MOS II Lab Manual

Department of Civil Engineering
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)

Abbottabad.
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
Mechanics
Practical Lab Manual
Submitted To: Submitted By:

Name: ____________________ Name:_____________________
Signature:__________________ Reg No:____________________
Section:____________________
Introduction to Structural Mechanics Lab Manual
Objectives
 To determine the modulus of rigidity.
 To determine impact energy of steel performing standard impact tests.
 To determine the deflection in curved bars.
 To study the effects of unsymmetrical bending of beams.
 To determine buckling load for struts.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD ii

Safety Precautions
Introduction
These notes with the safety precautions and safety measures that should be observed and
taken by all users of laboratory facilities. There will be special precautions needed for
handicapped persons using laboratories, but these outside the scope of this set of notes.
General Behavior
 No smoking.
 No running, playing games, throwing objects or foolish behavior allowed. Disciplinary
actions will be taken against offenders.
 Safety precautions must be observed at all times.
 Observe any instructions or advice given by the laboratory staff.
 Do no attempt any install, correct or operate any apparatus before reading the
instructions, and if in doubt, seek the assistance of the laboratory staff.
Safety
General
 Treat every piece of apparatus with caution.
 Beware of others working in the vicinity.
 Understand all safety precautions before working in the laboratories.
 If in doubt, ask for assistance.
Electricity
 Switch off and isolate the power supply before opening cabinet doors or attempting
to make any adjustment to the equipment.
 Check all the circuits before switching on the power supply.
 Do not tampers with any switches or protective gears.
 Beware of dangerous voltages developed during the course of using any item of
apparatus.
 Do not work on the electrical apparatus with wet hands.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD iii

 Special care should be taken when bare conductors are being used to carry any
current.
 Always switch off and isolate the service suppliers after using any apparatus.
Chemicals
 Treat all chemical with extreme caution.
 Use protective equipment when provided.
 Know the properties of chemicals before attempting to handle them.
 Alert others in the vicinity when handling poisonous, toxic, corrosive or explosive
substances.
Machines
 Do not operate any machines unless you have been trained to do so.
 Use protective equipment when provided.
 Do not leave any machines in operation unattended.
 Switch off and isolate the machines when not in use.
Fire Hazards
 Check for any possible danger of fire in the vicinity before producing any naked flame.
 Clean up any spilled combustible fluids immediately.
 Extinguish all flames before refueling any equipment.
 Handle inflammable substances with care.
 When a gas leak is suspected, extinguish all naked flames.
 Ensure there is enough ventilation before starting any combustion process.
 If the fire alarm sounds, evacuate from the laboratories immediately and assemble at
the ground floor lobby, unless there is a broadcast for other actions over internal
public address system.
Radiation Hazards
 Use protective equipment when handling any radioactive substance.
 Never leave any radioactive substance unattended.
 Never transfer any radioactive substance without a proper protective container.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD iv

Security
 Take care of your own valuables.
 Do not remove any piece of equipment from the laboratories unless authorized to do
so.
 Only enter and exit the laboratories through the established route.
 Observe the directives given by the laboratory staff.
 Do not attempt to enter or remain in the laboratory outside the opening hours.
 Report any loss or damage to laboratory equipment immediately to laboratory staff.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD v

Table of Contents
Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... ii
Safety Precautions ....................................................................................................................................... iii
TO MEASURE THE MODULUS OF RIGIDITY ................................................................................................... 1
TO PERFORM IMPACTS USING PROCEDURES FOR IMPACT TEST, CHARPY TEST METHOD .......................... 5
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING OF A RECTANGULAR PORTAL…………………………………………………………………….12
TO DETERMINE THE DEFLECTION IN CURVED BARS..……………………………………………………………….…………….16
TO DETERMINE DEFLECTION IN U-FRAME WITH HORIZONTAL LOADING.................................................. 20
DETERMINATION OF BUCKLING LOAD BY STRUT TESTING APPARATUS ................................................... 23
STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION .......................................................... 27
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD vi

Experiment # 1
TO MEASURE THE MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
Scope
This test covers the determination of modulus of rigidity of given specimen using torsion testing
machine.
Significance
Modulus of Rigidity or Shear modulus is the resistance to shear strain. In many structures the
structural members are often encountered with shear stresses.so it is essential to know about
the material’s resistance to shear stresses.
Apparatus
Torsion Testing Machine and Test Specimen.
Procedure
1. Insert the specimen in the chuck grips by loosen the loading arm attachment.
2. Rotate the loading arm until the lever touches the load cell and load indicator show
slight loading, set angle at angle scale and fine angle scale to zero and press tare button
on load indicator.
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 1

3. Apply load with the help of loading arm, measure the torque on every 1 degree rotation
and plot a graph between angle of twist and torque.
Observations and Calculations
Serial No Angle of Twist Torque
Measurement of Modulus of Rigidity (G):
G = 32TL/
Graph

Precautions
1. Plot the graph carefully.

