COLUMNS

NOMINAL VS DESIGN INTERACTION CURVE

This point is obtained by using, In this region design curve

φ= 0.65 (for Ties) is obtained by multiplying
φ= 0.70 (for Spiral) nominal curve with
φ = 0.65 (for Ties)
( 0, Pn) φ = 0.70 (for Spirals)

( 0, φPn) (φMnb ,φPnb)

( 0, φPn)
(Mnb , Pnb) In this region design
curve is obtained by
multiplying nominal
Interpolation curve with φ = 0.9
is required
This point is obtained
by using,
φ= 0.65 x 0.8 (Ties)
φ= 0.7 x 0.85 (Spiral)
(φMn ,0) (Mn ,0)

Nominal Curve Design Curve

STRENGTH REDUCTION / RESISTANCE FACTOR,φ

For compression controlled failure, φ = 0.65

i.e., for εs ≤ εy

For tension controlled failure, φ = 0.90

i.e., for εs ≥ 0.005

For transition controlled failure, i.e., for εy < εs < 0.005

0.25 ( ε s − ε y )
For Ties, φ = 0.65 +
0.005 − ε y

0.20 ( ε s − ε y )
For Spirals, φ = 0.70 +
0.005 − ε y
RESISTANCE FACTOR,φ, FOR TRANSITION
CONTROLLED FAILURE i.e., εY < εS < 0.005

In Figure, comparing φ
∆ a b c and ∆ a d e, d
0.9
φ − 0.65 0.25 φ b (0.9 - 0.65)
= = 0.25
εs − ε y 0.005 − ε y
0.65 a c e
0.25 ( ε s − ε y )
φ − 0.65 =
0.005 − ε y
εy εs 0.005 ε
0.25 ( ε s − ε y )
φ = 0.65 + εs → strain in extreme tension
0.005 − ε y steel when concrete crushes.

For Spirals, Compression controlled region

Transition controlled region

φ = 0.75 + 0.15(ε − ε ) s y
Tension controlled region
0.005 − ε y
DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMN FOR UNI-AXIAL
ECCENTRICITY

GIVEN DATA
Pu and Mu
fc′ and fy
Cross-sectional size (not always given)

REQUIRED RESULTS
Ast
Ties/ Spirals
STEP 1

Assume yielding of compression steel at balance failure

A
point i.e., fs’ = fy. Also assume that As = As’ = st
2
For balance condition,
 600 d 
a b = β1  
 600 + fy 
and
 a b − β1d′ 
ε′s = 0.003  
 a b 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then fs′ = fy

STEP 2

Calculate,
φPnb = 0.65 × [ 0.85 fc'b ab ]
CASE 1: φPnb ≥ Pu
For this condition, fs = fy
STEP 1

Assume yielding of compression steel i.e., fs’ = fy

STEP 2

Assume φ value using the following empirical formula,

Pu
φ = 0.9 −
4 Pnb
STEP 3
Assume fs’ = fy and compute ‘a’ using,

Pu = φPn = φ [0.85 fc'b a ]

STEP 4

Compute εs’ using ‘a’ value calculated from step 3,

  a− β1d′ 
ε′s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then our assumption is correct
and one can find Ast using moment equation as follows,

 a A
0. 85f′c .b.a d − d′′ −  + st fy [ d − d′′ − d′]
  2  2 
M u = Pu × e = φ ×  
A
+ st .f (d′′) 
 2 y


If εs′ < εy , then

 a − β1d′ 
fs′ = 600  
 a 
Now we will recompute ‘a’ using Load and moment
equations as follows,
  Ast  a − β1d′  Ast 
Pu = φ ×  0 . 85 f′
c b a + × 600   − fy 
 2  a  2 

Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f1(a) (1)

We also have the following equation,

 d − d′′ − a  + Ast × 600  a − β1d′  ×
 0. 85fc
′.b. a
  2  a  
M u = Pu × e = φ × 
2

[ d − d′′ − d′] + Ast .f (d′′) 
 2 y 

Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f2(a) (2)

Comparing equations (1) and (2) one can find out ‘a’ and
‘Ast’ .

STEP 5

Compute εs using,
 β1d − a 
ε s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs ≥ 0.005 , then φactual = 0.9
If εs < 0.005 , then
0.25 ( ε s − ε y )
For Ties, φactual = 0.65 +
0.005 − ε y
0.20 ( ε s − ε y )
For Spirals, φactual = 0.70 +
0.005 − ε y
If φassumed is less than or greater than φactual within
the limit of 10 % then one can design the column using
φassumed . In case the difference between φactual and
φassumed exceeds 10 % then using φactual step 3 and 4
need to be revised.

Note: This limit of 10 % is not a hard and fast rule

CASE 2: φPnb < Pu

STEP 1
For this condition, tension steel is not yielding.
 β1d − a 
fs = 600   and φ = 0.65
 a 
STEP 2

Assume yielding of compression steel i.e., fs’ = fy

STEP 3

 A A β d − a  
Pu = φ × 0.85 fc′b a + st fy − st × 600  1  (3)
 2 2  a  
Above equation can be written as,
Ast = f1(a) (4)

STEP 4
 d − d′′ − a  + Ast × 600  a − β1d′  ×
 0 .85fc
′.b. a
  2  a  
M u = Pu × e = φ × 
2

[ d − d′′ − d′] + Ast .f (d′′) 
 2 y 
(5)
Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f2(a) (6)

STEP 5
Comparing equations (4) and (6) one can compute value
of ‘a’ and ‘As‘

STEP 6

Using value of ‘a’ calculated from above step compute εs‘,

 a− β1d′ 
ε′s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then our assumption is correct
and one will use Ast calculated in step 5
If εs′ < εy , then our assumption is wrong and
we will take fs’ as,

 a − β1d′ 
fs′ = 600   (7)
 a 
Using equation (7) in equations (3) and (5) repeat step
3, 4 and 5.
CONCLUDED