Configuration Power Attitude Performance V-Speeds

flaps . . . . .°
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . . VR = . . . . .
TAKE-OFF (rotation
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . . speed)
gear down

flaps . . . . .°
VX = . . . . .
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . .
(best angle)
INITIAL CLIMB
VY = . . . . .
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . .
gear up (best rate)

flaps up VS = . . . . .
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . . (stall speed,
CLIMB clean)
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . . VY = . . . . .
gear up
(best rate)

MP . . . . . IAS . . . . . VA = . . . . .
CRUISE (maneuvering
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . . speed)
VNO = . . . . .
(normal
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . . maximum)
CRUISE
DESCENT VNE = . . . . .
(500 fpm) . . . . .rpm VSI . . . . . (never exceed)

MP . . . . . IAS . . . . .
HOLDING
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . .

flaps . . . . .° VFE = . . . . .
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . . (flaps extended)
APPROACH
VLO = .. . . . .
Level
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . . (landing gear
gear up
operation)
flaps . . . . .°
PRECISION MP . . . . . IAS . . . . .
APPROACH
Descent
(approx. 500 fpm) . . . . .rpm VSI . . . . .
gear down VS = . . . . .
(flaps
flaps . . . . .° approach)
NONPRECISION MP . . . . . IAS . . . . .
APPROACH
Descent
(600 – 800 fpm) . . . . .rpm VSI . . . . .
gear down

flaps . . . . .° VS0 = . . . . .
MP . . . . . IAS . . . . .
(stall speed,
LANDING Visual
landing
. . . . .rpm VSI . . . . .
gear down configuration)

Table 9-1 Performance Table.

170 Instrument Flying Attitude Flight

 LEVEL FLIGHT: Straight-and-Level;
A Timed Turns (standard rate).
min:sec min:sec
01:30 02:30

MH 090 1 min

(90°) (90°)
30 sec 30 sec

min:sec min:sec
01:00 03:00

MH 180
NOTE
Initial square pattern should be based
on cardinal headings, such as MH 360
or MH 270, and on an IFR-like altitude 1 min
(4,200 MSL, etc.); later patterns can be
1 min
based on headings such as MH 030,
MH 135, MH 217, etc.

MH 360
MH 360
min:sec
min:sec 06:00 min:sec
Start 00:00 04:00
timing
(90°) (90°)
10
11 12 1
2 START 30 sec 30 sec
9 3 Normal
8 4
7 6 5 Cruise Speed
1 min MH 270

min:sec min:sec
05:30 04:30

Figure 9-3 Pattern A.

Chapter 9 Suggested Training Maneuvers 171

 B

LEVEL FLIGHT: Straight-and-Level;

Timed Turns (standard rate);
Racetrack Holding Pattern.

(180°) (180°)
1 min 1 min

MH 180 MH 180

2.
2. LEFT
LEFT HAND
HAND 2. RIGHT
1. LEFT HAND
HAND
1 min RACETRACK
RACETRACK RACETRACK
RACETRACK 1 min
PATTERN
PATTERN PATTERN
PATTERN

1 min

MH 360

EN
(180°) D (180°)
1 min 1 min

Start
timing

10
11 12 1
2 START
9 3 Normal
8 4
7 6 5 Cruise Speed

Figure 9-4 Pattern B.

172 Instrument Flying Attitude Flight

 C

LEVEL FLIGHT: Straight-and-Level;

Timed Turns (standard rate).

MH 095 45 sec

(90°) (90°)
30 sec 30 sec

END

MH 185

MH 360

30 sec

(90°)
30 sec
30 sec

15 sec MH 275
MH 005

(270°)
Start 1 min 30 sec
timing
START 10
11 12 1
2
Normal 9 3
8 4
Cruise Speed 7 6 5

Figure 9-5 Pattern C.

Chapter 9 Suggested Training Maneuvers 173

 LEVEL FLIGHT: Straight-and-Level;
D Procedure Turn;
Teardrop Turn;
Racetrack Pattern.
(180°) Constant speed;

M
H
1 min All turns standard rate;

13
5
IFR-like altitude.

30
PROCEDURE

se
TURN

c
(45°)
15 sec

MH 180
M
H
31
5
1
m
in

2 min

(45°)
15 sec (180°)
1 min

END

NOTE
Pattern not drawn exactly
to scale because the MH 180
straight paths may overlap. 1 min

MH 360
2 min
(30°)
Start 10 sec RACETRACK
timing PATTERN
11 12 1
0

10 2
START
21

9 3
MH

8 4
7 6 5
c
se
45

2 min 2 min
NOTE
Pilots should refer to this
pattern in the cockpit. This is
for practice in following written
MH 360 MH 360
instructions; you must work the
pattern into your scan. Part of TEARDROP
doing these maneuvers is to TURN
learn how not to get lost in
navigating a procedure.
Success requires a “what’s (210°)
70 sec = 1 min 10 sec (180°)
next” mind-set and for you to 1 min
anticipate aircraft control.