2. Note the readings carefully.
3. Measure diameter of specimen at three different places.
Practical Applications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain
Poor Average Good Very Good Excellent

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Total Points Total Points Earned = Lab Performance Grade
Affective Domain
Unsatisfactory Satisfactory
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Body Language Interest
Confidence
Team Work
Work Ethics Lead Role
General Conduct

Experiment # 2
TO PERFORM IMPACTS USING PROCEDURES FOR IMPACT TEST, CHARPY TEST
METHODS
(ASTM E2248-13)
Scope
These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the charpy test.
Significance
Specimen with lowest absorbed energy means it’s brittle and has least toughness which can break
easily and cannot withstand the sudden high loads which is in this test was specimen number (1) for
both IZOD and CHARPY test.Specimen with Highest absorbed energy means it’s ductile and has
highest toughness which can withstand the sudden high loads which is in this test was specimen
number (8) for both IZOD and CHARPY test
Apparatus
Impact testing machine, test specimens.

Charpy impact test
The specimen is supported as a simple beam with the load applied at the center.
The position of latching tube is set to 140°
The specimen is supported horizontally from two sides
Absorbed Energy Measurement
1. The load is applied as an impact from a

hammer that is released from position h1.
2. The pendulum with a knife edge strikes

and fractures the specimen at the notch.
3. The pendulum continues its swing,
rising to a maximum height h2', which is
lower than h1.
The energy is calculated from the difference in initial and final heights of the swinging pendulum.
Impact energy (toughness) from the test is related to the area under the total stress-strain curve.
A higher toughness material will absorb more energy upon impact and will therefore result
in a low height to which the pendulum arm will swing to following impact
The more energy absorbed by the specimen, the more toughness the material will be

Fracture surface of two Charpy specimens after testing,
a) Ductile material. Uneven surface
a) Brittle material. Smooth surface.
Procedure
Charpy test
1) Place the specimen onto the support with notch facing backside of
the striking direction f
2) Using the setting gauge. Center the notch in between the
Anvils.
3) Place the pointer to read 300 J. latch the hammer

f
4) Release the hammer. The pointer will indicate the amount of
energy consumed by the specimen.

Fracture surface
(a) Highly ductile fracture: specimen neck down to a point (b) Moderator ductile fracture: rough
plastic deformation (c) Brittle fracture without any plastic
Deformation

Charpy Test
Sample Absorbed energy Type of

no. specimen Type of surface at the break and remarks
(J)
1 4.2 Carbon Steel smooth surface: most brittle / least toughness
2 5 Carbon Steel Moderate brittle
3 5.8 Carbon Steel Brittle
↓
4 9 Carbon Steel
↓
5 10 Carbon Steel
6 10.2 Carbon Steel Ductile
7 27.5 Carbon Steel Moderate Ductile
8 72 Stainless steel Rough surface: most ductile/highest toughness
Absorbed Energies and Nature of material

Observations & Calculations
Precautions
1. Perform impact tests on different materials for comparison.

2. Specimen should be placed in the apparatus in the specified position for each impact test.
4. Remain careful with the flying pendulum.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct

Experiment # 3
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING OF A RECTANGULAR PORTAL
Significance
This test is useful in determining the linear behavior of materials.
Apparatus
Unsymmetrical bending apparatus, dial gauges, measuring tape and cantilever steel beam
Procedure
Follow the steps mentioned below:
Part 1
1. Set the fixed end of the cantilever to 45 degree and the dial gauge to 90 degree.
2. Centralize the dial gauge plate.
3. Apply the load of 40N in increment of 5N.
4. Record the horizontal dial gauge and vertical dial gauge at each increment of load.
5. Plot a graph of deflection against load.


Load(N) Vertical dial gauge Horizontal Gauge
Reading Deflection Reading Deflection
Part 2
1. Fix the dial gauge plate and fixed end of beam at 45 degree.
2. Apply the load of 20 N.
3. Record horizontal and vertical dial gauge readings.
4. Repeat it for each 15 degree increment between 45 degree and 225 degree.
5. Plot a graph of deflection against orientation.


