reinforced plastic, FRP A general term
for a plastic that is reinforced with cloth, mats,
strands, or any other fiber form.
Fiberglass Filaments made by drawing molten
glass. Continuous filaments have indefinite length.
Staple fiber mat is made off glass fibers of the
length generally ” 430 mm, the length depending
on the forming or spinning process used.
Fiberglass reinforcement Major material used
to reinforce plastic, available as mat, roving,
fabric, and so forth. It is incorporated into both
thermosets and thermoplastics.
Filament The smallest unit of a fibrous material.
The basic units formed during drawing and spin-
ning, which are gathered into strands of fiber for
use as reinforcements. Filaments usually are of
great length and small diameter, d < 25 µm.
Filler A relatively inert substance added to
plastics to improve their physical, mechanical,
thermal, electrical, or other properties, or to lower
cost or density. A compound or substance added
to a polymer during the initial synthesis process or
in subsequent processing to decrease the volume
of resin needed to produce a given product. Fillers
are generally much lower in cost than the resins
they are used in, thus reducing resin cost per part.
Fillers or extenders are generally not used with
engineering resins.
1351
Fillet A rounded inside corner of a plastic piece.
The rounded outside corner is called a bevel.
Fines Small particles mixed in with larger particles.
Finish The secondary work on a part so that it is
ready for use, comprises: filing, deflashing, buff-
ing, drilling, tapping, and degating are commonly
called finishing operations.
Finite element analysis A stress analysis tech-
nique of a part using a computer generated model
that can take finite sections of the part for analysis
of the forces and loads the part will experience
in service. It generates a part-section analysis that
shows the force concentrations in the section and
determines if the material selected will be suitable
for the part.
First surface The front surface of a plastic part,
nearest the eye.
Fish eye A small, globular mass that has not com-
pletely blended into the surrounding polymeric
material. This condition is particularly evident in
a transparent or translucent film, fiber or sheet.
Fishbone diagram A problem analysis technique
used to list all the variables and steps in the
solution to a problem. All contributing elements
are associated with each factor and taken back
to their starting point to ensure that all variable
elements are considered.
Fissure A narrow opening crack in a material.
Fixture Means of holding a part during a
machine or other operation.
Flakes A term used to describe resin residue
formed on the inside of pipes during material
transfer, created by the friction of the pellets
against the surface of the transfer piping. With
time, they build up, flake off, and can cause feed
problems at the throat of the extruder.
Flame resistance Ability of a material to extin-
guish flame once the source of heat is removed.
Flame retardants Chemicals used to reduce the
tendency of a polymer to burn.
Flame retarded A resin modified by flame-
inhibiting additives so that exposure to a flame
will not burn or will self-extinguish. Some resins
will not burn, others can be modified to meet
flame burning specifications, while others may not
be able to be modified.
1352 Appendix IV
Flame treatment A type of surface treatment
that oxidizes a plastic surface for better reception
of paint, inks, and adhesives. See also Surface
treatment.
Flammability Measure of the extent to which a
material will support combustion.
Flash Extra plastic attached to a molding along
the parting line. Under most conditions it is
objectionable and must be removed before parts
are judged acceptable.
Flash gate Usually a long gate extending from a
runner parallel to an edge of a molded part along
the flash or parting line of the mold.
Flash line A raised line appearing on the surface
of a mold and formed at the junction of mold
faces. See Parting line.
Flash mold A mold in which the faces are
perpendicular to the clamping action of the press.
The higher the clamping force, the tighter the
mold seam.
Flash trap A molded-in lip or blind recess on
a part that is used for trapping excess molten
material during an assembly operation. It negates
flash trimming secondary operations.
Flex life The time of heat-aging that an insulat-
ing material can withstand before failure when
bent around a specific radius (used to evaluate
thermal endurance).
Flexural modulus The ratio within the elastic
limit, of the applied stress to specimen’s strain
during flexural deformation mode testing — a
measure of relative stiffness.
Flexural strength Ability of a material to
flex without permanent distortion or breaking.
The resistance of a material to being broken by
bending stresses.
Flock Short fibers of cotton, wood, glass, etc.,
used as inexpensive filler.
Flocking A decorating and/or sound-deadening
technique where fibers of different materials are
attached to the surface of a plastic part. Fibers
can be oriented in specific directions and patterns
determined by the techniques used and adhesive
patterns lay down on the surface of the part.
Flow A qualitative description of the fluidity of a
plastic material during processing. A quantitative
value of fluidity may be expressed by the flow
curve, melt index, MI, or melt flow index, MFI.
Flow chart A A line chart that traces the whole
process.
Flow curve A log-log plot of the isothermal
viscosity as a function of the deformation rate.
Flow length The actual distance a material will
flow under a set of molding machine conditions.
Influenced by the processing and mold design
variables, the composition of the polymer and any
additives in the polymer.
Flow line A mark on a molded piece made by the
meeting of two flow fronts during molding. Also
called weld line or weld mark.
Flow marks Wavy surface appearance of an
object molded from thermoplastic resins, caused
by improper flow of the resin into the mold. Also
see Splay marks.
Flow-coating A painting process in which the
article to be painted is drenched under a curtain
of lacquer. The part is withdrawn and rotated until
the coating dries.
Fluidized bed coating Process in which small
particles of a thermoplastic resin are suspended in a
gas stream (generally air) and behave like a liquid.
A heated article is immersed in this fluidized bed of
powder. The particles melt and fuse to the heated
surface, forming a smooth coating.
Fluoropolymer A polymer whose mers contain
fluorine, F.
Fluoropolymers The family of fluorinated poly-
mers that include polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE,
polychlorotrifluoroethylene, PCTFE, polyvinyli-
denefluoride, PVDF, fluorinated ethylene-propyl-
ene, etc. These resins are characterized by good
thermal and chemical resistance, non-adhesive-
ness, low dissipation factor, and low dielectric
constant. They are available in a variety of forms,
such as moldings, extrudates, dispersions, films,
or tapes.
Foamed plastics or cellular plastics Plastics
with numerous cells disposed throughout its mass.
Cells are formed by a blowing agent or by the
reaction of the constituents. Resins in sponge
form may be flexible or rigid, the cells may be
open or closed.
Foil decorating Molding paper, textile, or plastic
foils printed with compatible inks directly onto a
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
plastic part so that the foil is visible below the
surface of the part as an integral decoration.
Force That which changes the state of rest or
motion in matter, measured by the rate of change
of momentum.
Forming The term usually applied to a process
in which the shape of plastic pieces such as
sheets, rods, or tubes is changed to a desired
form. Usually the term does not include extrusion,
molding, or casting, in which forms are made
from molten polymers or solutions.
Fourier transform An analytical method used
in advanced forms of spectroscopic analysis such
as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spec-
troscopy.
Fractionation Experimental methods for separat-
ing and isolating fractions, each with the more
uniform molecular weight, and thus of low poly-
dispersity. The process also serves for ascertaining
the distribution function.
Fracture strength The normal stress at the
beginning of fracture. Calculated from the load at
the beginning of fracture during a tension test, and
the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Fracture The separation of a body, defined both
as rupture of the surface without complete separa-
tion of the laminate, and as complete separation of
a body because of external or internal forces.
Free radical polymerization Polymerization in
which the active centers of reaction are radicals.
The polymerization can be initiated by thermally
activated or redox initiator, irradiation or through
thermal activation of monomer.
Freeze drying A method of removing volatiles
from solidified material at low temperatures.
Freezeoff Refers to the gate area when polymer
solidifies, as well as any area in the flow system
when the melt becomes too cool to flow and
solidifies.
Frequency The number of times a specified
phenomenon occurs within a specified interval, e.g.,
number of completed energy transmissions impart-
ed to the welding horn in a vibratory motion.
Friction welding A means of assembling ther-
moplastic parts by melting them along their line of
contact through friction. See also Spin welding.
1353
Full IPN Any material containing two or more
polymers in an intimate network form without
induced cross-links between the individual poly-
mers.
Fusion bond The joining of two melt fronts that
meet and solidify in a mold cavity. A bond formed
during the assembly operation where the joint line
is melted before assembly. See Hot-plate welding,
Induction welding, and Ultrasonic sealing.
Fusion Heating of a vinyl dispersion to produce
a homogeneous material.
Galling A surface area that is worn away by
another by rubbing against it.
Gas assisted injection molding, GAM An injec-
tion molding process that introduces a gas (usually
nitrogen) into the plasticized material, to form
voids in strategic locations.
Gaseous blowing agent A compressed gas, such
as compressed air or nitrogen, used to create a
cellular structure or controlled voids in a rubber
or plastic’s mass.
Gate In injection and transfer molding, the orifice
through which the melt enters the cavity.
Gauges Measuring devices used to determine if
the part meets customer specifications, including
micrometers, vernier calipers, etc.
Gaussian (or normal) distribution A sym-
metrical, bell-shaped distribution function:
y = [1 / σ (2π ) 1/ 2 ] exp{− [( x − x ) / σ ] 2 / 2}
where x is a variable and σ is the standard
deviation.
Gaylord A term used to identify a box of resin
versus a bag or drum. Box size and weight of
resin can vary depending on the density of the
resin and the supplier’s box size. Box size usually
conforms to the size of a standard pallet on which
it is shipped.
Gel or Trommsdorf effect Auto-acceleration
at the end of chain growth polymerization. With
increasing size of the macroradicals their mobil-
ity decreases and terminations are less frequent.
However, the diffusion of the monomer remains
unhindered and the polymerization proceeds exo-
thermally, resulting in auto-acceleration.
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC, more
recently — Size exclusion chromatography, SEC)
1354 Appendix IV
A form of liquid chromatography in which the
polymers are separated by their ability or inability
to penetrate the material in the separation columns.
Column chromatography technique employing a
series of columns containing closely packed rigid
gel particles. The polymer to be analyzed is
introduced at the top of the column and then
is eluted with a solvent. The polymer molecules
diffuse through the gel at rates depending on their
molecular size. As they emerge from the columns
they are detected by differential refractometer,
viscometer, FTIR device, etc. From the output
of these detectors a molecular weight distribution
curve can be obtained.
Gel point The stage at which a liquid begins
to exhibit pseudo-elastic properties. Also known
as “gel time“.
Gel solutions Concentrated solutions; intermedi-
ate state between gel and sol.
Gel That crosslinked part of polymer in liquid
state, which having its network character may
swell but not dissolve.
Generic Descriptive of an entire type or class of
plastic resins. The base resin is one of a family of
polymers, but there may be hundreds of product
combinations.
Glass A material that solidifies from the molten
state without crystallization, a supercooled liquid
whose shear viscosity is η ≥ 1012.5 Pas, a liquid
whose rigidity is great enough to be put to use,
or a glassy state of matter. A typical glassy
material is hard and brittle (tensile modulus E §
70 GPa, tensile strength σ § 0.5 GPa). Typical
polymeric glasses are: atactic polystyrene, atactic
polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, etc.
Glass-mat thermoplastics, GMT A mat consist-
ing of long glass fibers that are impregnated
with a thermoplastic resin to produce a flat,
homogeneous, semi-finished composite blank.
Glass transition temperature, or Glass transition
point, Tg The center of the temperature range
in which a non-crystalline solid changes from
being glass-brittle to being viscous or rubbery.
The temperature, or a range of temperatures,
separating the rigid (glassy) from elastic (rubbery
or liquid) state of a polymer. For the transition
to occur 20 to 50 main chain atoms must be able
to move in a cooperative manner. For the organic
polymers -160 ” Tg ” 400°C depending on the
intrinsic flexibility of the polymeric chain and its
molecular weight. Since the transition is kinetic
in nature it depends on the rate or frequency. The
measured Tg value depends considerably on the
test rate, frequency, or mechanical deformation.
Gloss Brightness or luster of a plastic resulting
from a smooth surface. The shine or luster of
the surface of a material (ASTM D 673). See
Specular gloss, Surface finish.
Grades Polymers that belong to the same chemi-
cal family, and are produced by the same manufac-
turer. They may vary in processing or performance
due to differences is molecular weight, additives,
or other structural features. For example, a sup-
plier of PC may have flame resistant grades, glass
fiber reinforced grades, a conductive grade, and
easy flowing grades.
Graft copolymers A copolymer whose macro-
molecules consist of two or more macromolecular
parts of different composition, covalently joined
in such a way that one of the parts forms the
main chain (polymer A) and the other(s) the
side chains (polymer-B). In a sense the block
copolymers are graft copolymers in which the
graft block-B is attached to the end of main
chain-A. Graft copolymers are frequently used as
compatibilizers.
Graining The term refers to wood graining on
plastics. This can be done by hand, roller coating,
hot stamping, or printing.
Graphite A crystalline allotropic form of carbon.
Graphite fiber A fiber from either pitch or
polyacrylonitrile, PAN, precursor by an oxidation,
carbonization, and graphitization processes (see
also Carbon fiber).
Grinder or granulator A machine (in many
sizes, styles and capacities) with a series of knife
blades and a sizing screen to chop up plastic
materials for reuse.
Grit blasted A surface treatment of a mold
in which grit or sand materials are blown onto
the walls of the cavity to produce a roughened
surface. Air escape from mold is improved and
special appearance of the molded article is often
obtained by this method.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Guide or leader pins Devices that maintain
proper alignment of parts.
Guideway Usually a T-shaped slot in a mold.
Gusset An angular piece of material used to
support or strengthen two adjoining walls.
Hand molds Molds that are removed from the
press by the operator, who opens the mold and
extracts the part by hand.
Hardenable substance Thermoset resin that,
under the influence of temperature and/or reactive
agent, undergoes crosslinking that irreversibly
changes the chemical constitution and thereby
physical properties.
Hardeners Polyfunctional substances that are
able to cause crosslinking in thermosets.
Hardening, curing A chemical crosslinking of
material, initially soft or that can be made so by
warming, into a more viscous form or hard solid.
Hardness The resistance to compression and
surface indentation, usually measured by the depth
of penetration of a blunt point under a given
load using a particular instrument according to a
prescribed procedure. Among the most important
methods of testing this property are Barcol hard-
ness, Brinnel hardness, Knoop hardness, Mohs
hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Shore hardness.
Haze The degree of cloudiness in a plastic mate-
rial. The cloudy or turbid aspect of appearance
of an otherwise transparent specimen caused by
light scattered from within the specimen or from
its surface.
Head The end section of the molding machine
that consists of the core, die, mandrel, mold, and
other parts necessary to form the plastic.
Head-to-head structure A structure of the type
-CH2CHX—CHXCH2-, in polymers where the
monomer placement in the growing chain has two
isomeric possibilities head-to-head (as shown)
or head-to-tail, viz. -CH2CHX—CH2CHX-. The
latter structure predominates.
Heading The mechanical, thermal, or ultrasonic
deformation of a pin to form a locking attachment.
Heat resistance The property or ability of
plastics and elastomers to resist the deteriorating
effects of elevated temperatures.
Heat sealing A process of joining two or more
thermoplastic films or sheets by heat.
1355
Heat stability The resistance of a plastic material
to chemical deterioration caused by exposure to
heat during processing.
Heat stabilizer An ingredient added to a polymer
to improve its processing or end use resistance
to elevated temperatures. The term is used in
different contexts depending on the benefit to
be derived from the additive. For processing, it
retards changes of color. For end-use, it protects
the surface of the part exposed to elevated tem-
peratures. It does not imply that a resin can be
used beyond its recommended end-use tempera-
ture rating if it is heat stabilized.
Heat-distortion temperature, HDT The tem-
perature at which a standard test bar deflects by
an arbitrary value under a stated load. In ASTM
D648, it is defined as a total deflection of 250 µm
in a rectangular bar supported at both ends under
a load of 0.5 or 1.8 MPa. The temperature is
increased at a rate 2°C/min.
Heated manifold mold A hot-runner mold that is
both heated and insulated; an insulated mold is a
hot-runner mold that does not contain heaters.
Heater bands The heat source for the barrel
and nozzle. The temperature control is usually
divided, into: rear, middle, front, and nozzle sec-
tions. The bands are accurate resistance heaters
with high heat output.
Heating chamber In injection molding that part
of the machine in which the cold feed is reduced
to a hot melt. Also called heating cylinder.
Helix A helical conformation of polymeric chain
in which all main chain atoms can be placed
on a cylindrical surface in such a way that all
elements on that surface are cut at constant angle,
or in other words, that the conformation is exactly
repeated at constant intervals. For example, 31
helix in polypropylene, has three repeating units
per one helix turn.
Hermetic As in seal, to form a bond that is
pressure tight, so that air or gasses cannot enter
or escape.
Heterogeneous Materials consisting of identifi-
able dissimilar constituents separated by internal
boundaries. It is noteworthy that not all non-
homogeneous materials are necessarily heteroge-
neous.
1356 Appendix IV
Hiding power The opacity that can be effected
with a coating.
High-density polyethylene, HDPE Linear poly-
ethylene copolymers with low branching, having
density ρ = 940 - 960 kg/m3. The regular struc-
ture engenders material with greater strength,
rigidity, chemical resistance, and higher softening
temperature than the branched one.
High-impact polystyrene, HIPS A thermoplastic
resin from a styrene and elastomer. It has good
dimensional stability and low-temperature impact
strength, high rigidity, and ease of processing.
Histogram A bar chart with the height of
each bar indicating how many data points were
collected within certain interval. The width of the
bar provides a measure of the interval.
Hob A master model in hardened steel used
to sink the shape of a mold cavity into a soft
steel block.
Hobbing Forming multiple mold cavities by
forcing a hob into soft steel cavity blanks. Also
called sinking.
Holding pressure The pressure maintained on
the melt after the cavity is filled until the gate is
filled and freezes.
Homologous polymer blend A mixture of two
or more homologous polymers, usually narrow
molecular weight distribution fractions of the
same polymer.
Homologous polymers Polymers identical in
structure and composition and differing only in
molecular weight. A polydispersed polymer is a
miscible blend of homologous polymers.
Homopolymer The product of the polymerization
of a single monomer, i.e., a polymer containing
one type of repeating units, viz.
-[CH2CHX—CH2CHX]n-.
Hone, honing, honed To impart a precise
accuracy to the surface finish by using a fine-
grained whetstone.
Hooke’s solid An ideal elastic material where
stress is directly proportional to strain.
Hoop stress The circumferential stress in a
material of cylindrical form subjected to internal
or external pressure.
Hopper A conical reservoir from which the
molding powders or pellets are fed into the
extruder.
Hopper feeder Usually part of the resin drying
system that also can be an independent unit, to
convey material to the machine’s feed hopper
using vacuum or pressure.
Hot stamping or branding Engraving operation
in which roll leaf is stamped with heated metal
dies onto the face of the plastics.
Hot tip The precise controller and gating
mechanism of a hot runner mold.
Hot-plate welding The use of a heated tool to
cause surface melting of a part at the joint area.
It is then removed before the joint surfaces being
pressed together to form a fusion bond.
Hot-runner mold A thermoplastic injection
mold in which the runners are insulated from
the chilled cavities and remain hot so that the
center of the runner never cools in normal cycle
operation. Runners are not usually ejected with
the molded pieces.
Hot/heated manifold mold A thermoplastic
injection mold in which the mold that contains
the runner system has its own heating elements
to keep the molding material in a plastic state
ready for injection into the cavities, from which
the manifold is insulated
Hydrolysis Chemical decomposition of a sub-
stance involving the addition of water.
Hydrophilic Capable of absorbing water.
Hydrophobic Capable of repelling water.
Hygroscopic Material capable of absorbing and
retaining atmospheric moisture from air. Plastics
such as PA, PEST, or ABS, are hygroscopic and
must be dried before molding.
Hysteresis The failure of a property that has
been changed to return to its original value when
the cause of the change was removed. The cyclic
non coincidence of the elastic loading and the
unloading curves under cyclic stressing. The area
of the resulting elliptical hysteresis loop is equal
to the heat generated in the system.
Immiscible polymer blend Any polymer blend
whose free energy of mixing is positive: ∆Gm > 0.
Impact strength The ability of a material to
withstand shock loading, expressed as an amount
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
of energy required to fracture a specimen sub-
jected to impact. The work done in fracturing,
under shock loading, using a specified test speci-
men and a specified procedure. Also, the relative
susceptibility of plastic articles to fracture under
stress applied at high speeds.
Impact test Often associated with the Gardner
(ball or falling dart) test, with a known weight
falling at a known distance and hitting a part,
thereby subjecting it to an instantaneous high
load. ASTM impact tests for material properties
are the Izod, Charpy, and Tensile Impact tests.
The test can also be a pendulum-type.
Induction welding The use of radio, magnetic,
or electrical energy to form a melt through the
application of a foreign medium at the joint line
to form a fusion bond.
Inert pigment A pigment that does not react with
any component of paint.
Infrared, IR or FTIR Pertaining to that part of
the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible
light range and the radar range. Radiant heat is
in this range, and infrared heaters are frequently
used in the thermoforming and curing of plastics
and composites. Infrared analysis is used for
identification of polymer constituents. The power-
ful Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR,
uses a method of splitting a beam into two waves,
and the spectral information is obtained from
the phase difference between the two waves,
recombining them in the Michelson interferom-
eter. The interferogram is obtained by digitizing
the detector signal and transforming it from the
time domain by means of the Fourier transform
operation into a conventional IR spectrum. See
Infrared spectroscopy.
Infrared spectroscopy or spectrometry A tech-
nique used to observe the wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum lying beyond the red,
from about 750 nm to a few mm.
Inhibitor A substance that reacts with the active
polymerization site to form either a totally non
reactive product or reducing the system reactivity.
In radical polymerization the radical scavengers,
viz. diphenylpicrylhydrazyl or quinones, are used
as inhibitors.
1357
Initiator Either an additive mixed in a material
to cause a chemical or physical reaction in the
melt, or a substance able to engender reaction of
a monomer, radical or ionic.
Injection blow molding Blow molding in which
the parison is directly formed by injection molding.
Injection molding A method of forming a plastic
to the desired shape by forcing the softened plastic
into a relative cool cavity using a screw or ram
— used with thermoplastics or thermosets. See
Thermoplastic injection molding and Thermoset
injection molding.
Injection pressure The pressure in the mold
during the injection of plasticized material into
the mold cavity.
Injection ram. See Ram.
Injection time The time it takes for the screw’s
forward motion to fill the mold cavity with melt.
Inorganic A mineral compound not composed of
carbon atoms.
Inorganic pigments Natural or synthetic metallic
oxides, sulfides, and other salts that impart color,
as well as heat and light stability, and weathering
resistance.
Inorganic polymer A polymer with high propor-
tions of non-carbon atoms. In principle most
inorganic materials can be considered inorganic
polymers, viz. silicates. In polymer science the
inorganic materials containing organic groups are
considered inorganic polymers; e.g., polysilox-
anes (silicones), phosphonitrilic elastomers, poly-
carboranes, organometallic polymers, polymeta-
phosphates, polyphosphazenes, sulfurnitride poly-
mers, etc. See also Organic Polymers.
Insert An integral part of plastics molding. It
consists of metal or other material that may be
molded into position or may be pressed into the
molding after the molding is completed. Also a
removable or interchangeable component of the
mold.
Intercalated clay Clay having organic or inor-
ganic molecules inserted between its platelets,
thus increasing the interlayer spacing between
them to at least 1.5 nm.
Intercalation Process of inserting organic or
inorganic molecules between platelets of a layered
material, thus increasing the interlayer spacing.
1358 Appendix IV
Interface The boundary or surface between two
different, physically distinguishable media. With
fibers, the contact area between the fibers and
sizing or finish. In laminates, the contact area
between the reinforcements and the laminating
resin.
Interpenetrating Polymer Network, IPN His-
torically, any material containing two or more
polymers, each in network form, without induced
cross-links between the individual polymers, usu-
ally produced by polymerizing and/or crosslinking
at least one component in the immediate presence
of the other, thus thermoset in character. Currently,
the term IPN encompasses the thermoplastic co-
continuous polymer blends, as well as ionomers,
block, and graft copolymers. The later materials
are known as Thermoplastic IPN.
Interphase The boundary region between two
phases in polymer blends, the matrix polymer
and the dispersed phase, or (in case of phase
co-continuity) between two polymeric phases. In
compatibilized blends, the interphase contains the
compatibilizer as well as low molecular weight
additives and fractions.
Intrinsic viscosity The limiting value (at infinite
dilution) of the ratio of specific viscosity of the
polymer solution to concentration.
Ion exchange resins Cross-linked polymers that
form salts with ions from aqueous solutions.
Ionic polymers or Ionomers Polymers of linear
or network structure with ionic groups which by
addition of the appropriate counter ions can be
ionically crosslinked. A copolymer of ethylene
and acrylic acid is used as a compatibilizer in
polyamide blends. Converted to ethylene-zinc
acrylate copolymer, Surlyn™, is used as packag-
ing film. Other ionic polymers are applied as
polyelectrolytes, ion exchange resin, etc.
Ionomer Polyethylene that contains both cova-
lent and ionic bonds. The polymer exhibits strong
interchain ionic forces. The anions hang from the
hydrocarbon chain, and the cations are metallic,
e.g., Na, K, Li, Zn, Mg. The resins have similar
properties as polyethylenes, with high transpar-
ency, tenacity, resilience, and increased resistance
to oils, greases, and solvents.
Ishakawa See Fishbone diagram.
Isomeric polymers Polymers that are basically
homogeneous but in which, by secondary altera-
tions or by a small number of different kinds of
linking of the primary molecules (e.g., branching),
variations are introduced.
Isotactic polymer A polymer in which the con-
stitutional repeating units have the same stereo-
chemical configuration; example isotactic poly-
propylene.
Izod impact test A type of pendulum impact
test in which a notched sample bar is held at
one end and broken by a blow. This is a test for
shock loading.
Izod impact strength Determination of the
resistance of a plastic material to a shock loading,
in which a notched specimen bar is held at one end
and broken by striking, and the energy absorbed
is measured.
Jetting Turbulent flow of plastic from an
undersized gate or thin section into a thicker mold
section, as opposed to laminar flow of material
progressing radially from a gate to the extremities
of the cavity. May also result from shooting mate-
rial into a mold cavity where there is no core or
immediate cavity wall to break up the flow of the
material coming through the gate.
Just-in-time, JIT A practice developed to mini-
mize customer inventory. The supplier provides
the product, at predetermined intervals, so that it
can proceed directly to the customer’s assembly
line. This practice demands excellent quality
control and production schedules. Customers who
use JIT must demand the same care and treatment
from their own suppliers. Suppliers and customers
are usually located within a few hours shipping
time of each other.
Kirksite An alloy of aluminum and zinc used
for the construction of prototype molds. It imparts
a high degree of heat conductivity to the mold.
Kneading elements, kneading blocks Three
types of elements are used to assemble screws in a
twin-screw extruder: kneading, mixing and trans-
porting. The kneading elements are mostly two-
or three-lobe, self -wiping that mainly provide
for the dispersive mixing by pressing, stretching,
and folding actions. An assembly of kneading ele-
ments is known as a kneading block, characterized
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
by the individual disc length, number of discs and
stagger angle between the discs in the kneading
block. See also Mixing Elements.
Knit line A line on a part where opposing
melt fronts meet. Created by material flow around
obstructions or multiple gating. See weld line.
Knockout or ejector pin A pin that pushes a
cured molded article out of a mold.
Kurtosis The state or quality of peakedness or
flatness of the graphic representation of a statisti-
cal distribution expressed as α4 = m4 /m22, where
m4 and m2 are the fourth and second moment of
the distribution function. The excess of kurtosis
is given as α4 - 3. The kurtosis is large when on
a distribution function there is a relatively high
concentration in the middle and out on the tails,
with a relatively steep drop in between.
Lack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the
edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforce-
ment has not been wetted with resin.
Ladder polymer A rigid rod polymer, consisting
of two parallel macromolecular chains regularly
joined by covalent bonding, forming a sequence
of interconnecting rings, e.g., pyrrone, polyqui-
noxalines, polyphenylsilsesquioxane, poly(bisben-
zimid-azobenzo-phenanthroline).
Lamella The basic morphological unit of a
crystalline polymer, usually ribbon-like or plate-
like in shape. Generally (if ribbon-like), about
10-50 nm thick, 100 nm wide, and 1000 nm long.
Lamellar thickness A characteristic morphologi-
cal parameter, usually estimated from X-ray stud-
ies or electron microscopy, usually 10 to 50 nm.
Laminar flow Flow of thermoplastic resins
accompanied by solidification of the layer in
contact with the mold surface that acts as an
insulating tube through which material flows to
fill the remainder of the cavity. This type of flow
is essential to duplication of the mold surface.
Land Either a horizontal bearing surface of
a semipositive or flash mold by which excess
material escapes, a bearing surface along the top
of the flights of a screw in an extruder, or the
surface of an extrusion die parallel to the direction
of the melt flow. In injection molding, the gate,
when entering a part, has always the length of the
gate itself that is called the land.
1359
Latex, lattices Aqueous dispersion of polymeric
particles, a polymer emulsion, a product of emul-
sion polymerization used in paints, adhesives,
coatings, etc.
LCST (Lower critical solution temperature) The
lowest temperature of immiscibility, where binod-
al and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase
separation predominates in polymer blends.
Let-down ratio The quantity of one ingredient
to be mixed with a base material to obtain the
desired results.
Level of significance, “a” The probability
of committing the error of rejecting a given
hypothesis when it is true; “a” is usually set to
0.05 for most of the statistical tests.
Light-resistance The ability of a plastic material
to resist fading after exposure to sunlight or
ultraviolet light (ASTM D1501). Light stability is
the measure of this resistance.
Limit switch An electromechanical switch posi-
tioned to stop or start an action. It is operated by
mechanical action on a movable control arm.
Liquid crystal polymer, LCP A thermoplastic
polymer (polyamide or polyester) that contains
primarily benzene rings in its backbone, is melt
processable, and can be highly oriented during
processing. Available with or without fiber rein-
forcement.
Living polymer An ionic polymer in which,
in absence of a monomer, the active centers of
polymerization are preserved. Formation of living
polymers in anionic or Ziegler-Natta polymeriza-
tions’ makes it possible to produce block copoly-
mers.
Loading or charging tray A device used to load
the charge of material or metal inserts simultane-
ously into each cavity of a multicavity mold by
the withdrawal of a sliding bottom from the tray.
London dispersion forces Weak intermolecular
forces based on dipole-dipole interactions.
Long chain branching Branches of comparable
length as the main polymer chain as in low density
polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, etc.
Loss modulus A quantitative measure of energy
dissipation, defined as the ratio of stress 90° out
of phase with oscillating strain to the magnitude
of strain. The loss modulus may be measured in
1360 Appendix IV
tension of flexure, E”, compression, K”, or shear,
G” (see also Complex modulus).
Lubricants Processing aids to assist material
flow during extrusion or injection molding. The
internal and external lubricants are recognized.
Internally lubricated resins use oils, Teflon™,
MoS2, or other materials to give the molded part a
lower coefficient of friction. The external lubricant
can be a solid, such as sodium or zinc stearate, a
fluoro-polymer or silicone resin or liquid.
Macbeth A lighting system used for checking
color.
Macromer An oligomeric or telomeric chain
capable of entering into a polymerization reac-
tion.
Macromolecule A large molecule in which
neither the end groups nor the substitution of a
group has any significant influence on the material
properties.
Manifold A pipe channel, or mold, with several
inlets or outlets.
Mass spectrometer An instrument capable of
separating ionized molecules of different mass/
charge ratios and measuring the respective ion
currents.
Master curve The acceptable or required curve
that all subsequent test curves must match.
Matched metal, or die, molding A method of
molding reinforced plastics between two close-
fitting metal molds mounted in a press.
Matrix Either the base resin used for a molded
part, or the main phase in polymer blends.
Matte finish A type of dull, non reflective finish.
See Surface finish.
Mean or Average The sum of values divided
by their number.
Mechanical properties The properties related to
the relationships between stress and strain, such
as compressive and tensile strengths and moduli,
associated with elastic and inelastic reaction to
the applied force.
Median The middle value when all values are
arrayed in order of magnitude.
Melt fracture An elastic strain set up in a
molten polymer as the polymer flows through
the die. It may show up as irregularities on the
surface of the plastic. Several stages (and different
mechanisms responsible for these) are recognized,
viz. shark skin, pressure oscillation (or spurt),
gross distortions, etc.
Melt front The exposed surface of molten resin
as it flows into a mold. The melt front advances as
the molten resin is continuously pushed through
its center section.
Melt index, MI, melt flow index, MFI, or melt
flow rate, MFR The amount in grams, of a ther-
moplastic resin forced through a 2.10 mm (0.0825
in) orifice when subjected to the prescribed force,
e.g., 2.16 kg force during 10 minutes at the
prescribed temperature (°C) using an extrusion
plastometer (ASTM D1238). It is customary to
refer to the flow rate of polyethylene as “melt
index”. However, for all other materials the term
“melt flow rate” should be used
Melt strength The strength of a plastic while
in the molten state.
Melt temperature The temperature at which a
resin melts or softens and begins to flow. The
temperature of resin melt taken with a pyrometer
melt probe.
Melting point The temperature at which a resin
changes from a solid to a liquid.
Metal plating The process of plating a plastic
part by chemically etching the surface to accept
a base metal on which the subsequent layers of
metal are deposited. Usually a multi-step process.
Not all plastics can be metallized.
Metallizing A general term used to cover
all processes by which plastics are coated with
metal.
Metallocenes Metallo-organic sandwich com-
pounds in which two cyclopentadienlidene, Cp,
rings form a sandwich around a metallic ion of,
e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Ti, V, Zr, etc. They have been
used to catalyze the coordination polymerization
of olefinic or vinylic monomers into highly regu-
lar macromolecules, viz. with narrow molecular
weight, high regularity of co-monomer placement,
and/or high tactic purity. For example, ethylene
was catalyzed with R’s(Cp)2MeQ [Me is metal
from Group 4b, 5b, or 6b (preferably Zr), R’ is
a C1-C4 alkylene radical, a dialkyl germanium or
silicone, Q is an alkylidene radical having from
1 to about 20 carbon atoms, s = 0-1, p = 0-2,
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
m = 4-5], in combination with alumoxanes.
Meter SI length unit equal to 100 centimeters
or 39.37 inches.
Metering equipment A machine or system to
accurately meter additives to the machine’s hopper
or feed throat. Comes in many sizes and types to
suit each particular application, including augers,
shuttle plates, photoelectric eyes, and positive or
negative weight loss belt feeders.
Metering screw An extrusion or injection molding
screw that has constant shallow depth and pitch
section, usually over the last three to four flights.
Micelle colloids Low molecular weight, mainly
homogeneous molecules, held together by second-
ary forces to form a colloidal particle.
Microcracking Cracks formed when local stress-
es exceed the strength of the matrix. In compos-
ites, because microcracks do not penetrate the
reinforcing fibers, in crossply or cloth prepreg
tape laminates, they are usually limited to the
thickness of a single ply.
Micro-morphology Structural constitution on a
sub-micron scale as related to crystallinity, viz.
crystalline unit cells, lamellae shape and size,
stress-induced shish kebab crystals, etc.
Microprocessor Computer system that stores,
analyzes, and adjusts the controls of a machine
based on the parameters established during the
operation of the machine it is controlling. It
continuously analyzes output data to adjust and
maintain the machine’s cycle within programmed
limits. Can also store data and output it as directed
by programming.
Microstructure The molecular structural features
of a single polymer chain: tacticity, isomerism,
chain branching, structural irregularities, etc.
Migration of plasticizer Loss of plasticizer
from a polymeric compound, with subsequent
absorption by an adjacent medium that lowers its
concentration and induces brittleness.
Migration The transfer of a material from a
plastic to other contacting solids.
Mil English unit of length equal to 0.001 inch
or 25.4 µm.
Miscible polymer blend A polymer blend,
homogenous down to the molecular level, in
which the domain size is comparable to macro-
1361
molecular dimension, associated with the negative
value of the free energy and heat of mixing,
∆Gm § ∆Hm ” 0, and ∂2∆Gm / ∂φ2 > 0. Operation-
ally, it is a blend whose domain size is comparable
to the dimension of the macromolecular statistical
segment.
Mixing General term associated with the physi-
cal act of homogenization (e.g., mixing of frac-
tions). Mixing of liquids is usually call blending
(e.g., preparation of polymer blends or alloys),
while incorporation of solids into molten polymer
is usually called compounding (e.g., preparation
of a compound).
Mixing elements Three types of elements
are used to assemble screws in a twin-screw
extruder: kneading, mixing and transporting. The
mixing elements of different type are provided by
the equipment manufacturers, viz. turbine, gear,
notched disc, blister rings, etc. Depending of the
type, these elements are responsible for either, or
for both, the distributive and dispersive actions.
Several authors consider kneading and mixing ele-
ments as belonging to the same class, alternatively
labeled as kneading or as mixing blocks. See also
Kneading Elements.
Modified natural products Plastics or fibers that
are prepared by chemical transformation of natural
substances, e.g., cellulose nitrate or acetate, casein
or gelatin hardened by formaldehyde, etc.
Modifiers Any additive that improves the pro-
cessing or end-use properties of the polymer,
e.g., PVC plasticizers added to make it soft and
pliable and improve its impact strength. Almost
all plastic resins use different modifiers to meet
desired product requirements.
Modulus of elasticity The ratio of the stress to
the strain produced in a material that is elastically
deformed (ASTM D790). If a tensile stress of
20 MPa results in an elongation of 1%, the
modulus of elasticity is 2 GPa.
Modulus of resilience The energy that can
be absorbed per unit volume without creating a
permanent distortion. Calculated by integrating the
stress-strain curve from zero to the elastic limit and
dividing by the original volume of the specimen.
Moisture absorption The pick-up of water vapor
from the atmosphere by bulk of a material. It
1362 Appendix IV
relates only to vapor withdrawn from the air by
a material and must be distinguished from water
absorption, which is the gain in weight due to the
take-up of water by immersion.
Moisture adsorption Surface retention of mois-
ture from the atmosphere.
Moisture vapor transmission rate, MVTR The
rate at which water vapor permeates through a
plastic film or wall at a specified temperature and
relative humidity (ASTM E96).
Mold deposits Material build up on a cavity’s
surface due to plate out of resin, usually in a
gaseous state. Can be attributed to additives in a
resin adhering to the mold’s surface.
Mold release agent A lubricant, liquid, or
powder (often silicon oils and waxes) used to coat
a mold cavity to prevent the molded piece from
sticking to it, thereby facilitating its removal from
the mold. Additives put into a material to serve
as a mold release.
Mold shrinkage Shrinking a molded part while
it is removed from a mold and cooled to room tem-
perature. The difference in dimensions between
a piece and the mold cavity. The incremental
difference between the dimensions of the molding
and the mold from which it was made, expressed
as percentage of the mold dimensions.
Molding A group of plastics processes used
to form polymers or composites into solids with
shape and size defined by the mold cavity, by the
application of pressure and heat for a given time.
Molding cycle The time required to complete a
cycle and produce a part.
Molding compound powder or material Plastic
material, often comprising a resin, filler, pigments,
plasticizers, and other ingredients, ready for mold-
ing operation.
Molding pressure The pressure applied directly
or indirectly on the compound to allow the com-
plete transformation to a solid dense part. The
pressure developed by a ram or screw to push
molten plastic into a mold cavity. See Injection
pressure.
Molding shrinkage See Mold shrinkage.
Molecular weight, or an average molecular weight,
MW The sum of the atomic masses of the
elements forming the molecule expressed in units
of 1/12 the mass of 12C atom, or a mass of one
mole of the substance (kg/mol), indicating the
relative size typical chain length of the polymer
molecule. Owing to polydispersity the molecular
weight of a polymer is expressed as an average:
Mk = ∑ Ni Mik +1 / ∑ Ni Mik
i i
For k = 1 the number average, for k = 2, the
weight average, for k = 3 the z-average, for k = 4
(z+1)-average molecular weight is generated, etc.
(viz., Mn, Mw, Mz, Mz+1, respectively).
Molecularly homogeneous A polymer in which
all the molecules possess the same chemical
structure.
Molecular weight distribution, MWD A statisti-
cal description of the sizes and frequency of
occurrence of different molecular chain lengths
within a given sample or lot of polymer, i.e., the
distribution of molecular sizes in a polydispersed
polymer. Several analytical functions f(M) have
been proposed. Some of them are general statisti-
cal expressions (e.g., log-normal distribution, q.v.)
the others are based on assumed kinetics of
polymerization (e.g., Schultz-Flory distribution).
MWD is normally determined using a size exclu-
sion chromatography, SEC (an old GPC). Wide
and skewed distributions result in significant vari-
ation of in properties. Narrow distributions are
more consistent.
Molecule A group of atoms bonded together
which forms the fundamental structural unit of
most organic substances. The number of atoms
can range from two to millions. A molecule is the
smallest unit of a substance that still retains the
properties of that substance.
Monomer (monomer = single unit) A small
molecule of an organic substance capable of enter-
ing into a polymerization reaction with itself or
with other similar molecules or compounds, viz.
vinyl monomers, dienes, α,ω-lactams, diamines,
etc. A low-molecular-weight-reactive chemical
that polymerizes to form a polymer. Monomers
are generally gases or liquids. When bonded
together in long chains they form solid materials
or polymers.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Morphology The study of the physical form
and structure of a material. The overall physical
form of the physical structure of a material on a
sub-micron and micron scale. Common units are
dispersed phase domains, lamellae, spherulites,
etc. The term comprises notion of the global
structure (e.g., stress-induced skin-core), as well
as shape, size, orientation and distribution of the
dispersed phase (solid, liquid or gaseous).
Mottle The desired or accidental mixture of
colors or shades of a color giving approximately
distinct or complicated patterns or specks, spots,
or streaks of color.
Movable platen The moving platen of an injec-
tion or compression molding machine to which
half of the mold is secured during operation. The
platen is moved either by a hydraulic ram or a
toggle mechanism.
Multiblock copolymer A block copolymer with
more than three blocks, e.g., -[AB]n-.
Multicavity mold A mold having more than one
cavity or impression for forming finished items
during one machine cycle.
Multichain polymer A polymer with more than
two chains extending from a center, e.g., comb
or star polymer.
Multiple-screw extruder An extruder machine
that has two or more screws, as contrasted with
conventional single-screw extruders.
Nanocomposite, NC A matrix material (metallic,
ceramic or polymeric in nature) having dispersed
particles, with at least one dimension that does
not exceed 10 nm. Polymeric nanocomposites
(PNC) of commercial interest comprise 2-5 wt%
of exfoliated clay.
Necking Localized reduction in cross-section
that may occur in a material under tensile loading
during a tensile test. Necking is disregarded in
calculation of the engineering stress, but is taken
into account in determining the true stress.
Network polymer A crosslinked polymer form-
ing infinite network, obtained in a step-growth
polymerization with multifunctional monomers.
Newtonian fluid An ideal fluid characterized by
a constant ration of the shear stress to the rate of
shearing in a simple shear deformation, and with
zero normal stress difference (non elastic).
1363
Non-destructive evaluation, NDE, or non-destruc-
tive inspection, NDI An analysis to determine
whether the material is acceptable for its function.
Non-destructive inspection, NDI A process
or procedure, such as ultrasonic or radiographic
inspection, for determining the quality or charac-
teristics of a material, part, or assembly, without
permanently altering the subject or its properties.
Used to find internal anomalies in a structure
without degrading its properties.
Nonpolar Incapable of having a significant
dielectric loss. Polystyrene and polyethylene are
nonpolar.
Non-return valve See Ball or checking valve.
Non-rigid plastic A plastic that has a modulus
of elasticity (either in flexure or in tension) of
not over 69 MPa (10,000 psi) at 25 °C and 50%
relative humidity (ASTM D747).
Normal distribution See Gaussian distribution.
Notch sensitive A plastic material is said to
be notch sensitive if it will break when it has
been scratched, notched, or cracked. Glass is
considered to be highly notch sensitive.
Notch sensitivity A measure of reduction in load-
carrying ability caused by stress concentration in a
specimen. Brittle plastics are more notch sensitive
than ductile.
Nozzle A hollow metal nose screwed into the
extrusion end of either the heating cylinder of an
injection machine or a transfer chamber (where
this is a separate structure).
Nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR Relates to
the radio frequency induced transitions between
magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei. NMR
instrument consists essentially of a magnet, radio
frequency accelerator, sample holder, and detec-
tor, capable of producing an oscilloscope image
or line recording of NMR spectrum. See also
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR
spectroscopy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR
spectroscopy When an organic molecule con-
taining certain atoms (e.g., 13C, H, D, F), is
placed in a strong magnetic field and irradiated
with radio frequency, transition between differ-
ent nuclear spin orientational states take place,
and energy is absorbed at specific frequencies.
1364 Appendix IV
Several different types of NMR measurements
have been developed for characterization of
polymer molecules, viz. high resolution NMR
of polymer solutions, wide-line of solid state,
magic-angle spinning, pulse-induced, etc.
Nucleating agent A foreign substance, often
crystalline, usually added to a crystallizable poly-
mer to increase its rate of solidification, and
reduce size of spherulites.
Nucleation Any additive that assists or acts as
a starting site for crystallization of a polymer.
These initiators can reduce cycle time by speeding
up the crystalline formations, thereby causing the
part to solidify faster so its ejection from the mold
can occur sooner.
Nylon™ A generic term for polyamides (a trade
mark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours, adduct of
New York and London). To be avoided — use
Polyamide, PA, instead.
Olefins Plastics produced from olefins, viz.
polyethylene or polypropylene.
Oligomer Low molecular weight polymeric
material with the degree of polymerization, 10 <
DP < 50; from Greek oligos = few, little.
Opalescence Limited clarity of vision through
a sheet of transparent plastic at any angle, caused
by light scattering within or on the surface of
the plastic.
Opaque A material that will not transmit light
and is not transparent.
Open-hole insert An insert having a hole drilled
completely through it.
Optical comparator An inspection machine
using optics to compare the outline of a part to its
required dimensions on a graphic screen.
Optical distortion Any apparent alteration of
the geometric pattern of an object when observed
through a plastic or as reflection from a plastic
surface.
Orange peel An unintentional rugged surface
that gives an appearance resembling the skin of
an orange.
Ordered polymer A polymer with monomers
arranged in regular sequence, viz. alternating or
block copolymers.
Organic The term refers to a general class of
substances whose composition is based on the ele-
ment carbon. Organic infers some relationship to
materials, which at some point in time were alive.
Organosol Fine PVC suspension in a volatile,
organic liquid. At room temperature the resin
is swollen, but not appreciably dissolved. At
elevated temperatures the liquid evaporates, and
the residue upon cooling forms homogenous plas-
tics. Plasticizers may be dissolved in the volatile
liquid (see also Plastisols).
Orientation The alignment of the molecular
structure in polymeric materials to produce aniso-
metric material properties. It can be accomplished
by drawing or stretching during fabrication, espe-
cially at low temperatures.
Orifice An opening in a die or other metal piece
used to meter the flow of fluid material.
Out-of-round Non uniform radius or diameter.
Overflow tab A small, localized extension of
a part at a weld-line junction to allow a longer
material flow path for the purpose of obtaining a
better fusion bond of the meeting melt fronts.
Overlay sheet See Foil decorating.
Oxidation Any chemical reaction in which
electrons are transferred. The chemical reaction
involving oxygen to form an oxide; the deteriora-
tion of an adhesive film due to atmospheric
exposure; the break down of a hot melt adhesive
due to prolonged heating and oxide formation.
Degradation of a material through contact with
air. A chemical reaction involving a combination
with oxygen to form new compounds.
Oxygen index The minimum concentration
oxygen expressed as a volume percentage in a
mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just sup-
port flaming combustion of a material initially at
room temperature under the specified conditions.
An indication of flammability.
Pack time The amount of time that packing pressure
is kept on the screw until the gate freezes. It takes time
immediately after the injection stroke ends.
Packing pressure The pressure applied just
before the part cavity fills, which is about 50
percent of the injection pressure required to con-
tinue filling the mold without flashing it. Packing
pressure is maintained until the gate freezes.
Pad See Cushion.
Paint line The point where two colors meet.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Paint step Break in a smooth surface that allows
a mask to rest.
Parallel to the draw The axis of the cored
position or insert parallel to the up-and-down
movement of the mold as it opens and closes.
Parallels (risers or support fillers) The support
spacers between the mold and press platen or
clamping plate.
Pareto analysis An analytical and statistical
technique used to determine part defect type and
quantity. Ranks each type of defect as a percent-
age of the total number of defects found, based on
the quantity of each type of defect.
Parison Hollow plastic tube from which a part
is blow molded.
Part separator A machine or system used
to automatically separate parts from the runner
system after molding. Separated parts go to their
next station and the runner moves to a granulator
for reuse if permitted. The system may use blades,
rigid pins, or a degating station with parts placed
by a robot for separation.
Parting agent See Mold release.
Parting line The point in the mold where two
or more metal surfaces meet creating a shut-off.
Mark on a molding or casting where halves of a
mold met in closing.
Partitioned mold cooling See Bubbler.
Pastel A tint, a tone to which white has been
added.
Paucimolecular A polymers that consist of only
a few different molecular weight components.
Also called the paucidisperse polymers.
Peak exothermic temperature The maximum
temperature reached by reacting thermosetting
plastic composition is called peak exothermic
temperature.
Permeability The passage or diffusion of a gas,
vapor, liquid, or solid through a barrier without
affecting it. The rate of the passage.
pH Negative logarithm of concentration of
hydrogen ions, -log [H+], a measure of the acidity
or alkalinity of a substance. Acid solutions have
pH < 7, at neutrality pH = 7, and in alkaline
solutions pH > 7.
Phase A separate, but not necessarily separable,
portion of a system.
1365
Phenolic resins Crosslinked resins based on
phenol and formaldehyde of a complex, not fully
known, structure.
Photodegradation Degradation caused by long
wavelength ultraviolet radiation that is the main
cause of out-door weathering.
Photoelasticity Experimental technique for the
measurement of stresses and strains in material
objects by means of the mechanical birefringence.
Physical aging The relaxation process that
takes place in plastics after fabrication. Upon
cooling a melt, the molecular mobility decreases,
and when the relaxation time exceeds the experi-
mental time scale, the melt becomes a glass in
non-equilibrium thermodynamic state (density,
enthalpy, etc.). Thus the value of the thermody-
namic parameters continues to change toward an
equilibrium state. The process may lead to devel-
opment of cracks and crazes that initiate critical
failure. See also: Aging, Accelerated Aging, Arti-
ficial Aging, Chemical Aging.
Physical crosslink A physical bond that joints
two or more chains together. They may arise
from crystalline portions of a semicrystalline
polymer, the glassy or crystalline portion of a
block copolymer, or the ionic portion of an iono-
mer. The physical crosslink forces are affected by
the temperature.
Physical crosslinking An existence of restraining
force between polymer chains other then covalent
bonding; viz., entanglements, presence of micro-
crystallinity, glassy blocks in block copolymer, etc.
Piece part price Calculated finished part cost
based on material, processing, assembly, decorat-
ing, and packaging, including productivity and
overhead costs.
Pigment Imparts color to plastic while remaining
a dispersion of undissolved particles.
Pigmented A plastic resin comprising pigments
to produce a desired color after molding. The pig-
ments can be either organic- or inorganic-based.
Pinpoint or restricted gate A restricted orifice
through which molten plastic flows into a mold
cavity.
Pit mall regular or irregular crater in the surface
of a plastic, usually with width approximately of
the same order of magnitude as its depth.
1366 Appendix IV
Pitch With respect to extruder or injection
molding, the distance from any point on the flight
of a screw line to the corresponding point on an
adjacent flight, measured parallel to the axis of
the screw line or threading.
Plastic A synthetic or natural organic substance
(exclusive of adhesives and rubbers) formable or
pliable at some stage during its formation or sub-
sequent manufacturing process, thus a polymeric
material that is capable of being shaped through
plastic flow under influence of deforming forces,
a thermoplastic or thermoset material. It either
melts and flows with heat and pressure, as with
a thermoplastic, or it chemically “sets,” as with a
thermoset material. Many materials, such as glass,
become plastic under the right conditions.
Plastic deformation Any portion of the total
deformation of a body that occurs immediately
when load is applied but that remains permanently
when the load is removed. The deformation of a
material under load that is not recoverable after the
load is removed. Opposite of elastic deformation.
Plastic memory A phenomenon of a plastic to
return, in some degree, to its original form upon
heating.
Plasticate To soften by heating and/or kneading.
Plasticating extruder An extruder fed with
solid polymer, that melts and plasticates it while
conveying toward the die.
Plasticity A property of plastics that upon the
application of a force allows the material to be
deformed continuously and permanently without
rupture (the opposite of “elasticity”).
Plasticization Softening, enhancement of flex-
ibility engendered by incorporation of low molec-
ular weight liquid, a plasticizer, such as 2-ethyl-
hexylphthalate, DOP.
Plasticize To make a material soft and moldable
with the addition of heat, pressure or a plasticizer.
Plasticizer A material incorporated in a thermo-
plastic to reduce its glass transition temperature,
thus to increase its flexibility.
Plastisols Mixtures of PVC and plasticizers that
can be molded, cast, or converted to continuous
films by the application of heat. The mixtures that
contain volatile thinners are known as Organo-
sols, q.v.
Plate dispersion plug See Breaker plate
Platens The mounting plates of a press to which
the entire mold assembly is bolted.
Plunger The part of a transfer or injection
press that applies pressure to the unmelted plastic
material to push it into the chamber. This, in turn,
forces the melt out through the nozzle.
Poisson distribution discrete probability function,
derived by Simeon Poisson in 1837, for the situa-
tion when the probability of a single event is very
small, but the number of events approaches infinity:
Poisson’s ratio, r The ratio of lateral strain to
the corresponding axial strain in axially loaded
specimens, below the proportional limit. It is
a material constant that relates the modulus of
rigidity, G, to Young’s modulus, E, in the relation:
E = 2G(r + 1); viz. ASTM E1321.
Polarized light Polarized electromagnetic radia-
tion whose frequency is in the optical region.
Polarizer A medium or a device used to polarize
the incoherent light.
Polyacrylonitrile, PAN Product of free radical
polymerization in solution or suspension. Used
primarily for production of fibers (it may contain
up to 10% comonomer to improve dyeability).
Homopolymer of PAN is a base material in the
manufacture of carbon fibers.
Polyaddition A step-growth polymerization
from two types of bi- or polyfunctional primary
molecules, e.g., polyurethane formation. This irre-
versible, rapid process is caused, usually through
heteroatoms, by bond displacement without the
splitting off any component.
Polyallomers Crystalline thermoplastic polymers
made from two or more different monomers,
usually ethylene and propylene.
Polyamide-imide, PAI A family of polymers
based on the combination of trimellitic anhydride
with aromatic diamines. In the uncured form
(ortho-amic acid) the polymers are soluble in polar
organic solvents. The imide linkage is formed by
heating, producing an infusible resin with thermal
stability up to 290°C. These resins are used for
laminates, prepregs, and electrical components.
Polyamides, PA A group of semi-crystalline ther-
moplastics containing the amide group (-NHCO-)
in the main chain, resulting from polycondensa-
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
tion of either α,ω-lactam, or a diacid with a
diamine. Natural polyamides, polypeptides and
synthetic polyamides belong to this family.
Polyarylates, PAr Wholly aromatic polyesters
from dihydric phenols and dicarboxylic acid chlo-
rides. They are characterized by high melting
point (up to 500°C), good thermal stability and
solubility in chlorinated solvents. Commercial
polymers are produced by polycondensation of
iso- and terephthalic acids with bisphenol-A, have
glass transition temperatures near 170°C and the
continuous use temperature of 140-150°C.
Polyarylsulfone, PAS Alternative name for aro-
matic polyethersulfone (see Polyethersulfone).
Polybenzimidazole, PBI The polycondensation
product of tetraaminobiphenyl with terephthalic
acid, has the highest thermal stability of all
commercial organic polymers. Its continuous use
temperature is 400°C, and it has good chemical
stability.
Polybutylene terephthalate, PBT Polycondensa-
tion product of dimethylterephthalate and 1,4
butanediol, with melting temperature Tm § 224°C.
PBT can be easily blended with number of other
thermoplastics. Major uses include automotive
parts (interior, under-the-hood, and exterior), elec-
trical connectors, small appliances, pump hous-
ings, etc..
Polybutylenes, BR A group of polymers consist-
ing of isotactic, stereoregular, highly crystalline
polymers based on butene-1. Their properties
are similar to those of polypropylene and linear
polyethylene, with superior toughness, creep resis-
tance, and flexibility.
Polycarbonate, PC An amorphous thermoplastic
derived from the direct reaction between aromatic
and aliphatic dihydroxy compounds with phosgene
or by the ester exchange reaction with appropriate
phosgene-derived precursors. Highest impact resis-
tance of any transparent plastic. It is transparent and
can be injection molded, extruded, thermoformed,
or blow molded (esp. branched PC).
Polycondensation A polymer synthesis from bi-
or multifunctional monomers with liberation of a
low-molecular, volatile byproduct.
Polyesters Polymers containing the ester group
(-COO-) in the main chain, products of polycon-
1367
densation of α,ω-lactones or diacid with diols.
Both unsaturated (alkyd) polyesters and thermo-
plastic polyesters (including PC, PET, PBT, PNT,
etc.) enjoy wide commercial use.
Polyether-imide, PEI An aromatic polymer
containing both ether and imide groups in the
polymeric chain. It has a heat distortion tempera-
ture of 200°C, continuous use temperature of
170°C and low flammability. It can be blended
with several engineering thermoplastics for a wide
range of properties and applications (mainly in
automotive and electronic/electrical industries).
Polyethersulfone, PES An aromatic polymer
containing benzene rings linked by both ether
and sulfone groups in the polymeric chain. Several
commercial products of this type have been devel-
oped. Their glass transition temperature varies
from 190 to 285°C. The materials have high rigid-
ity, low creep, high electrical resistance, transpar-
ent, self-extinguishing and low flammability. They
can be blended with several engineering thermo-
plastics. The applications include printed circuit
boards, TV components, and diverse electronic/
electrical parts.
Polyethylenes, PE Thermoplastic materials
composed of ethylene units. They are normally
translucent, tough, waxy solids that are unaffected
by water and by a large range of chemicals. These
plastics have > 85% ethylene and > 95% of total
olefins.
Polyethylene terephthalate, PET Polycondensa-
tion product of dimethylterephthalate and ethylene
glycol, with Tm = 260-270°C. Oriented PET
has outstanding tensile strength. Its principal use
includes bottles, X-ray films, electrical insulation
and food packaging.
Polyimide, PI Polymer produced by reacting an
aromatic dianhydride with an aromatic diamine.
It is highly heat-resistant (at T ” 315°C) resin,
similar to a polyamide, differing only in the
number of hydrogen atoms per mer. The polymer
is suitable for the use a binder or adhesive and
may be either a thermoplastic or a thermoset.
Initially, it could not be processed by conventional
molding methods. The polymer has rings of four
carbon atoms tightly bound together. It has excel-
lent resistance to heat.
1368 Appendix IV
Poly-liner A perforated, longitudinally ribbed
sleeve that fits inside the cylinder of an injection
molding machine. Used as a replacement for