Figure 9-6 Pattern D.

174 Instrument Flying Attitude Flight

 CLIMBS/DESCENTS
E at Normal Airspeeds
2. Level off
500 ft higher
and accelerate
to normal 3. Commence a
cruise speed normal descent

Normal cruise

500 ft gain
1. Enter a normal in altitude 4. Level off
START climb Normal 500 ft lower
Normal descent and at normal
Normal cruise speed
Cruise Speed
climb
500 ft loss
in altitude
Normal cruise Normal cruise

Figure 9-7 Pattern E.

CLIMBS/DESCENTS
F at Specific Airspeeds 2. Level off
500 ft higher
and maintain 3. Commence descent
specific speed at specific speed

500 ft gain
1. Enter climb in altitude 4. Level off
START at same speed 500 ft lower
and maintain
at
specific speed
Low Cruise Speed

500 ft loss
in altitude

Figure 9-8 Pattern F.

A. Straight (on a constant heading). C. Vertical S's with Turns.

VERTICAL S's
G at a Specific Airspeeds
B. Straight, with 500 fpm climbs and
descents.
2. Enter a 500 fpm descent for 1 min
(should return to start altitude)
As you enter the climb commence
a standard-rate turn left or right.
At top of climb, reverse direction
of turn and commence descent.
Complete remaining S's in same
sequence.

3. Enter a 400 fpm climb for 1 min, Not drawn to scale

1. Enter a 500 fpm then 400 fpm descent
climb for 1 min
(should gain 500') 4. 300 fpm climb
and descent 5. 200 fpm climb
START and descent
at
Low cruise speed
and maintain
throughout maneuver

Figure 9-9 Pattern G.

Chapter 9 Suggested Training Maneuvers 175

 CLIMBS/DESCENTS/TURNS
H with Airspeed Changes
(180°)
1 min and Configuration Changes

M
2. Change

H
13
to slow

5
cruise

30
speed PROCEDURE

se
TURN

c
(45°)
15 sec

END
MH 180
M
H
31
5
1
m
in

4. Change
2 min to slow
(45°) cruise
15 sec (180°)
speed 1 min

5. Pre-landing
check
10. Commence
missed
approach
NOTE
Pattern not drawn exactly
to scale because the RACETRACK MH 180
straight paths may overlap 1 min PATTERN
MH 360
1 min 20 sec

1. Normal 2 min
cruise (30°)
Start
10 sec
timing 9. Commence
11 12 1 descent
2
10
at 500 fpm
0

START
21

9 3
8 4
MH

7 6 5
c

1 min
se

2 min
45

8. Level flight – adopt

approach configuration

MH 360 MH 360
6. Descend 500 ft
TEARDROP at 500 fpm
TURN

3. Change 7. Level off – reduce

to normal to approach speed
cruise (210°)
speed 70 sec = 1 min 10 sec

(180°)
1 min

Figure 9-10 Pattern H.

176 Instrument Flying Attitude Flight

 Cardinal heading
I 360° S-TURNS ACROSS A
CARDINAL HEADING
With configuration changes
and heading changes

This will help you speed up your scan rate,

and learn the power settings and altitude
adjustments required during instrument
approach procedures.
#1
SUGGESTED ACCURACIES
Altitude: 100 ft
RETURN TO CONFIG. # 1 & AIRSPEED
Airspeed: 10 KIAS Config. #1: aircraft clean
Bank angle: 5 Airspeed: approach speed + 40 KIAS
PROCEDURES
• Make heading changes 15 either side
of the selected cardinal heading,
#2
• Use maximum bank angle 10

RETURN TO CONFIG. #2 & AIRSPEED

If flying a high-performance airplane:
• Option 1 – slow it down by using
20-degree (larger) heading changes and
stabilize between config changes.
• Option 2 – maintain a heading for a short
time (30 seconds) before going right into
the next config change to promote
stabilization.
Config. #2: approach flaps gear up
Airspeed: approach speed + 40 KIAS
#3
RETURN TO CONFIG. #3 & AIRSPEED
Config. #3: approach flaps gear down
Airspeed: approach speed + 30 KIAS

(Landing configuration
and airspeed) #4

CHANGE TO CONFIG. #4
Config. #4: full flaps gear down
Airspeed: approach speed

(Typically used during final approach #3

to Minimum Descent Altitude
or in a circling approach)

(Typically used during an
instrument approach prior to
reaching the Final Approach Fix)
CHANGE TO CONFIG. #3
Config. #3: approach flaps gear down
Airspeed: approach speed + 30 KIAS
#2

CHANGE TO CONFIG. #2
Config. #2: approach flaps gear up
Airspeed: approach speed + 40 KIAS

(Typical configuration and airspeed

when maneuvering to commence #1
an instrument approach)

START
Config. #1: aircraft clean
Airspeed: approach speed + 40 KIAS

Figure 9-11 Pattern I.

Chapter 9 Suggested Training Maneuvers 177