Angle of Load Vertical Dial Gauge Horizontal Dial Gauge
Reading Deflection Reading Deflection
Graph and Diagram

Plot deflection Vs Load and deflection Vs angle of load in part 1 and part 2 respectively.
Precautions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct

Experiment # 4
TO DETERMINE THE DEFLECTION IN CURVED BARS
Scope
The object of the experiments is to measure the deflection of a set of curved bars, of known
geometry. Then to compare the empirical data with values calculated from theory.
Significance
Deflections measured in curved bars should be compared with the values calculated from the
theory in order to know the deviation.
Apparatus
The apparatus is illustrated upon page three of this manual. It consists of a base to which the
test bars are attached with a clamp and screws, as required. Load is applied by dead weight to
the free end of the bar using a stirrup and load hanger. Deflections are measured by digital dial
gauges.

Procedure
1. The experimental procedure is essentially the same for all specimens. Select a specimen
to test and carefully measure it.
2. Clamp the specimen to the apparatus with the clamp and screws provided. Add the
stirrup and load hanger.
3. Set up the dial gauges to read horizontal and vertical deflections.
4. Check that the gauge spindles are set horizontal and vertical to within a few degrees.
5. The test specimens are designed to deflect under moderate loads, so you may find that
getting the dial gauge to bread zero is not possible. Do not worry unduly about this.
Note the initial dial gauge readings.
6. Place a load on the hanger and tap lightly with a pencil or finger and then note the
gauge readings.
7. Keep adding loads up to the maximum recommended for each specimen. They are given
in this manual. The horizontal measurement on the semi-circle will require extra care.
8. This is the weakest specimen and thus has the greatest deflections for lowest forces.
The return spring within the dial gauge is strong enough to limit the specimen deflection
and thus give false readings. Gently use a finger or small screwdriver to ‘lift’ the dial
gauge spindle away from the specimen until it only just touches the specimen end. Then
note the reading. It may require two people; one to move the spindle and the other to
note the reading. If this technique is not used errors of 20% may be incurred. It is good
experimental practice to calculate the expected values from theory before performing
the experiments.
9. This method not only gives you an idea of what to expect but also enables a crosscheck
to be undertaken during the experiment. Thus any potentially doubtful points can be
checked during the experimental process.

Precautions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct

Experiment # 5
TO DETERMINE DEFLECTION IN U-FRAME WITH HORIZONTAL LOADING
Scope
This experiment determines the displacement in U-frame with horizontal loading and compares
it with theoretical value obtained from formula.
Significance
Deflections measured in the frame should be compared with the values calculated from the
theory in order to know the deviation
Apparatus
U-Frame, Fastening column, bearing plate, loose bearing with deflection roller.
Procedure
1. Detach the weights hanger.
2. Set the dial gauge to zero.
3. Load the weights hanger with weight 20N.
4. Hang the weights hanger again. Read the dial gauge and note down the
displacement.
The experiment can be repeated for other force influence points and measuring positions.


For theoretical displacement
W=7/*F*a3 /48EI=
The measured value at the force influence point is
W=…………….mm
Precautions
1. Set the dial gauge to zero initially.

2. Read the gauges carefully.
3. Theoretical and observed values must be compared.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct

Experiment # 6
DETERMINATION OF BUCKLING LOAD BY STRUT TESTING APPARATUS
Scope
This test covers the determination of buckling load of struts by using strut testing apparatus.
Significance
Strut resists longitudinal compression. In compression members having slenderness large
enough are prone to buckling. So determining buckling load allows us to determine safe
working loads for the given compression member
Apparatus
Strut testing/Buckling Apparatus, Specimen of different materials, set of slotted weights and
hanger.

Procedure
1. Initially carefully apply a load by turning the load-screw hand-wheel.
2. Carefully observe which way the strut deflects. Then unload the strut and rotate
with the adaptors so that deflection is away from the Dial Gauge and towards the
pulley.
For each load F calculate F/y and plot as below.
Serial No Load Deflection F/y
F y
The calculations and plot should be done as the experiment proceeds so that an idea will be
formed of the critical load. The experimentally applied load may then be halted before critically
is reached.