conventional injection cylinder torpedoes/older
machines. Also a plastic bag placed inside a
carbon or box to prevent material contamination
during shipment.
Polymer Material composed of many (Greek
poly) units (Greek meros). A high-molecular-
weight organic compound — natural or synthetic,
formed by a chemical reaction in which two or
more small organic units join to form large
units composed of repeating small units. Its
structure can be represented by repeated small
units, the mers. Synthetic polymers are formed
by addition or condensation polymerization of
monomers. Some polymers are elastomeric, other
thermoplastic or thermoset. The term coined by
Berzelius in 1832 to describe hydrocarbons of a
general formula (CH2)n with n = 1 to 4 (sic!).
Today a substance may be called polymer if it
shows high degree of polymerization, DP >50.
Polymer alloy An immiscible polymer blend
having a modified interface and/or morphology.
Polymer blend A mixture of at least two
macromolecular materials: two or more polymers,
polymer with copolymers, two or more copoly-
mers, etc. Polymer blends are either miscible or
immiscible. See Miscible polymer blend, Immis-
cible polymer blend.
Polymer conversion Preparation of polymer
derivatives during which the number of macromol-
ecules or the degree of polymerization is preserved.
Polymerization The process or chemical reac-
tion in which the molecules of a monomer are
linked together to form macromolecules whose
molecular weight is a multiple of that of the
original substance nM → [Μ]n, where n is a
degree of polymerization, DP. It is said that the
polymerization leads to oligomer if 10 < DP < 50,
and to polymer if DP • 50. When two or more
monomers are involved, the process is called
copolymerization. Most polymerization processes
are classified as condensation (step) reactions or
addition (chain) reactions.
Polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA Crystal-clear
radical polymerization product of methylmethac-
rylate. PMMA has the glass transition temperature
of 105°C, excellent weatherability and scratch
resistance, as well as useful combination of stiff-
ness, density and toughness. It can be easily
modified by co-reacting or blending.
Polymolecularity Practically all polymers are
mixtures of impossible to separate homologues
or fractions. Mathematically the polymolecularity
is expressed by a molecular weight distribution,
MWD, q.v.
Polyphenylene ether, PPE An amorphous
thermoplastic with useful temperature range
that depending on composition varies from
135-190°C.
Polypropylenes, PP A crystalline thermoplastic
made by polymerizing propylene gas. It has the
lowest density of all plastics, except methylpen-
tene. Tough, light weight thermoplastics made by
the polymerization of propylene in the presence
of an organometallic catalyst at relatively low
pressures and temperatures.
Polystyrenes, PS An amorphous thermoplastic
made by polymerizing styrene. Thermoplastics
produced by the polymerization of styrene, having
outstanding electrical properties, good thermal
and dimensional stability. Because it is somewhat
brittle, it is often copolymerized or blended with
other materials to obtain desired properties (see
HIPS).
Polysulfones, PSF or PSU A family of engi-
neering thermoplastics with excellent high-tem-
perature properties, high strength, high service
temperature, low creep, and self-extinguishing
properties, produced either by a Friedel-Crafts
reaction of sulfonyl chloride groups with aro-
matic nuclei, or by reacting dichlorosulfone
with diphenyls. The continuous use temperature
is about 160°C. They can be formed by extru-
sion and molding method, directly competing
with metals and more expensive materials for
electronic circuitry.
Polytetrafluoroethylenes, PTFE A linear poly-
mer obtained by radical polymerization of tetra-
fluoroethylene. PTFE has a melting point of
327°C, and outstanding resistance to chemical
attacks or dissolution. Its uses include liners for
chemical processing equipment, high-temperature
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
cable insulation, bushings, seals, non-stick sur-
faces, etc.
Polyurethanes, PU Polymers containing ure-
thane groups (-NHCOO-) in the main chain.
Thermoplastic or thermoset materials made from
isocyanates and polyols. The linear polyurethanes
(Thermoplastic polyurethanes, TPU) are formu-
lated with rigid and soft segments, thus (as
block copolymers) show interesting elastomeric
character. However, most polyurethanes are pro-
duced as cured rubbers (Polyurethane rubber,
PUR) by means of combining isocyanate having
functionality about 2.7 with diols. The principal
use of PUR is in manufacture of rigid and flexible
foams.
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC A thermoplastic mate-
rial composed of polymers of vinyl chloride. It
is a colorless solid with outstanding resistance
to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and
alkalis. It is obtainable as granules, solutions, lat-
tices, and pastes. Compounded with plasticizers,
it yields a flexible material superior to rubber
in aging properties. It is widely used for cable
and wire coverings, in chemical plants, and in
the manufacture of protective garments. The pure
polymer is brittle and difficult to process. It
yields a flexible material when compounded with
plasticizers.
Polyvinylidene chloride, PVDC A thermoplastic
material composed of polymers of vinylidene
chloride. Its principal uses are in flexible films
and coatings.
Porosity A condition of trapped pockets of air,
gas, or vacuum within a solid material, expressed
as percentage of the total non-solid volume to
the total volume.
Post annealing Stress relieving of molded
parts by external means, hot air or oil, humidity
chambers, or submersion in a fluid.
Post mold shrinkage The shrinkage occurring
after a part has been removed from the mold is
influenced by the material properties of the resin
and its molding conditions.
Post-forming A process used to impart a shape
to a previously molded article.
Pot life The time span during which a cross-
linking resin-hardener system can still be pro-
1369
cessed.
Potentiometer An electrical control device that
senses changes in voltage or a potential difference
by comparison to a standard voltage and can
transmit a signal to a control switch.
Pre-plastication Technique of premelting injec-
tion molding powders in a separate chamber, then
transferring the melt to the injection cylinder.
The device used for preplastication is known as
a preplasticizer.
Prepolymer A chemical intermediate with a
molecular weight between that of the monomer or
monomers and the final polymer.
Press-fit An interference assembly between
two mating parts, with friction holding the parts
together under considerable stress.
Pressure drop The decrease in pressure of a fluid
related to the number of turns it has to make and
the distance it must flow to fill a cavity.
Pressure gradient lines A hypothetical set of
pressure lines in a part created by the material’s
pressure drop as the part is filled. The further
the material flows from the gate, the lower the
packing pressure.
Pressure pads Reinforcements distributed around
the dead areas in the faces of a mold to help the
land absorb the final pressure of closing.
Primary molecule, monomer The smallest
molecular unit from which the macromolecule
is built.
Printing on plastics The decoration of plastics
by means of various printing processes, e.g.,
offset, silk screen, letterpress, electrostatic, or
photographic methods.
Process control procedures A separate docu-
ment, often included as an attachment to the
quality control manual that provides detailed
description of the methods to be followed in the
manufacture of a product. A copy may be attached
to the work order for reference and revision as
required should changes in the product occur.
Processing aid An additive that improves
processing characteristics.
Product certification The certificate or letter
stating that the material or product meets or
exceeds customer requirements. Values are often
listed for the tested or measured results. To be
1370 Appendix IV
signed by a key representative of the company
to verify accuracy.
Projected surface area The exposed resin area
of a mold on the parting line that transmits the
injection pressure on the closed mold halves. It
includes part, runner, and sprue surfaces.
Propagation A series of reaction steps in a chain
polymerization in which the monomers are being
added to the active polymerization center.
Proportional limit The greatest stress that a
material is capable of sustaining without deviation
from proportionality of stress and strain (Hooke’s
law).
Prototype mold A simplified mold construction
often made from a light metal casting alloy or
from an epoxy resin to obtain information for the
final mold and/or part design.
Pseudo-IPN Simultaneous IPN in which one
polymer is in network form and the other linear.
Pultrusion A continuous process for manufac-
turing composites that have a constant cross-
sectional shape. The process consists of pulling a
fiber-reinforcing material through a resin impreg-
nation bath and then through a shaping die, where
the resin is subsequently cured.
Purging Cleaning one color or type of material
from the processing machine by forcing it out
with the new color or material to be used in
subsequent production. Special purging materials
are also available.
Pyrometer An electrical thermometer for mea-
suring high temperatures. The units come with
two probes to measure melt and surface tempera-
tures.
Quality assurance A separate department estab-
lished to direct the quality function of the busi-
ness areas. Major efforts are directed to assisting
and auditing the activities of the quality control
department in their efforts to ensure that quality
products are manufactured.
Quality circles A quality analysis group con-
sisting of employees with specific departmental
knowledge used to provide suggestions and ways
to solve a procedural or manufacturing quality
problem. If found acceptable, the group’s find-
ings and solutions are then passed on to upper
management for implementation.
Quality control, QC A department set up to
be technically involved in the control of product
quality. Involved in the principal inspection
and testing of a product, with limited systems
responsibility.
Quality control manual A document that states
the company’s quality objectives, and how they
will be implemented, documented, and followed
in the manufacture of products.
Quality rated See Approved supplier.
Quenching A method of rapidly cooling ther-
moplastic parts when they are removed from the
mold, usually by submerging the parts in water.
Radical polymerization Polymerization in which
the active centers of reaction are radicals. The
polymerization can be initiated by thermally acti-
vated or redox initiator, irradiation or through
thermal activation of monomer. (Also known as
free radical polymerization).
Radio frequency, RF, preheating A method of
preheating used to mold materials to facilitate
the molding operation and/or reduce the molding
cycle. The frequencies commonly used are between
10 and 100 MHz/sec.
Ram The press member that enters the cavity
block and exerts pressure on the molding com-
pound designated as the “top force” or “bottom
force” by position in the assembly. See Plunger.
Ram travel Distance ram moves during a com-
plete molding cycle.
Random copolymer A copolymer in which
the different monomers are randomly placed in
the main chain. A perfectly random copolymer
is produced by polymerization of different mers
having identical reactivity ratios, rA = rB = rC.
Randomness A condition in which individual
values are not predictable, although they may
come from a definable distribution.
Reactive extrusion Execution of chemical reac-
tions during extrusion of polymers and/or polym-
erizable monomers. The reactants must be in a
physical form suitable for extrusion processing.
Reactions have been performed on molten poly-
mers, on liquefied or dispersed monomers, or on
polymers dissolved or suspended in or plasticized
by a solvent (also Reactive compounding or
Reactive processing).
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Reactive injection molding, RIM A semi-
continuous manufacturing process in which two
liquid components are metered in the calculated
ratio by high pressure piston pumps, mixed by
impingement mixing and injected into a mold
cavity or cavities, where the reactants are polym-
erized or cured. The process has been used
to polymerize polyamides, elastomeric polyure-
thanes and polyurethane foams.
Reactivity ratio A ratio of two kinetic constants
r = kAA/kAB where kAA represents the self propaga-
tion and kAB the transfer from A* active center to
B* active center caused by addition of monomer
B to a growing copolymer chain.
Real time The present time or as an activity
is occurring.
Reciprocating screw A combination injection
and plasticizing unit in which an extrusion device
with a reciprocating screw is used to plasticize
the material. Injection of material into a mold can
take place by direct extrusion into the mold, by
reciprocating the screw as an injection plunger,
or by a combination of the two. When the screw
serves as an injection plunger, this unit acts as a
holding, measuring, and injection chamber.
Recycled plastics A plastic material prepared
from previously used or processed plastic materi-
als that have been cleaned and reground.
Redox initiator An initiator capable of generat-
ing free radicals at low temperature by oxidation-
reduction reaction between two components, viz.
H2O2 + FeSO4.
Regrind Waste material from industrial opera-
tions that has been reclaimed by shredding or
granulating. Regrind is usually incorporated, at a
predetermined percentage, with virgin material.
Reinforced molding compound A material
reinforced with special fillers to meet specific
requirements, such as rag or glass.
Reinforced polypropylene Polypropylene that
is reinforced with mineral fillers, such as talc,
mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as with glass
and carbon fibers. The maximum concentration is
about 5 wt%, although concentrates with higher
levels of filler or reinforcement are available.
Reinforcement A substance or material added
to a polymer during the final synthesis stages or
1371
in subsequent processing to improve the strength
properties of the polymer. Usually, a high strength
material bonded into a matrix to improve its
mechanical properties. Reinforcements are usu-
ally long fibers (glass, carbon or aramid), chopped
fibers, whiskers, particulates (glass beads, mica,
clay, and organic fibers), and so forth. The term is
not synonymous with filler.
Relative viscosity Ratio of the kinematic viscos-
ity of a polymer solution to the kinematic viscos-
ity of the pure solvent.
Relaxation time The time required for a stress
under a sustained constant strain to diminish by a
stated fraction of its initial value.
Release agent See Mold release.
Release or parting agent A material that is
applied in a thin film to the surface of a mold to
keep the resin from bonding (also Mold release
agent).
Relief angle The angle of the cutaway portion
of the pinch-off blade from a line parallel to the
pinch-off land. In a mold, the angle between the
pitch-off land and the cutaway portion adjacent
to the pinch-off land.
Repeatability The variation obtained when one
person measures the same quantity several times
using the same instrument.
Reprocessed plastic A thermoplastic material,
prepared from melt-processed scrap or reject
parts, or from non-standard or non-uniform virgin
material. The term scrap does not necessarily
connote feedstock that is less desirable or usable
than the virgin material from which it may have
been generated. Reprocessed plastic may or may
not be reformulated by the addition of fillers,
plasticizers, stabilizers, or pigments.
Reproducibility The variation in measured aver-
ages obtained when several persons measure the
quantity using the same instrument, or when one
person measures uses different instruments.
Residence time Time a resin spends in a
given processing machine (an extruder, injection
molding unit, etc.) and is subjected to heat and
stress.
Residence time distribution The distribution
of residence time provides information how long
different parts of the resin reside in the processing
1372 Appendix IV
equipment. The spread of the residence times
reflects, on the one hand, the uniformity of flow
inside the processing unit, and on the other, the
quality of the product, the degree of mixing, or
the extent of a chemical reaction.
Residual stress The stresses remaining in a
plastic part as a result of thermal or mechanical
treatment.
Resin An organic material, usually of high
molecular weight, that tends to flow when sub-
jected to stress. Any of a large class of synthetic
substances that have some of the properties of
natural resin (or rosin) but differ chemically.
“Resin” is often used as a general term for
polymers or plastics, and denotes a class of
material. It usually has a softening or melting
range, and fractures conchoidally. Most resins
are polymers. Also any of a class of solid or
semisolid organic products of natural or synthetic
origin, generally of high molecular weight with
no definite melting point (also see Polymer).
In reinforced plastics, the material used to bind
together the reinforcement material; the matrix.
Resin pocket An apparent accumulation of
excess resin in a small localized section that is
visible on cut edges of molded surfaces. Also
called resin segregation.
Resin transfer molding, RTM A fabrication
process that involves the transfer of catalyzed
resin into an enclosed mold cavity containing a
previously positioned reinforcement preform. The
process has been used for manufacturing from
components consisting of glass fiber mats and
polyester resins.
Restricted gate Sometimes referred to as pin-
point gate. A small opening between the runner
and cavity in an injection or transfer mold.
Retainer plate The plate, usually drilled for
steam or water, on which demontable pieces, such
as mold cavities, ejector pins, guide pins, and
bushings are mounted.
Retaining pin A pin on which an insert is placed
and located before molding.
Rheology The study of the deformation and
flow of materials, of the interrelations between
the force and its effects. The science considers
deformation of all materials, from the elastic
deformation of Hookian solids to the flow of
Newtonian liquids.
Rib An object designed into a plastic part to
provide lateral, longitudinal, or horizontal support.
Rigid plastics A plastic that has a modulus of
elasticity either in flexure or in tension greater
than 690 MPa at 23°C and 50% relative humidity,
RH.
Ring gate A gate or annular opening that circles
around a core pin or molded part.
Rockwell hardness A common method of testing
materials for resistance to indentation in which a
diamond or steel ball, under pressure, is used to
pierce the test specimen.
Rubbers Cross-linked polymers having glass
transition temperatures below the room tempera-
ture that exhibit highly elastic deformation and
have high elongation.
Runner In an injection or transfer mold, the
channel that connects the sprue with the gate to
the cavity.
Runner system The sprues, runners, and gates
that lead the material from the nozzle of an
injection machine to the mold cavity.
Rupture A cleavage or break resulting from
physical stress. Work of rupture is the integral
under the stress-strain curve between the origin
and the point of rupture.
Salt and pepper blends Resin blends of different
concentrate additives, in pellet form, mixed with
virgin resin to make a different product. Usually
associated with color concentrate blends, that,
when melted and mixed by the injection molding
machine’s screw, yield a uniform colored melt
for a part.
SAN An abbreviation for styrene-acrylonitrile
copolymers.
Scanning electron microscopy, SEM Electron
microscopy that uses the secondary emission of
electrons from a surface when bombarded with an
electron beam. The main advantage is the depth
of field. Technique in which the surface of a
specimen is scanned, point by point, with a finely
focused electron beam. Image formation is made
by detecting the secondary electrons emitted by
the specimen’s surface. Even tough resolution in
modern SEM can be as high as 4 nm, the main
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
advantage of SEM over the other microscopy
techniques is its very large depth of field.
Scanning probe microscopy, SPM, a micros-
copy technique in which the surface of a speci-
men is scanned, point by point, using a very
sharp probe (d = 10 nm). Accurate piezo-electric
devices are utilized to maintain the separation
distance between the lowest atom on the probe
tip and the highest atom on the specimen constant
and in the range of 1-100 nm. In this range of
tip-to-sample spacing, phenomena like tunneling
current (scanning tunneling microscopy, STM)
or inter-atomic repulsion/attraction (atomic force
microscopy, AFM) can be used for determining
specimen topography with resolution ranging
from a few microns, down to atomic level.
Scanning transmission electron microscopy,
STEM, a microscopy technique in which an
ultrathin specimen is scanned, point by point, with
a finely focused electron beam. Image formation
is made by detecting the electrons transmitted
through the specimen.
Scrap A product or material that is out of
specification to the point of being unusable.
Screw plasticating injection molding See Injec-
tion molding.
Screw The main component of the “reciprocating
screw” injection molding machine. It may have
various sizes, lengths, and compression ratios.
It is used to feed, compress, melt, and meter
the resin for injecting into the mold cavity.
Basically divided into 3 major sections: Feed
Section Deep screw depths to convey the resin
into the next screw’s section. Transition Section
Gradually decreasing screw depths when resin is
compressed, forced against the barrel’s surface,
and melts. Metering Section The molten melt is
further compressed in a shallow, uniform screw
depth conveying forward as the screw turns.
Scuff mark An imperfection on a part’s show
surface caused by dragging the part against the
mold’s surface during ejection from the mold
cavity.
Sealant A material applied to a joint in paste
or liquid form that hardens or cures in place,
forming a seal.
1373
Sealing diameter That portion of a metal insert
that is free of knurl and is allowed to enter the
mold to prevent the flow of plastic material.
Secant modulus The ratio of total stress to
corresponding strain at any specific point on the
stress-strain curve.
Second-surface decorating A method of decorat-
ing a transparent plastic part from the back or
reverse side. The decoration is visible through the
part, but is not exposed.
Semi-automatic molding machine A molding
machine in which only part of the operation is
controlled by direct human action. The automatic
part of the operation is controlled by the machine
according to a predetermined program.
Semi-I IPN An intimate combination of two
polymers in network form. Sequential IPN in
which polymer -1 is crosslinked and polymer-2
linear.
Semi-II IPN An intimate combination of two
polymers in network form. Sequential IPN in
which polymer-1 is linear and polymer-2 cross-
linked.
Semicrystalline Polymers that exhibit localized,
partial crystallinity (see Crystalline plastic).
Sequential polymerization Formation of an
alternating or block copolymer through careful
control of addition of different monomers at
specific stages of the reaction.
Sequential-IPN, SIPN An intimate combina-
tion of two polymers in network form. During
preparation of SIPN the first polymer-A is swollen
in a mixture of monomer-B, crosslinking agent,
and initiator, then polymerizing in situ
Servomotor An electrical motor or hydraulic
piston that supplies power to a feedback system
that consists of a sensing element and an amplifier
used in the automatic control of a mechanical
device.
Shear heat The rise in temperature created by the
compression and longitudinal pressure on the resin
in the barrel by the screw’s pumping action.
Shear joint An ultrasonic welding joint design
where the welding action is parallel to each part
surface.
Shear rate The overall velocity over the cross
section of a channel with which molten polymer
1374 Appendix IV
layers are gliding along each other or along the
wall in laminar flow. A change of shear strain
within one second.
Shear strain Deformation relative to the refer-
ence configuration of length, area or volume.
Tangent of the angular change, caused by a force
between two lines originally perpendicular to
each other through a point in a body is called
Angular strain.
Shear strength The maximum shear stress
that a material is capable of sustaining. The
maximum load required to shear a specimen
in such a volume manner that the resulting
pieces are completely clear of each other. Shear
strength (engineering) is calculated from the
maximum load during a shear or torsion test and
is based on the original cross-sectional area of
the specimen.
Shear stress Stress developed because of the
action of the layers in the material attempting to
glide against or separate in a parallel direction.
In other words, the stress developed in a polymer
melt when the layers in a cross-section are gliding
along each other or along the wall of the channel
(in laminar flow).
Shearing Breaking caused by the action of equal
and opposed forces, located in the same plane.
Shelf life The time a material, such as a mold-
ing compound, can be stored without loss of its
original physical or functional properties.
Shore hardness A method of determining the
hardness of a plastic material using a scleroscope
or sclerometer. The device consists of a small
conical hammer fitted with a diamond point and
acting in a glass tube. The hammer is made to
strike the material under test and the degree of
rebound is noted on a graduated scale. Generally,
the harder the material, the greater the rebound
(ASTM D2240).
Short or short shot A molded part produced
when the mold has not been filled completely.
Shot capacity The maximum volume of material
that a machine can produce from one forward
motion of the plunger or screw.
Shot peening Impacting the surface of the mate-
rial with hard, small, round beads of materials to
disrupt the surface flatness. Used to stress relieve
welds and to improve the release of plastic resins
on smooth core surfaces.
Shot The yield from one complete molding
cycle, including cull, runner, and flash.
Shrink fixture See Cooling fixture.
Shrinkage allowance The additional dimensions
that must be added to a mold to compensate for
shrinkage of a plastic material on cooling.
Shrinkage In a plastic, the reduction in dimen-
sions after cooling. The relative change in dimen-
sion from the length measured on the mold when
it is cold to the length of the molded object 24 h
after it has taken out of the mold.
SI units Système international of units.
Side actions (side coring or side draw pins) An
action built into a mold that operates at an angle to
the normal open-and-close action and facilitates
the removal of parts that would not clear a cavity
or core on the normal press action. Projections
used to core a hole in a direction other than the
line of closing of a mold, and which must be
withdrawn before the part is ejected.
Sigma (σ) The Greek letter used to indicate the
standard deviation of a population, defined as the
square root of the variance, e.g., for the normal
(Gaussian) distribution:
y = [1 / σ (2π ) 1/ 2 ] exp{− [( x − x ) / σ ] 2 / 2}
Variance ≡ σ 2 = Σ( x − x ) / ( N − 1)
Silicones Chemicals derived from silica used in
molding as a release agent and general lubricant.
A silicon-based thermoset plastic material. Poly-
organosiloxanes of different composition (e.g.,
polydimethylsiloxane, silicone rubber), structures
(linear or network) and molecular weight, used as
high temperature oil, resin or elastomer.
Silk screen printing In its basic form, it involves
laying a pattern of an insoluble material, in
outline, on a finely woven fabric. When ink is
drawn across the material, it passes through the
screen only in the designed areas. Also called
screen process decorating.
Simultaneous-IPN, SIN IPN’s prepared by mix-
ing together the two monomers, their respective
crosslinking agents and initiators, then polymer-
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
izing simultaneously by way of non-interfering
modes.
Sink mark A depression or dimple on the surface
of an injection molded part formed as a result of
collapsing of the surface following local internal
shrinkage after the gate seals. May also be an
incipient short shot.
Size exclusion chromatography, SEC Recent
name for what has been known as Gel permeation
chromatography, GPC, q.v.
Skewness The degree to which a distribution
is asymmetrical; Negative or Positive skewness is
observed when the distribution peak is shifted to
the upper or lower side, respectively.
Skins See Flakes.
Slides Sections of a mold cavity that form
complex three-dimensional parts that must move
before the molding can be ejected. Used to form
openings and sections of parts 90° to the part’s
release from the mold cavity.
S-N Diagram Plot of stress, S, vs. number of
cycles, N, required to cause failure of similar
specimens in fatigue test. Data for each curve
on the S-N diagram are obtained by determining
fatigue life of a number of specimens subjected to
various amounts of fluctuating stress. The stress
axis may represent stress amplitude, maximum
stress, or minimum stress. A log scale is usually
used, especially for the N-axis.
Snap fit An assembly of two mating parts, with
one or both parts deflecting under stress, mating
the parts together.
Softening temperature Temperature at which
amorphous polymer (or the amorphous part of
crystalline polymer) passes from the hard glass to
the soft elastic or liquid state.
Sol solutions Solutions of macromolecules so
diluted that they do not hinder each other free
rotation. The limiting concentration depends on
the hydrodynamic volume of the macromolecule,
usually expressed by the intrinsic viscosity, [η].
Solid state polymerization Polymerization of
crystalline monomer, usually vinyl, using high
energy radiation. Topochemical, topotactic and
canal polymers belong to this group.
Solvent Any substance, but usually a liquid, that
dissolves other substance.
1375
Solvent welding, cementing, or bonding A
method of bonding thermoplastic articles of like
materials to each other by using a solvent capable
of softening the surfaces to be bonded. Thermo-
plastic materials that can be bonded by this
method are ABS, PA, PC, PS, acrylics, cellulosics,
and vinyls.
Solvent-casting A process consists of mixing and
dissolving the ingredients in a suitable carrier that
conveys the solution of “dope” through a drier
where the solvent is subsequently evaporated,
the resulting film is removed from the substrate
surfaces and wound into rolls.
Specific gravity The ratio of the mass of a
given volume of a substance to the mass of an
equal volume of a reference substance, usually
water, at specified temperature (ASTM D792).
Also, dimensionless ratio of a substance density
to that of a reference material.
Specific heat The quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by
one degree (1°C) at constant pressure or volume.
Specific volume Reciprocal of density.
Specification A written statement that dictates
the material, dimensions, and workmanship of a
manufactured product.
Spectrometry A method based on designation
of the wavelengths within a particular portion of
a range of radiation or absorption, for example,
ultraviolet (UV), emission, and absorption spec-
trometry.
Spectrophotometer An instrument that measures
transmission of apparent reflectance of visible
light as a function of wavelength, permitting
accurate analysis of color or accurate comparison
of luminous intensities of two sources of specific
wavelengths.
Spectroscopy The study of spectra using an
instrument for dispersing radiation for visual
observation of emission or absorption. See also
Infrared, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,
NMR, Spectroscopy.
Specular gloss The relative luminous reflectance
factor of a specimen at the specular direction.
Spherocolloids The colloidal particle has a
spherical shape, formed either by single macro-
molecule or an association of low-molecular
1376 Appendix IV
weight species.
Spider gate Multi-gating of a part through a
system of radial runners from the sprue.
Spin welding The process of fusing two objects
by forcing them together while one of the pair is
spinning, until frictional heat melts the interface.
Spinning is then stopped and pressure held until
they are frozen together.
Spinodal The line on the temperature vs.
composition phase diagram for a mixture of two
components, which separates the region from the
two-phase regions. Hence, with binodal, it repre-
sents the limits of meta-stability of a two-phase
system, viz. in polymer solutions or polymer
blends. See also Binodal.
Spinodal Decomposition The phase separation
that occurs when the single-phase system is
abruptly brought into the spinodal region of phase
diagram, by either a rapid change of temperature,
pressure or flash evaporation of a solvent, viz.
in polymer blends. Owing to spontaneous phase
separation in the system (no nucleation!) the
morphology generated is co-continuous.
Spiral flow test A method for determining the
flow properties of a plastic material based on the
distance it will flow under controlled conditions,
pressure, and temperature along the path of a
spiral cavity using a controlled charge. The length
of the material that flows into the cavity and
its weight gives a relative indication of the flow
properties of the resin.
Splay marks or splay Marks or lines found on
the surface of the part after molding that may be
caused by overheating the material, moisture in
the material, or flow paths in the part. Usually
white, silver, or gold in color. Also called silver
streaking.
Split cavity A cavity of a mold that has been
made in sections.
Split-ring mold A mold in which a split cavity
block is assembled in a chase to permit the
forming of undercuts in a molded piece. These
parts are ejected from the mold and then separated
from the molded piece.
Spot welding The localized fusion bonding of
two adjacent plastic parts that does not require
a molded protrusion or hole in the parts. To
be effective, used where two parallel and flat
surfaces meet.
Spray drying The transformation of feed from
a fluid state into a dried particulate form by
spraying the feed into a hot drying medium. It is
used for the continuous production of dry solids
in powder, granulate or agglomerate form from
liquid feed-stocks as solutions, emulsions, pastes,
and pumpable suspensions, viz. PVC lattices.
Spreader/torpedo A streamlined metal block
placed in the path of flow of the plastics material
in the heating cylinder of extruders and injection
molding machines to spread it into intimate con-
tact with the heating areas.
Sprue bushing A hardened steel insert in an
injection mold that contains the tapered sprue
hole and has a suitable seat for the nozzle of the
injection cylinder. Sometimes called an adapter.
Sprue Feed opening provided in the injection or
transfer mold. Also, a slug formed at this hole.
Sprue gate A passageway through which molten
plastic flows from the nozzle to the mold cavity.
Sprue lock or puller In injection molding, a
portion of the plastic composition held in the cold
slug well by an undercut, used to pull the sprue
out of the bushing as the mold is opened. The
sprue lock itself is pushed out of the mold by
an ejector pin.
Stabilizer An ingredient used in the formulation
of some plastics to assist in maintaining the physi-
cal and chemical properties of the compounded
materials at their initial values throughout the
processing and service life of the material.
Staking A term used in fastening — forming of a
head on a protruding stud to hold component parts
together. Staking may be done by cold staking,
hot staking, or ultrasonic heating.
Standard deviation, or sigma (σ) The standard
deviation of a population, labeled as the Greek
letter sigma, is defined as the square root of the
variance:
σ ≡ (Variance) 1/ 2 = Σ( x − x ) / ( N − 1)
Starve feeding A method of feeding an extruder
where the polymer is metered in a rate below the
full capability of the machine. Thus, the output
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
is determined by the feeder not the extruder
or process variables. The controlled metering of
resin into the machine’s feed section to fill the
screw flights is not necessarily from the hopper,
but from auger, feed belt, or by hand.
Stationary platen The plate of an injection or
compression molding machine to which the front
plate of the mold is secured during operation.
This platen does not move during the normal
operation.
Statistical chain (Kuhn) Hypothetical free rotat-
ing polymer chain units with length ls, defined
to reproduce the chain length; viz. the square
end-to-end distance can be expressed as:
< r2 > = Nsls2.
Statistical process control, SPC The use of sta-
tistical methods to monitor and control a process.
Stereolithography A three-dimensional printing
process that produces copies of solid or surface
models in plastic. This process uses a moving
laser beam, directed by computer, to print or draw
across sections of the model onto the surface of
photo-curable liquid plastic.
Stereoregular polymers Tactic polymers exhibit-
ing tacticity, i.e., regularity in the stereochemical
configuration of its constitutional repeating units:
isotactic, syndiotactic, erythro and threo.
Storage life See Shelf life.
Storage modulus A quantitative measure of elas-
tic properties, defined as the ratio of the stress in-
phase with strain, to the magnitude of the strain.
The storage modulus may be measured in tension
or flexure, E’, compression, K’, or shear, G’.
Strain The charge in length per unit of original
length, expressed as a fraction of the original
length, λ = (L - Lo)/Lo, in percent, ∆l = 100λ, or
in extensional flow as ε = (L - Lo)/L. The dimen-
sionless numbers that characterize the change
of dimensions of a specimen during controlled
deformation. In tensile testing, the elongation
divided by the original gage length of the test
specimen.
Strength of material Refers to the structural
engineering analysis of a part to determine its
strength properties.
1377
Stress concentration Magnification of the level
of applied stress in the region of a notch, crack,
void, inclusion, or other stress raisers. Sections or
areas in a part where the molded-in or physical
forces are high or magnified — all sharp corners
have high stresses.
Stress concentration factor, SCF Ratio of the
maximum stress in the region of a notch, or
another stress raiser, to the nominal corresponding
stress. SCF is a theoretical indication of the effect
of stress concentration on mechanical behavior.
Since it does not take into account the stress relief
due to plastic deformation, its value is usually
larger than the empirical fatigue notch factor or
strength reducing ratio.
Stress crack External or internal cracks in a
plastic caused by imposed stresses.
Stress cracking A process of cracking under
induced mechanical stress. Stress cracking gener-
ally starts with microscopic surface cracks, cause
by chemical attack or other degrading influence
such as ultraviolet radiation. Under mechanical
stress, the microcracks propagate eventually pro-
ducing a localized failure.
Stress optical sensitivity The ability of materials
to exhibit double refraction of light when placed
under stress.
Stress relaxation The gradual decrease in stress
with time under a constant deformation (strain)
and temperature. Stress relaxation is determined
in creep test. Data is often presented as stress vs.
time plot. The stress relaxation rate is given by
the slope of the curve at any point.
Stress The force applied to produce a deforma-
tion in the material. The ratio of applied load
to the original cross-sectional area of a test speci-
men, or force per unit area that resists a change in
size or shape of a body.
Stress-induced crystallization The production
of crystals in a polymer by the action of stress,
usually in the form of an elongation. It occurs in
fiber-spinning, or during rubber elongation, and is
responsible for enhanced mechanical properties.
Stress-strain curve Simultaneous readings of load
and deformation, converted to stress and strain,
plotted as ordinates and abscissas, respectively, to
obtain a stress-strain diagram.
1378 Appendix IV
Stress-strain diagram Graph of stress as a function
of strain constructed from data obtained in any
mechanical test in which a load is applied to a
material and continuous measurements of stress and
strain are made simultaneously. It is constructed for
tensile, creep, or torsional loadings.
Striation A separation of colors resulting in a
linear effect or color variation. In blow molding,
the rippling of thick parisons. Also a longitudinal
line in a plastic created by a disturbance in the
melt path.
Stripper-plate A plate that strips a molded piece
from core pins or cores.
Structural reaction injection molding, SRIM A
molding process that is similar in practice to
resin transfer molding, RTM. SRIM derives its
name from the RIM process from which the resin
chemistry and injection techniques have added to
indicate the reinforced nature of the composite
components manufactured by this process.
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, SAN A ther-
moplastic copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile.
If it comprises either SAN-grafted butadiene, or
is blended with nitrile rubber, NBR, a terpolymer
is known as ABS.
Styrenics A group of plastics materials that
are, either whole or partially polymerized from
styrene monomer.
Submarine gate A type of edge gate where
the opening from the runner into the mold is
located below the parting line or mold surface,
as opposed to conventional edge gating where the
opening is machined into the surface of the mold.
With submarine gates, the item is broken from the
runner system on opening of the mold or ejection
from the mold.
Substituted macromolecules Linear macro-
molecules with the side chains consisting of
definite and usually homogeneous substituents.
(In branched macromolecules the side chains
consist of the same primary molecules as in the
main chain, are of varied length and irregularly
arranged).
Substrate A material upon the surface of which
an adhesive-containing substance is spread for
any purpose, such as bonding or coating.
Suck-back A slight retracting of the screw,
usually no more than 5-7 mm as the mold opens
to suck-back any resin that might have drooled
out of the nozzle after the sprue was pulled.
Correct nozzle type and temperature control can
eliminate a need for this step, even when using
very fluid resins.
Surface finish Finish of a molded product. Refer
to the SPI-SPE Mold Finishes Comparison Kit.
Surface treatments Any method of treating a
material so as to alter the surface and render it
receptive to inks, paints, lacquers, and adhesives
such as chemical, flame, and electronic treatments.
Surfactant A compound that affects (usually
reduces) interfacial tension between two liquids.
Surging Unstable pressure build-up in an
extruder leading to variable throughput
Suspension polymerization Chain polymeriza-
tion of vinyl monomer dispersed in form of large
drops in aqueous medium. The polymerization is
initiated by monomer-soluble initiator, thus each
drop can be treated as individual bulk polymer-
izing volume.
Swaging An assembly technique, similar to
heading, where the plastic material is deformed to
a specific shape to assemble one or more parts.
Sweating Exudation of drops of liquid, usually a
plasticizer, on the surface of a plastic part.
Swell A dimensional increase caused by expo-
sure to liquids and/or vapors.
Swelling Swelling is the ability of a body to
take up liquids. It depends on the size and shape
of the macromolecule. Linear or lightly branched
polymers immersed in a good solvent first swell
without limit then dissolve. The crosslinked poly-
mers show limited swelling capability.
Syndiotactic polymer A stereoregular polymer
in which at least one monomeric carbon atom
exhibits stereochemical configurational isomer-
ism, and in which the configurations alternate
between the neighboring units, viz. syndiotactic
PVC, isotactic or syndiotactic PP.
Tab gated A small removable tab of approxi-
mately the same thickness as the mold item,
usually located perpendicular to the item. The tab
is used as a site for edge gate location, usually on
items with large flat areas.
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
Tacticity A regularity of configurational isomeric
unit placement in the polymeric chain. See Iso-
tactic, Stereoregular and Syndiotactic polymer.
Taguchi method problem-solving technique
developed by Taguchi, which employs a testing
process with an orthogonal array to analyze data
and determine the main contributing factors in
the solution of the problem.
Tapered block copolymer Gradient block copo-
lymer in which there is a gradual change of compo-
sition at the junction between the two blocks from
pure AAAAAAAA type to pure BBBBBBBB
type. The tapered block copolymers are reported
to be more efficient than pure AB block copo-
lymers as compatibilizers of polymer blends.
Tapping Cutting threads in the walls of a circular
hole.
Tear resistance The force required to tear
completely across a notched specimen tested
according to prescribed procedures, expressed in
pounds per inch of specimen thickness.
Telechelic polymer A polymer with purposely
introduced chain-end groups of a specific type,
e.g., ionic, hydroxyl, acidic, etc.
Telomer Low molecular weight radical polym-
erization product obtained in a reaction in which
extensive chain transfer to a solvent (or spe-
cifically introduced chain transfer agent) has
occurred, so that the telomer contains fragments
of these reactants as end groups.
Telomerization Primarily, a radical solution
polymerization with high transfer constant, lead-
ing to products of relatively low molecular weight
(telomers, with MW § 10,000) containing built-in
fragments of the solvent.
Temperature gradient The slope of a tempera-
ture curve. An increasing or decreasing tempera-
ture profile on the barrel of the molding machine
is an example.
Tensile impact energy The energy required to
break a plastic specimen in tension by a single
swing of a calibrated pendulum.
Tensile impact test A test whereby the sample
is clamped in a fixture attached to a swinging
pendulum. The swinging pendulum strikes a sta-
tionary anvil causing the test sample to rupture.
This is similar to the Izod test.
1379
Tensile strength The pulling stress at any given
point on the stress vs. strain curve, usually just
before the material tears or breaks. Area used in
computing the engineering strength is the original,
rather than the necked-down area.
Tensile strength or stress The maximum tensile
load per unit area of original cross section, within
the gage boundaries, sustained by the specimen
during a tension test. Ultimate strength of a
material subjected to tensile loading.
Terpolymers A copolymer composed of three
different repeat units or monomers, where the
repeating structural units of all three are present
within each molecule. The influence of all three
types of monomer is evident in the property
profile of the polymer. Common terpolymers
include ABS and ASA.
Tetrapolymers Copolymers that contain four
different monomers.
Texturizing The etching or cutting of a pattern
on a mold surface to be reproduced on the molded
part.
Thermal conductivity Ability of a material
to conduct heat. The coefficient of thermal con-
ductivity is expressed as the quantity of heat
that passes through a unit cube of the substance
in a given unit of time when the difference in
temperature of the two faces is 1°C.
Thermal degradation Degradation caused by
exposure to an elevated temperature. In the absence
of oxygen the term pyrolysis, while in its presence
the term thermo-oxidative are frequently used.
Thermal expansion The linear rate at which a
material expands or contracts due to a rise or fall
in temperature. Each material is unique and has
its own rate of expansion and contraction.
Thermal polymerization Free radical polymer-
ization initiated either by thermal homolysis of an
initiator (e.g., azo compound) or caused by action
of heat on the monomer itself.
Thermal stress cracking, TSC Crazing and
cracking of some thermoplastic resins that results
from overexposure to elevated temperatures.
Thermocouple A thermoelectric heat-sensing
element mounted in or on machinery and the
mold to transmit accurate temperature signals to
a control and readout unit.
1380 Appendix IV
Thermoelasticity Rubber-like elasticity exhib-
ited by a rigid plastic and resulting from an
increase of temperature.
Thermoforming The process of forming a ther-
moplastic sheet into a three-dimensional shape
after heating it to the point at which it is soft and
flowable, and then applying differential pressure
to make the sheet conform to he shape of a mold
or die positioned below the frame. Thermoform-
ing variations include vacuum forming, air-assist
vacuum forming, plug-assist forming, drape form-
ing, plug-and-ring forming, ridge forming, slip
forming, bubble forming, matched-mold forming,
and scrapless thermoforming.
Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA The study
of the change in mass of a material, either in
oxygen, air or an inert atmosphere. The test can
be conducted under various conditions of time,
temperature, and pressure. A testing procedure
in which changes in the weight of a specimen
are recorded as the specimen is progressively
heated.
Thermomechanical analysis, TMA An analyti-
cal technique consisting of measuring physical
dimensions of a material or changes in its moduli
as a function of temperature and/or frequency.
Thermoplastics, TP A class of plastic materials
that is capable of being repeatedly softened by
heating and hardened by cooling, viz. ABS, PVC,
PS, PE. Generally, a polymer that, upon heating
softens, changing from a solid into elastic or
liquid moldable state without having undergone
chemical changes. The process is reversible and
can be repeated many times.
Thermoplastic elastomer, TPR An elastomer
which upon heating turns into regularly behaving
linear polymer. Polystyrene-polybutadiene block
copolymers, polypropylene blends with ethylene-
propylene-diene terpolymer provide examples.
Thermoplastic injection molding A process in
which melted plastic is injected into a mold cavity,
where it cools and takes the shape of the cavity.
Bosses, screw threads, ribs, and other details can
be integrated, which allows the molding operation
to be accomplished in one step. The finished part
usually does not require additional work before
assembling.
Thermoplastic IPN Any IPN in which the indi-
vidual polymers are thermoplastic. The polymers
may contain physical cross-links as in ionomers
where ionic clusters join two or more chains
together. Nowadays, phase-separated polymeric
systems, e.g., block and graft copolymers or
thermoplastic polyurethanes, are frequently con-
sidered thermoplastic IPNs.
Thermoplasticity The ability of material to
be deformed without breaking with a relatively
fast flow, when (at a suitable temperature) this
material is properly stressed.
Thermosets, TS Materials that undergo a chemi-
cal reaction by the action of heat and pressure,
catalysts, ultraviolet light, etc., leading to a rela-
tively infusible state. Typical of the plastics in the
thermosetting family are the amines (melamine
and urea), unsaturated polyesters, alkyds, epoxies,
and phenolics. A common thermoset goes through
three stages. A-Stage An early stage when the
material is soluble in certain liquids, fusible, and
will flow. B-Stage An intermediate stage at which
the material softens when heated and swells in
contact with certain liquids, but does not dissolve
or fuse. Molding compound resins are in this stage.
C-Stage The final stage is the TS reaction when the
material is insoluble, infusible, and cured.
Thermoset injection molding A process in which
thermoset material that has been heated to a liquid
state is caused to flow into a cavity or several
cavities and held at an elevated temperature for a
specific time. After crosslinking is complete, the
hardened part is removed from the open mold.
Thermosetting plastics See Thermosets.
Thinner A liquid that can extend a solution, but
not reduce the power of the solvent.
Thixotropy A decrease of apparent viscosity
under shear stress, followed by a gradual recovery
when the stress is removed. The effect is time
dependent. Its antonym is rheopexy.
Thread plug, ring, or core A part of the mold
that shapes a thread.
Tie bars Bars that provide structural rigidity to
the clamping mechanism of an injection molding
press and usually guide platen movement.
Toggle or toggle action A mechanism that
exerts pressure developed by the application of
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
force on a knee joint. It is used as a method of
closing presses and serves to apply pressure at
the same time.
Tolerance A specified allowance for deviation
in weighing and measuring or for deviations from
the standard dimensions of weight.
Topochemical polymerization Solid state polym-
erization of crystalline monomer without any
intermediate loss of order. The topotactic oligo-
mers have been produced, but the order is lost
as the polymerization progresses beyond a low
degree of polymerization.
Torsion pendulum Test equipment used for
determining the dynamic mechanical properties
of plastics.
Torsion Stress caused by twisting a material.
Torsional The twisting or turning motion of a
part. Torsional stress is created when one end of a
part is twisted in one direction while the other is
held rigid or twisted in the other direction.
Toughness The extent to which a material
absorbs energy without fracture. A measure of the
ability of a material to absorb energy. The actual
work per unit volume or unit mass of material that
is required to rupture it. Toughness is proportional
to the area under the load-elongation curve from
the origin to the breaking point.
Transesterification An ester interchange reac-
tion occurring when ester is heated in the presence
of hydroxy compound (alcoholysis) or acid com-
pound (acidolysis). Since esterification is revers-
ible, the transesterification occurs between mixed
esters in the presence of (thermally activated)
low concentration of volatile reaction byproducts.
Ester-amide exchange can also be accomplished
by similar (catalyzed) process.
Transfer molding A method of molding thermo-
setting materials in which the plastic is first soft-
ened by heat and pressure in a transfer chamber
and then forced by high pressure through suitable
spruces, runners, and gates into a closed mold for
final shaping and curing.
Translucent The quality of transmitting light
without being transparent.
Transmission electron microscopy, TEM, a Ultrasonic testing Measurement of ultrasonic
microscopy technique in which an ultra-thin spe-
cimen is illuminated by an electron beam. Image
1381
formation is made by detecting the electrons trans-
mitted through the specimen. The short wave-
length of electrons allows a much higher resolu-
tion in TEM (0.2 nm) than in its visible light
analogous: the optical microscopy
Transparent A material with a high degree of light
transmission that can be easily seen through.
Triblock polymer A block copolymer consisting
of three AnBmAn blocks.
Tristimulus colorimeter The instrument for
color measurement based on spectral tristimulus
values. The color is expressed in terms of three
primary colors: red, green, and blue.
Tumbling Finishing operation for small plastic
article by which gates, flash, and fins are removed
and/or surfaces are polished by rotating them in
a barrel together with wooden pegs, sawdust, and
polishing compounds. Adding color to a material
through tumble blending.
Tunneling Release of longitudinal portions of
the substrate in incompletely bonded laminates
and deformation of these portions to form tunnel-
like structures.
UCST (Upper critical solution temperature) The
highest temperature of immiscibility, where binod-
al and spinodal curves meet. This type of phase
separation predominates in solutions.
Ultimate strength Strength at the break point
in tensile test.
Ultimate tensile strength The highest stress
sustained by a specimen in a tension test. Rupture
and ultimate stress may not be the same.
Ultrasonic insertion The inserting of metal into a
thermoplastic part by the application of vibratory
mechanical pressure at ultrasonic frequencies.
Ultrasonic sealing, bonding or welding A
method in which sealing is accomplished through
the application of vibratory mechanical pressure
at ultrasonic frequencies (16 to 4,000 kHz). Elec-
trical energy is converted to ultrasonic vibrations
through the use of a piezoelectric transducer. The
vibratory pressures at the interface in the sealing
area develop localized heat losses that melt the
plastic surfaces effecting the seal.
velocity and absorption (dissipation of sonic ener-
gy as a result of conversion to heat) to determine
1382 Appendix IV
such structure-related factors as glass transition
temperature, crosslink density, branching, mor-
phology, composition, etc. Also a non-destructive
test applied to materials to locate internal flaws
or structural discontinuities by high-frequency
reflection or attenuation ultrasonic beam.
Ultrasonics Branch of acoustics dealing with
periodic waves with frequencies above the audible
range, i.e., greater than 16 kHz.
Ultraviolet, UV The region of the electromag-
netic spectrum between the violet end of visible
light and the X-ray region, including wavelengths
from 10 to 390 nm. Because UV wavelengths are
shorter than visible wavelengths, their photons
have more energy, which initiates some chemical
reactions and degrades most plastics, particularly
aramids and polypropylenes.
Unbalanced mold A non uniform layout of
mold cavities and runner system, fill rate, packing
pressure, and part quality will vary from cavity
to cavity. Used only for non critical, stand alone
parts.
Undercut Having a protuberance or indentation
that impedes withdrawal from a mold in its
normal open/closed movement. Flexible materials
can be ejected intact even with slight undercuts.
Unimodal distribution distribution with a single
peak.
Unit mold Mold designed for quick-changing
interchangeable cavity parts. A mold that com-
prises only a single cavity, frequently a pilot for
the production set of molds.
Universal testing machine A machine used
to determine tensile, flexural, or compressive
properties.
Unsaturated polyester A low molecular weight
polyester with unsaturated, double bonds able
to enter into crosslinking reaction with added
unsaturated monomer by the radical mechanism.
The latter reaction is usually initiated by solution
of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Also a family of
polyesters characterized by vinyl unsaturation in
the polyester backbone, which enables subsequent
hardening or curing by copolymerization with a
reactive monomer in which the polyester constitu-
ent has been dissolved.
Unzipping Depropagation — a degradation
reaction in which the consecutive mers are gradu-
ally removed from one macromolecular chain
end to another. Few polymers undergo such a
reverse propagation reaction, viz. PMMA, POM,
PTFE, etc.
UV stabilizer Any chemical compound that,
when added to thermoplastic material, selectively
absorbs ultraviolet rays.
Vacuum metallizing Process in which surfaces
are thinly coated with metal by exposing them to
the vapor of metal that has been evaporated under
vacuum (one millionth of normal atmospheric
pressure).
Variance See Standard deviation.
Vent In a mold, a shallow channel or minute
hole cut in the cavity to allow air to escape as
the melt enters.
Vertical flash ring The clearance between the
force plug and the vertical wall of the cavity in
a positive or semi-positive mold. Also the ring of
excess material that escapes from the cavity into
this clearance space.
Vicat softening point The temperature at which a
flat-ended needle of 1 mm circular or square cross-
section will penetrate a thermoplastic specimen to
a depth of 1 mm under a specified load using a
uniform rate of temperature rise. The temperature
at which a plastic is penetrated to 1 mm depth by a
flat-ended circular metal pin, while in a controlled
temperature silicone fluid bath.
Vinyl Usually polyvinyl chloride, PVC, but may
be used to identify other polyvinyl plastics.
Vinyl chloride plastics Plastics based on poly-
vinylchloride, PVC, or copolymers of vinyl chlo-
ride with other monomers, the vinyl chloride
being the major component.
Virgin plastics or virgin material A material
not previously used or processed and meeting
manufacturer’s specifications.
Viscoelasticity A property involving a combina-
tion of elastic and viscous behavior. A material
having this property is considered to combine the
features of an elastic solid and Newtonian liquid.
Viscosity The property of resistance to flow
exhibited within the body of a material, expressed
in terms of relationship between applied shearing
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology
stress and resulting rate of strain in shear. A mea-
surement of resistance of flow due to internal friction
when one layer of fluid is caused to move in rela-
tionship to another layer. Viscosity is quantitatively
defined as a ratio of shear stress to shear rate.
Viscometer An instrument used for measuring
the viscosity and flow properties of fluids.
Viscous deformation Any portion of the total
deformation of a body that remains permanently
when the load is removed, also referred to as non-
elastic deformation.
Void A void or bubble occurring in the center
of a heavy thermoplastic part, usually caused by
excessive shrinkage.
Volume resistivity The electrical resistance
between opposite faces of a 1-cm. cube of insu-
lating material. It is measured under prescribed
conditions using a direct current potential after a
specified time of electrification. Also called spe-
cific insulation resistance (ASTM D257).
Vulcanization Process of converting of raw
rubber compounds into lightly crosslinked net-
work elastomer. Vulcanization of diene rubbers
involves compounding it with sulfur or sulfur
compounds, then heating at about 140°C for
sometimes several hours. The process can be sped
up by addition of catalyst, viz. ZnO.
Warpage Dimensional distortion in a plastic
object after molding.
Water absorption The amount of water absorbed
by a polymer when immersed in water for stipu-
lated periods of time.
Weathering A term encompassing exposure of
polymers to solar or ultraviolet light, temperature,
oxygen, humidity, snow, wind, pollutants (e.g.,
ozone, NO2, CO2), cyclical changes of tempera-
ture and moisture, etc. Outdoor degradation of
material, exposed to adverse weather factors.
Weatherometer An instrument used for studying
the accelerated effects of weather on plastics,
using artificial light sources and simulated weath-
er conditions.
Weibull distribution function:
y = (β / α)(x - y)b-1 exp{-(x - γ)β/α}
for: x ≥ γ; y = 0
for: x ≤ γ
1383
where x is a variable, and α, β, and γ are the dis-
tribution parameters
Welding Joining thermoplastic pieces by one of
several heat-softening processes. Butt fusion, spin
welding, ultrasonic, and hot gas are examples of
such methods.
Welding horn The sonic-energy transmission
and pressure-transmitting tool used for ultrasonic
welding. Each welding horn is tuned to specific
amplitudes to efficiently perform the welding
operation.
Wetting agent An ingredient or solution used to
lower the surface tension between two materials,
so that good coverage and bonding occur.
Wheel abrading Deflashing molded parts by
abrasion with small particles at high velocity.
Witness lines Lines left on a molded part by
poor mating and fit of side action cores.
WLF equation Williams-Landel-Ferry equation
that relates the value of the shift factor, aT, (asso-
ciated with time-temperature superposition of
viscoelastic data) required to bring log-modulus
(or log-compliance) vs. time or frequency curves
measured at different temperatures onto a master
curve at a particular reference temperature, To,
usually taken at 50°C above the glass transition
temperature (T0 ⯝ Tg + 50°C):
aT = C1(T - T0) / [C2 + (T - T0)]
where the constants, C1 and C2, are approximately
identical for all polymers: -8.86 and 101.6 K,
respectively. Later, the WLF equation has been
interpreted in terms of the Doolittle’s free volume
theory.
Yellowness index Measure of the tendency of
plastics to turn yellow upon long-term exposure
to light.
Yield point elongation In materials that exhibit a
yield point, the difference between the elongation
at the completion and the start of discontinuous
yielding.
Yield point The point at which permanent
deformation of a stressed specimen begins to take
place. Stress at which strain increases without
accompanying increase in stress. Only materials
that exhibit yielding have a yield point.
1384 Appendix IV
Yield strength The stress at the yield point —
stress at which a material exhibits a specified
limiting deviation from the proportionality of
stress to strain, or the lowest stress at which
a material undergoes plastic deformation. When
the material is elastic at lower stresses, and
viscoelastic at higher, unless otherwise specified,
the stress at the border of this change is the yield
stress. Yield stress is often defined as the stress
needed to produce a specified amount of plastic
deformation, usually a 0.2% change in length. In
tensile testing, the yield stress is taken as that
at which there is no increase in stress with a
corresponding increase in strain — usually the
first peak on the curve. It may also be define as a
specific limiting deviation from the proportional
stress-strain curve.
Young’s modulus The ratio of normal stress to
corresponding strain under tensile or compressive
loading at stresses below the linearity limit of the
material (also Modulus of elasticity).
Zero defects A quality control method where
anyone in the production cycle who discovers a
quality problem can stop the assembly line or
manufacturing process until it is corrected. The
problem associated with this method is that upper
management is often never made aware that a
problem occurred. This lack of knowledge may
prevent a complete repair from being initiated and
the problem continues to occur.
Ziegler-Natta polymerization Chain polymeriza-
tion on a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, Z-N. The Z-N
catalysts are based either on TiCl4, VCl5, or CoCl3
mixed with either Al(C2H5)3 or Al(C2H5)2Cl, e.g.,
reacting AlR3 (R is an alkyl group) with crystal-
line TICl3 in an inert solvent. For example,
three catalytic systems led to polymerization of
high density polyethylene, HDPE, (1) molybde-
na-alumina, (2) hexavalent CrO3 on silica, and
(3) aluminum trialkyl (e.g., AlEt3) with TiCl4.
The polymerization occurs at relatively mild
conditions. Z-N polymerization is frequently used
to obtain stereoregular polymers, viz. either to an
isotactic or a syndiotactic polypropylene.
References
Alger, M. S. M., Polymer Science Dictionary, Elsevier
Applied Science, London (1989).
Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook,
Intersc. Pub., New York (1966).
Batzer, H., and Lohse, F., Einführung in die makromolecu-
lare Chemie, Hütingt & Wepf Verlag, Basel (1976).
Flory, P. J., Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules,
Intersc. Pub., New York (1969).
Frado, J., Ed., Plastics Engineering Handbook, 4-th., Rein-
hold Pub. Corp., New York (1976).
Harper, C. A., Ed., Handbook of Plastics and Elastomers,
McGraw-Hill, New York (1975).
Pebly, H. E., Glossary of Terms in Composites, Vol. 1,
Engineering Materials Handbook, ASM International
(1987).
Richardson, T. A., Industrial Plastics: Theory and Applica-
tion, South-Western (1983).
Standard Abbreviation of Terms Relating to Plastics, D1600,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society
for Testing and Materials.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to
Conditioning, E41, Annual book of ASTM Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating
to Dynamic Mechanical Measurements on plastics,
D4092, Annual book of ASTM Standards.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating to
Methods of Mechanical Testing, E6, Annual book of
ASTM Standards.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating
to Plastics, D883, Annual book of ASTM Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating
to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products, D3918,
Annual book of ASTM Standards.
Standard Definitions and Descriptions of Terms Relating
to Resinography, E375-75 (reproved in 1986), Annual
book of ASTM Standards.
Standard Guide for Identification of Plastic Materials,
D4000, Annual book of ASTM Standards, American
Society for Testing and Materials.
Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements
and Dosimetry, E170, Annual book of ASTM Stan-
dards, American Society for Testing and Materials.
Thewlis, J., Glass, R. C., and Meetham, A. R., Eds., Encyclo-
 Dictionary of Terms Used in Polymer Science & Technology 1385

paedic Dictionary of Physics, Pergamon Press, Oxford

(1967).
Utracki, L. A., Polymer Alloys and Blends - Thermodynamics
and Rheology, Hanser Pub., Munich (1989).
Utracki, L. A., Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Commercial
Polymer Blends, ChemTec Pub., Toronto (1994).
Utracki, L. A., Commercial Polymer Blends, Chapman &
Hall, London (1998).
Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopaedia, D. Van Nostrand
Co., Inc., Princeton (1958).
Whittington, L. R., Whittington’s Dictionary of Plastics, 2nd.,
Technomic, Lancaster, PA (1978).
Polymer Blends Handbook

SUBJECT AND BLEND INDEX

1388

SUBJECT AND BLEND INDEX

Notes: Blends are listed alphabetically, according to the International abbreviations (see Appendix I, pg. 1201).
Contrary to the usual understanding of A/B notation (i.e., polymer A dispersed in polymer B matrix), here for the
sake of brevity, A/B does not imply any morphology, i.e., A/B = B/A, thus blends of A and B polymers are listed
once. For most polymers there are three entries: A – referring to the polymer, A/B – referring to blends of A with
other polymers, B, and “A other blends” referring to other blends than these listed as A/B.

A/B blend with copolymer 302

Abbe refractometer 924
Abrasion resistance 32, 34, 35, 37, 44, 49, 51, 55, 57, 75, 76, 83, 88, 674, 953, 954, 960, 968, 1033, 1066,
1190, 1324, 1333
ABS (Acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) and its blends 31-36, 41, 45, 46, 67, 77, 79-82, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95,
136, 164, 552-555, 564, 565, 884, 888, 903, 904, 958, 960, 971, 975, 1050, 1085, 1102
ABS/NBR 31, 33, 629
ABS/PA 34, 35, 662, 683, 707, 708, 713, 1025, 1049, 1050, 1070-1074, 1174
ABS/PBT 662, 683, 707, 708, 713, 1025, 1050, 1074
ABS/PC 33, 553, 557, 662, 673, 678, 697, 707, 708, 713, 721, 749, 885, 970, 971, 974, 975, 983,
996, 1025, 1027, 1046-1048, 1050-1052, 1085, 1086, 1090, 1325
ABS/PEST 35, 67, 70-72, 74, 76, 86, 88, 90, 326, 379, 553, 638, 662, 665, 683-685, 707, 708, 713,
716, 717, 744, 749, 910, 958, 960, 1025, 1050, 1098, 1174, 1177, 1329
ABS/PMMA 327, 519, 966, 975
ABS/PP 40, 962
ABS/PSF 35, 36, 331
ABS/PVC 32, 33,662, 683, 693, 707, 708, 712, 1025, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1126, 1149
ABS/SMA 32, 662, 693, 696, 707, 708
ABS/SMI 1025, 1331
ABS/TPU 35, 662, 673, 707, 748, 749, 1049, 1050
ABS-g-maleic anhydride 32-35, 67, 68, 326, 379, 1201
Acoustic emission 186
Acrylic acid (AA) 27-30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 47-49, 52, 53, 55, 60, 61, 68, 94, 307, 326, 329, 357, 366, 389, 391,
414, 441, 636, 672, 710, 781, 817, 845-847, 903, 910, 1002, 1032, 1037, 1056, 1066,
1076, 1145, 1154, 1156, 1066, 1076, 1145, 1154, 1156, 1184, 1185, 1201, 1203-1207,
1241-1244, 1249, 1250, 1253, 1254, 1260-1262, 1267, 1284, 1287, 1334, 1354
Acrylic blends 42, 46, 48, 49, 1012-1014, 1026, 1056, 1058
Acrylic compatibilizers 46, 506
Acrylics 2, 24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 75, 77, 326, 441, 672, 675, 733, 735, 737, 750, 930, 977-
979, 1001, 1056-1058, 1150, 1190-1192, 1201, 1325, 1334, 1341, 1375
Acrylics/PC 638, 714, 953, 971
Acrylics/PEST 30, 46, 48, 49, 55, 60, 69-73, 326, 374, 375, 637, 1098, 1101
Acrylics/PO 47, 48
Acrylics/PVC 41, 42, 733, 922, 964, 1058
ACS (Acrylonitrile-CPE-S) 543, 673, 1201
Added compatibilizer 314, 316, 326
Addition of compatibilizer 19, 322, 323, 330, 516
Addition of copolymer 302-306, 312, 313, 316, 397, 398, 516
Additives 3, 28, 39, 68, 91, 123, 164, 179-181, 306, 314, 325, 326, 329, 495, 585, 603, 618, 623,
626, 641, 657, 672, 676, 680, 686, 721, 725, 757, 758, 759, 766-768, 770, 771, 775, 777-
781, 797, 804, 819, 825, 826, 833, 834, 840, 845, 849, 850, 910, 920, 945, 970, 971,
 1389

1005, 1031, 1053, 1074, 1079, 1082, 1102, 1106-1108, 1121, 1125, 1126, 1131, 1135,
1136, 1142, 1146-1151, 1190, 1191, 1334, 1337, 1350-1352, 1358, 1361, 1362
Add-ons 21, 602, 605, 620, 624, 625, 641, 688, 690, 1130
Adhesion in the solid state, 13, 14, 22, 37, 50, 51, 53, 56, 83, 85, 91, 93, 178, 280, 296, 305, 317, 319, 323-
325, 329, 340, 341, 344, 357, 361, 370, 436, 458, 503, 515, 555, 594, 668, 671, 672, 720,
737, 814, 837, 840, 887, 956, 958, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1046, 1049, 1066, 1100, 1127,
1140-1143, 1145, 1148, 1158, 1181, 1182, 1188, 1334, 1343
Adsorption density 302
Advantages of blends 20, 30, 78, 86, 340, 500, 548, 615, 631, 632, 672, 677, 679, 681, 687, 893, 951, 955-957,
960, 965, 969, 998, 1023, 1030, 1034, 1046, 1049, 1052, 1054, 1055, 1060, 1062, 1064,
1067, 1069, 1085-1087, 1096, 1102, 1103, 1105, 1110, 1121, 1173, 1175, 1181, 1186
AES/PC 662, 708, 716, 748, 749, 1027, 1086
AFM (Atomic force microscopy) 191, 193, 316, 429, 572, 1192, 1373
Agglomeration/aggregation 358, 404, 430, 463, 566, 635, 667, 669, 694, 711, 751, 808, 899, 1192
Aging, Chemical 1000-1005, 1340
Aging, Physical 19, 190, 978-1000, 1005-1014, 1136, 1334, 1365
Agricultural use of plastics 93, 94, 440, 678, 1123, 1138, 1140, 1153, 1157
Aliphatic polyesters 145, 147, 189, 191, 1109, 1153, 1154; see also PCL
Aliphatic polyketone see COPO
Aliphatic, biodegradable polyesters 94, 1153
Alkyl free radicals 767, 768, 771
Alloying blends 3, 13, 56, 59, 452, 603, 954, 1110, 1117, 1121, 1126, 1138, 1150, 1157, 1158
Allyl acrylate, crosslinking agent 770, 1145
Allyl cyanurate, crosslinking agent 74, 87, 398, 400, 415, 564, 771, 773
Allyl free radicals 767, 771
Allyl maleate, crosslinking agent 46
Allyl methacrylate, crosslinking agent 31, 47, 435, 770, 772
Analog calorimetry 144, 158, 194
Anionic polymerization 5, 36, 299, 428, 631, 634, 636, 835, 927, 1128, 1174, 1175, 1181, 1334, 1359
Anisometric particles 451, 461-465, 467-468
Anisometric properties 1364
Annealing 193, 232, 263, 268, 322, 330, 344, 346, 352-354, 359, 365, 369-371, 374, 379, 384, 385,
549, 560, 562, 569, 570, 627, 725, 829, 914, 915, 978, 980, 1090, 1100, 1178, 1257,
1262, 1335, 1369
Antioxidants 15, 577, 766-769, 779, 796, 797, 804, 806, 815, 816, 833-835, 1001, 1008, 1132-1136,
1143, 1148, 1205, 1335
Applications of blends 30-74, 671-734, 951-976, 1036-1195
Applications, appliances 677, 678, 692, 718, 953, 966, 971, 974, 1098, 1325, 1326-1330, 1367
Applications, automotive 30, 32, 44, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66, 70, 73, 74, 95, 204, 342, 343, 435, 439, 564, 671, 673-679,
681, 692, 697, 700, 708, 718, 720, 721, 727, 731, 733, 734, 951-962, 966, 967, 971, 974,
975, 1005, 1007, 1036-1038, 1040-1042, 1045-1047, 1049, 1051, 1052, 1058, 1060-
1063, 1067, 1069, 1077-1079, 1084-1093, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1104, 1105, 1108, 1119-
1125, 1138, 1140, 1143, 1145, 1150, 1151, 1170, 1173, 1174, 1193, 1195, 1324-1330,
1367
Applications, building and construction 953, 967, 970, 1041, 1054
Applications, business machines 677, 721, 970-974, 1325, 1328
Applications, consumer 42, 74, 342, 622, 672, 676, 953, 965, 970, 974, 1036, 1039, 1155, 1325-1329
Applications, electrical and electronics 32, 37, 41, 52, 60, 64, 67, 68, 70-72, 78, 88, 89, 92, 93, 204, 325, 342,
626, 676, 678, 680, 692, 697, 712, 720, 721, 744, 745, 777, 778, 818, 916, 920, 922-928,
952-954, 956, 960, 965, 970, 971, 1002, 1004, 1045, 1046, 1048, 1053, 1057, 1050,
1072, 1082, 1083, 1093, 1094, 1096, 1098, 1102-1104, 1108, 1120, 1121, 1124, 1167,
1170, 1178, 1181-1185, 1191-1195, 1325-1331, 1365, 1367, 1368
1390

Applications, exterior 41, 442, 671, 673, 677, 678, 953-955, 957-961, 964, 969, 1006, 1040, 1041, 1048, 1051,
1078, 1080, 1085, 1086, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1108, 1328, 1367
Applications, medical 41, 52, 57, 74, 204, 422, 438-442, 757, 758, 784, 816, 817, 844, 845, 847, 851, 853, 953,
967-969, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1080, 1091, 1102, 1104, 1109, 1155-1157, 1174, 1190, 1191,
1325
Applications, packaging 26, 44, 50, 53, 68, 92, 94, 654, 675, 730, 733, 768, 845, 966, 970, 971, 973, 974, 1033,
1043, 1053, 1055, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1081, 1097, 1119-1121, 1124, 1142, 1151, 1153,
1155, 1156, 1173-1175, 1186, 1187, 1358, 1367
Arrhenius 162, 457, 524, 658
Artificial exposure (aging) 964, 977, 1005-1014, 1050, 1136, 1334, 1335, 1345
ASA (acrylonitrile-co-styrene-co-acrylate) 28-32, 35, 40, 46, 48, 60, 70, 78, 84, 86, 543, 662, 665, 673, 683-685,
693, 695, 696, 707, 708, 713, 714, 717, 721, 749, 754, 911, 923, 928, 953, 960, 961, 964,
967, 974, 1027, 1040-1042, 1046, 1047, 1049-1052, 1086, 1088, 1098, 1100, 1201, 1202,
1324, 1325, 1328, 1379
ASA/PBT 665, 685, 717, 721, 749, 1027, 1100
ASA/PC 662, 683, 684, 693, 695, 707, 708, 714, 911, 923, 953, 960, 961, 964, 1027, 1051, 1052,
1086
ASA/PVC 662, 673, 693, 695, 707, 713, 928, 1047, 1050, 1051
Aspect ratio, p 461, 463, 467, 468, 479, 494, 495, 503, 507, 582, 586, 698, 730, 739, 742, 972, 1335,
1336
Asphericity 557, 570, 571
Associating polymer 187, 1187
ATBN (amine-terminated-butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) 1061, 1109, 1145
Auto-oxidation 1132
Avrami equation 220-227, 240, 252, 259, 282, 287, 289
Bagley correction 19, 469, 520
Barrier properties 22, 46, 52, 57, 59, 64, 65, 84, 86, 88, 94, 503, 507, 671, 675, 729, 730, 732, 960, 974,
1081, 1145, 1175
Batch mixers 341, 602, 633
Bayblend® 33, 665, 678, 684, 685, 696, 697, 707, 716, 721, 735, 746, 749, 923, 928, 1025, 1048,
1124, 1328
Benzocyclobutene functional groups 374, 1179
Bi-continuous structure 318, 560, 562, 563, 565; see also: Co-continuous
BIIR (Bromobutyl rubber) 401, 1202
Binary interaction parameter, 123, 134, 138-162, 172, 173, 178, 180, 181, 184, 187, 194, 296, 297, 298, 304, 455,
554, 591, 896-898, 989, 1187
Binary segmental interaction parameters 153-160
Binodal 168-170, 180, 183-186, 236-238, 485-487, 492, 519, 562, 1126, 1127, 1337
Biodegradability 93-94, 1151-1156, 1186
Biodegradable blends 19, 85, 93-94, 1151-1156, 1195
Biodegradable polymers 93, 94, 1152, 1156, 1167, 1170, 1186, 1187
Biomedical IPN 440
Bis(t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene 399
Blend, economy 20, 32, 34, 36, 80, 605, 676, 703, 951, 1119, 1121, 1138, 1157, 1327, 1329, 1331
Blend, multicomponent 31, 38-40,57, 61, 64, 67, 70, 78, 93, 126, 127, 141, 145, 167, 177, 178, 194, 419, 422,
442, 597, 626, 628, 1117, 1141, 1192, 1216
Blend, performance 13, 15, 20-24, 328, 653, 861-930
Blending equipment 30, 48, 601-625
Blending in extensional flow 499-501, 588-591
Blending methods 182, 577-641
Blends of rigid-rod polymers 87-93, 1179, 1180
Blends, commodity polymer 24-64, 241, 326, 342, 507, 540-543, 661-663, 671, 682-684, 692-696, 705-715,
728, 729, 740, 748, 749, 952, 975, 1032-1063, 1144, 1171-1174, 1186, 1341
 1391

Blends, definitions 12
Blends, developing 20-21, 751, 1024, 1058, 1062, 1064, 1098, 1102, 1110, 1169
Blends, emulsion 55, 56
Blends, engineering polymer 64-80, 136, 324-326, 329, 342, 544, 562, 566, 640, 664, 665, 675-680, 684-686,
696, 713, 717, 718, 722, 728, 729, 731, 735, 749-751, 864, 866, 952, 961, 967, 975,
1032, 1035, 1038, 1063-1101, 1125, 1143-1145, 1170, 1174-1176, 1195, 1349
Blends, general 4-7, 10-12, 345-347, 951-954
Blends, market size 8, 24, 40, 62, 342, 952, 953, 955, 956, 1024, 1035, 1060, 1087, 1102, 1118, 1123
Blends, specialty polymers 80-93, 272, 329, 511, 546, 666, 679, 686, 698, 724, 732, 750, 1028, 1101-1106,
1174, 1175, 1178-1185
Blends, type 25, 342, 343
Blinking vortex 581, 582
Block copolymer as a compatibilizer 15, 53, 54, 66-67, 82, 94, 264, 302-305, 316-319, 327-330, 264, 381-
388, 456, 506, 515-515, 537, 538, 552, 558, 596, 636, 663, 710, 911, 989, 1029, 1039,
1096, 1129, 1173
Block copolymer blends 36-40, 42, 48, 51, 62, 90, 181, 294, 300, 301, 320, 322, 483, 827, 835-838, 1004, 1043,
1066, 1079, 1149, 1156
Block copolymer formation, by degradative process 348, 349, 351, 381-388
Block copolymer formation, condensing agent mediated 382, 386, 387
Block copolymer formation, coupling agent mediated 382, 383, 387
Block copolymer formation, PA(1)/PA(2) 382, 517
Block copolymer formation, PA/PEST 382, 383
Block copolymer formation, PA/PEST/PP 383
Block copolymer formation, PA/PO 383, 384
Block copolymer formation, PA/PO/PP 384
Block copolymer formation, PA/PP 384-386
Block copolymer formation, PA/PPE 361, 384
Block copolymer formation, PA/PS/styrene copolymer 362, 384
Block copolymer formation, PA/TPU 384
Block copolymer formation, PEST(1)/PEST(2) 386, 387
Block copolymer formation, PEST/PO 387
Block copolymer formation, PEST/PPE 387, 388
Block copolymer formation, PEST/PPE/styrene copolymer 388
Block copolymer formation, PO/PP 388
Block copolymers 180, 243, 267, 299-300, 425, 439, 452, 457, 458, 480-482, 487, 549, 559, 773, 887, 1042-
1044, 1099, 1155, 1174, 1175, 1337, 1345, 1368
Block copolymers, Fundamentals 299-305
Blow molding 4, 19, 22, 25, 26, 41, 56, 68, 360, 507, 624, 670, 727-732, 746, 952, 974, 1034, 1035,
1069, 1097, 1131, 1156, 1157, 1172, 1324-1326, 1337, 1350, 1357, 1378
Boltzmann 7, 125, 128, 212, 297, 336, 474, 591
BR (Butyl rubber) 27, 29, 34, 42, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 72, 77, 150, 168, 176, 185, 396, 397, 522, 566, 629,
676, 693, 707, 708, 777, 813-616, 827, 833, 834, 840, 1132, 1202, 1324, 1338
BR/EPDM 833
BR/PP 56, 58
Brittle/ductile behavior 872
Brownian motion 463, 467, 475, 495
Bulk (volume) quantities 450
Buna® 2, 24, 40, 57
Burning during processing 709, 711, 722, 1338
Burning of polymers 1120-1122; see also: Thermolysis or Pyrolysis
Butyl rubber, IIR (Isobutene-isoprene rubber) 2, 54, 57, 59, 71, 72, 282, 439, 815, 816, 827, 1102, 1026,
1033, 1038, 1060, 1062, 1071, 1202, 1205, 1209
1392