Five or six points should be enough to establish a straight line and then determine where it
crosses the F axis. This gives the value of Fc, the critical or buckling load.
Precautions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct

Experiment # 07
STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION
(ASTM C469)
Scope
This test method covers determination of chord modulus of elasticity (Young’s) and Poisson’s ratio of
molded concrete cylinders and diamond-drilled concrete cores when under longitudinal compressive
stress.
Significance
This test method provides a stress to strain ratio value and a relation of lateral to longitudinal strain for
hardened concrete at whatever age and curing conditions may be specified.
Apparatus
Compression Testing Machine, Compressometer, Extensometer, Specimen, 6” x 12” Moist-cured

concrete cylinders (capped)

Procedure
1) Perform an unconfined compression test on companion specimen in accordance with ASTM

C39. The specified loading rate is 35 psi/s.
2) Attach the compressometer/extensometer to the test specimen.
3) Place the specimen, with attached compressometer/extensometer, on the
lower platen of the test machine.
4) Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the centerline of the upper thrust block of the
crosshead.
5) Lower the crosshead down until contact is almost made with the specimen.
6) Zero the dial gages.
7) Load the specimen at a rate of 35 psi per second (990 lb/s) until a load of40% of ultimate is
reached. Stop loading at this 40% value and reduce the load to zero for seating of gauges.
8) Zero the dial gauge.
9) Perform the one or two loading cycle and continue the loading until 40% of ultimate load is
achieved, recording without interruption, the applied load and longitudinal deformation at set
intervals (50 millionth)
10) Calculate stress and longitudinal strain as follows:
Stress, σ= P/A
Where P is the applied load and A is the cross-sectional area of the cylindrical specimen.
Strain, ε= d/Lo
Where d is the longitudinal specimen deformation and Lo is the gage length.
The deformation, d is equal to
d = gI
Where g = longitudinal dial gage reading and

Where e1 is the eccentricity of the compressometer pivot rod from the axis of the specimen
and e2 is the eccentricity of the longitudinal dial gage from the axis of the specimen. If these
eccentricities are equal, then I=0.5.The gage length is the distance between yokes.
11) Plot the stress-strain curve (stress on the ordinate and strain on the abscissa).
12) Calculate Eto the nearest 50,000 psi as follows:
Where σ2 is the stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate load, σ1 the stress corresponding to a
strain of 0.00005, and ε2 the strain at a stress of σ2.
13) Calculate: Poisson’s ratio (ν) = (εt2 - εt1) / (ε2 – 0.00005)

14) After loading to 40% and recording the load versus displacement data, unload the specimen.
15) Remove the compressometer (the compressometer may be left in place when appropriate to
generate the entire stress vs. strain curve to failure).
Observations & Calculations

Precautions
1. Rate of loading must not differ from the specified value.

2. Plot the stress-strain curve with stress on y-axis.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Psychomotor Domain

Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
Equipment Usage
Safety Protocols
Experimental
Design
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Data
Interpretation
Affective Domain
Evaluation Criteria
0 1
Dressing
Confidence
Team Work
General Conduct



MOS II Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

MOS II Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MOS II Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Civil Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

 To determine the modulus of rigidity.

 To determine impact energy of steel performing standard impact tests.

 To determine the deflection in curved bars.

 To study the effects of unsymmetrical bending of beams.

 To determine buckling load for struts.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD ii

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD iii

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD iv

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD v

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD vi

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 1

Observations and Calculations

Serial No Angle of Twist Torque

Measurement of Modulus of Rigidity (G):

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 2

1. Plot the graph carefully.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 3

Poor Average Good Very Good Excellent

Body Language Interest

Work Ethics Lead Role

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 4

Impact testing machine, test specimens.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 5

Charpy impact test

The position of latching tube is set to 140°

The specimen is supported horizontally from two sides

Absorbed Energy Measurement

1. The load is applied as an impact from a

2. The pendulum with a knife edge strikes

3. The pendulum continues its swing,

rising to a maximum height h2', which is

lower than h1.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 6

Fracture surface of two Charpy specimens after testing,

a) Ductile material. Uneven surface

a) Brittle material. Smooth surface.

the striking direction f

2) Using the setting gauge. Center the notch in between the

3) Place the pointer to read 300 J. latch the hammer

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 7

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 8

Sample Absorbed energy Type of

1 4.2 Carbon Steel smooth surface: most brittle / least toughness

2 5 Carbon Steel Moderate brittle

3 5.8 Carbon Steel Brittle

6 10.2 Carbon Steel Ductile

7 27.5 Carbon Steel Moderate Ductile

8 72 Stainless steel Rough surface: most ductile/highest toughness

Absorbed Energies and Nature of material

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 9

Observations & Calculations

1. Perform impact tests on different materials for comparison.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CIIT, ABBOTTABAD 10

Poor Average Good Very Good Excellent