Cage model of suspensions 459

Cahn-Hilliard theories 298, 564
Calendering (counterrotating, ICRR) extruder 500, 614, 615, 617, 619, 689
Calendering rolls 506, 622, 732
Calendering 25, 41, 504, 506, 622, 625, 626, 654, 656, 660, 674, 679, 681, 686, 694, 699, 732, 733,
735, 744, 1062, 1324, 1325, 1330, 1339
Capillarity instability (capillary break-up) 16, 474, 312, 313, 456, 495, 498, 501, 521, 585, 591, 641, 739, 1131
Capillarity number, κ 16, 17, 296, 337, 471-474, 487, 492, 493, 496, 498, 499, 505, 523, 584, 591, 736, 1129
Capillary flow 17, 18, 502-506, 510, 512, 514, 516, 517, 519, 520, 523, 539-546, 667
Capillary viscometer 353-355, 361, 365, 369, 377, 383, 384, 386, 392, 394, 395, 399, 449, 450, 462, 467, 469,
520, 521, 589, 628, 667, 741, 745, 1339
Carbodiimide-containing species 75, 77, 381
Carbon arc for artificial aging 1006
Carbon black 37, 391, 464, 637, 672, 801, 802, 807, 816, 819, 824, 826, 833, 927, 961, 966, 972, 1139,
1185, 1192, 1325
Carboxyl terminated nitrile rubber, CTBN 316, 320, 387, 388, 569, 1109, 1190, 1203
Carcass method 595, 596, 634
Carnot cycle 125
Carothers 2, 5, 63
Casson's equation 464, 470
Catalyst (general) 5, 82, 246, 347, 351, 386, 431, 631, 632, 634, 768, 813, 850, 1036, 1080, 1089, 1108,
1109, 1128, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1142, 1155, 1174, 1184, 1339
Catalyst, ethyl-triphenylphosphonium bromide 377, 379, 386, 388
Catalyst, metallocene-type 5, 6, 24, 27, 28, 50, 86, 1041, 1171, 1173
Catalyst, Z-N type 5, 24, 50, 51, 56, 57, 850, 926, 1035, 1039, 1384; see also: Z-N
Catalysts, for block copolymer formation 387, 388, 390
Catalysts, for crosslinked copolymer formation 391, 395
Catalysts, for graft copolymer formation 357, 364, 373, 375, 377, 379
Catalysts, for redistribution reactions 67, 348, 353-356, 380, 1135
Cavitation 20, 22, 554, 555, 668, 861, 881, 883, 886, 1066, 1084
Cavity Transfer Mixer (CTM) 21, 602, 624, 1130
Cellulose derivatives 1, 2, 4, 29, 94, 151, 152, 183, 190, 428, 440.441, 473, 623, 625, 626, 654, 700, 727, 735,
908, 947, 1002, 1145, 1154, 1156, 1185, 1186, 1203, 1219, 1228, 1231, 1232, 1236,
1245, 1252, 1255, 1265, 1268, 1282, 1286, 1340
Centrifugal homogenizer 184
Chain reaction 19, 760, 763, 1000, 1132, 1340, 1368
Chain scission of PE 767, 782, 788, 1132
Chain scission of PMMA 772, 836, 838, 1002
Chain scission of PP 393, 769, 810, 816, 832, 1069
Chain scission of PS 771, 838, 1001, 1133, 1139
Chain scission of PVC 22, 771
Chain scission 22, 393, 635, 761, 767, 769-772, 788, 810, 816, 824, 826, 831, 832, 836-838, 977, 978,
1001, 1002, 1069, 1126, 1132, 1133, 1139, 1149
Chaotic mixing 578, 581, 582
Characteristic parameters of interface 456, 483, 591
Characteristic parameters of polymers 15, 129-131
Charge transfer 161, 163, 306, 341, 571, 759, 838, 840, 849, 896, 1178
Chemical aging 978, 1000-1005, 1334, 1340
Chemical potential 127, 134, 214, 298, 303, 320,
Chemical resistance 24, 32, 33, 35, 51, 69, 72, 75-78, 82, 84, 85-87, 91, 92, 325, 564, 672, 676, 677, 679, 680,
718, 720, 722, 725, 740, 775, 778, 851, 863, 894, 895, 900, 905, 908, 948, 952-958, 960,
962, 964-966, 968, 974, 1031, 1037-1039, 1050, 1055, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1073, 1074,
 1393

1077, 1079, 1080, 1082, 1086, 1087, 1091, 1092, 1095, 1103, 1105, 1170, 1177, 1324,
1328-1331, 1340
Chemical resistance 24, 33, 35, 51, 69, 72, 75-78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 91, 325, 326, 564, 672, 676-680, 718, 720,
722, 725, 740, 775, 778, 851, 863, 894, 895, 900, 905, 908, 948, 952-958, 960-962, 964-
966, 968, 974, 1031, 1037-1050, 1055, 1059-1061, 1067, 1074, 1077, 1079, 1080, 1082,
1086, 1087, 1091, 1092, 1095, 1103, 1105, 1170, 1177, 1324, 1328-1331, 1340
CHP (Cumene hydroperoxide) 397, 398; see also: Hydroxyperoxide
cis-Polyisoprene (cPI) 48, 777, 833, 1203
Citraconic acid or anhydride 358, 364
Clam-shell TSE barel 596, 608, 690
Closed-loop control 95, 620, 633, 687, 700, 745, 747, 1138, 1341, 1351
CMC (Critical micelles concentration) 14, 15, 301-304, 308, 320, 456, 592, 1128
Coagulation 89, 475, 476, 593, 1129, 1179
Coalescence constant 497, 498, 593
Coalescence general 18, 25, 193, 249, 257, 279, 281, 306, 317, 321, 331, 340, 344, 371, 376, 378, 404, 477,
487, 505, 557, 569-571, 591, 625, 739, 742, 777, 1192
Coalescence in flow 17, 471, 475, 476, 489, 492, 494-499, 502, 505-507, 509, 539, 581, 586, 592, 593, 595,
598-601, 667, 692, 699, 726, 736, 751, 839, 1129, 1131, 1139, 1158
Coalescence phase separation 170, 171, 174, 247, 492
Coalescence rate 495-497, 570, 839
Coarsening 51, 170, 172, 193, 212, 263, 492, 581
Co-continuous lamellae 450
Co-continuous morphology or structure 16, 17, 20, 24, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 50, 53, 58, 70, 95, 321, 325,
329, 330, 453, 492, 493, 501, 502, 522, 621, 622, 667, 669, 671, 672, 676, 678, 681, 694,
708, 709, 725, 726, 730, 839, 1090, 1126, 1128-1130, 1141, 1142, 1145, 1149, 1192,
1324, 1329, 1330, 1376
Co-continuous network 12, 464, 1093
Co-crystallization for compatibilization 51, 345, 1215, 1293-1295
Co-crystallization 203, 206, 212, 213, 227, 240, 280, 1100, 1215, 1218
Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or CLTE) 126, 132, 160, 177, 957, 973, 976, 1072, 1094, 1181, 1341
Cohesive energy or properties 127, 165, 309, 921, 1176; see also: Solubity parameter
Cohesive strength 814, 815
Coincidental crystallization 274, 278, 279
Cold forging 1173, 1193
Coleman-Painter theory 161-163
Combinatorial entropy 124, 138, 139, 143, 893, 898
Commercial polymer blends 120, 137, 326, 342, 534, 640, 660, 729, 905, 928, 1023-1115, 1167
Commingled plastics scrap 37, 93, 1117, 1138, 1144, 1145
Commingled polymers or plastics 622, 741, 975, 1119, 1120 1124-1126, 1129, 1136, 1145-1152, 1157
Commodity resins and their blends 2, 24-64, 89, 90, 326, 663, 692, 696, 705, 707, 708, 715, 721, 749, 951, 1121,
1123, 1144
Compatibilization 12-16, 18-21, 26, 29, 31, 35, 38-41, 51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 63-67, 70, 77, 78, 93, 95, 135,
137, 178, 193, 452, 455, 457, 458, 499, 586, 595, 641, 677, 679, 713, 720, 777, 791, 793,
893, 962, 1003, 1005, 1039, 1052, 1064, 1070, 1074, 1086, 1090, 1091, 1121-1127,
1140-1146, 1148, 1151, 1153-1158, 1169, 1172-1175, 1182, 1188, 1193-1195, 1342
Compatibilization by addition 295-338, 346, 347
Compatibilization effects on crystallization 180, 204, 251, 256, 263, 264, 267, 275-177, 280-285
Compatibilization effects on flow & morphology 487, 488, 492, 493, 501, 502, 504, 507, 515-517, 538
Compatibilization strategies 4-7, 12-23, 137, 1024-1031, 1128
Compatibilization, definitions 12, 135
Compatibilization, mechanical 13, 17, 51, 95, 487, 488, 493, 502, 538, 586, 1123, 1126 1127, 1141, 1149,
1150, 1158; see also: Physical compatibilization
1394

Compatibilization, reactive 21, 34, 38, 40, 60, 63, 64, 66, 70, 78, 96, 193, 339-416, 499, 517, 569, 591, 631-
640, 675, 1049, 1061, 1064-1069, 1071, 1075, 1076, 1095, 1096, 1110, 1128, 1145
Compatibilizer universal (Polyetherimine, PEIm) 93, 1141
Compatibilizer 12-19, 27, 34, 59, 137, 256, 277, 280-284, 296-331, 345, 351, 354, 355, 452, 456, 465,
492, 502, 503, 505, 511, 516, 539, 592, 641, 667, 675, 751, 841, 873, 910, 911, 975,
1038, 1074, 1128, 1129, 1144-1146, 1148, 1149, 1154, 1171-1174, 1177, 1182, 1193,
1194
Compatibilizer, block copolymer see: Block copolymer compatibilizer
Compatibilizer, copolymer see: Copolymer, compatibilizer
Compatibilizer, co-solvent see: Co-solvent compatibilizer
Compatibilizer, graft copolymer see: Graft copolymer compatibilizer
Compatibilizer, ionic/ionomeric 27, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66-68, 71, 73, 86, 282, 322, 325, 359,
363, 375, 388, 391, 392, 402, 403, 629, 638, 639, 664, 675, 684, 714, 715, 718, 730, 732,
749, 873, 911, 1032, 1038, 1065-1068, 1097, 1101, 1154, 1177, 1258, 1326, 1358, 1365
Compatibilizer, multi-polymer 13, 16, 21, 23, 323, 324, 1129
Compatibilizer, reactive 40, 46, 57, 60, 64, 66, 67, 76, 251, 346, 357, 363, 367, 369, 378, 385, 389, 506
Compatibilizer, universal 304, 308, 331, 1129, 1141, 1149, 1188
Compatibilizer-cum-impact modifier see: Core-shell impact modifier
Compliance, mechanical 449, 464, 480, 483, 487, 521, 964, 993, 997, 1342, 1383
Composites 3, 78, 81, 90, 91, 186, 468, 469, 506, 507, 613, 740, 744, 745, 866, 878, 983, 1110, 1124,
1150, 1185, 1190, 1342
Composites, advanced 996-998, 1178, 1179, 1192, 1193, 1334
Composites, molecular 85-89, 1170, 1175, 1178-1183, 1194, 1195
Compounding 4, 12-13, 16, 19-21, 56-58, 60, 65, 74, 95, 169, 174, 183, 191, 241, 296, 311, 316, 340,
373, 499-501, 515-517, 521, 568, 577-652, 654, 667, 670 672, 677, 687, 689, 690, 693,
699, 708, 726, 730, 738, 746, 927, 1029, 1031, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1045, 1059,
1060, 1121-1126, 1130-1139, 1141, 1142, 1146, 1157, 1171, 1188, 1336, 1342, 1361
Compressibility 80, 126, 132, 160, 177, 180, 297
Compression molding 403, 578, 654, 676, 678, 741, 742, 744, 801, 829, 1062, 1108, 1324, 1327, 1331, 1336,
1342, 1363, 1377
Compressive strength/test 22, 27, 30, 186, 323, 330, 862, 865-867, 870, 900, 1078, 1342, 1360, 1382, 1384
Computer models 21, 96, 172, 200, 501, 511, 526, 564, 597-600, 608, 633, 634, 639, 700, 1170
Computer programs 96, 191, 556, 572, 687, 700, 1170, 1188, 1189, 1195
Condensing agent 348, 349, 358, 359, 381, 382, 386-389, 394, 405
Conductive polymer or blend 37, 87, 89, 92, 193, 626, 744, 926, 927, 953, 961, 966, 970, 972, 1156, 1170,
1175, 1182, 1192-1195
Cone-and-plate geometry 462, 469, 485, 506
configurational 147
Confined chain statistics (CCS) 299, 300
Conformational entropy 302
Conjugated diene (CDB) 430, 815, 818, 821, 1202
Connected globule structure 563, 564
Conservation of energy 125
Constitutive equation 451, 464, 476, 489-491, 495, 538, 585
Continuous mixers 604-625, 641, 642, 699, 1032
Continuum mechanics 449, 459, 463, 466, 512, 515
Convergence 463, 588, 589, 692, 699, 726, 739
Convergent flow 19, 463, 468, 499, 500, 503, 521, 523, 526-529, 597, 619, 660, 692
Convergent-divergent flow (c-d) 500-503, 540, 587, 589, 590, 597, 726
COPO (Aliphatic Polyketone) 39-41, 47, 80, 86, 94, 1158, 1176, 1177, 1203
COPO/PVC 44
Copolymer “Wet brush” 302
 1395

Copolymer general 5, 10-12, 29, 31, 36, 51, 63, 65, 80, 83, 87, 89, 93, 95, 145, 147, 152, 153, 156, 159, 160,
167, 183, 184, 214, 220, 233, 245, 251, 261, 269, 271, 300-303, 314, 316, 319, 320, 322,
324, 419, 420, 436, 455-457, 481, 483, 488, 506, 516-519, 592, 622, 629, 661, 673, 676-
685, 694, 741, 773, 811, 815, 817, 835-841, 846, 874, 903-908, 910, 911, 954, 973-976,
1003-1005, 1011, 1033, 1036, 1040, 1042, 1045, 1046, 1052-1076, 1086-1091, 100,
1005, 1126-1128, 1143-1145, 1149, 1151, 1154-1158, 1168, 1173, 1175, 1177, 1180,
1186, 1188
Copolymer multicomponent 13, 22, 23, 27, 31, 33-36, 41, 45, 47, 54, 67, 94, 324, 437, 438
Copolymer with homopolymer 44-49, 54, 59, 204, 300-302, 319, 322
Copolymer, a compatibilizer 13-15, 42, 47, 55, 64, 71-74, 77, 300-305, 319, 322, 339-405, 416, 522, 711,
730, 731, 733, 737
Copolymer, block type 18, 26-29, 31, 37-39, 51, 53, 54, 56, 66, 67, 76, 82, 90, 180, 181, 267, 299, 300, 308, 317,
318, 327-331, 381-388, 483, 504, 537, 550, 552, 558, 559, 591, 596, 628, 663, 710, 827,
836, 847, 857, 899, 930, 1004, 1029, 1039, 1044, 1081, 1096, 1109, 1188
Copolymer, core-shell type 13, 27, 32, 79, 591, 638, 909
Copolymer, graft type 30, 31, 33, 35, 61, 82, 301, 302, 352-380, 422, 432, 434, 570, 571,638, 1029, 1033, 1034,
1038, 1039, 1049, 1107
Copolymerization 5, 9, 24, 33, 357, 358, 389, 394, 401, 402, 617, 632, 636, 673, 1029, 1049, 1070, 1152,
1191, 1343
Copolymers nomenclature 11
Core-shell impact modifier 13, 23, 27, 32, 42, 46-48, 76, 79, 86, 316, 324, 328, 330, 358, 367, 368, 374,
377, 383, 436, 437, 515, 591, 637, 638, 641, 677, 909, 996, 1026, 1054-1056, 1058,
1066, 1084, 1086, 1088, 1090, 1093, 1098, 1100, 1102, 1190-1192, 1343
Core-shell latex 46, 417, 419, 421, 427-435, 437, 464, 505
CORI (Co-rotating, fully intermeshing TSE) 599-603, 609-612, 614-618, 631-634, 636-640, 1146
CORI vs. ICRR, a comparison 615-618, 640
Correlation distance 557, 558
Corresponding states 124, 127-129, 1216
Co-solvent (compatibilizer) 13, 93, 123, 302, 305-307, 316, 331, 591
Cost to performance ratio 20, 33, 62, 342, 595, 605, 654, 1028, 1094, 1123, 1169, 1325
Cost 30, 34, 35, 52, 74, 95, 204, 272, 343, 439, 507, 602, 604, 605, 607, 616, 618, 632, 654,
663, 674, 677, 679, 687, 688, 727-730, 732-734, 737, 741, 758, 845, 854, 862, 894, 951-
957, 960-962, 964, 965, 967, 958, 971, 974, 1007, 1024, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1034, 1035,
1037, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1048, 1050-1056, 1058, 1061, 1065, 1069, 1078, 1080,
1082, 1085, 1091-1093, 1095-1100, 1102-1106, 1110, 1120-1122, 1125, 1128, 1135-
1139, 1146, 1147, 1153, 1156, 1162, 1172, 1174-1176, 1179, 1184, 1186, 1191, 1326,
1330, 1331
Couette flow 450, 462-463, 472, 524, 579
Coupling agent 71, 347-350, 380-389, 392-401, 405, 569
Coupling reaction for molecular repair 1122, 1123, 1134, 1135, 1141
Cowie-Ferguson (C-F) model 977, 981, 984, 985, 987, 989-992, 994
CPC (Cloud-point curve) 143, 183-185
CPE (Chlorinated polyethylene) 92, 94, 95, 176, 488, 543, 564, 910, 927, 1156, 1203, 1324
CPE/ABS 28, 31, 33
CPE/PCL 207-210, 217, 235, 307
CPE/PMMA 41, 42, 185
CPE/PO 50, 51, 56, 775, 796, 827
CPE/PVC 41, 43, 325, 666, 694, 724, 750, 954, 1054, 1055
cPI/tPI 777, 833
CR (Chloroprene) 2, 42, 43, 45, 151, 164, 175, 181, 186, 190, 307, 328, 629, 819, 823, 1203, 1219, 1233,
1243, 1254, 1278
Crack initiation/propagation 22, 23, 324, 330, 554, 556, 668, 675, 774, 837, 879-885, 894, 948, 949, 1035,
1064, 1084, 1098, 1343, 1351, 1377
1396

Crack resistance 28, 35, 50-52, 56, 85, 88, 329, 343, 680, 710, 878, 962, 1033, 1041, 1082, 1084, 1093,
1103, 1147, 1171, 1204, 1331, 1344
Creep measurements 386, 464, 521, 900, 982, 983, 993, 997-999, 1341, 1343
Creep resistance 75, 78, 84, 442, 679, 680, 744, 745, 952, 953, 956, 958, 964, 966, 1039, 1065, 1093,
1102, 1110, 1330
Critical compatibilizer concentration 304-305
Critical micelles concentration (CMC) 14, 15, 301, 303, 308, 320, 456, 592, 1202
Critical solution temperature (CST), general 167, 168, 175
Critical solution temperature, lower: LCST 17, 48, 80, 144, 168, 171, 173, 175, 178, 179, 184, 185, 190, 210, 217,
231, 425, 482, 483, 485-488, 520, 560, 563-566, 913, 1058, 1086, 1126, 1127, 1168,
1218, 1259, 1276-1278, 1284, 1285, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1292, 1359
Critical solution temperature, upper: UCST 85, 144, 167, 168, 171, 179, 182, 184, 185, 189, 214, 237, 425, 480,
481, 486, 560, 561, 1167, 1218, 1280, 1282, 1283, 1292, 1381
CRNI (Counter-rotating, not intermeshing TSE) 610-613, 636-638, 640, 1146
Cross-hatched lamellae 550, 551
Cross-interaction parameters 141
Crosslinker, t-Butyl perbenzoate 397
Crosslinking agent OTBHP 779, 797
Crosslinking agent, Triallyl cyanurate (TAC) 74,87,771-773, 778, 780, 781, 823, 843, 844, 849, 853
Crosslinking agent, Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) 87, 398-401, 564, 773, 843, 849, 850
Crosslinking agent, Triallyl phosphate (TAP) 773, 823, 780
Crosslinking agent, Trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) 362, 399, 771, 780, 802, 804, 805, 815-817, 823
Crosslinking agent, Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) 771, 773, 779, 780, 797, 798, 800, 801, 804,
805, 823, 843
Crosslinking agents 95, 398, 431, 432, 434, 436, 767, 771, 773, 800, 815, 849, 853, 1062, 1145, 1374
Crosslinking by direct reaction 388-394
Crosslinking by irradiation 51, 681, 758, 764, 767-853, 1004
Crosslinking by radical generation-recombination 389-391, 404
Crosslinking of Acrylics 36, 42, 430-435, 1026, 1086, 1333
Crosslinking of EPR or EPDM 51, 56-58, 396, 399, 400, 404, 425, 709, 710, 773, 776-778, 779-814, 837, 1035,
1038
Crosslinking of PE 51, 52, 396, 397, 636, 666, 767, 768, 775, 776, 783-789, 791-800, 806, 807, 815, 816,
838, 839, 1132
Crosslinking of PMMA 374, 419, 421, 772, 777, 836, 851
Crosslinking of Polysiloxane 80, 394, 435, 636, 1079
Crosslinking of PP 58, 381, 392, 396, 399, 400, 694, 768-770, 784
Crosslinking of PS 380, 398, 400, 419, 435, 543, 771, 772, 777, 837, 1185
Crosslinking of PVC 392, 397, 400, 771
Crosslinking, activating agent mediated 394-398
Crosslinking, characteristics and types 349, 428
Crosslinking, coupling agent mediated 74, 95, 398-401, 431
Crosslinking, general 7, 12, 14, 28, 30, 93, 233, 349, 366, 421, 422, 426, 428, 429, 431-436, 694, 708-711, 748,
872, 896, 978, 1001, 1005, 1026, 1028, 1035, 1038, 1058-1062, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1128,
1132, 1133, 1145, 1171, 1179, 1185, 1344
Crosslinking, physical 7, 299, 350, 345, 418, 425, 428, 438, 1365
Crosslinking, thermooxidative 374, 402, 439
CRU (Constitutional repeating units) 7-10, 12
Crystal growth 212-220, 254-258, 272, 284, 567
Crystalline lamellae 208, 211, 218, 232-234, 253, 256, 261, 267, 268, 450, 550, 551, 558-560, 566, 567, 572,
730, 736, 1361, 1363
Crystalline morphology 230, 232, 246, 256, 258, 318, 629, 654, 659, 704, 709, 726, 739
 1397

Crystallinity 12, 17, 45, 49, 56-59, 64, 67, 70, 71, 78, 80, 181, 222, 223, 226, 322, 348, 351, 362, 365,
425, 502, 518, 595, 654, 678, 694, 709, 710, 719, 725, 726, 740, 741, 766, 768, 769, 775-
777, 789, 851, 887, 897, 973, 997, 1004, 1035, 1063, 1064, 1069, 1073, 1075, 1093,
1098-1100, 1137, 1215, 1250, 1329, 1335, 1344
Crystallinity, degree of 182, 204, 205, 246, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270-277, 318, 319, 323, 328, 330, 659, 680,
718, 723, 725, 739, 744, 767, 774, 783, 786, 798, 808, 824, 829, 888, 915, 926, 1103,
1142, 1149
Crystallizable, miscible blends 204-208, 227-235, 236-241, 562, 1364
Crystallization and demixing 235-240, 561
Crystallization in crystalline/amorphous blends 207, 208, 242-243, 250-252, 258-261
Crystallization in crystalline/crystalline blends 212, 216, 217, 244, 245, 269-285
Crystallization in droplets 262, 263, 266-269
Crystallization in immiscible blends 64, 71, 91, 241-285, 345, 385, 566
Crystallization in miscible blends 184, 185, 204-241, 284, 557-562, 908, 1096, 1215-1218, 1293-1295
Crystallization isotherm 222, 224, 225
Crystallization kinetics 205, 206, 212, 214, 220-227, 240, 241, 243, 255, 256, 259, 266, 270, 280, 285, 739, 1175
Crystallization rate 65, 67, 180,212, 215, 220, 222, 234-236, 240, 255, 270, 272, 676, 677, 720, 721, 726,
743, 1097, 1098, 1175
Crystallization temperature 59, 206-208, 211, 212, 213, 215-220, 222-224, 228, 229, 232, 246-252, 254,
255, 260-265, 267, 269-278, 285, 782, 897
Crystallization 51, 89, 186, 191, 203-289, 294, 316, 318-323, 5558, 562, 775, 782, 796, 894, 897, 993,
1090, 1099, 1100, 1105, 1126, 1128, 1143, 1149, 1176
Crystallization, fractionated 204, 260-266, 279-282, 285, 323, 786
Crystallization, nonisothermal 226, 240, 271, 273
Crystallization, primary 223, 224
Crystallization, secondary 203, 206, 223, 224, 232-235, 241, 1090
Crystallization, stress-induced 17, 90, 488, 506, 509, 737, 768, 831, 992
CSR (Chlorosulfonated polyethylene) 27, 41-43, 50, 51, 56, 92, 95, 827, 828, 927, 1144, 1203
CSR/PVC 41-43, 51
CTM (Cavity transfer mixer) 21, 602, 624, 1158
CUT (Continuous use temperature) 3, 12, 24, 57, 59, 62, 78, 81, 84, 953, 966, 1076, 1102, 1105, 1203,
1343
Cyclo-olefin copolymers (COC) 1041
DBP (Dibenzoyl peroxide) 396, 400
DBTDL (Dibutyltin dilaurate) 354, 355, 380
DBTO (Dibutyltin oxide) 380, 390, 391
DCP (Dicumyl peroxide) 28, 396, 397, 400, 636, 768, 775-777, 782, 783, 803, 804, 813, 824-827, 831, 833, 834,
1144
DDRM (Deformed drop retraction method) 313, 314
Debonding 22, 186, 555, 883, 886, 1066, 1084
Debye 6, 184
Debye-Bueche plot 557, 558
Degradability 605, 616, 633, 641
Degradability, categories 1151
Degradation & aging 977-1015, 1383
Degradation & stabilization 339, 384-389, 399, 721, 766, 817, 838, 849, 1125, 1131-1139, 1144, 1145,
1147, 1148, 1325, 1328
Degradation by irradiation 84, 95, 664, 758, 760, 766, 767, 772, 773, 784, 788, 796, 804, 826, 833, 836, 845, 1003,
1004, 1012, 1132, 1136, 1365
Degradation 21, 80, 83, 136, 184, 311, 322, 356, 380, 390, 594, 605, 614, 778, 789, 806, 815, 816,
1074, 1122, 1134, 1139, 1143, 1345, 1382
Degradation, foaming 72
1398

Degradation, hydrolytic 356, 1123, 1132

Degradation, mechano-chemical 17, 317, 468, 502, 613, 615, 617, 634, 641, 672, 695, 703, 715, 722, 751, 770,
1004, 1005, 1132
Degradation, oxidative 78, 636, 637, 673, 766, 767, 771, 773-776, 782-789, 791, 804, 806, 808, 816, 823, 827,
829, 830, 832, 834, 839, 847, 848, 894, 1050, 1069, 1131-1133, 1335, 1364
Degradation, thermal 52, 53, 81, 88, 311, 314, 607, 655, 658, 663, 674, 701, 702, 709, 711-715, 722-724, 748,
750, 770, 843, 973, 1000, 1004, 1053, 1136, 1145, 1335, 1343, 1379
Degradation/stabilization, Fundamentals 1131-1137
Degradative redistribution (transreaction) 351-356, 372, 387, 405
Dehydrochlorination of PVC 750, 770, 771, 827, 1000, 1001, 1132
Dendritic polymers 3, 8, 1174
Density profile at interface 14, 297, 304, 455, 537, 591, 592
Deuterated polymers 137, 139, 146, 150-152, 167, 173, 179, 180, 191, 214, 842, 1226, 1274, 1282, 1285,
1291, 1294
Deuterated PS (d-PS or PSD) 140, 179, 180, 842, 1281, 1282
Devolatilization 4, 95, 341, 357, 381, 609, 615-621, 631, 634-636, 638-640, 685, 688-690, 783, 1134,
1146, 1151, 1182, 1345
DIA (Digital image analysis) 171, 547, 548, 556
Dielectric breakdown 925, 926, 948
Dielectric properties/tests 24, 80, 84, 177, 188, 211, 402, 430, 629, 775, 796, 890, 913, 924-928, 948, 956, 993,
1044, 1048, 1057, 1072, 1083, 1094, 1096, 1100, 1104-1108, 1178, 1182, 1228, 1231,
1256, 1264, 1293, 1346-1348
Dilatant flow 18, 459, 463, 466, 467; also see: Flow or behavior, Dilatant
Dilatometry 177, 188, 361, 363, 367, 1217
Dimensional stability 30-35, 56-59, 61, 65, 66, 70-73, 78, 80, 83, 84, 204, 326, 327, 329, 343, 676, 678-680,
683, 711, 851, 952, 953, 956, 958, 961, 962, 966, 972, 973, 1030, 1035, 1045, 1047,
1053, 1064, 1065, 1069, 1087, 1091, 1093, 1098, 1102, 1103, 1175, 1324-1331, 1346
Disk extruders 604, 621
Dispersed morphology/phase 14-20, 23, 33-40, 44, 50, 57, 59-66, 73-78, 87-92, 137, 174, 188, 193, 204, 241,
245-256, 258-281, 284, 285, 296, 304-308, 314, 316, 317, 320, 321, 323, 331, 340, 343-
346, 356, 358, 359, 363, 367, 368, 371-378, 385, 391, 395, 398, 404, 423, 450-453, 458-
460, 470-481, 484, 492-509, 511, 513, 515-522, 552, 555-570, 578, 582-586, 589, 592,
593, 595, 598, 600, 601, 618, 626, 638, 641, 666-681, 691, 694, 699, 705, 708-711, 714,
720, 725, 726, 730-739, 748, 750, 751, 784, 809-811, 814, 819, 832-834, 837-840, 872,
888, 908, 930, 1028-1046, 1049, 1062, 1069, 1075, 1085, 1090, 1106, 1122, 1127, 1129,
1130, 1141, 1144, 1180, 1181, 1184, 1188, 1324, 1346, 1347, 1363
Dispersion (London) forces 162, 163, 168, 293, 305, 306, 1359
Dispersion degree/size 15, 17, 18, 20, 29, 52, 56, 136, 187, 191, 208, 243, 247, 251, 255, 263, 267, 268, 274-
278, 280-282, 306, 317, 322, , 329, 330, 344, 465, 471, 475-477, 480, 489-492, 500-507,
515, 539, 628, 670-674, 705, 708, 730, 739, 835, 888, 891, 946, 971, 972, 1000, 1030-
1043, 1052, 1058-1062, 1066-1071, 1085, 1096, 1088, 1108, 1109, 1133, 1145, 1148,
1157, 1191, 1346, 1349, 1359
Dispersion into fibrils 17, 474, 499, 502, 505, 539, 584, 738
Dispersion into lamellae 22, 52, 58, 301, 318, 319, 321, 461, 481, 492, 498, 502-508, 517, 541, 556, 560, 566,
567, 586, 595, 598, 599, 614, 628, 667, 670, 696, 699, 705, 710, 729, 730, 732, 751,
1034, 1130 1131, 1359, 1363
Dispersion processes 13, 17, 21, 93, 262, 296, 343, 385, 452-454, 487, 498, 505, 509, 521, 523, 568, 578, 589-
598, 600, 603, 617, 623, 625, 641, 660, 746, 1127-1131, 1041, 1050, 1052
Dispersion tester 596, 597
Dispersive mixing tester 20, 596, 597
Disproportionation of radicals 759, 768
 1399

DMA (Dynamic mechanical analysis) 211, 354, 356, 358, 360-385, 390-404, 426, 434, 437, 467, 495, 517,
520, 571, 572, 627-630, 810, 817, 845, 996, 1089, 1132, 1179, 1182, 1203, 1217, 1225-
1227, 1270, 1280, 1295, 1347, 1381
DMS, DMTA [Dynamic mechanical-(thermal) spectroscopy] 426, 434-437, 517, 528, 530, 747, 801, 809, 810, 977,
982-984, 996, 1168, 1178, 1179, 1182, 1217, 1225-1227, 1270, 1280, 1295, 1324, 1347,
1381
Doi & Edwards theory 461, 463, 483, 519
Doi & Ohta theory 488-492, 539, 578
Doi & Onuki theory 17, 485, 489, 511, 538
Domain size 12, 135-137, 178-179, 187, 190, 299, 300, 306, 322, 367, 385, 423, 425, 432, 435, 439,
442, 481, 502, 507, 777, 813, 834, 835, 890, 1000, 1007, 1168, 1179, 1361
Doolittle equation 6, 127, 483, 1383
Doped conductive polymers 92, 850, 926, 927, 1008, 1182-1185
Downcycling 1120, 1138, 1140, 1144
DP (Degree of polymerization) 8, 14, 138, 139, 161, 230, 297, 299, 300, 304, 456, 481, 898, 1273, 1345, 1364,
1368
Drop breakup 16, 18, 19, 20, 25, 473, 474, 494-500, 502, 505, 568, 583-585, 641, 1131, 1139
Drop deformability, D 14, 15, 21, 62, 471, 473, 479, 503, 506, 507, 513, 523, 582-586, 592-600, 751
Drop deformation in elongation 499-501, 588-591
Drop deformation reduced critical time scale 16, 296, 471-473, 480, 482, 492, 583, 584, 591, 600, 1124
Drop-drop interactions 477
DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) 188-190, 206, 209-211, 232, 233, 259-262, 267, 273, 278, 279, 352-
404, 434, 571, 627-630, 635, 775, 776, 783, 794, 808, 888-890, 893, 909, 913, 978-980,
982-986, 988, 989, 1090, 1098, 1100, 1179, 1217, 1225, 1228, 1293-1296, 1346
DTA (Differential thermal analysis) 359, 557, 909, 1217, 1346
DTUL (Deflection temperature under load) 913, 914, 953, 958-960, 1030, 1031, 1038, 1039, 1043, 1047, 1051,
1052, 1054, 1065, 1066, 1091-1098, 1100, 1102-1103, 1106, 1345
Dual phase continuity see: Co-continuous morphology or structure
Ductile-brittle transition 75, 360, 363, 365, 367-370, 400, 1030, 1066, 1083
Durability 778, 954, 956, 965, 969, 1005-1009, 1011, 1013-1015, 1041, 1184
Dynamic coalescence 465, 475, 496, 497, 509, 600, 1129
Dynamic flow 18, 188, 450, 462, 465, 467, 469, 477, 478, 482-486, 488-491, 495, 512-516, 519, 520,
537-546, 747, 795, 1132, 1141
Dynamic interfacial tension, ν12 310, 312, 314, 493, 498
Dynamic vulcanization 58, 345, 360, 373, 380, 396, 398, 439, 636, 671, 1025-1027, 1033, 1038, 1061, 1062,
1171
Dynamics of phase separation 170-174, 237, 423, 486, 556-563, 1125-1127, 1376
EAA (Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer) 34, 48, 59, 358, 359, 395, 404, 639, 778, 845-847, 910, 1153-1156
E-BA-CO; E-VAc-CO (Ethylene-n-butylacrylate-carbon monoxide; ethylene-vinylacetate-carbon monoxide)
1062
E-BA-GMA (Ethylenebutylacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) 363, 1067, 1068
ECP (Electrically conductive polymer) 87, 89, 92, 93, 626, 926, 927, 1170, 1182-1186, 1195
ECPB (Electrically conducting polymer blends) 89, 92, 93, 926, 927, 1195
EEA (Ethylene-co-ethylacrylate) 40, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 67, 71, 72, 280, 326, 358, 361, 373, 375, 377, 637, 638,
776, 807, 808, 1015, 1154, 1159
EFM see Extensional flow mixer
EGMA (Ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) 38, 40, 49, 54, 56, 58, 68, 71, 73, 95, 326, 329, 541, 639, 874, 1203,
Einstein’s suspension viscosity equation 451, 459, 460, 470, 471
Elastic deformation 22, 668, 1343, 1348, 1372
Elastic modulus 775, 776, 789, 792, 807, 829, 831, 880, 962, 1356; also see: Tensile or Young modulus
Elastic recovery 74, 464, 521, 824, 1038, 1058, 1158, 1324
Elastic, linear fracture mechanism (LEFM) 878, 881-883, 893, 1348
1400

Elasticity of blends 520, 521, 1058-1063

Elasticity of drops 493-495, 585
Elasticity of emulsions 470-478
Elasticity of suspensions 467, 468
Elasticity 18, 19, 20, 21, 75, 91, 328, 500, 777, 845, 853, 1058, 1348
Elasticity, melt 19, 62, 205, 322, 468, 469, 498, 502, 511, 516, 585, 586, 588, 596, 660, 692, 751, 839,
1041
Elastomer 20, 428, 480, 614, 709, 773, 910, 911, 1036-1038, 1060-1062, 1174, 1177, 1332, 1333,
1338, 1374, 1380, 1384; see also: Dynamic vulcanization
Elastomer blends with PA 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 243, 316, 383, 636, 664, 670, 675, 676, 684, 714-719, 731, 744, 749,
750, 956, 1026, 1029, 1049, 1064-1068, 1177, 1325
Elastomer blends with PC 33, 59, 82, 92, 665, 714, 884, 1082-1084, 1327
Elastomer blends with PEST 72, 82, 638, 639, 665, 677, 685, 717, 720, 750, 915, 1027, 1090, 1091, 1098-
1101, 1329
Elastomer blends with PO 37, 48, 50, 51, 56-59, 330, 339, 542, 661, 671, 705, 706, 808, 815, 819, 827, 829, 1025,
1026, 1033, 1036, 1041, 1059, 1108, 1171
Elastomer blends with POM 86, 665, 678, 717, 723, 954, 1093, 1094
Elastomer blends with PPE 66, 76, 79, 82, 637, 665, 679
Elastomer blends with PVC 41, 42, 324, 439, 641, 663, 673, 674, 693-695, 699, 713, 733, 1054, 1059, 1062
Elastomer blends with specialty resins 82, 83, 85, 666, 680
Elastomer blends with styrenics 25, 27, 35, 662, 672, 673, 683, 693, 695, 707-713, 729, 730, 734, 749, 1324
Elastomer blends 21-25, 27, 33, 33, 35, 37, 61, 94, 668, 669, 711, 726, 833, 887, 891, 1030-1032, 1052,
1059, 1060, 1110, 1130, 1143, 1261, 1327
Elastomer, modified 16, 637, 1052
Elastomeric particles 22, 23, 42, 318, 319, 324, 325, 330, 711, 871, 893
Elastomeric polyether-b-ester copolymer, TPE 771, 773, 827
Elastomeric polysulfide, Thiokol® 2
Electrical application od blends 32, 41, 43, 52, 60, 64, 68, 71, 88, 204, 325, 342, 676, 678, 680, 692, 697, 712,
720, 721, 744, 768, 818, 918, 920, 953, 954, 956, 960, 970, 971, 1004, 1045, 1046, 1060,
1096, 1098, 1102, 1103, 1120, 1121, 1124, 1178, 1327, 1328, 1331
Electrical conductivity 37, 72, 89, 92, 93, 453, 626, 744, 926, 927, 1170, 1181-1186, 1191-1195, 1335
Electrical properties 67, 70, 78, 745, 777, 778, 829, 862, 922-928, 952, 1002, 1044, 1045, 1048, 1053, 1057,
1072, 1082, 1083, 1093, 1094, 1098, 1192, 1325, 1329, 1330, 1335, 1346-1348, 1383
Electron irradiation 769-774, 783-793, 799, 800, 809-812, 816-820, 828-830, 836-838, 841-847, 851
Electron spin resonance 571, 766, 771, 772, 777, 784, 835, 853, 997, 1007-1009, 1012, 1015
Electrostatic painting 953, 961
Ellipsometry 178, 314-316, 361, 383, 385, 456, 569, 570
Elongation at break 53, 75, 77, 86, 327, 330, 668, 741, 772-776, 783, 786, 788, 789.791, 793, 796-800, 806,
807, 816, 820, 827, 831, 932, 835, 864, 873, 909, 948, 959, 970, 1037, 1038, 1040, 1044,
1047, 1048, 1101, 1104, 1106, 1126, 1127, 1142, 1149, 1150, 1152, 1348
Elongation ratio 579
Elongational deformation 581
Elongational/extensional flow 469, 470, 499, 521-523, 587-589, 597, 625
EMAA (Ethylene-co-acrylic acid) 39, 326, 369, 363, 374, 375, 402, 973
EMAA/PET 973
EMAc (Ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) 64, 372, 380, 393, 394, 636, 1154, 1204
EMAc/POM/PA-66 64
Embrittlement by aging 878, 996, 1090, 1100, 1154, 1349
Embrittlement by irradiation 769, 773, 827, 845, 894, 1349
Embrittlement resistance 35, 82, 1090, 1110, 1349
EME (Elastic melt extruder) 621, 690
EMMA (Ethylene-co-methylmethacrylate) 48, 49, 372
 1401

EMMA/PBT 372
EMMAQUA (accelerated weathering) 1007
Emulsion 317, 340, 461, 479, 625, 671, 1184, 1192, 1349
Emulsion coalescence 475, 476, 492
Emulsion model 452, 511, 512-517, 520
Emulsion polymerization 29, 31, 44, 46, 419, 428, 431-436, 631, 673, 840, 1042, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1064, 1057,
1070, 1191, 1192, 1349, 1359
Emulsion rheology 17, 18, 451, 452, 454, 455, 458, 470-472, 475-481, 489, 491, 492, 495, 501, 524, 540
Emulsion-like behavior 56, 304, 308, 329, 456, 517, 692
Encapsulation 17, 368, 375, 485, 502, 505, 511, 538, 568, 667, 751, 1188, 1193
End-to-end distance 15, 134, 305, 592, 1377 (see also radius of gyration)
Energy (high) of irradiation 757-859, 1000, 1005
Energy density, cohesive, (CED) 127, 165, 309, 921, 1176; see also: Solubity parameter
Energy density, elastic strain 880
Energy density, interactions 141, 152, 230, 298
Energy of deformation 19, 22, 23, 324, 330, 344, 475, 485, 496, 503, 520, 667, 668, 831, 874, 875, 879-884,
886, 891, 893, 894, 958, 962, 975, 1035, 1037, 1040, 1044, 1048, 1062, 1066, 1077,
1084, 1088, 1093, 1098, 1118, 1358, 1381
Energy of interactions 128, 129, 141, 147, 152, 178, 230, 459, 1168
Energy of mixing 12, 14, 135, 141, 452, 487, 511, 894, 896, 898, 902, 1361, 1379
Energy of suface/interface 95, 96, 247, 248, 253, 254, 264, 265, 282, 311, 319, 346, 429, 455, 456, 475, 502, 521,
593, 629, 641, 885, 1011, 1013, 1137
Energy, activation 174, 212, 226, 227, 246, 248, 481, 633, 658, 981
Energy, dissipation in flow 186, 459, 468, 480, 481, 496, 579-581, 587, 607, 634, 641, 655, 659
Energy, free 124, 129, 135, 141-143, 161, 162, 168, 169, 172, 174, 177, 191, 205, 215, 215, 219, 221,
225, 227, 229, 247, 253, 255, 256, 264, 272, 295, 298, 300, 487, 495, 680
Energy, internal 125, 160, 166, 1339
Energy, non-radiative transfer (NRET) 137, 186, 908
Engineering polymer, definition 2, 3, 12, 62, 1349
Engineering resins and their blends 2, 12, 13, 16, 20, 23, 24, 28-38, 44, 45, 59, 62-82, 84, 89, 90, 136, 204, 306,
324, 325, 329, 331, 342, 452, 511, 520, 521, 544, 562, 566, 577, 590, 604, 608, 631, 635,
640, 658, 659, 661, 663-665, 669, 675-685, 696, 713, 717, 718, 722, 727-729, 731, 735,
740, 744, 749, 864, 866, 951, 952, 961, 967, 975, 996, 1032, 1035, 1038, 1039, 1041,
1042, 1045, 1046, 1063, 1066, 1077, 1082, 1063, 1091, 1093, 1094, 1097, 1101, 1102,
1120, 1121, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1128, 1141, 1143-1147, 1149, 1170-1178, 1181, 1182,
1188, 1190, 1195, 1349
Entanglement density/degree 7, 22, 23, 25, 303, 313, 318, 324, 330, 345, 509, 980, 1127
Entanglement molecular weight, Me 7, 15, 219, 345, 519
Entanglement 7, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 29, 219, 226, 305, 317, 324, 330, 345, 356, 436, 482, 483, 501,
509, 517, 519, 521, 522, 578, 980, 1127, 1365
Enthalpy (or heat) of mixing 135, 144, 158, 159, 167, 182, 183, 301, 896-899, 902, 905, 1168
Enthalpy of fusion 218, 223, 226-230, 775, 776, 782, 789-791, 830
Enthalpy, relaxation 978-981, 986, 989-904, 1365
Enthalpy/heat 124, 126, 138, 160, 162, 978, 1168, 1228
Entrance-exit pressure drop 18, 19, 467, 469, 517, 520, 523, 1369
Entropy of fusion 226, 227 896
Entropy of mixing 138, 205, 893, 898
Entropy 124-127, 138, 139, 143, 161, 167, 187, 298, 299, 302
Entropy, configurational 13, 124, 138, 139, 143, 144, 161, 167, 187, 299, 893, 980
Entropy, non-
EO-CHR (Epichlorohydrin) 39, 62, 66, 73, 89, 92, 285, 307, 327, 439, 926, 1004, 1202-1205, 1219, 1227,
1228, 1234-1238, 1245, 1251, 1252, 1255, 1260, 1264, 1267, 1271, 1278, 1287, 1289
1402

EP (Ethylene-b-propylene) 52, 53, 131, 284, 297, 304, 310, 312, 359-365, 362, 373, 375, 385, 390, 393,
395, 397-399, 403, 430, 503, 810, 811, 837, 1025, 1033, 1035, 1036, 1039, 1040, 1049,
1066, 1071, 1076, 1091, 1325
EPDM (Ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) 29, 31, 32, 38, 39, 42, 48, 54-62, 69, 72, 82, 86, 87, 94, 233, 243, 271,
307, 342, 374, 389, 396-400, 425, 439, 514, 566, 661, 672, 704, 705, 773, 774, 800, 806,
834, 887, 927, 942, 1004, 1038, 1041, 1060, 1061, 1156, 1204
EPDM chlorinated (C-EPDM) 43
EPDM/BR 777, 813-815, 1002
EPDM/NBR 666, 686, 698, 724, 725, 729, 732, 750, 910, 1025, 1324
EPDM/PA 39, 53, 60, 65, 68, 69, 267, 386, 954, 1173
EPDM/PACE 850
EPDM/PBT 61, 72, 389
EPDM/PE 51-53, 213, 233, 235, 776, 797, 799-809, 812, 954
EPDM/PP 48, 53, 56-60, 242, 247, 252, 257-261, 271, 496, 504, 539, 542, 555, 556, 331, 668, 671,
681-683, 693, 694, 704-710, 726, 730, 733, 739, 742, 749, 776, 799, 801, 802, 808-812,
887-893, 910, 915, 954, 956, 959, 961, 971, 1002, 1025, 1026, 1035, 1038, 1041, 1059-
1063, 1108, 1123, 1171, 1324
EPDM/PS 29, 38, 186, 777, 836, 837
EPDM/SAN 954
EPDM-g-GMA 58, 373, 1143
EPDM-g-MA 16, 31, 53, 65, 68, 357, 360-362, 372, 593, 402, 1066, 1143
EPDM-g-SAN 365, 368, 1042, 1086
EPDM-g-SO3 65, 392, 402, 403, 1212
EPDM-sulfonated 65, 392, 402, 403
Epoxidized elastomers 30, 36, 59, 637, 638, 1233, 1262, 1263, 1278
Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) 391, 392, 909, 1204, 1254, 1278
Epoxidized PDMS 66, 82, 638
Epoxidized PO 374, 442
Epoxidized PPE 39, 73, 387, 637, 908
Epoxidized styrenics (ABS, MBS, ..) 32, 33, 35, 377
Epoxy 2, 5, 383, 386, 388, 425, 428, 441, 554, 563, 564, 570, 638, 732, 880, 926, 947, 956, 982-
988, 993, 994, 998, 999, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1096, 1097, 1107-1110, 1177,
1185, 1190, 1191, 1239, 1242, 1255, 1266, 1278, 1282, 1349
EPR (Ethylene-propylene rubber) 56, 58, 64, 71, 92, 178, 245, 256, 269, 330, 676, 773, 802, 813, 911, 927, 946,
1036-1039, 1060, 1066, 1068, 1079, 1146, 1154, 1171, 1173, 1204, 1324, 1326, 1386
EPR/PA 39, 53, 60, 64, 251, 323, 327, 638, 639, 676, 1067, 1079
EPR/PA/PC 68
EPR/PBT 55, 61, 632, 813
EPR/PC 54, 638
EPR/PE 51-53, 244, 776, 799, 800, 1041
EPR/PE/PP 53, 282, 320, 322, 327, 399, 533, 540, 542, 551, 873, 1143, 1171
EPR/PEST/PAr 71
EPR/PP 20, 21, 27, 28, 56-60, 180, 181, 242, 244, 247, 251, 257, 259, 260, 261, 271, 439, 500,
501, 560, 591, 641, 661, 671, 693, 694, 706, 776, 794-802, 811, 956, 1035, 1036, 1041,
1069, 1174, 1324
EPR/PPE 38, 62, 73, 79, 638
EPR/PPE/PA 66
EPR/PS 27, 29
EPR-amine-functionalized 393-395
EPR-g-GMA 61, 71, 639
EPR-g-MA 35, 40, 48, 55, 60-62, 66, 68, 73, 79, 638, 1067, 1071
EPR-g-SAN 251, 323
 1403

EPR-g-styrene 26
Equation of state (thermodynamic, eos) 6, 47, 124, 126-133, 141, 142, 147, 152, 160, 167, 177, 194, 302, 1168,
1216
Equation of state, rheological 465, 489-491, 657
ESCR (Environmental stress cracking resistance) 50, 69, 74, 81, 84, 87, 327, 672, 728, 1033, 1169, 1171, 1204,
1349
ESD (Electrostatic dissipating blends), 33, 57, 89, 92, 325-327, 926, 970-972, 1193, 1204
ESR (Electron spin resonance) 571, 766, 771, 772, 777, 784, 835, 853, 977, 982, 1007-1009, 1012, 1015
ETA (“Elastomeric thermoplastic alloys”) 1060-1062
ETFE (Ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) 77, 778, 849, 850
EVAc (Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) 17, 91, 92-94, 131, 163, 211, 213, 231, 374, 394, 500, 582, 775, 1204, 1349
EVAc miscible blends 307
EVAc/PA 360, 504, 544, 954
EVAc/PEST 49, 61, 72, 73, 372, 375, 492, 539
EVAc/PO 27, 28, 47, 48, 50, 52, 57-59, 327, 328, 391, 396, 288, 541-543, 564, 636, 777, 790-792,
796-800, 804, 829-832, 845-848, 974, 1154
EVAc/POM 55, 503, 545
EVAc/PPE 62, 66, 638
EVAc/PVC 42-44, 186-188, 629, 954, 1055, 1062
EVAc/Styrenics 31, 33, 37 1141, 1144
EVAc-g-GMA 36, 40, 74, 79, 84
EVAc-g-MA 32, 46
EVAl (Ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol; also EVOH) 4, 47, 57, 66, 73, 94, 1141, 1145, 1153-1156, 1204
EVAl/PA 67, 385, 394, 545, 974
EVAl/PO 50, 312, 503, 504, 507, 508
Excluded volume 127, 302
Extensional deformation 311, 471, 480, 493, 505, 507, 509, 586, 588, 726, 739
Extensional flow field 4, 16, 21, 25, 461, 468, 471, 499, 505, 509, 521, 523, 580, 581, 587-591, 614, 618, 897,
1157
Extensional flow mixer (EFM) 19-21, 51, 499, 501, 523, 540, 582, 587-591, 597, 602, 625, 641, 1130, 1140
Extensional Flow Mixer, Dynamic (DEFM) 602, 625
Extensional flow 4, 16, 25, 51, 75, 450, 461-473, 479, 480, 488, 493, 505, 507, 509, 515-517, 521, 580-
586, 614, 618, 624, 1130, 1140, 1377
Extensional viscosity 461, 464, 469, 470, 479, 515-517, 522, 692, 728; see also: Viscosity, extensional
External degrees of freedom, 3c 129, 141
Extrudate swell parameter, B ≡ d/do 18-19, 383, 467, 469, 485, 515, 520, 521, 677, 692, 694, 699, 728, 729,
739, 1350, 1378
Extruder, general 17, 40, 63, 68, 173, 346-348, 353, 357, 360, 368, 374, 384, 386, 389, 493,497, 507, 564-
566, 568, 570, 595, 601, 602, 604, 609, 623, 625, 655, 684-688, 691-699, 782, 797, 816,
1024, 1029, 1033-1036, 1069, 1071, 1075, 1089, 1098, 1131-1134, 1350, 1366
Extruder, Single-screw (SSE) 4, 21, 343, 497, 501, 506, 507, 580, 589, 595, 598, 599, 618-620, 624, 687, 688,
700-702, 731, 736-739, 782, 783, 803, 813, 828, 835, 840, 843, 840, 843, 850, 1130,
1149, 1175
Extruder, Twin-screw (TSE) 4, 19-21, 28, 40, 59, 96, 353, 365, 498-502, 517, 539, 567, 568, 582, 590, 595-
600, 631-635, 639, 670, 681, 688, 690, 783, 808, 836-839, 843, 844, 851, 1031, 1062,
1126, 1139, 1148 (see also: CORI, CRNI, ICRR)
Extruders with sliding barrel 595, 596
Extruders, Add-ons 624, 625
Extruders, classification & functions 609-618
Extruders, Mini 353, 358, 368, 377
Extruders, Specialty 620-622, 690, 740, 741, 1125
Extruders, TSE vs. SSE 618-620
1404

FA (Fumaric acid) 39, 73, 76, 280-203, 358, 363-365, 1049, 1074
Fatigue 57, 89, 439, 678, 725, 862, 869-871, 873, 878, 881, 948, 960, 971, 1060, 1061, 1063,
1093, 1110, 1324, 1330, 1349, 1350, 1375
Feedstock recycling 93, 607, 1110, 1120, 1147, 1371
Fiber spinning 53, 656, 737-739, 1182
Fibrillation (of drops) 17, 474, 502, 505-507, 584, 585
Filled or reinforced blends 2, 65, 70, 73, 74, 78, 80, 83, 84, 87-90, 186, 274, 461, 468, 504, 506, 564, 587,
616, 654, 671, 673, 676-676-679, 680, 684, 700, 703, 712, 720, 721, 725, 742-745, 813,
864-868, 880, 889, 893, 915, 922, 953, 960-967, 971, 973, 1038, 1039, 1064, 1071, 1078,
1095-1098, 1100, 1103, 1105-1108, 1125, 1146, 1147, 1155, 1177, 1179, 1180, 1324,
1326, 1327, 1334, 1336, 13412, 1351, 1371
Film blowing 521, 626, 656, 735-737
Film cast 189, 549, 562, 563, 566, 628
Film extruded 697, 746
Film 52, 80, 417, 438, 506, 548, 778, 819, 827, 829, 830, 848, 851, 1156
FIM (Flow-induced morphology) see: Morphology, flow-induced
Fire/Flame retardant blends 30, 41, 79, 82, 85, 638, 679, 710, 714, 951, 966, 971, 975, 1046, 1055, 1085,
1105, 1119
Fire/Flame retardant chemicals 779, 797, 862, 963, 920, 921, 942-947, 949, 1002, 1136, 1351
Flame resistance 863, 915-923, 1351
Flame retardancy (FR) 20, 30, 41, 79, 82, 85, 638, 710, 714, 951, 966, 971, 975, 1002, 1045, 1046, 1055, 1105,
1085
Flame retardant 861-863, 922, 929, 942-947, 949
Flammability tests 915-922, 948, 949, 1352
Flammability 861, 915-922, 966, 1047, 1352
Flexural modulus 848, 867, 868, 874, 915, 957, 963, 965, 967, 970, 975, 1037, 1040, 1044, 1047, 1048,
1050, 1051, 1053, 1057, 1068, 1070-1072, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1083, 1087, 1088, 1092,
1094, 1095, 1099, 1101, 1104, 1106, 1352
Flexural strength 564, 777, 778, 813, 853, 867, 869, 900, 949, 1040, 1044, 1047, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1053,
1057, 1068, 1070-1072, 1077, 1078, 1080, 1083, 1087, 1088, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1099,
1101, 1104, 1106, 1352
Flory 5, 123, 128, 138-141, 160, 161, 167, 174, 194, 211, 218, 229, 230, 298, 309, 893, 896,
898, 1015, 1016, 1167, 1188, 1189, 1215, 1216, 1362
Flow in extension/elongation 469, 499-501, 520-523, 540, 587-597, 602, 625
Flow in shear 470, 511-519
Flow of emulsions 458, 473
Flow of suspensions 18, 318, 428, 449-452, 458-471, 476, 489, 501, 520, 524, 625, 668, 669, 694, 771
Flow or behavior, Dilatant 18, 459, 463, 466, 467
Flow or behavior, Pseudoplastic 18, 463, 466, 467, 476, 478, 479, 481, 482, 516, 587, 655, 658
Flow 17, 27, 33, 457, 465-457, 480, 485, 568, 584, 598, 607, 619, 819, 1005, 1352, 1359
Flow-induced degradation 17
Flow-induced encapsulation 75, 116, 128, 188, 189
Flow-induced morphology (FIM) 17, 450, 461, 468, 494, 496, 501-511, 539, 547, 548, 564, 587, 666, 751, 1123
Fluidity additivity relation 486, 509, 510
Fluorescence techniques 185, 186, 982, 985
Fluoropolymers and their blends 76, 77, 85, 357, 694, 1352 (see also individual types)
Foaming/Foamed blends 19, 23-30, 34, 41-44, 48, 51-53, 57, 58, 63, 68, 72, 75, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 94, 95, 60, 155,
430, 478, 524, 620, 672, 673, 723, 775, 789, 798, 799, 906, 917, 954, 960, 975, 1001,
1005, 1033, 1045, 1124, 1125, 1141, 1142, 1145, 1146, 1153, 1155-1157, 1186, 1340,
1352
Fracture mechanics 870-876, 878-887
Fracture mechanics, crazing 20-23, 56, 324, 330, 668, 870, 879, 883, 885-887, 891, 893, 894, 1035, 1043,
1084, 1098, 1109, 1343
 1405

Fracture mechanics, essential work of fracture 884, 885

Fracture mechanics, Griffith equation 878, 882, 885
Fracture mechanics, J-integral 881-885
Fracture mechanics, linear elastic (LEFM) 878, 881, 893
Fracture mechanics, shear banding or yielding 21-23, 668, 870, 880, 883, 885-887, 890, 891, 893, 1035,
1043, 1044, 1056, 1066, 1084, 1098, 1109, 1110, 1125
Fracture mechanisms 22, 256, 325, 360, 362, 367, 371, 385, 426, 589, 625, 668, 671, 771, 776, 801, 807, 826,
832, 837, 845, 846, 861, 863, 869, 872, 889, 890-894, 949, 996, 997, 1030, 1093, 1110,
1338, 1343, 1353, 1381
Fracture toughness 371, 861, 879, 880, 882, 849, 879, 1110, 1190
Fracture, acoustic emission 186
Fracture, melt 520, 699, 739, 1360
Free energy density 298
Free energy of crystal surface 220, 221, 225
Free energy of crystallization/melting 205, 227, 229
Free energy of mixing 12, 135, 141, 143, 161, 162, 168, 169, 191, 205, 452, 487, 511, 894, 896, 898, 902, 1356,
1361
Free energy of nucleation 214, 215, 256, 264
Free energy of surface/interface 248, 253, 282, 297, 455
Free energy 124, 129, 141, 169, 172, 174, 178, 295, 495, 503, 680
Free radical compatibilization 350, 384, 622, 636, 637, 838, 1069, 1126, 1149, 1150
Free radical crosslinking 350, 439, 769, 815
Free radical initiator 427, 1125, 1132, 1371
Free radical polymerization 5, 50, 421, 432, 631, 1042, 1045, 1340, 1349, 1353, 1370, 1379
Free radical scavengers 769, 770, 773, 922, 1008, 1133
Free radicals 758-761, 764-774, 800, 829, 840, 846, 847, 853, 1004, 1008, 1132, 1134, 1136
Free volume frozen fraction, FF 131-132, 137, 187
Free volume lattice model 128-132, 138-142
Free volume vs. flow 6, 127, 458, 482, 483, 485, 486, 516, 537, 660, 1383
Free volume 6, 18, 19, 47, 124, 127, 131-132, 137-139, 142-143, 160, 162, 167-169, 187, 318, 571,
983, 984, 993, 997, 1090
Freeze drying 630, 835, 1353
Frequency relaxation spectrum 484, 485, 513
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) 89, 137, 161, 167, 181, 188, 191-192, 353, 355, 357-362, 365,
366, 368, 370, 373, 375, 377, 382, 384-398, 400, 403, 635, 836, 837, 842, 843, 893, 977,
1011, 1014, 1015, 1126, 1137, 1138, 1149, 1178, 1194, 1217, 1219, 1221, 1227, 1229,
1231-1260, 1264-1274, 1278, 1357
Gas-lattice model 142
Gel content 378, 389, 436, 773, 775-777, 783, 784, 789, 794, 795, 798-802, 804, 806, 810, 811, 828,
830, 833, 835, 840-842, 849, 850
Gel particles 21, 500, 578, 589-591, 625, 1130, 1142
Gel permeation chromatography 353, 355, 359, 372, 373, 379, 380, 387, 628, 635, 843, 1353, 1375
Gel spinning 3, 737, 740
Gelation 423-425, 429, 563, 770, 1353
Gelimat® 604, 622
Geloy® 32, 662, 663, 673, 693, 695, 707, 708, 713, 923, 928, 1047, 1051, 1325, 1328
Gibbs free energy 124, 169, 295, 487
Gibbs phase rule 134
Gibbs-Duhem relationship 127
Glass fiber reinforced blends 2, 55, 60, 84, 90, 274, 278, 359, 361, 385, 461, 463, 507, 606, 617, 634, 638,
676, 678, 679, 680, 684, 703, 719, 720, 721, 725, 742-745, 750, 813, 867, 880, 889, 925,
954-957, 960, 962, 964, 967, 971-073, 987, 1038, 1039, 1052, 10644, 1069, 1071, 1076,
1406

1078, 1095-1098, 1100, 1103-1109, 1146, 1147, 1174, 1177, 1193, 1205, 1324-1331,
1334, 1351
Glass transition temperature, Tg 19, 28, 136, 137, 177, 186-188, 191, 205, 206, 212, 215, 236, 240, 254, 318,
341, 421-427, 433, 435, 437, 440, 481, 482, 484, 518, 519, 560, 562, 564, 571, 599, 630,
658, 671, 678, 740, 893, 967, 978-981, 988-990, 996, 1000, 1006, 1043, 1052, 1053,
1065, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1089, 1091, 1103, 1104, 1107, 1110, 1158, 1168, 1217, 1354
Glassy state 6, 127, 132, 136-138, 180, 250, 268, 322, 436, 438, 872, 886, 978-981, 996, 997, 1354
Gleissle's principle 522
GMA (Glycidyl methacrylate) 31, 33-40, 46, 49, 52-58, 61, 62, 66-68, 71-75, 78, 79, 84, 177, 189, 280-283,
307, 325, 326, 357, 358, 363, 365-368, 370-373, 377-379, 389, 390, 392, 394, 636, 638,
770, 899, 1067, 1068, 1074, 1100, 1101, 1105, 1141, 1143, 1203, 1205, 1209, 1210,
1238, 1244
Gomez-Monleon (G-M) model 979, 980, 982-984
Gradient IPN 417, 440, 442
Graft copolymer by degradative process 352-381
Graft copolymer by transreation 347-352
Graft copolymer for compatibilization 15, 27, 28, 30-42, 45, 51-53, 58, 60, 62, 76, 79, 86, 136, 300-322, 330,
347-381, 504, 569-571, 591, 613, 615, 629, 1098, 1105, 1107, 1144, 1151, 1153, 1154,
1169, 1171, 1175, 1193
Graft copolymer for toughening 26, 27, 31, 32, 42, 44, 47-49, 55, 324, 1057, 1170, 1173
Graft copolymer PA/PO 52, 60, 326, 357-368, 569, 570, 730, 737, 1003, 1065, 1069
Graft copolymer PA/PPE 365, 366
Graft copolymer PA/Styrenics 366-368, 370, 371, 386, 1049, 1070
Graft copolymer PC/Acrylics 33, 34, 695, 714, 1046
Graft copolymer PC/Styrenics 31, 34, 40, 82
Graft copolymer PEST/PO 55, 61, 71, 371-377, 389, 390
Graft copolymer PO/PO 51-53, 58, 380, 396, 810
Graft copolymer PO/Styrenics 26,-28, 37, 44, 327, 381, 381, 395
Graft copolymer PPE/PEST 82, 376, 377
Graft copolymer PPE/PO 61, 62
Graft copolymer PPE/Styrenics 30, 38, 39, 82, 364, 379, 380, 679
Graft copolymer PVC/Acrylics 32, 42, 328, 695, 1054, 1055
Graft copolymer with homopolymer 294, 301-302
Graft copolymer 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 31, 32, 51, 281, 304, 305, 316, 317, 340, 401, 430, 504, 550, 569, 909-
911, 1000, 1002, 1071, 1086, 1090, 1093, 1107, 1128, 1170, 1220, 1343, 1354, 1358
Graft copolymer, characteristics and types 17-18, 27-56
Grafted ABS 32, 42, 328, 330, 358, 368, 377, 1052
Grafted Acrylic elastomer 31, 42, 72, 669, 695, 714, 910, 1042, 1054-1057, 1086, 1098
Grafted EPR or EPDM 26, 27, 32, 38, 55, 62, 71, 636, 673, 1042, 1066, 1086, 1170, 1173
Grafted EVAc 636, 638, 1055
Grafted other polymers 33, 34, 40, 76, 185, 356, 638, 668, 817, 839, 927, 1002
Grafted PB 31, 32, 34, 42, 45, 77, 430, 550, 673, 674, 1042, 1045, 1046, 1086, 1088, 1090, 1151,
1378
Grafted PC 45, 77, 638
Grafted PE 28, 47, 51, 53, 55, 361, 362, 380, 389, 395, 636, 730, 1034, 1171
Grafted PO 60-62, 358, 371, 390, 392, 504, 569, 637, 1037
Grafted Polysiloxane 82, 393, 435, 636
Grafted PP 27, 58, 60-62, 281, 326, 327, 366, 376, 392, 393, 504, 569, 637, 737, 845, 847, 1061,
1069, 1144
Grafted PPE 38, 39, 76, 78, 79, 679, 899
Grafted SB-copolymers 35, 37, 38, 79, 326, 358, 390, 569, 626
Grafted Starch or Lignin 94, 134, 1153, 1154
 1407

Grafting 15, 16, 23, 78, 94, 136, 185, 340-381, 391-393, 401, 404, 418, 422, 428, 431, 432, 435,
634-639, 666-674, 679, 711, 751, 768, 769, 772, 773, 777, 837-847, 850, 927, 1004,
1025-1039, 1042, 1045, 1049, 1052, 1056, 1061, 1064, 1066, 1067, 1074, 1075, 1132,
1144
Graphite nano-tubes 961, 966, 972
Gross frequency relaxation function 484, 485, 513
Group contribution methods 14, 160, 164, 435, 456, 904, 905, 1187
G-value for radiolytic yield in high-energy radiation 761-772
Hairy rod polymers 3
HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) 95, 1008, 1014, 1133-1136, 1139, 1148, 1205
Hansen’s solubility parameters, δ 162-166, 897, 901-904
Hardness measurements 869, 870, 949
Hardness 33, 44, 55, 58, 84, 177, 322, 327, 358, 572, 671, 694, 698, 708, 718, 723, 774-778, 796,
798, 817, 831, 836, 851, 852, 974, 1037, 1040, 1047, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1057, 1059,
1061, 1063, 1068, 1072, 1093, 1094, 1101, 1126, 1150, 1324, 1347, 1355, 1372, 1374
Hard-sphere suspensions 451, 458-461
Haze measurements 928-930, 949
Haze 37, 52, 684, 692, 711, 778, 848, 1341, 1355
HDPE (High density polyethylene) 3, 5, 23, 49, 50, 130, 164, 165, 521, 588, 597, 636, 658, 659, 678, 703,
728-730, 740, 796, 797, 927, 1118, 1119, 1123, 1125, 1139, 1146, 1147, 1356, 1384
HDPE/Elastomer 51, 244, 736, 776, 804, 805, 815, 823-826, 1025, 1033, 1034
HDPE/Fluoropolymer 694
HDPE/LDPE or LLDPE 51, 52, 151, 180, 185, 211, 213, 226, 227, 269, 396, 541, 637, 661, 671, 692, 694, 705,
706, 741, 766, 775, 782, 783, 795, 796, 926, 1032, 1033, 1123, 1294
HDPE/PA 53, 244, 245, 275, 277, 358-365, 384, 503-510, 539, 541, 636, 660, 667, 670, 693, 730,
960, 1034, 1035, 1065
HDPE/PC 242, 268, 375, 541, 661, 685, 716, 749, 873
HDPE/PEST 55, 244, 272, 372, 373, 377, 379, 390, 402, 541, 697
HDPE/POM 56, 244, 276
HDPE/PP 53, 59, 244, 270-275, 399, 541, 567, 709, 853, 873, 1035, 1138, 1171
HDPE/PPE 54, 731
HDPE/PPS 244, 273, 277
HDPE/PVC 43, 400, 1195
HDPE/Styrenics 26-28, 37, 242, 251, 259, 266, 326, 328, 395, 453, 500, 503, 504, 516, 537, 568, 591,
599, 698, 722, 723, 777, 778, 838, 1033, 1034, 1171
HDT (Heat deflection temperature) 29-40, 43, 45, 48, 59-91, 94, 327, 329, 343, 370, 377, 673, 674, 677-680, 741,
768, 828, 873, 1345, 1355
HDT measurements 913-915
Heat capacity, Cp 125-127, 187, 261, 659, 734, 863, 904, 950, 979-981, 986, 987
Heat capacity, measurements 909-913
Heat of mixing (or analog calorimetry) method 144-160
Heat of mixing, ∆Hm 135, 144-145, 147-159, 167, 183, 228, 897, 1043, 1187, 1189, 1361
Heat resistance 33-35, 51, 58, 62, 69-73, 76, 78, 79, 82-85, 87, 91, 660, 672, 678, 679, 701, 721, 827,
850, 862, 951-955, 957-968, 1029-1031, 1038, 1042, 1048, 1049, 1064, 1067, 1069-
1080, 1082, 1091, 1102, 1107, 1110, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1331, 1355
Heat stability 34, 87, 342, 343, 691, 695, 698, 703, 968, 1036, 1355
Heat stabilizers see: Stabilizer, heat
Heat-shrinkable products 768, 770, 848-850
Heikens 23, 504
Helfand and Tagami 14, 178, 248, 296-299, 304, 322, 455, 509, 537, 591, 592
Helfand 14-15, 178, 278, 296, 296-300, 302, 306, 308, 310, 455, 481, 489, 537, 538
Helmholtz free energy 124, 129, 141, 169, 177
1408

Hess cycle 177, 183

Heterogeneous nucleation see: Nucleation, Heterogeneous
High speed (impact) tests 22, 323, 330, 872-894, 1126, 1149, 1356, 1357
Hildebrand 138, 160, 161, 178, 896, 897, 902
Hindered phenols, antioxidant 15, 95, 815, 1001, 1008, 1133-1136, 1148, 1154
HIPS (High-impact PS) 20-27, 29, 31, 35-37, 45, 46, 53, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 93, 95, 324, 331, 422, 552, 562, 662,
666, 668, 671, 672, 682, 695, 703, 707, 710, 711, 726, 734, 748, 871-873, 879, 881, 884,
893, 930, 964, 970, 971, 1029, 1042, 1043, 1052, 1132, 1133, 1144, 1341, 1356
HIPS/ABS 552-555, 673
HIPS/PC 77, 674
HIPS/PEST 73, 76, 325
HIPS/PO 28, 37, 38, 95, 323, 326-328, 396, 516, 556
HIPS/POM 75
HIPS/PPE 39, 54, 63, 78, 329, 544, 637, 662, 665, 672, 682, 685, 695, 698, 703, 708, 717, 731, 732,
743, 749, 910, 911, 953, 956, 961, 1027, 1043-1046, 1052, 1074-1079, 1085, 1093-1096,
1330
HIPS/PPS 701
HIPS/SBS 26, 37, 38, 328
Historical notes 1-7, 24, 601, 654, 687
Hodge model 977, 979, 981, 983-987, 991
Hoffman-Weeks plot 218, 227-232, 240
Homogenization 21, 56, 153, 488, 507, 564, 577, 578, 581, 590, 601, 605, 611, 614, 621, 623, 631, 634,
1081, 1122, 1146, 1157, 1361
Homologous polymer blends 12, 76, 452, 457, 458, 482, 518, 537, 540, 542-544, 581, 759, 1122, 1356
Homomicronizer® 622, 1149
Hookean behavior 464, 950, 1348, 1356, 1370
Huggins-Flory (H-F) theory 138-140, 143, 161, 167, 194, 218, 230, 231, 298, 309, 893, 896, 898, 1167,
1188, 1189, 1215, 1216
Humidity effects 682, 925, 1005, 1006, 1013, 1064, 1065, 1081, 1147, 1153, 1155, 1170, 1340, 1342, 1383
Hydrodynamic interactions 451, 459, 462, 465, 474, 476
Hydrogen bonding 153, 161-163, 191, 192, 276, 306, 366, 434, 592, 675, 893-897, 901, 902, 921, 1049,
1063, 1064, 1129, 1149, 1168, 1178, 1187, 1216, 1217, 1245
Hydrolysis 10, 374, 381, 391, 683-686, 978, 1045, 1065, 1093, 1102, 1103, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1151,
1152, 1155, 1290, 1340, 1356
Hydroperoxide decomposers 36, 38, 44; see also Peroxide decomposer
Hydroperoxide 15, 397, 398, 414, 760, 769, 770, 794, 1012, 1014, 1133, 1136, 1137; see also CHP
Hypalon® 770, 1255, 1278
Hyperbolic flow 471, 488, 583, 584
Hyperbolic interfaces 318, 321
Hyperbolic point 581, 582
Hysteresis of performance 481, 870, 871, 883, 884, 1356
ICRR (Intermeshing counter-rotating, TSE) 500, 501, 598-600, 602, 603, 609-612, 614-619, 631, 632, 636-640,
689, 1146, 1159, 1336
Imidized acrylate copolymer 32, 41-43, 68, 75, 368-370, 375, 1052, 1156, 1253, 1289
Immiscible blends 12-25, 30, 63, 87, 134, 188, 193, 205, 241-285, 296, 299, 306, 316-329, 340, 343-405,
450, 452, 453, 458-482, 489-523, 537, 539, 774, 811, 890, 1000, 1002, 1122, 1127, 1147,
1169, 1186
Impact modified PA 34, 38, 39, 48, 52, 60, 63, 67, 69, 82, 307, 360, 367, 368, 675, 676, 710, 718, 731, 791,
794, 795, 1049, 1050, 1063-1081
Impact modified PC 33, 34, 52, 54, 68, 74, 77, 82, 677, 678, 714, 722, 850, 909, 953, 988, 989, 982, 996,
1046-1048, 1051, 1082-1092
Impact modified PEST 35, 38, 39, 49, 55, 61, 65, 70-73, 374, 377, 569, 637, 677, 720, 813, 953, 1097-1101
 1409

Impact modified PMMA 47, 48, 464, 564, 675, 848, 1056-1058
Impact modified POM 55, 74, 75, 678, 1092, 1093
Impact modified PP 50-59, 500, 501, 540, 555, 671, 803, 808, 810, 888-893, 1035-1039, 1060
Impact modified PPE 38, 62, 66, 76, 78, 79, 403, 544, 678, 679, 731, 953, 955, 057, 1044, 1093-1097
Impact modified PPS 81-83, 983, 1105, 1106
Impact modified PS 24-27, 422, 552, 672, 710, 835-838, 840, 841, 880, 1029, 1039, 1042, 1043, 1356
Impact modified PSF 35, 36, 69, 77, 83, 85, 680, 1102, 1103, 1177
Impact modified PVC 32, 37, 41-44, 48, 52, 674, 695, 911, 954, 1046, 1050, 1051, 1054, 1055, 1058
Impact modifier 23, 46, 51, 54, 64, 316, 323-329, 343, 344, 358, 360, 364, 367, 368, 377, 384, 388, 431,
663, 927, 996, 1052, 1054, 1128, 1129, 1140 1141, 1190
Impact resistance 27, 33, 35-38, 43, 46, 53, 55, 58-62, 65, 68, 71-83, 85, 88, 90, 92, 326, 327, 343, 423,
442, 660, 667, 671, 674, 677, 714, 720, 722, 750, 835, 840, 862, 875, 887, 891, 953, 954,
957, 958, 960, 962-968, 972-974, 1143, 1329, 1331, 1347, 1349
Impact strength 13, 16, 21-30, 32-39, 41, 43, 44, 48, 52-56, 58-62, 66, 85-89, 271, 296, 306, 323-330,
340, 343, 356, 422, 423, 430, 431, 436, 438, 453, 591, 595, 660, 663, 666, 668-671, 685,
693, 695, 733, 743, 748, 776, 779, 784, 794, 795, 801, 803, 811, 837, 862, 872-878, 885-
888, 895, 930, 949, 951-975, 1030-1034, 1052, 1121, 1126, 1130, 1143-1150, 1169-
1173, 1177, 1188, 1324-1331, 1338, 1340, 1347, 1356-1358
Impact test, Charpy 861, 875-878, 893, 894, 1064, 1340, 1357
Impact test, Izod 21, 22, 36, 39, 53, 66, 68, 72, 81, 82, 84, 307, 324, 329, 423, 555, 677, 743, 778, 791,
794, 795, 836-838, 840, 841, 848, 861, 875-879, 891, 894, 953, 954, 957, 963, 967, 970,
1030, 1031, 1035-1040, 1044-1051, 1053, 1054, 1056, 1057, 1064-1072, 1074, 1076-
1080, 1082-1084, 1088, 1090-1095, 1098-1102, 1104, 1354, 1358, 1359
Incineration of plastics 1120, 1121
Industrial plastics scrap 13, 37, 93, 95, 620, 625, 730, 748, 750, 962, 965, 1118, 1119, 1121, 1125, 1126, 1138,
1140, 1141, 1144-1149, 1157, 1173, 1174, 1193-1195, 1371, 1373, 1380
Infrared spectroscopy see: FTIR
Injection molding 4, 12, 29, 35, 74-78, 88, 90, 94, 169, 296, 339, 383, 507, 515, 564, 567, 605, 631, 633,
654, 656, 659, 666, 668, 670-681, 683-686, 698-728, 731, 741-743, 746, 750, 800, 810-
813, 836-838, 840, 841, 851, 853, 951, 954, 956, 961-963, 1035, 1039, 1045, 1046, 1050,
1060, 1067, 1069, 1090, 1097, 1106, 1109, 1126, 1134, 1145, 1156-1158, 1170, 1181,
1190, 1324-1331, 1341, 1345, 1353, 1355, 1357, 1371, 1376, 1378
Insulating materials, electricity 325, 922-928, 1346, 1348, 1383
Insulating materials, heat 28, 30, 969, 1352
Interaction between particles 451, 459, 462-469, 467, 477, 517, 524
Interaction parameter see: Binary interaction parameter
Interaction parameters, segmental 128, 153, 157, 159, 166, 204, 296, 591, 1169
Interactions between phases 205, 243, 316, 322, 340, 346, 435, 449, 452, 465, 469, 471, 502, 515, 516, 591,
667, 743, 788, 809, 913
Interactions in solution 134, 135
Interactions, drop-drop 477
Interactions, hydrodynamic 459, 476
Interactions, intermolecular 160-163, 179, 181-183, 205, 212, 220, 229, 230, 240, 295, 489, 521, 796, 837,
849, 862, 889, 894, 908, 913, 1107
Interactions, specific 18, 19, 31, 33, 41, 96, 138, 142, 158, 160-162, 165-169, 188, 190-192, 204, 214, 261,
282, 305, 306, 321, 322, 341, 401, 419, 458, 483, 571, 592, 794, 893, 896, 899, 901, 909,
1001, 1003, 1049, 1065, 1070, 1122, 1127, 1168, 1170, 1178, 1187-1189
Interchange reaction see Redistribution
Interface undulation 570
Interface 12-15, 18, 123, 135, 205, 211, 212, 243, 246-248, 250, 252, 253, 256, 261, 269-282, 284,
311, 314, 316-322, 331, 340, 341, 346, 348-351, 382, 386, 389, 404, 405, 432, 434, 470,
471, 475, 476, 481, 489, 631, 634, 641, 709, 801, 810, 812, 837, 889, 930, 1003, 1011,
1410

1029, 1034, 1049, 1064, 1066, 1069, 1074, 1127,1128, 1170, 1188, 1191, 1192, 1194,
1334, 1358, 1368
Interface/Interphase theory 14, 295-308, 455, 456, 537, 567, 568, 591-593
Interfacial (interphase) thickness 14, 15, 23, 93, 178, 185, 193, 297-301, 316, 318, 320, 455, 481, 537, 554, 591
Interfacial adhesion 83, 91, 340, 344, 351, 357, 668, 837, 1029, 1030, 1035, 1039, 1046, 1049, 1181, 1182,
1188
Interfacial area 15, 252, 271, 298, 302, 304, 311, 323, 347, 369, 450, 477, 489, 508, 513, 558, 569, 570,
579, 580, 594, 690, 1130
Interfacial area, growth 7
Interfacial composition profile 297, 302
Interfacial free energy see: Free energy of surface/interface
Interfacial properties 12, 295, 296, 304, 322, 341, 502, 1117, 1148, 1342, 1343
Interfacial tension coefficient, determination 308-316, 359, 363, 365, 369, 372, 375
Interfacial tension coefficient, ν12 12, 14, 15, 51, 62, 166, 174, 178, 205, 248, 252, 259, 263, 267, 268, 278, 281,
295, 297, 298, 302-305, 308-318, 329, 340, 423, 455-457, 471-481, 487, 490, 493, 495-
498, 506, 508, 513, 515, 517, 567-570, 582, 586, 591-593, 1033, 1127, 1129, 1144, 1148,
1188; see also: Interfacial tension methods
Interfacial tension, ν12 – Capillary breakup method 312-314, 474, 493, 585
Interfacial tension, ν12 – Drop retraction method (DDRM) 310-312, 314, 317, 456, 495
Interfacial tension, ν12 – Pendant drop method 310-312, 314, 317, 456, 495
Interfacial tension, ν12 – Spinning drop method 311
Interference microscopy 547, 548
Interlamellar region (segregation) 184, 209-211, 214, 216, 226, 240, 558
Interlayer slip 17, 18, 468, 491, 502, 509-511, 516, 520, 539, 540, 667, 751
Intermolecular entanglements see: Entanglement
Internal mixer 4, 20, 21, 353-377, 379-402, 404, 454, 497, 499, 593-604, 623, 637, 782, 783, 786, 787,
794, 807, 813, 815, 819, 823, 831, 833, 852, 1336
Interpenetrating networks 21, 813, 837, 952, 1033, 1169, 1191, 1236; see also IPN
Interphase 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 93, 135, 178, 211, 212, 295-329, 340, 344, 346, 421, 426, 450, 452,
455-458, 470, 471, 473, 475, 478, 481, 501, 509, 510, 515, 516, 524, 544, 591, 689, 811,
873, 899, 1071
Interspherulitic segregation 206, 208, 210
Intrinsic viscosity, [η] 6, 135, 160, 182, 183, 454, 460, 461, 470, 471, 478, 516, 745, 769, 1293, 1358
Ionic interactions 306, 340, 341, 350, 389, 401-404, 1038, 1064, 1128, 1358, 1365, 1379, 1380
Ionomeric interactions 350, 388, 391, 392, 402, 403, 730, 1101
IPN (Interpenetrating polymer network) 10-12, 404, 417-442, 1038, 1079, 1093, 1107, 1190, 1261, 1358
IPNs from renewable resources 438, 440, 441
Irradiation see: Electron irradiation, Gamma irradiation, Radiolysis
Irradiation by electron beam 766, 768, 770-774, 783, 789, 790-791, 797, 799, 800, 808-819, 821, 828, 829,
830, 836, 837, 841, 842, 845, 847, 851, 853
Irradiation by gamma-ray 762, 763, 766, 772-774, 782-789, 793-809, 813, 823, 825, 827, 831-836, 838, 842-847,
851-853
Irradiation by UV 93, 1007, 1009, 1012, 1014, 1136, 1151, 1152
Irradiation crosslinking 12, 771, 773, 783, 784, 795, 809, 810, 813, 824, 827, 839, 849, 1003, 1004, 1293, 1344
Irradiation degradation 84, 767, 769, 770-772, 782, 784, 809, 827, 829, 833, 837, 838, 1003, 1004
Irrotational flow field 461, 462
Isocyanate-containing species 62, 66, 71, 73, 79, 359, 362, 384, 428, 638, 1261
Isopropenyl oxazoline (IPO) 370, 371, 381, 393-395, 1249
Itaconic acid ester 243, 267
Itaconic acid or anhydride 358, 364, 1002, 1222, 1269
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) 8, 9, 1217
Izod impact strength see: Impact test, Izod
 1411

JSW (Japan Steel Works) 4, 602, 610-614

KAHR isothermal model 977, 981-984
Kinematics of mixing/deformation 497, 508, 580-587, 593
Kinetics of aging/degradation 984, 989, 1002, 1005
Kinetics of chemical reaction 353, 366, 380, 405, 634, 689
Kinetics of coalescence 1131, 1139; see also: Coalescence rate
Kinetics of crystallization see: Crystallization kinetics
Kinetics of interactions 167, 465, 1131
Kinetics of phase separation 171, 193, 422, 425, 431
K-mixer® (Kinetic-energy mixer) 604; see also: Gelimat® and Homomicronizer®
Kneading blocks 598, 609, 611, 689, 693, 1031
Kneading elements 4, 501, 596, 598, 602, 611, 615, 632, 634, 689, 694, 1358
Kneading section/zone 499, 599, 601, 615, 1126, 1150
Koningsveld 138, 142, 145, 177, 183, 184
Kraton® 36, 40, 264, 322, 439, 516, 777, 840, 841
Krieger-Dougherty equation 454, 460, 466
Kuhn 7, 48, 137, 298, 300, 472, 474, 481, 487, 494, 1377
KWW (Kolrausch, Williams, Watts) equation 980, 992, 993
Lamellar/Laminar morphology 270, 301, 481, 504, 507, 508, 667, 670, 693, 699, 710, 729, 732, 736, 862, 1034,
1035
Laminar flow 450, 578, 580, 612, 620, 621, 1130, 1359
Laminar mixing 508, 578-582, 594, 621
Landfill 969, 975, 1119, 1121, 1122
Langmuir-Blodgett technique 1192
Latex blending 5, 13, 40, 43, 44, 625
Latex blends 22, 29, 33, 94, 324, 464, 505, 550, 840, 1045, 1154, 1192
Latex IPN (LIPN) 12, 417, 419, 421, 426-438, 442, 1191, 1359
Lattice cluster theory (LCT) 143, 144
Lattice theories 138-143, 167, 194, 296, 297, 299, 455, 591
Laws of thermodynamics 125-127
Layered structures 437, 1193
LCP (Liquid crystal polymer) 17, 24, 29, 61-63, 81, 84-92, 342, 371, 372, 506, 509, 511, 519, 520, 635, 698,
843, 844, 952, 967, 971, 1102, 1105, 1106, 1125, 1147, 1175, 1178, 1181, 1182, 1191,
1359
LCP/LTG 74, 86, 91
LCP/PEEK 84, 85, 87, 679, 724-726, 874, 1003, 1101, 1182, 1331
LCP/PEST 89, 90, 307, 352, 354, 355, 372, 373, 379, 383, 386, 387, 545, 546, 560, 874
LCP/PO 17,55, 56, 61-63, 90, 327, 373, 510, 539, 542, 698, 779, 843, 873, 874, 1135
LCP/PPE 90, 91, 377
LCST see: Critical solution temperature, lower: LCST
LDPE or LLDPE (Low or linear low density polyethylene) 3-5, 19, 25, 48-50, 56, 130, 164, 165, 227, 233, 269,
521, 578, 605, 658, 692, 703, 727, 728, 735, 736, 766, 782, 885, 927, 1004, 1041, 1118,
1118, 1122, 1123, 1141, 1142, 1148, 1153, 1154-1156, 1171, 1172
LDPE/EPDM or EPR 51, 52, 233, 235, 244, 396, 522, 776, 800-808
LDPE/HDPE 151, 180, 185, 211, 226, 227, 396, 541, 637, 661, 671, 692, 694, 705, 706, 744, 775, 782,
926, 1123, 1126, 1147, 1150, 1294
LDPE/LLDPE 25, 52, 210, 213, 235, 396, 486, 514, 541, 542, 1032, 1033, 1139
LDPE/PA 39, 53, 244, 245, 272, 275, 277, 312, 344, 358, 360, 361, 362, 365, 383-385, 544, 670,
775, 791-796, 1065, 1145
LDPE/PC 40, 54, 242, 329, 513, 514, 540, 542, 544, 873, 1082, 1083
LDPE/PEST 55, 244, 272, 329, 375
LDPE/PMMA 48, 242
1412

LDPE/POM 55, 61
LDPE/PP 51-53, 57, 59, 244, 248, 250, 255, 256, 270, 271, 273, 275, 277, 282, 327, 397, 514, 542,
550, 551, 705, 775, 783-790, 816, 1035
LDPE/PPE/Styrenics 54
LDPE/PS 25, 27-29, 37, 242, 251, 264, 268, 297, 312, 314, 328, 380, 395, 398, 400, 489, 491, 503,
504, 514, 516, 538, 540, 541, 543, 596, 775, 777, 839, 848
Leistritz 4, 601, 610-613, 615, 637, 639, 641
Lennard-Jones potential 129, 459
Light scattering 6, 135, 136, 167, 171, 178, 179-185, 216, 314, 354, 355, 387, 456, 486, 494, 507, 548,
556-558, 561, 569, 571, 572, 629, 748, 908, 930, 1137, 1179, 1194, 1226, 1230, 1235,
1236, 1242, 1244, 1246, 1247, 1252, 1257, 1264, 1269, 1278
Light stabilizers see: HALS; Stabilisers, Light
Light transmittance 928, 929, 950
Linear block copolymer 480
Liquid crystal polymers see: LCP
Liquid-liquid phase separation 13, 88, 138, 142, 167-179, 183, 184, 186, 191, 193, 206, 232, 237, 241, 298,
300, 308, 321, 348, 351, 355, 423-425, 432, 433, 436, 480-489, 492, 501, 519, 538, 548,
552, 556, 560, 562-566, 626, 628-630, 794, 816, 841, 897, 898, 908, 930, 989, 1001,
1007-1009, 1126, 1127, 1143, 1178, 1179, 1183, 1186, 1189, 1190, 1194, 1226, 1252,
1262, 1270, 1295, 1376
LLDPE (Linear low density polyethylene) see: LDPE
Log-additivity rule for viscosity 18, 457, 458, 487, 491, 510-512, 517
Log-additivity rule 18, 457, 458, 487, 491, 510, 511
Long chain branching 5, 19, 49, 1041, 1156, 1359
Low speed mechanical tests 22, 863-873
Low temperature toughness 32, 34, 35, 39, 43, 50, 51, 53, 56-59, 74, 77, 80, 82, 328, 668, 671, 676, 678,
680-682, 718, 748, 810, 953-955, 960, 962, 969, 971, 974, 1036-1038, 1047, 1049, 1052,
1055, 1063, 1066, 1067, 1074, 1076, 1082-1087, 1090, 1324, 1326-1329
Lower critical solution temperature see: Critical solution temperature, lower, LCST
Low-friction blends 45, 63, 80, 91, 1105
LTG (Low temperature phosphate glasses) 74, 81, 83-86, 91, 1206
Lyngaae-Jørgensen 16, 453, 480, 487, 494, 495, 503, 510, 537-541, 585, 586, 598, 1130
MAA (methacrylic acid) 357, 359, 367-370, 375, 379, 438, 904-905
MABS (methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) 29, 40, 46, 68, 673
MABS/PVC 32, 41, 42, 328, 330
Macromolecular assemblies, definition and nomenclature 8, 11
Macromolecular species, nomenclature 7-9
MAH (Maleic anhydride) 16, 31-34, 37, 45, 52, 62, 68, 93, 156, 280, 281, 283, 317, 357, 358, 371, 388, 504, 540,
568, 569, 615, 638, 674, 737, 899, 973, 1003, 1029, 1038, 1042, 1049, 1052, 1066, 1069,
1074-1076, 1086, 1108, 1146, 1170-1174, 1177, 1220, 1223, 1230, 1231, 1235, 1249,
1259, 1261, 1263, 1264, 1276, 1282, 1284, 1285, 1287, 1288, 1290, 1291
Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation 6
Maximum packing volume fraction, φm, 454, 459, 460, 461, 464, 471, 1130
Maxwell EME 596, 604, 621
Maxwell thermodynamic equations 126
Maxwell-Voigt model 7, 588
MBS (Methylmethacrylate-co-butadiene-co-styrene) 31, 32, 46, 1056, 1058, 1066, 1084, 1151
MBS/PC 33, 34, 40, 74, 75, 77, 544, 678, 1084
MBS/PEST 35, 69, 71-73, 88, 1088, 1090, 1098, 1100
MBS/PO 48, 59, 68, 70, 77
MBS/PPE 73, 79, 136
MBS/PPS 79, 83
 1413

MBS/PSF 36, 84, 307, 1102

MBS/PVC 32, 42, 43, 45, 324, 328, 330, 954, 1046, 1052, 1054, 1058
MCQ model 1187
Measures of mixedness 497, 581, 594
Mechanical compatibilization 13, 502, 1126, 1141, 1149, 1169, 1171-1173, 1175
Mechanical degradation 17, 613, 615, 617, 703, 750, 751, 1004-1006, 1132
Mechanical free radical generation 350, 389-391, 393, 425, 635, 1125
Mechanical properties 3, 23, 27, 28, 31-39, 43, 48, 51-53, 56-58, 61, 62, 64-95, 173, 204, 256, 269, 280, 296,
305, 306, 319, 323-330, 339, 343, 344, 354-375, 377-381, 383-403, 424, 431, 438-440,
500, 503, 506, 578, 591, 595, 626, 627, 628, 639, 663, 670, 672, 675, 677, 680, 684, 685,
688, 703, 710-712, 716, 720, 724, 728, 729, 843, 845, 847, 848, 852, 853, 899, 900, 908,
926, 961-967, 974, 975, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1039-1041, 1044, 1047, 1048, 1050-1053,
1057, 1059, 1063, 1068, 1070-1074, 1077, 1078, 1091-1095, 1097, 1099-1102, 1104,
1106, 1125, 1127, 1141, 1155-1157, 1169, 1172, 1180, 1182, 1184, 1191, 1192, 1326,
1327, 1360
Mechanical properties, testing 22, 177, 605, 794, 838, 863-895, 978, 982, 993, 1000
Mechanical recycling 25, 1118-1121
Medical applications 41, 52, 57, 74, 204, 422, 438-442, 758, 768, 784, 816, 817, 844, 845, 847, 851, 853, 953,
967-969, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1080, 1091, 1102, 1104, 1109, 1155-1157, 1174, 1190, 1191,
1325
Melt elasticity 19, 520, 521, 621, 653, 660, 751, 1041
Melt flow 50, 83, 85, 480, 481, 617, 636, 656, 672, 795, 810, 962, 968, 972, 973, 1034, 1036, 1039,
1064, 1067, 1075, 1106, 1133, 1175
Melt fracture 520, 699, 739, 1360
Melt mixers 602-625
Melt spinning see: Fiber spinning
Melt strength 27, 56, 59, 68, 75, 439, 681, 728, 733, 954, 956, 960, 1060, 1360
Melt viscosity 17, 44, 47, 80, 82, 84, 248, 249, 253, 259, 263, 272, 273, 284, 322, 327, 379, 425, 516,
520, 663, 677, 685, 696, 698, 725, 733, 734, 742, 745, 775, 795, 796, 813, 956, 967, 968,
1036, 1043, 1068, 1074-1076, 1093, 1096, 1105, 1106, 1142, 1148, 1172
Melting endotherms 232-235
Melting point depression 181, 229-232
Melting temperature, Tm 206, 207, 229-234,
Memory effect 768, 796, 853, 1366
Metal plating 550, 551, 1360
Metallocene catalyst 5, 24, 27, 50, 51, 56, 86, 1171; see also: Catalyst, metallocene-type
Metallocene polymer blends 52, 53, 58, 1041, 1042, 1173
Metallocene polymers 5, 6, 28, 56, 57, 86, 590, 1041, 1141, 1172
Metastable phase 168, 170, 236, 423-425, 1127, 1189, 1337
Metastable system (pinned) 88, 172
Micelles 14, 15, 19, 25, 193, 301, 303, 305, 308, 314, 318, 319, 321, 330, 340, 346, 516, 517, 559,
570, 592, 1128, 1361
Micro-domains 299, 319, 320, 481
Microfibrils 63, 90
Micro-foamed blends 23, 29
Micro-phase separation 193, 300, 318, 321, 480, 519, 630, 930, 1215
Microrheological parameters 16, 296, 471, 739
Microrheology of emulsions 458, 471-475
Microrheology 16, 455, 458, 461, 489, 492, 496, 498, 499, 501, 502, 505, 523, 539, 540, 578, 582, 589,
593, 599, 668, 736, 777, 839, 1129
Microscopy, Atomic force (AFM) 191, 193, 316, 429, 572, 1192, 1194, 1373
Microscopy, back-scattered electron image 547, 556
Microscopy, confocal 548
1414

Microscopy, general 137, 177, 191-193, 314, 422, 423, 456, 507, 748, 890, 1059, 1182, 1220, 1221, 1225-
1252, 1256, 1261, 1262, 1265, 1268-1280, 1295
Microscopy, Optical (OM) 192, 208-210, 216, 272, 323, 354-358, 361, 362, 365, 367, 369, 372, 373, 375,
379, 385, 395, 397, 399, 403, 548, 549, 572, 705, 888, 1244, 1262
Microscopy, Optical waveguide (OWM) 547, 549
Microscopy, Phase contrast (PCM) 548, 1178, 1233, 1261, 1272, 1295
Microscopy, Photon tunneling (PTM) 547-549
Microscopy, Polarized light 548, 571, 886, 1337, 1345, 1346, 1366
Microscopy, Scanning electron (SEM) 191, 193, 267, 318, 322, 353-388, 390-404, 433, 491, 555, 556, 563,
572, 627-629, 670, 705, 771, 775-777, 793-796, 801, 810, 811, 826, 827, 832, 833, 837,
839, 844, 850, 889-892, 1169, 1294, 1295, 1372
Microscopy, Scanning near-field optical (SNOM) 547-549
Microscopy, Scanning transmission electron (STEM) 192, 554, 555, 1373
Microscopy, Surface plasmon (SPM) 547-549
Microscopy, Transmission electron (TEM) 191, 193, 314, 318, 319, 355, 358, 360-386, 389, 393-395, 398, 433,
434, 565-567, 571, 572, 635, 886, 890, 1043, 1045, 1059, 1067, 1073, 1090, 1091, 1269,
1273
Mini-Max 354, 355, 370, 372, 385, 596
Miscibility definition 135-138, 168, 452
Miscibility detection by rheology 18, 537
Miscibility detection 136, 137, 175-193, 1187
Miscibility vs. flow 485-488, 501, 502, 507
Miscibility window 145-147, 153, 160, 295, 930, 992, 1122, 1188
Miscibility 13-15, 17, 21, 65, 71, 95, 96, 123, 135-139, 143-145, 153-159, 160-172, 178, 179, 182,
204, 205, 300, 305, 318, 319, 323, 352, 354, 375, 376, 432-438, 475, 493, 501, 510, 515-
517, 522, 538, 571, 591, 629, 751, 849, 887, 893-903, 913, 1000, 1001, 1032, 1055,
1056, 1062, 1064, 1065, 1086, 1088-1090, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1122, 1123, 1126, 1127,
1149, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1172, 1188, 1189
Miscibility, technological 137, 1024, 1029
Miscible blend 14, 25, 28, 32, 36, 41, 44, 48, 78-80, 136-138, 145-147, 153, 158, 173, 183, 185, 192,
193, 205-245, 248, 249, 271, 280, 284, 206, 328, 366, 672, 838, 841, 908, 909, 1025-
1027, 1043, 1046, 1047, 1052, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1081, 1085, 1091, 1093, 1155, 1174-
1179, 1183, 1186, 1217-1297
Miscible blends, crystallization 205-241
Miscible blends, rheology 457, 458, 482-488
Miscible rigid-rod blends see: Composites, molecular
Mixedness 581, 605
Mixedness, measures of 494, 594
Mixer 4, 20, 21, 341, 358, 361, 368, 375, 383, 497-499, 570, 577-641, 687, 733, 739, 796, 818,
823, 827, 831, 849, 1029, 1032, 1059; look also for individual type mixers, viz.: EFM,
internal, K-mixer, Mini-Max, SSE, static, TSE, etc.
Mixing elements 501, 602, 603, 609, 611, 614-616, 624, 1358, 1361; see also Kneading elements
Mixing kinematics 497, 508, 578, 580-582, 647
Mixing rules (rheological) 483, 571
Mixing, chaotic/laminar 578-582, 640, 643
Mixing, dispersive 20, 343, 404, 538, 564, 578, 582-633, 640, 670, 690, 730, 736, 1346
Mixing, distributive 4, 15, 578, 640, 690, 1157, 1347, 1375
Mixing, equipment 21, 317, 343, 353, 355, 391, 454, 497-504, 568-670, 590, 591, 596-625, 631, 654, 658,
686-693, 709, 722, 723, 782, 813, 824, 827, 829, 831, 849, 1128-1131, 1151, 1169, 1358
Mixing, extensional 19, 20, 51, 499-501, 540, 579, 580, 587-591, 641, 970, 1130, 1131
Mixing, fundamentals 577-601
Mixing, general 4, 21, 44, 189-201, 205, 229, 231, 246-252, 263-279, 282, 284, 296, 322, 340, 344, 356,
358, 359, 363-373, 381, 383, 386, 390, 425, 452, 475, 497, 498, 507, 508, 564, 571, 592,
 1415

633, 646, 669, 681, 695, 697-699, 702, 705, 713, 796, 814, 833, 893, 925, 1025, 1031-
1038, 1059-1062, 1069, 1081, 1106, 1126-1032, 1337, 1361
Mixing, solution/latex 13, 341, 401, 625-631, 833, 835, 838
Modulus, bulk 126, 128, 177, 186
Modulus, complex, G* 476, 477, 490, 628, 1168, 1170, 1342
Modulus, loss, G” 427, 435, 437, 464, 484, 801, 1359
Modulus, measurements 863-872, 949, 950
Modulus, plateau 7, 483, 996
Modulus, storage, G’ 19, 437, 467, 486, 500, 506, 520, 784, 785, 801, 1141, 1377
Modulus, tensile/flexural 3, 6, 16, 20, 24, 27, 28, 31, 36, 39, 47, 49-53, 55-65, 70, 71, 73-75, 80, 84, 87, 89-91,
327, 330, 342, 343, 356, 372, 427, 429, 442, 453, 476, 478, 518, 663, 670, 673-678, 698,
710, 718, 737, 740, 742, 743, 767, 771, 773-778, 783-848, 853, 873, 874, 879-882, 887,
891, 895, 915, 951, 953, 956, 957, 962-967, 970, 972, 974, 978, 1002, 1005, 1033, 1035-
1106, 1026, 1027, 1030, 1038, 1142, 1143, 1145, 1149, 1151, 1155, 1156, 1171-1173,
1178-1181, 1190, 1192, 1222, 1324, 1328, 1331, 1344, 1347, 1352, 1361, 1384
Moisture sensitivity 34, 675-677, 679, 1049, 1064, 1065, 1107, 1108, 1327
Molecular composites see: Composites, molecular
Molecular dynamics 96, 138, 166, 876, 1188, 1195
Molecular repair 1122, 1123, 1134, 1135, 1141
Molecular weight (MW) 4-7, 14, 15, 22, 23, 25, 28, 41, 47, 49, 52, 54, 67, 76, 80, 93, 123, 128, 132, 134, 138,
143, 158, 162, 164, 166-168, 174, 175, 179, 181, 183, 204, 206, 210, 212, 214, 215, 218,
232, 240, 269, 298-302, 305, 308, 309, 314, 321, 322, 326, 340, 346, 347, 350-352, 356,
358, 363, 371, 374, 380-383, 398, 401, 455-458, 480-487, 500, 501, 509-512, 516, 517,
520, 522, 538, 555, 560, 562, 563, 591, 592, 613, 629, 635, 657, 658, 663-665, 681, 685,
692, 703, 725, 726, 759, 767-769, 777, 782, 789, 795, 797, 806, 810, 834, 835, 838, 844,
887, 896-898, 901, 902, 913, 926, 986, 1001-1005, 1034-1036, 1041, 1044, 1061, 1069,
1076, 1106-1109, 1121, 1123, 1127, 1128, 1132-1135, 1139, 1141-1143, 1149, 1155,
1156, 1171, 1172, 1176, 1194, 1220, 1283, 1336, 13362, 1379
Molecular weight distribution (MWD) 5, 19, 49, 138, 142, 164, 350, 458, 522, 657, 745, 835, 910, 1132, 1171,
1172, 1336, 1337, 1347, 1353, 1362, 1364, 1368
Molecular weight vs. miscibility 138, 139, 1279-1282
Molecular weight, determination 134, 135, 179, 184
Molecular weight, effect on crystallization 219, 220, 221, 224, 225
Monte Carlo simulation 138, 166, 173, 571, 1189
Mooney equation 460, 479, 779, 780
Morphological parameters; e.g., Surface-to-surface interparticle distance 557, 558
Morphology characterization 178-182, 184-186, 191-193, 388, 401, 666
Morphology co-continuous see: Co-continuous morphology
Morphology evolution in TSE 16, 21, 344, 498, 499, 568, 582, 595-601, 634, 635
Morphology evolution 20, 496, 498, 505, 506, 547-572, 582, 635, 1130, 1131
Morphology lamellar see: Lamellar morphology
Morphology of IPN 421-427, 429, 431-436, 438, 439, 1038, 1093
Morphology stabilization 21, 23, 35, 36, 38, 51, 56, 73, 93, 296, 306, 317, 324, 329, 330, 339, 340, 344, 346, 681,
692, 699, 709, 730, 758, 810, 1029, 1060, 1067, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1148
Morphology 4, 12, 13, 15-17, 27, 51, 74, 91, 95, 137, 178-180, 184, 185, 190, 296, 302, 305, 316-319,
321, 322, 339-341, 357, 359-374, 377, 379, 381-387, 391, 395-401, 450-455, 458, 468,
476, 478, 491-494, 500-502, 511, 512, 519, 537-539, 547-572, 578, 605, 609, 621, 622,
626-629, 634, 654, 660, 661, 680, 694, 697, 705, 708, 713, 722, 725, 726, 739, 742, 747,
748, 751, 776, 788, 795, 808, 838, 839, 887-893, 908, 926, 996, 1004, 1039, 1049, 1051,
1068, 1069, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1089, 1090, 1107, 1121-1130, 1139, 1140, 1149-1151,
1181-1195, 1324, 1329, 1330, 1361, 1363
Morphology, crystalline see: Crystalline morphology
1416

Morphology, performance 20, 61, 173, 322-325, 435, 500, 502, 509, 515, 560, 672, 577, 594, 635, 667-671, 674,
675, 678, 695, 726, 729, 732, 738, 808, 831, 832, 834, 891-893, 1085, 1126, 1144, 1195
Morphology, Semicrystalline/crystalline 205, 206, 230, 232, 241, 243, 246, 248, 256-258, 280, 318, 629, 654,
659, 704, 709, 726, 739
Morphology, skin-core 17, 21, 33, 476, 502, 698, 704, 709, 726
Morphology, strain sensitive see: Flow-indiced morphology
Morphology, weldline 17, 21, 36, 53, 74, 468, 502, 671, 704, 705, 709-712, 720, 726, 751, 962, 963, 971, 1102,
1181, 1182, 1195, 1324, 1327, 1352, 1359, 1364
Motionless mixer (MM) see: Static mixer
Multicomponent blend 20, 31, 38-40, 57, 61, 64, 67, 70, 78, 93, 141, 145, 167, 177, 178, 194, 419, 422, 563,
597, 626, 628, 1141, 1191, 1216
Natural exposure for degradation 1005-1007, 1011
Natural rubber (NR) and its blends 1,2, 4, 16, 29, 42, 48, 58, 94, 391, 399, 418, 419, 427, 438, 439, 441, 612, 660,
681, 777, 780, 823-825, 832-834, 909, 1004, 1059, 1154, 1171, 1227, 12254, 1278, 1280,
1337
NBR (butadiene-g-acrylonitrile rubber) 30
NBR other blends 33, 45, 60, 69, 168, 188, 307, 386, 388, 391, 393, 397, 400, 430, 629, 636, 668, 686, 910,
1182
NBR/EPDM 666, 686, 698, 724, 725, 729, 732, 750, 1025, 1324
NBR/PA 439, 544, 910
NBR/PP 388, 681, 1025, 1026, 1038, 1059, 1061, 1063, 1108
NBR/PVC 40-42, 44, 176, 185, 328, 391, 392, 562, 629, 660, 666, 674, 681, 699, 707, 708, 725,
954, 968, 1000, 1026, 1055, 1059, 1325
NBR/SAN 31, 176, 185, 629, 901
NBR-amine-terminated 380, 388, 400
NBR-carboxy-terminated 383, 387, 388, 391, 392, 395, 399, 668, 1059
NBR-co-maleic anhydride 361
Nernst 126, 1014
Neumann’s triangle 567, 568
Neutron reflectivity 316, 320, 1194
Neutron, Small angle scattering (SANS) 137, 143, 146, 167, 171, 178-180, 184, 300, 301, 488, 495, 777, 842,
890, 897, 1168, 1172, 1194, 1229, 1257, 1258, 1281
Newtonian behavior 18, 462, 463, 471, 478, 487, 523, 655
Newtonian flow of emulsions 470-476, 478, 479, 493, 495, 498, 515
Newtonian flow 466, 470, 502, 503
Newtonian liquid suspension 459-468
Newtonian liquids/systems 19, 310, 313, 314, 451, 458, 459, 463, 464, 467, 470-472, 476, 489, 492-494,
498, 499, 501, 502, 523, 538, 539, 568, 582, 584-587, 589, 592, 598, 641, 657, 666, 839,
1363, 1372
Newtonian plateau 466, 481, 495, 586, 658
Newtonian viscosity 458, 462, 657
NG (Nucleation and growth) 29, 170-174, 182, 260, 284, 492, 626, 1127, 1183, 1184, 1189
Nitro-oxides as radical scavengers 1008-1011, 1014
Nitrous oxide as a crosslinking agent 760, 769, 770, 772
NMR "magic angle" spinning 190, 1363, 1364
NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) 137, 177, 188, 190, 191, 352-355, 359, 368, 375, 382, 387, 404, 777,
837, 982, 1089, 1098, 1176, 1178, 1186, 1194, 1216, 1219, 1226-1229, 1231-1234, 1236,
1239-1242, 1245-1247, 1249, 1251-1253, 1257-1259, 1261, 1264-1268, 1272
Nomenclature of macromolecular structures 8
Nomenclature, copolymers 10, 11
Nomenclature, non-linear macromolecules 11
Nomenclature, polymer blend 11, 12
 1417

Nomenclature, polymers 8-12

Non-equilibrium morphology 662, 1126, 1128, 1149
Non-linear optical materials 438, 440-442, 1194, 1195
Non-Newtonian behavior 18, 462, 463, 468, 471, 523, 588, 657, 783
Non-Newtonian liquid/flow 468, 476, 479, 598, 657, 784, 785
Normal stress, first difference, N1 19, 467, 473, 485, 486, 493, 494, 500, 515, 520, 524, 586, 588, 621, 1363
Noryl® GTX 665, 679, 685, 696, 697, 714, 715, 720, 729, 731, 749, 910, 915, 1027, 1077, 1078, 1095,
1330
Noryl® 28, 64, 81, 660, 663, 665, 673, 679, 685, 696, 698, 717, 723, 729, 731, 749, 910, 915,
1027, 1043, 1044, 1078, 1095, 1096, 1330, 1331
Notch sensitivity 876, 1069, 1082, 1363
NRET (Nonradiative energy transfer) method 137, 186, 908, 1246, 1247
Nucleation and growth see: NG
Nucleation of bubbles 25, 29
Nucleation of crystals 203, 206, 212-215, 222, 223, 226, 240, 241, 246, 247, 250-252, 255, 256, 260, 264, 266-
278, 280-285, 323, 862, 888, 897, 1364
Nucleation, Heterogeneous 203, 246-248, 250, 251, 259, 260, 263, 265, 273, 274, 278, 279, 323, 897, 1142
Nucleation, Homogeneous 262-265, 268, 273, 275, 897
Nucleation, Primary 222, 224, 246, 260, 271, 273, 278
Nucleation, Secondary 215, 224, 240, 246, 248, 260, 263
Odor suppressant for plastics scrap 1125, 1148
Off-lattice theories 142-166
Oldroy's model 451, 470, 476-478, 515, 588
Optical properties 24, 37, 53, 57, 77, 81, 94, 438, 440-442, 674, 675, 678, 727, 745, 848, 849, 862, 863,
952, 968, 972, 1054, 1145, 1157, 1192, 1194
Optical properties, measurements 928-930
Order-disorder transitions 211, 300
Orientation angle 471, 472, 557, 579
Orientation at the interface 317
Orientation imposed by processing 63, 90, 588, 626, 687, 696, 727, 734-738, 740, 810, 973, 1173, 1181
Orientation of domains 450, 463, 557, 709, 873, 874, 1106
Orientation of particles 459, 461, 463, 587, 588
Orientation vs. flow 18, 62, 449, 468, 489, 579, 612, 660, 1181
Orientation 4, 62, 450, 492, 508, 538, 672, 720, 726, 742, 1147, 1335, 1363, 1364
Orientation, molecular 139, 160, 167, 191, 192, 304, 626, 654, 738, 824, 896, 897
Ostromislensky 5, 24, 40, 422
Ostwald ripening 170, 171, 174, 496, 593
Oxazoline compounds 16, 39, 46, 51, 68, 76, 153, 367, 370, 371, 374, 376, 378, 381, 389, 392-295, 554, 636,
668, 1222, 1232, 1234, 1238, 1241, 1244, 1247, 1253, 1257, 1287
Oxidative coupling 78, 679, 1043, 1093
Oxidative degradation 78, 673, 760, 766-769, 771, 773, 775, 776, 782, 783, 786-789, 791, 804, 806, 808, 816,
826, 827, 829, 830, 832, 839, 847, 848, 894, 1050, 1074, 1131-1133, 1136, 1145, 1335
Oxygen as oxidizing agent 695, 760, 766-769, 894, 1000, 1131, 1132, 1136, 1364, 1383
Oxygen as radical scavenger 760, 770-772, 824, 829, 838
Oxygen index 916, 920, 921, 923, 949, 1364
Oxygen permeability 52, 68, 88, 507, 670, 710, 730, 736, 766, 845, 974, 1035, 1065, 1081
Oxygen 62, 633, 634, 758, 760, 761, 764, 799, 800, 834, 899, 916, 920, 921, 948, 1014, 1050,
1132
P4VP (Poly-4-vinyl pyridine) 151, 152, 299, 402, 403, 628, 1219, 1227, 1232, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1244, 1246,
1249, 1250, 1253, 1254, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1261, 1266-1268, 1273, 1278, 1290
PA (Polyamide or Nylon) 2, 4, 5, 16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 36, 44, 63, 64, 89, 94, 95, 130, 150, 151, 161, 164, 165,
175, 256, 262, 276, 307, 316, 323-325, 342, 343, 351, 356, 507, 509, 606, 614, 615, 626,
1418

631, 636, 637, 658, 659, 663, 670, 675-678, 682-684, 703, 718, 719, 728, 740, 743, 746,
749, 751, 791, 875, 889, 894, 905, 927, 952, 967, 1003, 1034, 1063, 1065, 1124, 1136,
1140-1148, 1150, 1173, 1176, 1349, 1364, 1366
PA other blends 69, 74, 84, 86, 87, 1244-1246, 1264, 1282, 1283, 1290; see also blends: ABS/PA,
EPDM/PA, EPR/PA, EVAc/PA, HDPE/PA, LDPE/PA, NBR/PA
PA(1)/PA(2) 64, 65, 151, 153, 157-159, 352, 353, 382, 544, 638, 684, 714, 1080, 1326
PA/Acrylics 46, 312, 1026
PA/Fluoropolymer 80, 664, 680, 910, 954
PA/Ionomer 282, 404, 675, 911, 1326
PA/LCP 63, 90, 91, 357, 544, 874, 1179, 1180, 1182
PA/PAr 86, 88, 329, 1026
PA/PARA 64, 65, 88, 151, 153, 158, 159, 181, 353, 638, 664, 684, 714, 744, 973, 974, 1080, 1081,
1177
PA/PC 68, 243, 329, 544, 677, 1027, 1078-1080, 1091, 1177, 1327
PA/PEI 69, 329, 663, 1175
PA/PEST 64, 67, 71, 192, 245, 307, 329, 352, 353, 373, 374, 382, 383, 489, 491, 514, 540, 545,
636, 638
PA/PO 15, 37, 47, 52, 53, 357-362, 364, 365, 383, 384, 540, 568, 639, 684, 714, 715, 719, 744,
791-696, 910, 954, 1032, 1064, 1066-1068, 1148, 1326
PA/Polysiloxanes 82, 439, 1079
PA/POM 55, 64, 75, 76
PA/PP 59-61, 244, 245, 272-277, 279-283, 317, 323, 363, 366, 367, 384-386, 516, 517, 523,
539, 542, 544, 568, 570, 661, 663, 664, 670, 676, 683, 696, 706, 710, 714, 715, 720, 726,
731, 737, 739, 744, 780, 816, 819, 823, 873, 954, 1026, 1069-1071, 1124, 1128, 1173,
1326
PA/PPE 16, 30, 39, 40, 54, 62, 64, 66, 73, 76-79, 326, 329, 364, 365, 384, 552, 557, 637-639, 664,
665, 679, 684, 696, 697, 703, 714, 715, 720, 729, 731, 732, 743, 910, 915, 953, 956-961,
964, 967, 983, 1027, 1074-1078, 1086, 1091, 1095, 1125, 1151
PA/PPS 69, 83, 638, 1177
PA/PS or Styrene copolymer 29-31, 36, 37, 150, 181, 193, 243, 251, 312, 313, 316, 344, 346, 358, 364-371,
384, 436, 439, 543, 568, 569, 636, 664, 720, 1175, 1327
PA/PSF 69, 84, 85, 570, 571, 1175, 1177, 1331
PA/PVC 43, 44
PA/PVDC 45, 46
PA/PVDF 245, 272, 274, 276, 278, 279, 329, 357
PA/SBS or SEBS 36-40, 307, 425, 426, 552
PAA (Polyacrylic acid) 150, 306, 307, 366, 389, 391, 434, 441, 1002, 1219, 1228, 1244, 1358; see also: Acrylic
acid (AA)
PACE (Polyacetylene) 5, 93, 850, 926, 927, 1183, 1343
PACE (Polyacetylene; also PAC) 5, 92, 93, 781, 850, 926, 927, 1183, 1343
Packaging applications 26, 30, 44, 50, 53, 68, 92, 94, 654, 655, 730, 733, 768, 845, 966, 970, 971, 973, 974,
1033, 1043, 1045, 1053, 1055, 1056, 1058, 1062, 1081, 1097, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1124,
1142, 1151, 1153, 1155, 1156, 1173-1175, 1186, 1187, 1337
PAEK (Polyaryletherketones; also PEK, PEEK, PEKK, etc.) 17, 47, 62, 74, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 130, 234, 520, 679,
740, 895, 927, 982-984, 996, 997, 1101, 1102, 1178
PAEK other blends 86, 89
PAEK/Fluoropolymer 87, 92, 546, 666, 680
PAEK/LCP 85, 87, 90, 91, 546, 679, 724-726, 874, 1003, 1182, 1331
PAEK/LTG 83, 84, 86
PAEK/PEEK 85, 87, 213, 307,
PAEK/PEI 86, 151, 190, 191, 210, 211, 230, 231, 235, 307, 546, 894, 895, 909, 985, 992-994, 1105
PAEK/PES 84, 86, 666, 679, 724-726, 911, 1307, 1331
PAEK/PI, PAI 85, 87, 91, 136, 176, 1178
 1419

PAEK/PPS 83, 86, 233

PAEK/PSF 85, 1178
PAES (Polyarylethersulfone; also PES, PSF, PSU, PSO) 5, 24, 29, 56, 61, 74, 80, 81, 84, 130, 164, 679, 894,
921, 927, 930, 1104, 1173, 1184, 1368
PAES other blends 46, 47, 56, 74, 84-87, 89, 94, 149, 176, 185, 307, 563, 767, 777, 844, 983, 984, 1156,
1173, 1175, 1176, 1178
PAES/Acrylics 36, 149
PAES/Fluoropolymer 84, 85, 87, 92, 680
PAES/LCP 90, 91, 544, 546, 874
PAES/PA or PARA 68, 69, 88, 560, 570, 571, 1175, 1177, 1331
PAES/PC 33, 36, 74, 77, 1003
PAES/PEST 72, 74, 666, 680, 686, 724, 953, 1104, 1177, 1331
PAES/PI, PAI or PEI 85, 87, 92, 546
PAES/PPE 30, 78, 79
PAES/PPS 81, 83, 666, 1175, 1177, 1195
PAES/Styrenics including ABS 29, 35-37, 84, 148, 149, 307, 331, 666, 680, 686, 724, 725, 750, 954, 1104,
1177, 1331
PAI (Polyamideimides) 47, 74, 80, 81, 84, 679, 997, 1178, 1366
PAI other blends 56, 69, 78, 87; see also PAEK/PAI, PAES/PAI,
PAI/LCP 87, 91
PAI/PA or PARA 69, 88
PAI/PC 77, 92
PAI/PPS 83, 638
Paintability 35, 636, 660, 862, 954-957, 960, 964, 974, 1036, 1049, 1087, 1324-1326, 1331
Palierne 477, 492, 495, 513, 515-517, 522, 539
PALS (Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy) 6, 982, 984, 993, 995, 1234
PA-mXD or MXD (Poly-m-xylylene adipamide) 151, 152, 157, 181, 353, 370, 661, 664, 1081, 1238, 1256
PAN (Polyacrylonitrile) 76, 161, 164, 175, 737, 1334, 1336, 1366
PAN other blends 86, 90, 149, 150, 185, 434, 908, 1000, 1002, 1185, 1186
PAN/PS 150, 152, 1000
PAN/PVC 150, 1000
PANI (Polyaniline) 83, 92, 93, 927, 966, 1183-1185, 1192
PAr (Polyarylate) 24, 30, 31, 47, 65, 70, 80, 81, 86, 130, 149, 679, 1349, 1367
PAr other blends 35, 61, 74, 75, 82, 86, 88, 89, 155, 190, 307, 322, 1175, 1176, 1178
PAr/LCP 90, 546
PAr/PA or PARA 67, 68, 88, 307, 329, 1177
PAr/PC 77, 88, 90
PAr/PEST 70, 71, 88, 149, 181, 207, 307, 545, 546, 597, 1177, 1330
PAr/PI or PEI 74, 77, 85, 87, 189, 663
PAr/PPS 81, 83, 88, 663
PAr/PS 31, 546
PARA (Amorphous aromatic polyamides) 24, 81, 84, 157, 560, 562, 663
PARA other blends 69, 85, 88-90, 1143, 1145; see also PARA blends with PA, PAES, PAI, PAr
PARA/PC 68, 88, 1177
PARA/PEST 67, 307
PARA/PO 53, 1326
PARA/PPS 69, 81, 83, 88, 663
Parachor method 309
Parkes 2, 16, 660
Partial derivatives, three rules 126
Particle size 23, 87, 254, 256, 275-277, 324, 325, 339, 340, 343-346, 357, 359, 363, 395, 427, 431,
503, 516, 517, 556, 568-570, 622, 630, 656, 668, 671, 674, 675, 725, 736, 751, 796, 814,
1420

837, 840, 873, 887-893, 930, 972, 1035, 1036, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1054, 1056, 1057,
1060, 1066, 1085, 1090, 1098, 1126, 1150, 1190, 1342
Particular rheological composition (PRC) 502
PAUR (Polyester urethane) 352, 384, 686, 722, 1327, 1348; see also TPU
PB (Polybutadiene) 32, 34, 35, 47, 130, 149, 164, 887, 927, 944
PB other blends 29, 37, 42, 51, 60, 86, 92, 94, 176, 180, 307, 321, 430, 488, 540, 674, 749, 776, 837, 899,
930, 1154
PB/PC 684, 916
PB/PEST 55, 665, 684, 716
PB/PI or PIP (Polyisoprene) 176, 307, 430, 488, 518
PB/PO 50, 51, 180, 307, 400, 637
PB/PP 56, 57, 400, 681, 778, 816-819, 821, 822, 846
PB/PS 26, 30, 37, 317, 398, 537, 538, 683, 695, 734, 887, 1001, 1324
PBA (Poly-1,4.butylene adipate) and its blends 150, 231
PBA (Polybutylacrylate) and its blends 25, 47, 185, 192, 434, 438, 543
PB-carboxy-terminated 316, 320, 387
PB-epoxy-terminated 30
PBS (Polybutylene succinate) and its blends 1155, 1157
PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate) 16, 65, 70, 86, 342, 343, 632, 658, 676, 685, 720, 728, 743, 894, 942-945, 967,
983, 1003, 1052, 1082, 1100, 1101, 1145, 1176, 1349, 1367
PBT other blends 35, 39, 77, 82, 90, 181, 189, 245, 307, 322, 325, 355, 372-375, 377, 379, 389, 439, 567,
597, 637-639, 665, 677, 717, 776, 813, 915, 1053, 1089-1101, 1103, 1109, 1174, 1177,
1329
PBT/Acrylics 47-49, 1027, 1028, 1330
PBT/Elastomer 373, 377, 389, 439, 665, 677, 685, 717, 776, 813, 915, 953, 1027, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1329
PBT/Fluoropolymer 665, 680
PBT/LCP 90, 352, 372, 545, 874
PBT/LTG 74, 81, 86
PBT/MBS 72, 1090
PBT/PA or PARA 53, 65, 67, 307, 373, 382, 383, 1091
PBT/PC 34, 55, 61, 71, 72, 76, 173, 192, 329, 352, 354, 355, 372, 544, 552, 553, 556, 557, 637,
665, 677, 684, 685, 716, 722, 729, 731, 744, 749, 851, 884, 885, 911, 915, 923, 928, 953,
956, 957, 959-961, 964-966, 971, 975, 1003, 1027, 1029, 1039-1041, 1080, 1082, 1084,
1086-1091, 1097, 1124, 1125, 1151, 1188, 1328
PBT/PEI 74, 87
PBT/PEST 70, 71, 149, 181, 207, 212, 213, 352, 354, 355, 387, 545, 546, 677, 717, 746, 874, 908,
953, 969, 970, 1027, 1028, 1175, 1182, 1329
PBT/POM 55, 1330
PBT/PP 61, 327, 376, 378, 1174, 1175
PBT/PPE 39, 73, 76, 306, 326, 344, 377, 639, 679, 1027, 1095, 1096, 1331
PBT/PVDF 245, 272, 274, 276-279
PBT/SBS or SEBS 38, 637
PBT/SMA 379, 707, 708, 1053
PBZ (Poly-benzo-bis-oxazole) 1179
PC (Polycarbonate of bisphenol-A) 2, 4, 16, 17, 21-25, 29-31, 46, 70, 75, 94, 130, 150, 175, 208, 306, 319, 324,
325, 342, 343, 351, 562, 627, 658, 659, 663, 677, 728, 743, 746, 921, 926, 927, 944-947,
953, 982-988, 994-996, 1048, 1079, 1082, 1092, 1120-1124, 1134, 1150, 1173, 1176,
1349, 1367
PC other blends 47, 64, 92, 150, 151, 181, 192, 207, 211, 229, 236, 306, 307, 316, 320, 352, 569, 638,
902, 1154-1156; see also PCL blends with PC
PC other blends 47, 86, 89, 92, 95, 61, 62, 64-67, 70-72, 76, 86, 89, 92, 95, 136, 137, 148, 150-152, 176,
189, 192, 307, 326, 329, 352, 374, 375, 438, 544, 552, 567, 721, 851, 905, 908, 1002,
1003, 1027, 1065; see aslo PC blends with: ABS, Acrylics, AES, ASA, Elastomer, EPR,
 1421

graft copolymers, HDPE, HIPS, Impact modifiers, LDPE, MBS, PA, PAES, PAI, Par,
PAEK, PARA, PB, PBT
PC/Fluoropolymers 20, 21, 48, 76, 77, 80, 665, 680
PC/LCP 17, 63, 90, 352, 354, 355, 544, 629, 874, 1182
PC/PCL 150, 153, 192, 208, 209, 211, 213, 228-230, 306, 307, 355, 562
PC/PCTG 665, 677, 685, 697, 717, 721, 851, 964, 1027, 1087, 1091, 1328
PC/PEI 76, 85, 666, 679, 698, 724, 901, 911, 1028, 1082, 1091, 1092, 1104, 1331
PC/PEST 34, 61, 65, 70-73, 82, 189, 326, 638, 665, 677, 685, 721, 778, 847, 850, 958, 965, 974,
975, 1082, 1177
PC/PET 17, 35, 39, 71, 72, 81, 92, 137, 192, 307, 352-356, 544, 639, 665, 684, 685, 716, 721,
722, 726, 729, 731, 746, 749, 851, 894, 895, 909, 911, 928, 953, 956, 965, 971, 1003,
1027, 1084, 1087-1091, 1097, 1135, 1145, 1182, 1328, 1329
PC/PETG 544
PC/Phenoxy 72, 153, 307, 372
PC/PI 77, 84, 85
PC/PMMA 48, 148, 176, 307, 374, 544, 567, 669, 908, 913, 953, 1080, 1188
PC/PO 47, 52, 54, 242, 268, 373, 375, 513, 514, 540-544, 637, 873, 1083, 1142
PC/Polysiloxanes 77, 82, 181, 182, 628, 680, 930, 1000
PC/POM 75, 86, 243, 261, 268
PC/PP 43, 59-61, 242, 268, 322, 325, 327, 378, 503, 639, 909, 1128, 1175
PC/PPE 30, 39, 54, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 326, 629, 874, 1182
PC/PPS 79, 81, 83, 1175, 1177
PC/PS 31, 40, 76, 186, 542, 544, 629, 873, 1183, 1328
PC/PVC 45
PC/PVDC 46
PC/SAN 14, 31, 150, 153, 189, 564, 685, 697, 735, 746, 749, 873, 913, 1027, 1188
PC/SBS or SEBS 36-40, 52, 68, 73, 76, 322, 368
PC/SMA 32, 34, 40, 665, 674, 685, 696, 697, 716, 722, 735, 749, 953, 1052, 1053, 1080, 1086,
1328
PC/SMI 77, 1027
PC/Styrenics 29, 30, 31, 45, 76, 148-152, 176, 189, 307, 542, 544, 629, 674, 1328
PC/TPU 74, 75, 665, 666, 685, 686, 696, 697, 716, 722, 953, 960, 1327
PCL (Polycaprolactone) 131, 163, 947, 1153, 1186
PCL/CPE 207-210, 217, 235, 307
PCL/CTBN 316, 320, 569
PCL/PEST 72, 387, 396
PCL/Phenoxy 150, 192, 209, 216, 217, 231, 234, 235, 306, 307
PCL/PS 236, 237, 239-241, 327, 560
PCL/PVC 134, 137, 150, 184, 208, 209, 211, 216, 217, 221, 223, 306, 307, 558, 781, 849, 852,
1001, 1153, 1154
PCL/PVDC 150, 151, 181, 229, 230, 235, 307
PCL/PVDF 231, 245
PCL/SAN 150, 176, 185, 207, 209, 220, 221, 231, 234, 235, 307, 560, 561, 581
PCL/SMA 209, 217, 235, 307
PCO (Polycycloolefin) and its blends 51, 327, 638
PCT (Poly-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate) and its blends 71, 72, 382, 676, 851, 967, 1097
PCTFE (Poly-chloro tri-fluoro ethylene) and its blends 46, 80, 781, 851, 852, 1352
PCTG (Copolymer of cyclohexane-di-methanol ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid) and its blends 80, 665,
677, 684, 685, 697, 717, 721, 722, 851, 964, 1027, 1087, 1091
PCW (Post-consumer waste) 13, 37, 68, 93, 95, 620, 622, 625, 636, 730, 741, 748, 750, 852, 853, 962, 965,
975, 1117-1126, 1136-1157, 1173, 1174, 1193, 1195, 1371, 1373
1422

PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) 5, 10, 39, 49, 54, 56, 58, 73, 77, 80, 82, 83, 130, 161, 164, 165, 175, 179, 441,
1000, 1080, 1374
PDMS blends 56, 58, 77, 82, 393, 394, 403, 477, 489, 495, 496, 543, 628, 930, 1000, 1237, 1256, 1271,
1280, 1282
PE (Polyethylene) 2, 6, 19, 40, 50, 139-144, 161, 169, 175, 224, 232, 262, 263, 590, 606, 607, 626, 627,
657, 740, 746, 767-769, 788, 853, 9421-947, 983, 1002, 1004, 1124, 1125, 1140, 1147,
1150, 1173, 13341, 1367
PE crosslinked in blends 51, 52, 56, 345-350, 390-392, 636
PE other blends 50, 51, 56, 63, 95, 144, 210, 327, 504, 543, 661, 706, 776, 815, 1154; se also PE blends
with: Acrylics, CPE, Elastomers, EPDM, EPREVAc, EVAl, HDPE, HIPS, LCP, LLDPE,
LDPE, MBS, PA, PARA, PB and PC
PE, gel spun 3, 737
PE/CR 819, 823
PE/CSR 27, 50, 51, 56, 95, 776, 827, 828, 1144, 1203
PE/Ionomer 27, 45, 48, 50, 52, 322, 325, 638, 954, 1154
PE/PE 20, 21, 25, 51, 52, 180, 269, 273, 391, 538, 559, 671, 672, 706, 910, 1139
PE/PEST 54, 55, 61, 72, 327, 373-376, 540, 569, 1174
PE/PIB 50, 53, 144, 176, 180, 661, 693, 694, 706, 710, 736, 749, 827, 910, 954, 1033, 1324
PE/PMMA 48, 55, 242, 312, 514, 540, 543
PE/POM 55, 327
PE/PP 19, 51, 53, 56, 144, 270, 275, 277, 322, 330, 391, 396, 397, 399, 503, 504, 519, 540, 542,
550, 551, 567, 783, 784, 789, 811, 1004, 1136, 1143
PE/PPE 39, 54, 62, 327
PE/PS 16, 27, 306, 314, 318, 321, 327, 380, 393, 395, 398, 492, 498-500, 503, 510, 516, 539,
540, 542, 582, 593, 598, 600, 838, 1004, 1034, 1131, 1172, 1173, 1192
PE/PVC 43, 397, 400, 1119, 1138, 1145
PE/Styrenics 28, 37, 38, 264, 3421, 327
PE/UHMWPE 20, 213, 500, 522, 541, 542, 774, 775, 779, 782, 1190, 1294
PEA (Polyetheramide) and blends 24, 47, 74, 78, 85, 676, 1065, 1079
PEBA (Polyether-b-amide) blends 69, 79, 506
PEC (Polyestercarbonate) blends 67, 68, 72, 74, 77, 82, 85-87, 639, 1102
PEC or PCE (Polyestercarbonate) and its blends 67, 68, 72, 74, 77, 82, 85-87, 355, 639
Peclet number, Pe 467, 480
PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) 17, 47, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 130, 233, 234, 520, 679, 740, 928, 982, 983, 997,
1102, 1178; see also PAEK and its blends
PEEK other blends 62, 78, 80, 81, 83-87, 89, 92, 213, 307, 546, 666, 680, 724-726, 996, 997
PEEK/LCP 84, 85, 87, 546, 679, 724-726, 874, 1003, 1182, 1331
PEEK/LTG 74, 81, 83, 84, 86
PEEK/PEI 85, 151, 190, 210, 211, 213, 230, 231, 235, 307, 546, 894, 895, 909, 984, 985, 992, 994,
1105, 1178, 1182
PEEK/PES 84-86, 307, 666, 679, 680, 724-726, 911, 1331
PEG (Polyethylene glycol) 130, 165, 175, 479
PEG blends 26, 30, 47, 55, 64, 78, 85, 94, 151, 152, 176, 190, 207, 209-211, 216, 217, 219, 221-226,
230, 231, 236, 243, 244, 260, 261, 262, 267, 268, 277, 282, 306, 307, 441, 482, 495, 537,
909, 983, 993, 1002, 1003, 1153, 1154, 1156
PEGDMA, crosslinking agent 780, 823
PEHA (Poly-2ethyl-hexyl acrylate) 165
PEI (Polyether imide) 24, 25, 47, 61, 74, 80, 81, 84, 342, 343, 615, 636, 663, 666, 679, 680, 751, 894, 895, 967,
968, 982-985, 988, 994, 1092, 1103-1105, 1175, 1176, 1367
PEI other blends 74, 82-87, 639, 854; see also PEI blends with: PA, PAEK, PAES, PAr, PBT, PC, PEEK
PEI/LCP 63, 90, 91, 546, 874, 1182
PEI/LTG 74, 81
 1423

PEI/PPE 30, 66, 73, 78, 79, 1144, 1178-1180

PEI/PPS 666, 954, 956, 967, 1177, 1195
PEK (Polyether ketone) and its blends 74, 78, 80, 81, 84-87, 91, 136, 176, 213, 307, 984, 987, 1101, 1178; see
also PAEK
PEMA (Poly-ethyl-methacrylate) 24, 25, 130, 211
PEMA other blends 192, 207, 435, 495
PEMA/CR 151, 181, 190
PEMA/EVAc 492, 539
PEMA/PEG 207, 209, 221, 222, 225
PEMA/PMMA 150, 243, 543
PEMA/PVDF 150, 176, 181, 185, 210, 229, 231, 232
PEN (Poly-ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) 55, 65, 70, 1145, 1175
PEN/PET 70, 71, 352, 354, 355, 1175
PEO see PEG
Percolation threshold 93, 453, 459, 461, 1129, 1130, 1183-1185, 1192
Percolation 16, 172, 453, 537, 563
Performance characteristics 5, 6, 33
Performance enhancment 16, 17, 23, 30, 49, 53, 56, 61, 74, 77, 81, 137, 296, 326, 328, 663, 837, 951, 962, 1039,
1086, 1142, 1171
Performance of blends see Blend performance
Performance vs. cost see Cost and Cost to performance ratio
Performance vs. crystallinity 316, 323, 725, 897, 898; see also: Crystallinity
Performance vs. miscibility 296, 502, 893, 894; see also: Miscibility
Performance, Abrasion resistance see Abrasion resistance
Performance, Barrier properties see Barrier properties
Performance, Biodegradability see also Biodegradable polymers and blends
Performance, Biodegradability see: Biodegradability
Performance, Chemical resistance see: Chemical resistance
Performance, classification 12, 13, 20
Performance, Comparative data 20, 26, 1065, 1176
Performance, Continuous use temperature see CUT
Performance, Deflection temperature under load see DUTL
Performance, Degradation & aging see Durability, Degradation & aging, Degradability, etc.
Performance, Determination 861-931, 1005-1015; see also: Mechanical properties, testing
Performance, Dimensional stability see Dimensional stability
Performance, Electrically conductive 922, 928, 966, 1178, 1195; see also ECPB
Performance, Electrostatic dissipation 89, 325, 972; see also ESD
Performance, Environmental stress cracking resistance see: ESCR
Performance, Heat and flammability 69, 78, 83, 905-922, 953, 966, 967, 973, 1039, 1178; see also: Heat, ...
Performance, High of materials 3, 24, 30, 55, 57, 62, 70, 81, 83, 84, 88, 272, 330, 342, 660, 663, 679, 740, 751,
952, 974, 975, 1063, 1091, 1093, 1102-1105, 1143, 1349
Performance, Impact strength 24, 34, 36, 37, 43, 70, 324, 872-891, 953, 954, 966, 1096; see also: Fracture
mechanics, Impact strength, Low temperature toughness, etc.
Performance, Mechanical 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 51-53, 61, 66, 68-73, 77-81, 87-90, 173, 306, 323, 327, 500, 591, 684,
718, 737, 767, 801, 816, 853, 863, 872, 966, 967, 974, 1155; see also: Hardness, Low
speed mechanical tests, Mechanical properties, Modulus, etc.
Performance, Paintability see: Paintability
Performance, Processability see: Processability
Performance, Recyclability see: Recyclability
Performance, Set of criteria 27, 31, 35, 72, 76, 89, 95, 123, 325, 327, 330, 952, 954, 956, 959, 966, 968, 969,
1036, 1045, 1122, 1124
Performance, Solvent resistance see: Solvent resistance
1424

Performance, Thermal conductivity 655, 657, 659, 680, 742-744, 863, 870, 905, 906, 912, 913, 950, 1181,
1379
Permittivity 924, 925, 948, 1262
Peroxide 15, 28, 39, 58, 94, 396, 397, 400, 428, 429, 502, 564, 617, 634, 636, 681, 760, 761, 767,
768, 770, 775-785, 794, 801, 802, 813, 824, 826, 827, 831-833, 842, 849, 1012, 1014,
1062, 1069, 1071, 1132, 1137, 1144, 1146, 1154, 1155; see also: DBP, DCP, CHP,
Hydroxyperoxide, etc.
Peroxide, crosslinking 57, 58, 564, 636, 681, 782, 783, 801, 802, 824, 826, 832, 849, 1062
Peroxide, decomposer 15, 1132, 1133, 1136
Peroxide, degradation 17, 613, 636, 637, 1132
Peroxy free radicals 361, 362, 374, 383, 393, 397, 399, 421, 760, 761, 766, 768, 769, 773, 789, 1014
PES (Poly-ether sulfone) 30, 33, 47, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 164, 984, 1102, 1367
PES blends 69, 72, 84-89, 91, 148, 149, 152, 176, 185, 307, 546, 560, 563, 564, 666, 679, 680, 724-
726, 740, 767, 782, 844, 874, 911, 985, 993, 994, 1175, 1178, 1190, 1331; see aslo PES
blends with PAES, PEEK
PEST (Thermoplastic polyester) 2, 17, 22, 24, 25, 65, 70, 324, 325, 342, 351, 615, 631, 681, 684, 905, 926, 953,
1120, 1125, 1126, 1129, 1134, 1144, 1150, 1151, 1349
PEST other blends 41, 47, 71, 72, 76, 77, 80, 84, 85, 92, 94, 95, 307, 637, 638, 1145, 1149; see also PEST
blends with: ABS, Acrylics, Elastomer, EPR, EVAc, HDPE, HIPS, Impact modifiers,
LCP, LDPE, MBS, PA, PAES, Par, PARA, PB, PBT, PC, PCL, PE
PEST/PEST, reactively compatibilized 352, 354, 386, 387, 396
PEST/Phenoxy, reactively compatibilized 371, 372
PEST/PI 84, 85, 87
PEST/PO, reactively compatibilized 371-375, 387
PEST/PO/Styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 375-378
PEST/PP 60-62, 375
PEST/PP, reactively compatibilized 376, 377
PEST/PPE 30, 39, 62, 66, 70, 73, 76, 78, 79, 82, 90, 326, 329, 387, 638
PEST/PPE, reactively compatibilized 387, 388
PEST/PPE/styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 376, 377
PEST/PPS 73, 74
PEST/Styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 378, 379
PEST/Styrenics 29-31, 36-40
PE-sulfonated 92, 392, 927, 1241, 1255, 1256, 1278
PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) 4, 16, 24, 48, 65, 68, 70, 86, 130, 161, 164, 165, 175, 323, 627, 658, 659, 676,
677, 685, 737, 740, 746, 847, 894, 942-947, 982, 988, 1097, 1100, 1104, 1118, 1119,
1123-1126, 1135-1138, 1140, 1152, 1157, 1174, 1334, 1349, 1367
PET other blends 35, 45, 74, 75, 89, 92, 93, 95, 307, 379, 396, 636, 638, 639, 927, 1003, 1109, 1145-1149;
see also PET blends with: EMAA, PC, PEN,
PET/Elastomer 665, 684, 685, 717, 720, 749, 750, 911, 953, 1100, 1329
PET/Fluoropolymers 655, 680
PET/LCP 63, 90, 91, 354, 382, 386, 544, 545, 874, 1182
PET/LTG 74, 81, 86
PET/PA 63, 67, 192, 353, 489, 491, 514, 540, 545, 636, 1081
PET/PAr 88, 352, 355, 356, 545, 908, 1028, 1103, 1177, 1330
PET/PBT 35, 70, 71, 212, 213, 352, 354, 379, 387, 545, 677, 717, 720, 746, 969, 970, 1027, 1098,
1176, 1182, 1329
PET/PE 55, 244, 327, 372, 373, 375, 377, 390, 402, 540, 541, 569, 1174
PET/PEI 74, 1175
PET/PETG 149, 181, 183
PET/PMMA 47, 49, 242, 1174
PET/PO 37, 55, 271, 272, 326, 373-375, 503
 1425

PET/Polysiloxane 82, 680

PET/PP 37, 61, 244, 327, 378, 542, 1174
PET/PPE/Styrenics 39, 54, 73, 242, 261, 264, 268, 323, 377, 388, 679, 1096, 1177
PET/PPS 74, 77, 83, 244, 245, 272, 274
PET/PSF 85, 666, 680, 686, 724, 953, 1028, 1102-1104, 1331
PET/Styrenics 38, 242, 264, 267, 268, 379, 1174
PETG (Polyethylene terephthalate-glycol) 65, 70, 676, 847, 851, 1097
PETG other blends 92, 354, 356, 373, 379, 544, 927, 1224, 1225, 12247; see also PETG blends with: PC,
PET
PETG/EVAc 375, 492, 539
Petrie-Marshall (P-M) model 977, 981, 989-992
PGMA (Polyglycidyl methacrylate) 366
Phase behavior 162, 186, 210, 486, 989, 1087, 1089, 1091, 1167, 1170, 1172, 1178, 1187-1199, 1193,
1195
Phase coarsening 51, 193, 263, 344, 495-497, 509, 1129; see also: Coalescence …
Phase co-continuity 16, 21, 34, 38, 73, 93, 421, 422, 439, 440, 442, 450, 453, 486, 537, 626, 669, 837, 1038,
1049, 1069, 1070, 1096, 1123, 1128, 1144, 1147; see also: Co-continuous …
Phase diagram 127, 132-134, 138, 162, 168, 169, 174-180, 183-190, 214, 236, 237, 299-302, 485, 487,
561-563, 565, 777, 842, 1126, 1127
Phase diagrams for IPN 423-435
Phase equilibria 17, 141, 174, 175-178, 182-186, 502, 899
Phase inversion 16, 421, 422, 439, 453-455, 501, 512, 537, 568, 500, 628, 629, 669, 695, 1067-1069,
1123, 1129, 1130, 1142
Phase pinning 172
Phase separation 13, 17, 88, 89, 136, 138, 142, 167-174, 175, 177-179, 183, 184, 191, 193, 205, 206, 232,
235-241, 243, 258, 298, 300, 308, 319, 321, 348, 351, 355, 423, 432, 433, 436, 442, 482-
501, 511, 538, 552, 556, 560-567, 626-630, 816, 842, 894, 897, 898, 908, 989, 993, 1001,
1028, 1064, 1103, 1107-1110, 1126, 1143, 1168, 1169, 1177, 1179, 1180, 1183, 1185,
1186, 1189, 1190, 1194, 1365
Phase transition 134, 211, 212, 260, 487, 547; see also: Phase separation and Phase behavior
PHB or PHBA (Poly-3-hydroxy butyrate) 94, 209, 211, 544, 545, 982, 984, 1152, 1155-1157, 1182, 1186
Phenoxy (Polyhydroxy ether of bisphenol-A) 86, 93, 130, 153, 356
Phenoxy compatibilized blends 36, 39, 69, 71, 72, 84, 151, 185, 190, 307, 322, 371, 372, 1003, 1028, 1102,
1103, 1177
Phenoxy other blends 39, 67, 72, 94, 147, 151, 153, 185, 190, 211, 231, 306, 307, 372, 377, 382, 390, 441,
1028, 1145, 1177, 1187, 1225-1129, 1234, 1241-1245, 1247, 1255, 1260, 1276-1278; see
also Phenoxy blends with: PC, PCL, PEST
Phenoxy/ABS/PSF 36, 84, 307, 1028, 1102, 1177
Phenoxy/LCP 91, 307, 371, 372
Phenoxy/PA/PEST 67, 69, 307
Phenoxy/PAr 307, 372, 402
Phenoxy/PBT/PET 71, 307, 371, 1003
Phenoxy/PBT/PMMA 322, 1028
Phenoxy/PES 85, 185, 307
Phenoxy/PO, reactively compatibilized 389, 390, 402
Phenoxy/styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 390
Phenoxy/Styrenics 208, 390, 545
Phosphite, condensing agent (TPPite) 26, 348, 349, 354, 359, 381, 382, 386, 387, 1103, 1135, 1144
Phosphite, stabilizer 15, 95, 327, 355, 1089, 1132-1136, 1144, 1145, 1148
PHS (Polyhexamethylene sebacates) 150, 152, 1222, 1223, 1225, 1226, 1231, 1233, 1238, 1245, 1248, 1263,
1265
PHT or PHMT (Poly-hexamethylene-terephthalate) 65, 71, 188, 355, 545, 1223, 1241, 1245, 1263
1426

Physical compatibilization 12, 1128, 1146, 1150; see also: Compatibilization, mechanical
Physical crosslinking 7, 299, 350, 345, 418, 425, 428, 438, 1365; see also: Crosslinking …
PI (Polyimide; also: PAI and PEI 81, 84-86, 679, 1124, 1125, 1147, 1367
PI blends 45, 63, 69, 74, 76, 78-80, 82, 83, 85, 86-87, 90, 91, 94, 136, 176, 231, 546, 899, 1177-
1179, 1183, 1256, 1331
PIB (Polyisobutene) 8, 42, 50, 130, 143, 144, 161, 164, 175, 178
PIB other blends 42, 53, 56, 477, 489, 496, 926, 1001
PIB/PE see: PE/PIB
PIB/PO 53, 56, 58, 151, 1033
PIB/PP 57, 59, 46, 180, 242, 247, 252, 257-259, 259-261
PIB/PS 26, 488, 538, 1004, 1194
PICS (Pulse-induced critical scattering) 177, 184, 1364
PIP or PI (Polyisoprene) 2, 9, 16, 30, 48, 150, 152, 172, 175, 176, 180, 189, 191, 231, 243, 267, 307, 430, 477,
482, 488, 518, 541, 546, 550, 558, 833, 1001, 1154
PIR (Photo Initiation Rate) 1008, 1010, 1011
Plain strain compression test 866
Planetary mixers (also Gear pump) 603, 623
Planetary roller extruders 620, 641, 690
Plastic deformation 23, 555, 668, 872, 884, 885, 1084, 1366, 1377, 1384
Plastic lumber/wood 93, 622, 1124, 1125, 1147
Plastics consumption 1118, 1123
Plastics production 452, 1118, 1157
Plastics scrap collection 1119, 1122, 1137, 1156, 1157
Plastics waste, sources of 1118, 1120, 1137, 1150
PLL (Persistent lamellar length) 559, 600
Plug flow 18, 462, 468, 469, 505, 607, 609, 617, 636
PMA (Polymethylacrylate) 25, 46, 130, 163-165, 982, 984, 1002
PMA other blends 48, 192, 1154
PMA/PVDF 151, 176, 181
PMAN (Polymethyl acrylonitrile) 161, 903-906
PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) 2, 21, 22, 25, 46, 130, 161, 164, 165, 175, 179, 323, 324, 464, 466, 543, 626,
627, 658, 659, 675, 696, 746, 772, 773, 857, 870, 875, 880, 982-988, 1056, 1173, 1189,
1334, 1368, 1382
PMMA degradation by irradiation 773, 836, 838, 851, 1002
PMMA other blends 25, 30, 47-49, 63, 94, 148-151, 176, 178, 183-186, 189-193, 209-211, 216, 219-226, 229,
231, 243, 297, 301, 305, 307, 312, 421-425, 430, 441, 482, 486, 505, 519, 537, 543, 560,
564, 567, 630, 672, 741, 778, 851, 852, 874, 894, 908, 909, 960, 983, 993, 1057, 1084,
1098, 1156, 1172; see also PMMA blends with: ABS, CPE, Impact modifiers, LDPE, PC,
PE, PEMA, PET, Phenoxy/PBT
PMMA/PEST 49, 242, 322, 438, 567, 1128, 1174, 1177, 1182, 1188
PMMA/Phenoxy 151, 185, 190, 307, 390
PMMA/PO 43, 48, 55, 58, 59, 242, 540, 543, 1040
PMMA/POM 49, 76, 849
PMMA/PS 25, 136, 148, 151, 180-183, 186, 297, 312, 316, 321, 438, 463, 477, 494, 495, 503, 509,
510, 513, 514, 519, 521, 537, 539, 540, 543, 554, 570, 585, 586, 629, 630, 672, 683, 684,
707, 711, 749, 835, 836, 897, 913, 983, 1101, 1104
PMMA/PVC 32, 33, 41-43, 137, 176, 179, 183, 185, 307, 328, 663, 674, 682, 734, 849, 851, 852, 954,
983, 989, 1001, 1026, 1154, 1156, 1158, 1189, 1262
PMMA/PVDF 25, 45, 46, 137, 150, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 209, 211, 216, 216, 221, 228, 229, 230-
232, 307, 322, 543, 560, 561, 778, 851, 952, 893, 895, 1058, 1331
PMMA/SAN 25, 153, 176, 179, 185, 186, 189, 193, 456, 537, 538, 543, 552, 554, 777, 838, 849, 852,
983, 985, 990-993
 1427

PMPS (Polymethyl-phenyl siloxane) 54, 80, 82, 168, 487

PMS (Poly-Į-methylstyrene) and blends 24, 26, 29-31, 46, 150, 156, 186
PnBA (Poly-n-butyl acrylate) and blends 164, 165, 434, 435, 438, 1054, 1334
PNP (Poly-methylmethacrylate-co-N-phenyl-maleimide) 150
PO (Polyolefins) 25, 143, 144, 167, 342, 636, 774, 944, 1032, 1135, 1140-1143; see also: Epoxidized PO,
PO copolymers and members of the PO family
PO other blends 27, 30, 41, 43, 45, 54, 56, 82, 89, 91, 92, 94, 357-365, 368, 372-375, 387, 391-394, 396,
507, 511, 636-638, 709, 1119, 1154, 1174, 1175; see also PO blends with: Acrylics,
Elastomers, EVAc, EVAl, HIPS, LCP, MBS, PA, PARA, PB, PC, PEST, PET, PIB,
PMMA
PO/PA, reactively compatibilized 357-360, 362-365, 383
PO/PDMS 393, 394, 543, 1174
PO/PEST, reactively compatibilized 371-377, 387
PO/PO 51, 52, 143, 144, 167, 180, 330, 391, 392, 396-399, 402, 799
PO/PO, reactively compatibilized 391, 392, 396, 399, 402
PO/polysiloxane, reactively compatibilized 393, 394
PO/PP 56, 57, 180, 375, 377, 388, 393, 396-400
PO/PP, reactively compatibilized 388, 392, 393, 396-400
PO/PP/styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 393
PO/PPE/styrene copolymer, reactively compatibilized 403
PO/PS, reactively compatibilized 394, 395, 397, 398, 400
PO/PVC 41, 43, 82, 396, 397, 399, 400, 1195
PO/PVC, reactively compatibilized 396, 397, 399, 400
PO/Styrenics 28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 51, 94, 95, 328, 394, 395, 398, 400, 403, 636, 1124, 1142, 1144, 1149,
1156, 1173
PO-g-maleic anhydride 52, 54, 60, 72, 358, 360, 362-365, 368, 371, 372, 376, 388, 391, 636, 639, 1129 1149
Poiseuille flow 450, 462, 524, 579
Poisson's ratio 879, 882, 1366
Polar interactions 89, 92, 163, 306, 309, 325-327, 347, 421, 436, 592, 675, 791, 896, 897, 926, 970-972,
1002, 1026, 1052, 1065, 1070, 1195
Poly(butyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) 378, 389
Poly(vinyl amine) or Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl amine) 404
Polycondensation 5, 76, 84, 432, 560, 615, 631, 720, 1063, 1108, 1131, 1134, 1148, 1155, 1343, 1367
Polyelectrolyte complexes 1167, 1192, 1193, 1358
Polyethylene terephthalate-co-caprolactone 189, 1229
Polylactide 989
Polymer alloying/blending see Alloying blends, Blending …
Polymer and copolymer, nomenclacture 8-11
Polymer blending, Fundamentals 577-601, 640
Polymer blends advantages 5, 16, 20, 30, 52, 70, 340, 346, 421, 422, 453, 671, 680, 833, 845, 894, 951, 955-
957, 960, 960, 965, 974, 1024, 1030, 1031, 1034, 1051, 1054, 1055, 1062, 1085, 1102,
1110, 1121, 1128, 1172, 1186
Polymer blends, evolution 1, 24, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 46, 73, 81, 83, 595, 597, 598, 600, 926, 1130
Polymer blends, historical notes 1-7, 9, 12-24, 125, 323, 418, 428, 458, 500, 601, 609, 615, 625, 654, 660, 733,
1036
Polymer blends, homologous see: Homologous polymer blends
Polymer blends, terminology 12
Polymer natural vs. synthetic 1
Polymer network 7, 1106, 1107, 1109; see also: Interpenetrating networks, IPN
Polymer physics, the beginnings 6, 7
Polymer science, development 1, 4-12
1428

Polymer solution 6, 8, 13, 17, 20, 30, 124, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 160, 178, 179, 182-184, 352, 452, 457,
470, 562, 628-630
Polymer structure 1, 3, 7-18, 52, 56, 76, 81, 124, 127, 131, 143, 153, 164-167, 179, 194, 302, 304, 317, 347-
350, 352, 374, 381, 384, 392, 398, 401-403, 435, 456, 657, 876, 899, 903, 921, 922, 930,
978, 1003, 1004, 1035, 1041, 1063, 1089, 1102-1106, 1128, 1131, 1132, 1140, 1151,
1167, 1174, 1178, 1181-1185, 1188
Polymerization (addition or chain type) 2-4, 10, 21, 24, 27, 40, 57, 88, 89, 90, 93, 341, 417, 421-425, 427, 432,
500, 501, 612-615, 626, 632, 639, 673, 675, 694, 706, 757, 813, 835, 926, 1033, 1035-
1039, 1041-1043, 1045, 1052, 1063, 1081, 1082, 1106, 1155, 1174, 1175, 1180, 1183,
1185, 1190, 1192, 1195, 1333, 1334, 1337-1340, 1343, 1368; see also: Polycondensation,
Copolymerization as well as other trypes of polymerization
Polymerization, anionic 299, 634, 1174, 1175, 1181, 1334
Polymerization, free radical 5, 50, 427, 564, 617, 626, 1042, 1045, 1340, 1353
Polymerization, in emulsion 31, 419, 427, 431-436, 625, 631, 673, 840, 1042-1046, 1054, 1070, 1192, 1349
Polymerization, in suspension 30, 625, 1378
Polymerization, Ziegler-Natta 5, 24, 56, 57, 781, 850, 1035, 1039, 1941, 1349, 1359, 1384; see also: Z-N
Polymethylvinylsiloxane 780, 829
Polysiloxanes, other than PDMS or PMPS 29, 54, 72, 77, 78, 80-82, 84, 87, 94, 393, 394, 435, 511, 637, 638, 730,
829, 899, 901, 1156, 1237, 1271-1273, 1357
POM (Polyoxymethylene or Acetal) 2, 4, 22, 24, 47, 62, 76, 191, 262, 276, 324, 325, 615, 631, 636, 659,
678, 723, 728, 740, 746, 894, 954, 1003, 1092-1094, 1132, 1143, 1150, 1175, 1176,
1333, 1345, 1349, 1382
POM other blends 29, 46, 49, 54, 62, 71, 78-80, 83, 84, 86, 94, 1092, 1093, 1154
POM/Elastomer 504, 638, 665, 678, 717, 723, 954, 1093, 1094
POM/EVAc 59, 503, 506, 539, 545
POM/PA or PARA 17, 63, 64, 66, 67, 78, 88, 245, 503, 506, 510, 539, 637
POM/PC 75, 76, 243, 261, 268
POM/PEST 62, 71, 76, 637, 1330
POM/PMMA 76, 741, 778, 849
POM/PO 55, 59, 61, 244, 273, 276, 327, 637, 1175
POM/Polysiloxanes 82, 680
POM/PTFE 78, 665, 678, 680, 685, 686, 717, 624, 954
POM/PVC 45, 778, 849
POM/Styrenics 30, 31, 36, 37, 243, 545
POM/TPU 49, 74-76, 544, 637, 638, 665, 678, 685, 686, 717, 723, 749, 750, 780, 828, 1003, 1094,
1330
Post-irradation effects 766, 771, 773, 784, 804, 816, 838, 845, 847
POT or P3OT (Poly-3-octyl thiophene) 92, 93, 927, 1183, 1185, 1243
Power factor 924, 925, 1002
Power spectrum 556, 594
Power-law 18, 464, 466, 469, 480, 485, 495, 503, 517, 586, 639, 657, 658, 1339
PP (Polypropylene) 2-5, 17, 20, 21, 24-26, 55-56, 130, 131, 143, 144, 161, 164, 165, 175, 178, 241, 262, 263,
270, 343, 463, 484, 551, 552, 555, 559, 567, 590, 626, 657-659, 661, 728, 743, 746, 766,
768-770, 853, 942-947, 1071, 1118, 1119, 1123-1126, 1140, 1150, 1173, 1368, 1378
PP “visbreaking” 58, 613, 636
PP mesomorphous 845-847
PP other blends 21, 56, 57, 61, 79, 80, 89, 93-95, 180, 193, 244, 273, 277, 282, 307, 327, 558, 638, 639,
776, 777, 853, 982, 1038, 1142, 1146, 1149, 1150, 1154; see also PP blends with: ABS,
BR, EPDM, EPR, HDPE, Impact modifiers, LDPE, NBR, PA, PB, PBT, PC, PE, PEST,
PET, PIB, PO,
PP/Acrylics 47, 48, 1039
PP/EEA 58, 59, 280, 778
PP/elastomer blends, dynamically vulcanized 1061-1062
 1429

PP/elastomer 56-58, 254, 273, 389-391, 400, 542, 559, 661, 671, 705, 706, 817, 818, 829, 873, 915,
1025, 1038, 1041, 1061, 1063
PP/EVAc 59, 391, 492, 539, 542, 636, 777, 778, 829, 832
PP/EVAl 57, 312, 503, 504, 507, 667, 693, 1169
PP/Fluoropolymer 77, 680
PP/LCP 17, 56, 61-63, 90-92, 327, 374, 377, 383, 510, 539, 542, 544, 698, 873, 1135, 1182
PP/PMMA 47, 1040
PP/Polysiloxane 777, 829, 830
PP/POM 55, 61, 75, 1175
PP/PPA 61, 638
PP/PPE 30, 39, 54, 61, 62, 66, 73, 79, 637, 899
PP/PS 26-28, 149, 242, 247-249, 251-254, 257-262, 264, 267, 297, 312, 322, 323, 325, 327,
328, 367, 381, 393, 401, 503, 510, 543, 556, 778, 1039, 1040
PP/PSF 56, 84, 85
PP/PVC 43, 1195
PP/SEBS or SBS 37, 151, 181, 242, 252, 254, 264, 266, 283, 284, 322, 323, 401, 538, 542, 544, 638, 1146
PP/SMA 381, 393, 1038
PP/Styrene, reactively compatibilized 380, 381, 393, 397, 400, 401
PP/TPO 504, 694, 706, 733, 956, 1036, 1041, 1150, 1324
PPA or PPhA (Polyphthalamide) and its blends 61, 663, 69, 638, 680, 748
PPE (Polyphenylene ether) 2, 9, 20, 24, 78, 130, 342, 678, 679, 697, 698, 728, 952, 955, 984, 994, 1093,
1150, 1173, 1176, 1349, 1368
PPE miscible blends 78, 80
PPE other blends 46, 54, 62, 66, 73, 76, 82, 83, 85-87, 90-92, 153, 154, 156, 177, 189, 190, 236, 307, 325,
388, 564, 629, 637-639, 983, 1177; see also PPE blends with: Elastomer, EPR, EVAc,
HDPE, HIPS, Impact modifiers, LCP, LDPE, MBS, PA, PAES, PBT, PC, PE, PEI,
PEST, PET, PO, PP
PPE/Acrylics 48, 441
PPE/Epoxy blends 908, 1096, 1108, 1190
PPE/Fluoropolymers 79, 80, 87, 92, 167, 176, 680, 953
PPE/PARA 64, 83
PPE/PEBA 79
PPE/PI 78, 79, 83, 87
PPE/Polysiloxanes 78, 82, 680
PPE/PPS 78, 79, 81, 638, 666, 679, 724, 744, 745, 899, 954, 956, 967, 1096, 1106, 1177, 1331
PPE/PS 6, 24, 25, 28, 30, 54, 82, 138, 141, 142, 150-152, 154, 179, 183, 188, 192, 210, 213, 230,
231, 306, 307, 364, 376, 377, 380, 403, 482, 537, 543, 637, 660, 662, 663, 665, 672, 673,
679, 682, 685, 695, 698, 703, 708, 717, 723, 729, 731, 732, 743, 748, 749, 899, 910, 811,
953, 956, 959, 961-963, 966-969, 972-974, 983, 985, 991, 993, 1001, 1024, 1027, 1029,
1042-1046, 1052, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1083, 1093-1096, 1169, 1173, 1175, 1330
PPE/PSF 79, 83-85
PPE/SBS or SEBS 31, 36-40, 66, 76, 78, 79, 136, 306, 384, 552, 637-639, 1143
PPE/Styrene, reactively compatibilized 380
PPE/Styrenics 29, 30, 319, 321, 322, 672
PPE-amino-terminated 66
PPE-g- trimellitic anhydride 66, 79, 384, 637, 1074
PPE-g-fumaric acid 73, 365
PPE-g-glycidyl methacrylate 39, 899, 1074
PPE-g-maleic anhydride 39, 62, 66, 79, 87, 326, 364, 365, 637-639, 1074
PPE-sulfonated 24, 403, 1257
PP-g-acrylic acid 53, 60, 61, 326, 366, 389, 1032
PP-g-glycidyl methacrylate 54, 55, 62, 66, 72, 73, 326, 366, 378, 392, 636
1430

PP-g-maleic anhydride 30, 52, 53, 59-63, 66-68, 73, 193, 281, 282, 323, 346, 363, 367, 378, 381, 383-386, 388,
393, 504, 517, 569, 570, 710, 737, 899, 1129
PP-g-oxazoline 374, 376, 392, 393
PPMA (Poly-phenyl methacrylate) 24, 48, 80, 188, 190
PPR or PPy (Polypyrrole) 92, 93, 927, 1183, 1185, 1191
PPS (Polyphenylene sulfide) 24, 31, 80, 81, 164, 233, 343, 679, 746, 067, 983, 997, 1003, 1105, 1150, 1176
PPS other blends 29, 37, 62, 79, 81, 83, 86, 87, 638, 967, 1105, 1125, 1147, 1175, 1178, 1331; see also
PPS blends with: HDPE, HIPS, Impact modifiers, MBS, PA, PAEK, PAES, PAI, PAr,
PARA, PC, PEI, PEST, PET, PPE
PPS/Fluoropolymers 80, 81, 85, 680, 910, 954, 1105
PPS/LCP 63, 91, 874, 971, 1105, 1106, 1175, 1181
PPS/LTG 74, 81, 83, 86
PPS/PI 81, 83, 85, 87, 1177
PPS/PO 47, 54, 56, 244, 272, 273, 277, 1105
PPS/Polysiloxanes 82, 638, 680
PPS/PPE 37, 92, 121, 123, 167, 197
PPS/PSF 36, 81, 83-85, 666, 1175, 1177, 1195
PPS/SBS or SEBS 40, 638
PPTA (Poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide) 89, 563
PPTA or PPD-T (Poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide) 89, 90, 403, 563
PPVL (Polypivalolactone) 355
Preparation of blends 13-24, 214, 251, 252, 276, 324, 342-350, 640, 1024-1032, 1128, 1151, 1337
PRISM (Polymer reference interaction site model) 166, 167
Probability density function 166
Processability 13, 16, 20, 26-39, 48-57, 59, 61-92, 204, 307, 327-330, 468, 595, 601, 655, 656, 660-663,
672-681, 684, 692, 697, 718, 720-722, 725, 736, 741, 751, 810, 894, 953, 954, 956, 960,
961, 966, 969, 971, 974, 975, 929, 930, 941-943, 945-947, 1052, 1054, 1058-1060, 1062-
1065, 1077, 1080, 1082, 1093, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1102-1104, 1106, 1110, 1121, 1130,
1136, 1143, 1154, 1172, 1176, 1180, 1184, 1185, 1324-1331
Processing 1, 2, 6, 7, 24, 27, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 51, 53, 55, 58, 60, 68, 69, 79, 88, 89
Production of plastics 1, 451, 452, 1118, 1157
Prolate ellipsoid 313, 461, 471, 473, 506, 521, 582
Properties, thermal 38, 69, 85, 372, 380, 385, 391, 399, 400, 634, 658, 659, 680, 702, 905-915, 1108
PS (Polystyrene) 2-5, 10, 21, 130-132, 139, 140, 161, 164-167, 175, 210, 211, 215, 216, 231, 248, 324,
543, 626-629, 658, 659, 672, 710, 728, 745, 746, 748, 771-774, 871, 872, 911, 915, 942-
947, 982-987, 1001, 1042, 1119, 1123, 1173, 1368; see also: Deuterated PS and HIPS
PS other blends 25, 27-31, 51, 76, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 137, 148-152, 176, 177, 179, 182-186, 189, 243,
261, 268, 312, 319-323, 328, 346, 395, 403, 423, 433, 435, 438, 487, 503, 504, 542, 543,
554, 662, 690, 683, 712, 777, 840, 897, 983, 989, 1149, 1154, 1185, 1324; see also PS
blends with: EPDM, EPR, HDPE, Impact modifiers, LDPE, PA, PAN, PAr, PB, PC,
PCL, PE, PIB, PMMA, PO, PVME, PP, PPE
PS, foamed 27, 29, 30
PS, miscible blends 24, 25, 307
PS/PEST 49, 67, 73, 76, 242, 264, 267, 268, 325, 377, 379, 567, 665, 721, 1174, 1182
PS/POM 55, 243, 545
PS/PVC 43, 45, 322, 325, 1000, 1001, 1119, 1123, 1195
PS/SAN 25, 76, 178
PS/SBR 26, 38, 43, 662
PS/SBS or SEBS 26, 37-40, 54, 168, 264, 317-321, 369, 398, 541, 543, 637
PS-aminated 380, 381, 909
Pseudoplastic flow see: Flow or behavior, Pseudoplastic
PSF other blends 29, 33, 36, 46, 68, 69, 79, 83-85, 92, 94, 927, 1103, 1156, 1175, 1177, 1195; see also PSF
blends with: ABS, Impact modifiers, MBS, PA, PAEK, PET, PP, PPE, PPS
 1431

PSF, PSO or PSU (Polysulfone) 24, 80, 81, 84, 130, 164, 627, 679, 971, 983, 984, 1101, 1102, 1104, 1173, 1175,
1176; see also PAES
PSF/Fluoropolymers 80, 85, 666, 680
PSF/LCP 544, 546, 874
PSF/PC 77, 1003
PSF/PI 84, 85, 87
PSF/PO 55, 56
PSF/PVP 777, 844
PSF/Styrenics 37, 148, 149
PS-g-glycidyl methacrylate 325, 364, 377, 379, 379
PS-g-maleic anhydride 67, 368, 384, 364, 368, 568
PS-g-oxazoline 76, 371, 381, 394, 371, 395, 636
PS-hydroxy-terminated 378, 380
PS-sulfonated 152, 181, 403, 404, 927, 1179, 1184, 1192, 1194, 1228, 1236, 1240, 1242, 1258, 1290
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) 5, 80, 130, 161, 627, 659, 758, 767, 897, 1345, 1352, 1368, 1382
PTFE other blends 31, 80, 680, 665, 1105
PTFE/ABS 707, 708
PTFE/PA 664, 744, 910, 954, 1326
PTFE/PAEK 84, 520, 546
PTFE/PAES 74, 84, 85, 666
PTFE/PC 20, 21, 40, 77, 665, 1085
PTFE/POM 76, 78, 665, 678, 685, 686, 717, 724, 954, 1330
PTFE/PPE 953, 955
PTFE/PPS 81, 83, 910, 954, 1105
PTMPC (Tetra-methyl polycarbonate) and its blends 24, 73, 130, 148, 152, 154, 156, 176, 185, 188, 189, 483, 542;
see also TMPC
PTO (Polytrans-octanamer) and its blends 50, 57, 66, 80
PTP (Polythiophene) 1183
PTTBHP, crosslinking agent 779, 797
PVAc (Polyvinyl acetate) and its blends 40, 44, 47, 48, 59, 72, 130, 161, 163-165, 175, 186, 190, 192, 209, 211,
216, 222, 297, 307, 627, 630, 982, 984-987, 995, 1001, 1002, 1108, 1154, 1186
PVAl (Polyvinyl alcohol) and its blends 5, 9, 10, 16, 37, 50, 51, 89, 92, 94, 150, 175, 479, 667, 693, 737, 1152-
1156, 1174, 1183-1186, 1191, 1193
PVB (Polyvinyl bromide) and its blends 4, 145, 307
PVC (Polyvinylchloride) 2-5, 21, 22, 24, 40, 131, 145, 161, 164, 175, 208, 324, 342, 461, 469, 475, 593, 606-608,
611, 612, 614, 620, 622, 626, 627, 629, 636, 657-660, 688, 690, 691, 703, 728, 766, 770,
771, 777, 911, 942, 947, 966, 982, 984, 986-988, 1000, 1053, 1119, 1123, 1124, 1140,
1150, 1173, 1369
PVC crosslinking see: Crosslinking PVC
PVC dehydrochlorination/color formation 750, 770, 771, 827, 1000, 1001, 1132
PVC foaming 29, 42, 44
PVC heat stabilizers 770, 771, 849, 942-947, 1000, 1053, 1134, 1136, 1355
PVC miscible blends 45, 137, 179, 183-186, 307, 851, 852, 1000, 1001, 1062, 1155
PVC other blends 22, 23, 32, 33, 42, 43, 45, 47, 63, 91, 92, 95, 150, 176, 177, 186, 188-190, 209, 231, 307,
325, 328, 397, 399, 400, 418, 430, 435, 562, 668, 669, 672, 694, 695, 724, 778, 873, 926,
927, 966, 983, 989, 1026, 1054, 1062, 1118, 1137, 1138, 1144, 1184, 1185, 1195, 1324,
1325; see also PVC blends with: ABS, Acrylics, ASA, COPO’ CPE, CSR, Elastomers,
EVAc, HDPE, Impact modifiers, MABS, MBS, NBR, PA, PAN, PC, PCL, PE, PMMA,
PO, POM, PP, PS
PVC toughening see: Impact modified PVC
PVC/PEST 45, 1174, 1182
PVC/SAN 192, 221, 328, 778, 849, 852, 1026, 1054
1432

PVC/Styrenics 29, 37, 328, 430, 971, 973, 1001, 1047, 1052, 1055, 1172, 1195
PVC/TPU 42, 44, 543, 662, 666, 707, 708, 954, 1020
PVDC (Polyvinylidenechloride) 5, 44, 191, 770, 973, 1053, 1143, 1369
PVDC blends 29, 41, 45, 47, 63, 91, 145, 147, 150, 151, 176, 181, 189, 307, 328, 1145, 1154
PVDF (Polyvinylidenefluoride), 45, 164, 165, 229, 680, 741, 849, 1150, 1352
PVDF miscible blends 150, 180, 181, 189, 190, 307, 322, 560, 561, 1283, 1296
PVDF other blends 46, 47, 63, 80, 91, 137, 150, 176, 244, 245, 273, 297, 312, 627, 629, 777, 843, 1058,
1154, 1185, 1331; see also PVDF blends with PA, PBT, PCL, PEMA, PMA, PMMA
PVDF/ETFE 849
PVDF/LCP 63, 91, 777, 843
PVDF/PC 46, 77
PVDF/PO 47, 63, 297, 312
PVDF/POM 46, 76, 78
PVDF/PVF 181, 213
PVDF/SEBS/PPE 39, 79
PVDF-g-MAA 357
PVF (Polyvinylfluoride) 145, 626
PVF blends 63, 76, 168, 181, 191, 504, 1154, 1253, 1263
PVME (Polyvinylmethylether) 130, 984, 987, 988
PVME other blends 13, 139, 147, 176, 190, 192, 242, 306, 307, 899, 983
PVME/PS 24, 137, 139, 141, 143, 150, 168, 173, 176, 179, 180, 182, 185, 191, 192, 243, 247, 252,
257, 259, 306, 307, 482, 483, 486, 488, 518, 520, 537, 538, 543, 545, 780, 841-843, 897,
901, 908, 985, 989, 990, 993, 1001, 1194
PVP (Poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone) 46, 85, 151, 164, 175, 190, 193, 307, 319, 320, 322, 325, 627, 777, 781, 844
PVPh (Polyvinylphenol) 34, 47, 73, 78, 86, 89, 162, 163, 192, 211, 1211
PVT (Pressure-Volume-Temperature) 47, 124, 127-133, 141-143, 175, 177, 178, 180, 537, 654, 658-660
Quasi-crystalline lattice model 298,
Quench depth 496, 547, 562-567
Quenching, catalyst 348, 351, 356
Quenching, crystallinity 214, 236, 267, 268
Quenching, morphology 491, 498, 499, 505, 570, 571, 595-601, 622, 629, 630, 633, 787, 788, 808, 816, 819, 824,
827, 829, 835, 836, 839, 845, 846, 979, 989, 994, 996, 1126, 1131, 1149, 1189, 1234,
1293, 1334, 1370
Quenching, spinodal 171, 173, 174, 185, 188, 190, 236, 237, 492, 559, 560, 1126
QUV (Quick Ultra Violet) 1009-1014
Radiation chemistry 758-764
Radiation high-energy 758-853, 1004
Radiation processing 758, 767, 775-781, 791, 810, 813, 814, 816, 819, 827, 833, 840, 844, 845, 854
Radiation sterilization 758, 768, 784, 817, 844, 845, 847, 851
Radical initiator (RI) see: Free radical initiator and individual radical initiators, e.g., peroxides
Radical scavengers see Free radical scavengers, as well as Nitro-oxides and Oxygen as radical scavengers
Radiolysis of halogenated compounds 763, 764
Radiolysis of organic compounds 758-765
Radiolysis of oxygenated compounds 760, 764
Radiolysis of polymers 758, 764-854, 1004
Radiolysis of unsaturated compounds 761
Radius of gyration 134, 137, 179, 184, 187, 300, 457, 481, 487, 570, 594
Random phase approximation (RPA) 299
Reactive blend 34, 38, 39, 360-401, 439, 499, 596, 626, 636, 638, 668
Reactive blending 15, 16, 21, 23, 33, 51, 59, 60, 79, 325, 502, 515, 557, 568-571, 591, 601, 637, 640, 673,
813, 1029, 1031, 1064, 1066, 1130, 1343
 1433

Reactive compatibilization (see also: Compatibilization) 12, 15, 16, 21, 34, 38, 60, 63, 66, 78, 96, 193, 316,
331, 339-404, 457, 499, 515, 517, 569, 591, 631-640, 1049, 1064, 1068, 1069, 1071,
1076, 1123, 1128, 1144-1146, 1149
Reactive compatibilization by block copolymer formation 381-388
Reactive compatibilization by crosslinking, activating agent mediated 394-398
Reactive compatibilization by crosslinking, coupling agent mediated 398-401
Reactive compatibilization by crosslinking, direct reaction 388-394
Reactive compatibilization by graft copolymer formation 352-381
Reactive compatibilization by ionic interaction 401-404
Reactive compatibilization by redistribution 347-352
Reactive compatibilization, advantages and disadvantages 15, 340, 341, 515-517, 591, 631, 633, 1064, 1128
Reactive compatibilization, characteristics and types 345-350, 633, 634, 1128
Reactive compatibilizer 40, 46, 57, 60, 1141, 1148
Reactive extrusion 16, 326, 340, 347, 357, 406, 602, 614, 615, 631-636, 675, 962, 1029, 1031, 1049, 1071,
1074, 1135, 1170, 1172, 1173, 1177, 1182, 1194, 1370
Reactive formation of a copolymer 340, 345, 347, 348-352, 356, 360, 362-402, 404, 405, 1005, 1034, 1064
Recombination of free radicals 622, 759, 768, 1126, 1149, 1150
Recoverable shear strain 464, 521
Recrystallization 206, 228, 229, 232-235, 269
Recyclability 13, 28, 30, 93, 681, 953, 956, 1037, 1060, 1063, 1110, 1117-1157,
Recyclates 780, 1119, 1122, 1123, 1125, 1133-1141, 1144-1146, 1148, 1158
Recycled polymers 28, 52, 61, 68, 95, 400, 638, 748, 750, 960, 962, 1097, 1110, 1120, 1123-1125, 1135-
1148, 1151, 1371
Recycling automotive plastics 955, 963, 975, 1123, 1125, 1140, 1150, 1151, 1193
Recycling in the solid state 1126, 1150
Recycling industrial plastics 13, 93, 748, 1119
Recycling methods and plants 621, 622, 631, 1120-1122, 1125, 1137, 1138, 1146
Recycling municipal plastics 13, 93, 622, 1119, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1136, 1146-1150; see also PCW
Recycling 20, 66, 68, 73, 78, 93, 95, 748, 750, 853, 951, 975, 1097, 1118-1158, 1193
Redistribution reactions, amide-ester 352, 353
Redistribution reactions, block copolymer formation 347, 348
Redistribution reactions, characteristics and types 348
Redistribution reactions, crosslinked polymer formation 350, 366, 371, 373, 381
Redistribution reactions, radical generation-recombination 350, 389-392
Redistribution reactions, transamidation 153, 181, 351-353, 370
Redistribution reactions, transesterification 348, 351, 354-356, 372, 387, 1003
Redox 1014, 1370, 1371
Reduced drop deformation time 16, 296, 471-473, 480, 492, 583, 584, 591, 600, 1129
Refractive index, nD 136, 179, 315, 40, 441, 548, 557, 674, 883, 886, 929, 1040, 1054, 1056, 1193, 1217
Reinforced blends see: Filled or reinforced blends
Relative viscosity, ηr 449, 451, 454, 459-461, 468, 470, 471, 476, 480, 516, 1049, 1130, 1371
Relaxation spectrum for miscible blends 484, 485
Relaxation spectrum 7, 18, 484, 485, 513, 518, 993; see also: Gross frequency relaxation function
Relaxation time in annealing 980, 981, 990, 993, 1365
Relaxation time in NMR 137, 188
Relaxation time in rheology 7, 465, 466, 470, 473, 476, 478, 482, 487, 492, 496, 499, 515, 517, 518, 626,
641, 1339, 1371
Reprocessing 93, 711, 748-750, 975, 1003, 1096, 1119, 1125, 1135, 1138, 1139, 1143, 1145, 1151,
1157
Reptation model 483, 518
Repulsion volume (intermolecular) 129, 131, 141, 142, 178
Repulsive forces/energies 144, 162, 227, 297, 464, 899
1434

Repulsive interactions (segmental) 147, 204, 296, 299, 304, 308, 897
Resistivity, electric 89, 325, 326, 775, 778, 808, 809, 922-928, 950, 966, 972, 1002, 1044, 1048, 1057, 1072,
1083, 1108, 1383; see also Surface resistivity, Volume resistivity
Resistivity, thermal 906, 950
Retardation spectrum 464, 477
Reynolds number, Re 462, 480, 578
Rheological equation of state 465, 489, 490, 657
Rheological measurements 449, 450
Rheological model systems 17, 18, 457-482
Rheological models 450, 452, 457-482, 499
Rheology of immiscible blends 489-523, 537-546
Rheology of miscible blends 482-489, 537-546
Rheology vs. thermodynamics 485-488
Rheology 7, 16, 17, 20, 28, 95, 268, 357, 366, 371, 381, 390, 393, 394, 402, 425, 449-523, 540-546,
573, 578, 582, 585, 589, 593, 634, 635, 654-657, 660, 663, 668, 672, 687, 692, 730, 734,
745, 810, 839, 1004, 1034, 1044, 1110, 1129, 1169, 1182, 1190, 1195, 1372
Rheopexy 459, 465, 1380
Ribbon blenders 623
Rigid-rod polymers see: Blends of rigid-rod polymers; Composites, molecular
Rockwell hardness 869, 870, 949, 1040, 1047, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1057, 1068, 1072, 1094, 1355, 1372
Rotating disc mixer 4, 601-603
R-TPO (Reactor-type TPO) 51, 53, 57, 641
SAA (Styrene-co-acrylic acid) 34, 46, 66, 319, 329, 365-367, 778
Sampling nozzle or port (in TSE) 4, 596, 634, 747
SAN (Styrene-co-acrylonitrile) 5, 22, 23, 25, 131, 324, 464, 469, 615, 658, 668, 746, 946, 1042, 1378
SAN other blends 28, 30-37, 40, 46, 47, 75, 76, 80, 131, 137, 153, 156, 176-179, 189-193, 235, 307, 316,
319, 326, 368-370, 437, 438, 442, 522, 544, 545, 554, 909, 1098, 1145, 1188, 1331; see
also SAN blends with EPDM, NBR, PC, PCL, PMMA, PS, PVC
SAN/ABS 29, 30, 32, 326, 328, 379, 430, 543, 550, 552, 565, 908, 1026, 1042, 1045
SAN/COPO 86, 1177
SAN/Elastomer 31, 662, 673, 683, 684, 993, 695, 707, 708, 712, 729, 730, 734, 749, 910, 911, 969, 1042,
1172
SAN/Fluoropolymer 80, 680
SAN/PA 35, 316, 367, 1049, 1073
SAN/PC/ABS 34, 35, 665, 684, 685, 695, 697, 714, 716, 721, 735, 746, 749, 1328
SAN/PC/PS 31, 565
SAN/SMA 29, 189, 316, 319, 370, 569, 1052
SAN-co-isopropenyl oxazoline 370
SAN-GMA 379, 390
SAN-MA 326,
SANS see: Neutron, small angle scattering (SANS)
Satellite droplets 474, 493, 586
SAXS (Small angle X-ray scattering) 177-181, 184, 208-210, 301, 316, 319, 320, 323, 356, 360, 362, 368,
385, 627-629, 886, 890, 897, 1228, 1229, 1248, 1258, 1264, 1272, 1294
SB (Styrene-co-butadiene) 36, 184, 299, 836, 945
SB other blends 31, 38-40, 54, 72, 358, 368, 377, 637, 679, 1144, 1330
SB/EPDM 833, 836-838
SB/PO 28, 37, 321, 323, 327, 926
SB/PS 26, 37, 38, 317, 319, 328
SBR (Styrene-butadiene rubber) 24, 164, 175, 420, 428, 628, 927, 1132
SBR other blends 29-31, 35, 37, 38, 43, 69, 76, 83, 94, 139, 168, 172, 176, 185, 328, 430, 442, 629, 673,
674, 1143, 1144, 1154, 1156; see also PS/SBR
 1435

SBR/BR 30, 56, 168, 176, 185, 566, 629

SBR/PO 27, 28, 37, 56, 59, 327
SBR/PPE 54, 66, 79, 326
SBR-chlorinated 43, 76
SBR-g-PMMA 35, 42, 673, 1054, 1084, 1098; see also MBS
SBR-MA 54, 66, 79, 326
SBS (Styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) 36, 299, 307, 481, 628
SBS other blends 39, 40, 66, 172, 328, 330, 370, 679, 899, 1143-1146, 1154; see also SBS blends with
HIPS, PA, PBT, PC, PP, PPE, PPS, PS
SBS/PEST 38, 61, 73, 76, 329, 638
SBS/PO 27, 28, 37, 54, 58, 321, 326, 327, 637, 1129
SBS/Styrenics 26, 32, 37, 911, 1149
Scale-up 600, 603, 605, 633, 635, 639, 689, 751, 1169
Scattering intensity function 171, 174
Scattering methods 134-138, 143, 167, 171, 172, 174, 177-182, 184-185, 301, 329, 548, 557, 572
Scavenger, electron 760, 769, 839
Scavenger, free radical see Free radical scavengers, as well as Nitro-oxides and Oxygen as radical scavengers
Scission see: Chain scission
SD (Spinodal decomposition) 17, 48, 170-174, 193, 236, 298, 422, 486-488, 492, 502, 556-567, 572, 626, 669,
893, 1127, 1189, 1376
SEBS other blends 25, 26, 29-31, 37-40, 62, 66, 69, 73, 76-79, 86, 92, 95, 281, 368-370, 552, 637-639, 679,
1143, 1144; see also SBS blends with: HIPS, PA, PBT, PC, PP, PPE, PPS, PS, PVDF
SEBS(Styrene-b-ethylene-propylene-b-styrene) 36, 38, 40, 425, 426, 516, 628, 1173
SEBS/PEST 38, 61, 71-73, 326, 377, 379, 439, 637
SEBS/PO 27, 28, 37, 48, 53, 54, 282, 325-327
SEBS-g-glycidyl methacrylate 73, 378
SEBS-g-maleic anhydride 37-40, 60, 61, 66, 68, 86, 280-283, 360, 365, 367-370, 377-379, 540, 544, 569, 639,
1146, 1174
SEBS-sulfonated 40, 54, 927
SEC (Size exclusion chromatography, GPC of old) 183, 353-355, 359, 372, 373, 375, 379, 380, 384, 387, 397,
400, 404, 628, 635, 843
Second virial coefficient (A2) 134, 135, 178-180, 184, 191, 192
Segregation during crystallization 185, 206, 208-211, 214, 240, 276
Segregation, micellar 300, 320-322
Segregation/fractionation in flow 17, 462, 488, 511, 519, 594, 660, 667, 705, 751
Segregation/separation of plastics for recycling 1119, 1122, 1125, 1137-1139, 1143, 1157
Semicrystalline polymers 27, 34, 61, 64, 80, 81, 86, 88, 89, 182, 205, 206, 212, 215, 227, 229, 232, 241, 243, 246,
248, 251, 256-258, 260, 269, 280, 319, 341, 468, 509, 519, 548, 637, 659, 720, 726, 740,
786, 811, 889, 894, 899, 967, 1081, 1096, 1105, 1217, 1219, 1223-1267, 1270, 1272,
1276, 1344, 1373,
Semi-IPN 418, 419, 422, 425, 428, 442, 1079, 1080, 1107-1109, 1185
SEP (Styrene-b-ethylene-propylene) 30, 777, 780, 836-838
Sequential aging theory 990
Sequential IPN 417-421, 423-425, 1373
Sessile drop 311
SH (Strain hardening) 19, 25, 57, 58, 68, 86, 466, 507, 521, 522, 585
Shear banding (or yielding) see: Fracture mechanics, shear banding or yielding
Shear compliance 449, 483, 487, 1342
Shear fractionation see: Segregation/fractionation in flow
Shear heating 468, 703, 704, 711, 715, 722
Shear moduli 18, 437, 449, 462, 477, 482-486, 490, 512, 516, 747, 996, 1141
Shear yielding see: Fracture mechanics, shear banding or yielding
1436

Shear-induced degradation see: Degradation, mechano-chemical

Shear-induced interlayer slip see: Interlayer slip
Shear-induced mixing 488, 564, 566, 567, 1194
Shear-induced particle migration 462
Shear-induced segregation 17, 511, 564
Shift factor, aT 6, 518, 519, 997, 1383
Shore hardness 58, 775, 796, 798, 817, 968, 974, 1037, 1061, 1063, 1101, 1347, 1355, 1374
Shredding plastic waste 1117, 1138, 1371
Significant Liquid Structures theory 129
Silicone elastomer 42, 78, 79, 82, 94, 393, 439-441, 628, 661, 672, 1079, 1080, 1108, 1109, 1156, 1174,
1191, 1193, 1357, 1374
Silicone oil 78, 466, 467, 680, 744, 973, 1360
Siloxane polymers, others 5, 29, 39, 54, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80- 84, 87, 94, 393, 435, 511, 637, 638, 780, 829, 899, 901,
1156, 1273, 1282, 1292
Siloxane-dimethyl, PDMS see: PDMS (Polydimethyl siloxane)
Siloxane-diphenyl, PDPhS 78
Siloxane-methylphenyl, PMPhS see: PMPS (Polymethyl-phenyl siloxane
Simha 6, 128, 131, 138, 141, 167, 169,458-460, 478, 537, 902, 982
Simha-Somcynsky (S-S) eos 6, 128-132, 138, 140-142, 167, 458, 537
Simultaneous interpenetrating network (SIN) 12, 417, 418, 421-424, 1374
SIS (styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) 27, 37, 321, 326, 328, 401
Skin-core structures 17, 21, 476, 502, 698, 704, 709, 1363
SMA (Styrene-co-maleic anhydride), 5, 27, 307, 674, 1039, 1042, 1052, 1150
SMA other blends 29, 32, 36, 41, 75, 92, 193, 393, 909, 1052, 1053, 1154; see also SMA blends withABS,
PBT, PC, PCL, OO, SAN
SMA/Elastomer 401, 662, 683, 707, 708
SMA/PA 31, 36, 60, 65-68, 316, 326, 346, 365-370, 569, 639
SMA/PEST 38, 70, 379, 569, 665, 677, 684, 685, 697, 717, 721, 1329
SMA/PMMA 47, 189, 486, 1052
SMA/PO 393-395
SMA/PPE 319, 380, 962
SMA/PSF 36, 84, 307
SMA/PVC 43, 973, 1047, 1052, 1055, 1325
Smart material (IPN) 442
SMMA (Styrene-methyl methacrylate block copolymer) 33, 37, 43, 46, 76, 79, 131, 156, 176, 189, 190, 193,
319, 835, 911
Sodium lauryl sulfonate (SLS) 390
Solid state forming 653, 654, 656, 678, 686, 734, 739, 740, 741, 1126, 1328, 1329
Solid-state polycondensation 67, 357, 1128, 1134, 1148, 1375, 1381
Solid-state shear extrusion (SSSE) 95, 1126, 1143, 1149, 1150
Solubility parameter, δ 124, 160-167, 178, 194, 309, 310, 432, 592, 863, 894, 896, 897, 901-905, 907, 1032,
1033, 1035
Solubility 80, 85, 94, 134, 168, 181, 319, 382, 386, 387, 405, 473, 522, 766, 767, 838, 849, 887,
894, 896, 899, 901, 903, 904, 1054, 1109, 1138
Solution blending 13, 20, 30, 43, 46, 52, 71, 277, 305, 341, 352, 355, 385, 560, 401, 562, 563, 637, 640,
833, 835, 836, 849, 908, 930, 1089, 1103, 1178, 1179, 1192
Solution casting 55, 82, 85, 189, 190, 193, 235, 318, 319, 371, 374, 375, 549, 564, 572, 625-629, 841,
851, 908, 1230, 1286, 1375, 1376
Solution temperature see: Critical solution temperature (CST)
Solution, general 124, 138, 160, 188, 898, 902
Solution, rheology 6, 17, 182, 457, 470, 488, 494, 537, 585, 1358, 1371
 1437

Solutions of polymers 6, 8, 15, 81, 87, 89, 90, 134, 135, 138, 142, 167, 169, 178, 179, 182-184, 191, 193, 274,
321, 353, 357, 384, 388, 401, 405, 422, 452, 564, 620, 630, 631, 637, 663, 669, 737, 745,
781, 844, 850, 885, 897, 898, 1045, 1074, 1097, 1175, 1180, 1183, 1188, 1215-1217,
1252
Solvent effects 182, 863, 894, 897, 899-902, 908, 910
Solvent resistance 13, 31, 33-35, 37, 38, 46, 54, 55, 59, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 73, 76, 77, 80, 86, 307, 325-329,
343, 344, 351, 639, 678, 778, 819, 894, 899, 909, 958, 966, 974, 1023, 1030, 1035, 1042,
1049, 1052, 1063-1068, 1078, 1082, 1090, 1096-1099, 1102, 1105, 1175, 1177, 1325,
1326, 1329, 1331
Solvent resistance 13, 31, 34, 37, 38, 46, 54, 55, 59, 62, 64, 65, 70, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80, 86, 307, 325-329,
343, 344, 351, 639, 678, 778, 819, 894, 899, 909, 953, 955, 958, 966, 974, 1023, 1030,
1035, 1042, 1049, 1052, 1063, 1064-1068, 1082, 1090, 1096-1099, 1102, 1105, 1175,
1177, 1325, 1326, 1329, 1331
Source based nomenclature 8-10
Specialty resins and blends 2, 3, 24, 40, 55, 56, 61, 64, 65, 69, 73, 76-93, 272, 329, 511, 546, 604, 666, 679,
686, 690, 698, 724, 732, 750, 1028, 1041, 1101-1106, 1110, 1144, 1174, 1175, 1178
Specific interactions 18, 23, 96, 142, 159, 161, 162, 165, 167-169, 174, 183, 204, 214, 261, 305, 306, 321,
483, 571, 893, 896, 1001, 1003, 1122, 1127, 1168, 1170, 1187-1189
Specific rejection concept 144-147, 1168
Spectroscopy 137, 162, 177, 188, 191, 355, 357, 372, 694, 747, 771, 804, 814, 836, 843, 890, 893, 993,
1011, 1013, 1168, 1280, 1264, 1354, 1363, 1375
Spherulites 51, 57, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214-220, 225, 233, 236-238, 240, 241, 243, 246, 250-260,
263, 269, 270-272, 282, 284, 323, 330, 450, 548, 556, 558-560, 659, 777, 829, 888-890,
1363
Spherulitic growth 206-209, 212-220, 254-258
sPhPS (Syndiotactic poly-p-phenyl styrene) 5,
Spin casting 625-628; see also Solution casting
Spinodal decomposition (SD) see: SD
Spinodal 17, 48, 147, 168, 170-174, 178, 180, 183, 184, 186, 188, 193, 220, 236, 237, 298, 486-
488, 492, 493, 502, 556, 562-566, 626, 669, 777, 842, 843, 893, 1126, 1127, 1183, 1189,
1359, 1376, 1381
sPMMA (syndiotactic PMMA) 209, 213, 772, 1241, 1246, 1247, 1259, 1377, 1378, 1379
sPP (Syndiotactic PP) 3, 28, 53, 56-58, 155, 1377, 1378, 1379
Spray drying 44, 625, 630, 631, 1376
Spreading coefficient 567
sPS (syndiotactic PS) 3, 5, 24, 28, 39, 95, 243, 247, 252, 257, 259, 260, 1041, 1121, 1143, 1236, 1377, 1378,
1379
SSE vs. TSE comparison 618-620
SSE see: Extruder, Single-screw
SSSE (Solid-state shear extrusion) 1126, 1150
Stabilization of phase or morphology see: Morphology stabilization
Stabilization see: Degradation & stabilization
Stabilizer, Antioxidant 95, 355, 769, 779, 806, 816, 845, 1089
Stabilizer, Heat 355, 392, 626, 770, 771, 849, 1000, 1053, 1134-1136
Stabilizer, Light 95, 1008, 1014, 1133-1136, 1139, 1148, 1205
Stabilizers 15, 626, 699, 768, 769, 779, 789, 791, 792, 830, 1000, 1008, 1037, 1106, 1121, 1125,
1126, 1129, 1131, 1133-1136, 1139, 1147-1150, 1158, 1177, 1355, 1371, 1376, 1382; see
also: Stabilizers, HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers), Heat stabilizers, Stabilizer,
Heat, Stabilizer, Light, Phosphite stabilizer, PVC heat stabilizers
Staining methods and agents 193, 314, 422, 349, 549-552, 885, 886, 1045
Staining, Double staining method 547, 552, 554, 555
Starch in biodegradable blends 50, 93, 94, 1002, 1152-1157, 1186
Static mixer 63, 90, 397, 587, 620, 698, 1130
1438

Statistical thermodynamics 138, 141, 303, 304, 458, 1015

Steady state flows of suspensions see: Flow of suspensions
Steady state shearing 17, 19, 450, 454, 459, 461, 465-468, 475, 478, 480, 487, 489, 491, 494-499, 502, 505,
510, 512, 516, 519, 520, 538-541, 544, 545, 578, 581, 582, 585, 586, 593, 596, 598, 747,
997
Sterilization 968; see also Radiation sterilization
Stiffness 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 52, 57, 62, 65, 69, 70, 75-79, 84, 86, 89, 204, 211, 323,
669, 671, 178, 742, 751, 824, 849, 862, 869, 952-954, 957, 962, 964, 965, 972, 973, 977,
1033, 1035, 1038-1040, 1065, 1097, 1098, 1146, 1175, 1190, 1191, 1326, 1328-1330,
1335, 1342, 1352; see also Modulus …
Strain compatibilization 487, 488, 538; see alo Compatibilization, mechanical
Strain demixing 480, 486-488, 538, 564, 566
Strain hardening, SH see: SH
Strain softening, SS 466
Strategies of compatibilization see: Compatibilization strategies
Stress growth function 18, 19, 469, 481, 484, 485, 521, 522
Stress relaxation 595, 718, 990, 991, 993-996, 999, 1327
Stress tensor 451, 478, 490, 491, 519, 585
Stress-induced fibrillation, 17, 502, 505, 584; see also: Fibrillation (of drops)
Stress-strain cycling 870; see also: Fatigue
Stress-strain theory 478
Stress-strain 22, 489, 627, 783, 819, 831, 861, 864, 865, 870-873, 891, 949, 950, 1361, 1272, 1373,
1377, 1378, 1384
Strong segregation limit 300
Structure function, S(q, t) 171
Structure, polymer see: Polymer structure
Struik 978, 993
Styrenics other blends 26, 28, 36, 37, 46, 92, 327, 328, 330, 441, 631, 663, 672, 674, 679, 684, 707, 711, 730,
1025, 1029, 1125, 1138, 1149; see also: Styrenics blends with: Elastomers, EVAc,
HDPE, LDPE, PAES, PC, PE, PEST, PET, Phenoxy, PO, POM, PPE, PSF, PVC, SBS
Styrenics 2, 24, 306, 342, 636, 662, 672, 682, 683, 695, 696, 710, 727, 734, 748, 847, 969, 1042-
1053, 1141, 1172, 1378
Styrenics/PA/PPE 64, 78, 967, 1175
Styrenics/PBT 721
Sulfonyl azide 397, 398
Surface finish 34, 55, 59, 521, 704, 965, 1058, 1086, 1091, 1100, 1354, 1378
Surface free energy 14, 216, 218, 219, 225, 226, 256, 264, 298, 455
Surface resistivity 89, 325, 326, 924-926, 950, 972
Surface tension 80, 160, 170, 295, 306, 307, 309, 330, 475, 493, 505, 629, 1383
Surfactant 13, 304, 308, 317, 427, 456, 492, 511, 927, 1005, 1038, 1183, 1184, 1192, 1378
Suspension rheology see: Flow of suspensions
Syndiotactic polymers see: sPP, sPS, sPMMA, …
Synergism 3, 16, 34, 81, 85, 343, 453, 668, 952, 954, 1000, 1024, 1029, 1043, 1085, 1130, 1132,
1142, 1171, 1178
Tafmer® 5, 50, 72
Taylor, G. I. 470-475, 495, 496, 508, 515, 522, 582, 583, 592, 651
Telescopic flow 509, 510, 517, 667
Tensile strength 3, 12, 37, 38, 43, 58, 61, 62, 64, 68-75, 77, 79, 83-87, 90-92, 307, 325, 328, 329, 372,
672, 678, 682, 736, 737, 741, 743, 767, 771, 774-777, 783, 787-789, 791, 792, 796-802,
804, 806, 807, 812, 813, 816, 818-834, 847, 848, 850, 863-865, 873, 874, 895, 909, 950,
954, 957, 963, 966-970, 978, 1002, 1040, 1043-1054, 1057, 1059-1068, 1070-1072,
1077, 1078, 1080, 1083, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1099, 1101, 1102, 1104-
1106, 1126, 1143, 1145, 1147, 1149, 1150, 1326, 1329, 1330, 1360, 1379, 1381
 1439

Tensile stress growth function 19, 521

Tensile tests 22, 323, 628, 787, 863-866
Terminology of polymer blends 11, 12
Ternary systems containing solvent 182, 183
Tg (Glass transition temperature) see: Glass transition temperature, Tg
Theories of two-phase flow 476-478
Theories, lattice, cell or hole 138-144
Theories, strong interactions model 144
Thermal behavior 65, 90, 226, 266, 268, 269, 274-276, 285, 658, 1000
Thermal decomposition 30, 50, 604, 1132
Thermal degradation see: Degradation, thermal
Thermal expansion coefficient 85, 126, 131, 132, 160, 177, 518, 816, 862, 957, 973, 1072, 1094, 1108, 1181,
1341, 1379
Thermal properties see: Properties, thermal
Thermal resistance 81, 86, 87, 863, 905, 906, 950, 960, 1003
Thermodynamic equilibrium 123, 169, 175-185, 205, 206, 227, 230, 232, 239-242, 302, 303, 313, 314, 433,
434, 562, 593, 894-897, 909, 913, 979, 981, 990, 992, 1127
Thermodynamic interactions 14, 134, 135, 181, 308, 309, 449, 451, 457, 480, 483, 896-900
Thermodynamic properties 6, 123, 166, 167, 175, 178, 300, 905
Thermodynamic variables 126, 218
Thermodynamic vs. Flow properties 485-488
Thermodynamics basic functions 124-127, 305
Thermodynamics 123-193, 295, 304, 421, 423, 431, 475, 485-489, 491, 492, 509, 510, 537, 593, 1015,
1126, 1187
Thermoforming 604, 654, 656, 674679, 682, 695, 733-735, 960, 964, 966, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1056, 1058,
1155-1157, 1327, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1380
Thermolysis or Pyrolysis 93, 917, 948, 1002, 1003, 1120, 1122, 1379
Thermoplastic IPN 12, 37, 418, 421, 422, 425, 426, 438, 439, 1191, 1358, 1380
Thermoplastic silicone semi-IPN 1108, 1109
Thermoplastics (TP) 1, 3, 5, 50, 51, 275, 342, 356, 430, 435, 454, 601, 604, 654, 658, 674, 675, 678, 680, 686,
687, 691, 733, 741, 742, 744, 750, 840, 864, 867, 881, 885, 886, 927, 928, 970, 928, 970,
972, 975, 998, 1032, 1035-1038, 1041, 1045, 1053, 1063, 1082, 1099, 1101, 1108, 1109,
1117, 1123, 1135, 1141-1146, 1153-1156, 1176, 1180-1183, 1190, 1380
Thermoset polyesters 74, 636, 1106-1108, 1190, 1191, 1380, 1382
Thermoset/ thermoplastic blends 564, 636, 947, 1107-1110, 1174, 1179, 1190, 1191
Thermosets (TS) 1-3, 422, 431, 654, 699, 700, 741, 742, 866, 867, 880, 881, 886, 916, 958, 965, 975, 998,
1056, 1060, 1080, 1097, 1171, 1180, 1190, 1334, 1349, 1358, 1369, 1380
Thickness of the interphase, ∆l 14, 15, 178, 193, 297, 300, 302, 308, 314, 316, 318, 323, 455-457, 481, 482,
501, 510, 1127
Thiourea-formaldehyde 2
Thixotropy in block copolymers 482
Thixotropy 459, 465, 466, 481, 482, 1380
Tikhonov’s regularization 477
Time evolution of the interfacial area 312, 313, 456, 472, 489-491
Time-dependent flows 459, 465, 468, 473, 481, 501, 1132
Time-resolved scattering method 171, 354, 355, 557
Time-temperature (t-T), superposition 6, 19, 191, 469, 482-484, 517-519, 993, 997
Titration with a “surfactant” 304, 317, 456, 592
TMPC (Tetra methyl polycarbonate) 24, 69, 73, 130, 148, 152, 154, 156, 176, 189, 483, 542; see also
PTMPC
Tolueno-p-sulfonic acid 67, 192, 353, 355, 636, 927, 1179
Tomotika's theory 312, 474, 585
1440

Torpedo mixers 602, 620, 624, 625; see also: Add-ons

Tortuosity 52
Toughening mechanisms 22, 23, 324, 325, 330, 357, 863, 870, 885-887, 891; see also Cavitation, Crazing, Fracture
mechanics, Shear banding
Toughening 16, 21, 26, 31, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 70, 71, 74, 256, 257, 305, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324,
550, 554, 614, 636, 637, 668, 674, 675, 678, 679, 751, 861, 872, 873, 893, 1029, 1030,
1035, 1039, 1043, 1044, 1054, 1055, 1066, 1071, 1093, 1095, 1110, 1149, 1158, 1190,
1191
Toughening, cavitation see: Cavitation
Toughening, crazing see: Fracture mechanics, crazing
Toughness 22-29, 32-39, 51, 58-63, 72, 75, 78-82, 85, 88-91, 204, 271, 272, 307, 324-329, 344, 371,
501, 515, 637, 663, 667, 669, 671-674, 678-680, 693, 695, 709, 710, 718-722, 729, 751,
813, 819, 872, 875, 879-887, 949, 950, 953-958, 962-967, 971, 973, 975, 978, 983, 996-
998, 1005, 1024, 1029, 1030, 1033, 1034, 1037-1049, 1052,1055-1058, 1063-1067, 1078,
1079, 1082-1086, 1090, 1091, 1095-1102, 1105-1108, 1110, 1130, 1146, 1171-1177,
1190, 1324, 1327, 1328, 1330, 1381
TPE, TPO, TPR (Thermoplastic elastomers) 36, 50-54, 57, 58, 74, 299, 361, 387, 439, 480, 500, 504, 637, 641, 666,
677, 681, 693, 694, 699, 705-708, 725, 733, 750, 771, 773, 774, 781, 827, 849, 850, 910,
943, 946, 956, 958, 960, 1036-1038, 1041, 1058-1062, 1091, 1099, 1109, 1124, 1125,
1130, 1140, 1150, 1171, 1174, 1177, 1324, 1325, 1380
TPU (Thermoplastic polyurethane) 74, 615, 636, 943, 1055, 1108, 1150, 1369, 1380; see also PAUR
TPU other blends 37, 71, 86, 94, 95, 307, 384, 393, 666, 724, 750, 910, 927, 969, 1109, 1129, 1145, 1149,
1154, 1191
TPU/PO 47, 59, 61, 1174
TPV (Thermoplastic vulcanizates) 57
Transamidation, see: Redistribution reactions
Transesterification see: Redistribution reactions
Transparency 27, 37, 50-53, 57, 71, 86, 89, 204, 318, 328, 675, 696, 887, 930, 967, 1055-1058, 1102,
1103, 1171, 1220-1227, 1230-1238, 1240-1268, 1273, 1274, 1279, 1281, 1324, 1341
Triax® 24, 33-35, 70, 676, 678, 683-685, 696, 697, 707, 708, 712, 714-716, 721, 735, 749, 911,
1025, 1026, 1047-1050, 1070-1072, 1326-1328, 1330
Tri-block copolymers 299, 300, 305, 516; see also SBS, SEBS, SIS, …
Trimellitic anhydride chloride 66, 68, 79, 384, 637, 1074
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) 354, 403, 942, 943
Triphenyl phosphite (TPPite) 354, 359, 382, 1103
Triple point 133
Trouton ratio 461, 466, 469, 480, 522
TSE, Modular design of 21, 609, 610, 618-620; see also Extruder, Twin-screw
TTT (Time-temperature-transformation) cure diagrams 425
Turbidity 177, 183-185, 486, 488, 794, 909, 930
Turbulent flow/mixing 578, 1358
Twente mixing ring (TMR) 602, 624
Two polymers with a copolymer 302-305
Two polymers with a co-solvent 182, 183, 305, 306
Two polymers without a copolymer 14, 15, 23, 147, 165, 188, 296-298
UCST see: Critical solution temperature, Upper
UHMWPE 20, 49, 740
UHMWPE/PE blends 21, 213, 500, 522, 541, 542, 774, 775, 779, 782, 1294
Ultrasonic joining/welding 816, 951, 1353, 1373, 1376, 1381, 1383
Ultrasonic testing 177, 186, 605, 632, 747, 748, 982, 1363, 1381, 1382
Undercooling 204, 212, 215, 218, 219, 229, 246, 248, 260-268, 276-278, 285, 997
UNIQUAC model 1187
Universal compatibilizer see: Compatibilizer, universal
 1441

UV sensitivity 86, 93, 771, 836, 894, 1005-1009, 1132, 1151, 1152
UV stability/resistance 33, 46, 84, 329, 674, 675, 678, 954, 964-966, 971, 975, 1011-1014, 1040, 1052, 1056,
1062, 1063, 1086, 1091, 1103, 1328, 1331
UV-absorbers 95, 1133, 1134, 1136, 1382
Van der Waals 6, 7, 127, 131-133, 143, 161, 167, 896
Velocity, relative of two particles 459
Vicat softening temperature 683, 695, 780, 914, 1048, 1053, 1068, 1072, 1077, 1078, 1083, 1095, 1099,
1101, 1382
Viscoelastic behavior 7, 186, 253, 466, 467, 469, 477, 481,484-486, 492, 543, 545, 585, 588, 597, 621, 692,
870, 978, 985, 990, 993, 997
Viscoelastic drop 313, 470, 476-478, 489, 492-498, 503, 539, 585-587
Viscoelastic properties of interfacial film 451, 470, 591
Viscoelastic properties 19, 21, 465, 466, 472, 476, 477, 484, 486, 488, 513, 516-518, 521, 524, 539, 540, 543,
883
Viscoelasticity at spinodal 486
Viscoelasticity 7, 466, 478, 483, 508, 515, 537, 588, 655, 863, 884, 1384
Viscosity of blends at constant stress 18, 311, 313, 425, 454
Viscosity of block copolymer 481, 482
Viscosity of emulsions 458, 470, 471, 479, 570
Viscosity of interphase 470, 509, 510
Viscosity of miscible blends 18, 482-488
Viscosity of solution 6, 135, 182, 457, 627
Viscosity of suspension 466, 467, 743
Viscosity ratio at constant stress, l 16, 18, 51, 52, 259, 296, 312, 313, 359, 385, 397, 425, 453, 470-474, 477, 479,
492, 493, 498, 502, 503, 506, 508, 522, 523, 537, 539, 582-585, 589, 591, 601, 693,
1129, 1130, 1141
Viscosity ratio, λ 16, 18, 51, 52, 259, 296, 312, 313, 425, 452, 453, 470, 472-474, 479, 490, 492, 493, 497-
499, 502, 506, 508, 521-523, 537, 539, 540, 583-585, 589, 591, 601, 641, 693, 736, 1036,
1067, 1129, 1130, 1141
Viscosity vs. Concentration in blends 487, 511-515, 537, 538, 540
Viscosity, extensional of emulsion 479-480
Viscosity, extensional of suspensions 461, 469-471
Viscosity, extensional 517, 521-523, 579, 585, 692, 728, 739, 783
Viscosity, intrinsic, [η] 6, 135, 160, 182, 183, 454, 460, 470, 471, 478, 516, 745, 770, 1293, 1358
Viscosity, Newtonian 310, 458, 470, 489, 499,538, 579, 657
Viscosity, relative effect of polydispersity 458
Viscosity, relative of emulsions 454, 458, 470, 471, 476, 480
Viscosity, relative of suspensions 449, 451, 452, 458-461
Viscosity, relative, ηr 248, 454, 468, 1050, 1130, 1142, 1371
Viscosity, zero-shear, ηo 7, 135, 312, 458, 483, 485, 487, 515, 516, 540, 1339
Viscosity, η 6, 15, 17-19, 44, 47, 62, 75, 80, 82, 84, 90, 91, 123, 182, 184, 205, 248, 253-256, 259,
263, 272, 273, 284, 314, 321, 322, 327, 329, 361, 366-369, 382, 390, 403, 449, 451, 463-
465, 486, 491, 494-497, 502, 509, 511, 515-517, 519-521, 540, 562, 578, 581, 596, 613,
614, 618, 634, 639, 6550658, 662, 667, 693, 734, 775-780, 812, 956, 968, 1036, 1067,
1075, 1082, 1093, 1105, 1106, 1170, 1172, 1176, 1331, 1382
Vistalon® 779-802
VLDPE (Very low density polyethylene) 49-52, 58, 213, 233, 1171
VOC (Volatile organic compounds) 429, 953, 961, 1183, 1195
Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation 499
Volume resistivity 778, 808, 809, 923-925, 950, 966, 1044, 1048, 1057, 1072, 1083, 1094, 1383
Von Mises criterion 465, 469
Wall exclusion effects 462
1442

Wall shear stress 523, 588, 1374

Wall slip 468, 469, 740, 814, 815
Wavevector, q 172, 174
Weatherability 26, 32, 33, 37, 46, 49, 55, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80-84, 86, 328, 578, 673, 678, 713, 954,
960, 966, 969, 974, 1011, 1030, 1036, 1037, 1040, 1041, 1049-1056, 1062, 1063, 1081,
1100, 1110, 1324, 1325, 1328, 1329
Weathering of polymer blends 1005-1014
Weathering resistance 3, 35, 51, 58, 204, 672, 952, 960, 964, 974, 975, 1040, 1062, 1120, 1147, 1325, 1333,
1383
Weld lines 17, 21, 36, 53, 74, 468, 502, 671, 704, 705, 709, 710, 712, 720, 726, 751, 962, 963, 971,
1102, 1181, 1182, 1195, 1324, 1327, 1352, 1359
Werner & Pfleiderer 4, 596, 602, 603, 609, 610, 614, 615, 688
WLF (Williams-Landel-Ferry equation) 6, 215, 218, 254, 255, 286, 658, 984, 1383
Xenon (Xe) arc 1006, 1007, 1009
XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) 694, 1013, 1014
X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS, XRD) 89, 137, 178, 179, 184, 208, 210, 211, 300, 314, 316, 319, 365, 394,
396, 554, 777, 811, 886, 897, 982, 1043, 1098, 1137, 1182, 1228, 1248, 1247, 1272,
1294, 1295
Yield stress in block copolymers 480-482
Yield stress in elongation 469, 470, 509, 543
Yield stress 18, 22, 25, 50, 60, 79, 296, 323, 330, 458, 463-469, 477-480, 501, 512, 516, 521, 543
Young's modulus see: Modulus, tensile/flexural
Zinc oxide (ZnO) 84, 391, 402, 780, 804, 823, 833, 1060, 1062, 1142, 1383
Zinc stearate (ZnSt) 350, 391, 403, 779, 1360
Z-N (Ziegler-Natta catalyst) 5, 24, 50, 51, 56, 57, 850, 926, 1035, 1039, 1384