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OCR Chemistry Modules Answers FINAL
OCR Chemistry Modules Answers FINAL
OCR Chemistry Modules Answers FINAL
MODULE
Practical skills in chemistry
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Practical skills in chemistry
2
Alcohol Mass/g Temperature/°C
Starting End Used Starting End Change
methanol
ethanol
propanol
3 You could look at a trusted source like the RSC data book and find the enthalpy change of combustion for the
three alcohols.
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Practical skills in chemistry
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Practical skills in chemistry
(b) 1 mol dm–3 KOH is too concentrated for direct titrimetric analysis, so an accurate 1 in 10 dilution must be
made, e.g. 25 cm3 of KOH made up to 250 cm3 of solution [1].
KOH solution placed into a burette and 25 cm3 of standardised sulfamic acid solution added into a conical
flask by pipette. Suitable indicator added to conical flask, e.g. phenolphthalein [1].
Pipette and burette should be rinsed with appropriate solution prior to use to prevent unintended
dilution [1].
Titrate to the end point, firstly with a rough value, then with at least two concordant values [1].
(c) HCl is a gas, which is more difficult to quantify when making a solution. This is compared to solid
sulfamic acid, which is easy to weigh to 2 d.p. [1]. In addition, sulfamic acid has a higher relative
molecular mass so the percentage error is smaller for a standard with higher RMM [1].
0.01
100 = 0.01% error for sulfamic acid
97.1
0.01
100 = 0.03% error for HCl
36.5
7 (a) BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)
correct formulae and correctly balanced [1]
correct state symbols [1]
2.57
(b) 2.57 g of barium sulfate = = 0.01101 moles [1]
233.4
(c) balanced equations show that there must be an equal number of moles of H2SO4 in 100 cm3 of acid [1]
1000
so concentration of acid = 0.011 = 0.110 mol dm–3 [1]
100
(d) phenolphthalein (colourless to pink) or methyl orange (red to yellow) or any other suitable indicator [1]
(e) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
correct formulae and correctly balanced [1]
correct state symbols [1]
26.05
(f) number of moles of NaOH at end point = 0.195
1000
= 5.08 × 10–3 moles
5.08 103
this neutralised = 2.54 × 10–3 moles of H2SO4 in a volume of 25 cm3
2
1000
concentration = 2.54 103
25
–3
= 0.102 mol dm to 3.d.p. [1]
(g) Any six of the following points:
Method 1:
experiment done only once [1]
volumes measured with less accurate glassware [1]
precipitate could be lost during filtration [1]
Method 2:
glassware more precise [1]
mean titre based on concordant results, ensuring reliability [1]
and precision [1]
no loss of products during analysis [1]
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
3 The two isotopes of carbon have different numbers of neutrons, but the same number of electrons. Only electrons
are involved in reactions, so both isotopes will behave in the same way.
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Foundations in chemistry
3 (a) 159.6
(b) 62.0
(c) 331.2
(d) 132.1
(e) 310.3
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
3 (a) 40 g mol–1
(b) 65 g mol–1
4 (a) Ca or Ar
(b) Zn
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MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
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Foundations in chemistry
2 (a) +1
(b) +5
(c) –2
(d) +5
(e) +3
3 (a) Cl: +5
(b) S: +4
(c) Mn: +7
(d) Mn: +6
(e) Cr: +6
4 (a) ClO2–
(b) ClO4–
(c) PO33–
(d) CrO42–
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Foundations in chemistry
0.54 4.8
7 (a) 0.54 g of Al = = 0.02 moles; 4.8 g of Br = = 0.06 moles [1]
27 79.9
empirical formula = AlBr3 [1]
(b) 2Al + 3Br2 → 2AlBr3
correct formulae [1]; correctly balanced [1]
(c) empirical molecular formula = 27 + (3 × 79.9) = 266.7
molecular formula = 2 × empirical formula (rounded to nearest g mol–1)
molecular formula is Al2Br6 [1]
8 (a) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) [accept (s) for ppt formed] + H2(g)
all formulae for reactants and products correct [1]; correctly balanced [1]; state symbols correct [1]
1.95
(b) 1.95 dm3 of H2 = = 0.08125 mol [1]
24
reaction ratio from equation is 1:1 so 0.08125 × 40.1 = 3.258 g of Ca [1]
3.258
thus 3.258 of Ca in 3.50 g of impure sample is 100 = 93% pure [1]
3.50
(c) impurity might be calcium carbonate, CaCO3 [1]; due to Ca reacting with oxygen and CO2 in air [1]
9 (a) the mass of a specified isotope of a given element [1]; measured on a scale in which
one-twelfth of 12C = 1 atomic mass unit [1]
151 47.77 153 52.23
(b) 100 100 [1]
= 152.04 [1]
151
(c) (i) Eu has two fewer neutrons (88 for 151Eu, 90 for 153Eu) [1]
(ii) both have 63 protons in nucleus and 63 electrons [1]
(d) Xe has a larger atomic radius so the outer shell electrons are further away from the nucleus [1]
there is also an extra full shell of electrons that shields the outer shell electrons from the nucleus [1]
and this more than outweighs the increased nuclear charge for Xe and thus the first ionisation energy for
Xe is less than that for Ne [1]
10 (a) (i) Calcium nitrate is produced by a neutralisation reaction (between an acid and a base), which makes
it a salt [1].
(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
all formulae for reactants and products [1]
correctly balanced and state symbols correct [1]
(iii) OH– can accept an H+ ion from HNO3 [1]
25.00
(b) (i) 0.088 = 2.20 × 10–3 mol (of NaOH) [1]
1000
(ii) equation shows 1:2 ratio, so 1.10 × 10–3 moles H2SO4 used [1]
1000
(iii) 1.10 103 = 0.0625 mol dm–3 [1]
17.60
(c) (i) water of crystallisation [1]
(ii) molar mass Na2SO4 = (2 × 23.0) + 32.1 + (16.0 × 4)
= 142.1 g mol–1
molar mass Na2SO4•xH2O = 322.1 g mol–1
xH2O = 322.1 – 142.1 = 180.0 [1]
molar mass H2O = 18.0, so x = 10 [1]
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
(Flask could be divided so that reaction can be started by inverting with bung on.)
Collect volume of gas at RTP. Convert volume of gas to moles, from which number of moles and
therefore mass of MgCO3 in mixture can be calculated [1].
By subtraction from original mass, the mass of MgO can be calculated [1].
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MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
2 H: 1s1
He: 1s2
Li: 1s22s1
Be: 1s22s2
B: 1s22s22p1
C: 1s22s22p2
N: 1s22s22p3
O: 1s22s22p4
F: 1s22s22p5
Ne: 1s22s22p6
3 Fe2+ would have the following electronic configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
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Foundations in chemistry
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Foundations in chemistry
(b)
(c)
(d)
2 (a)
(b)
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Foundations in chemistry
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
2 (a)
(b)
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Foundations in chemistry
(c)
(d)
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Foundations in chemistry
(b)
(c)
(d)
2 (a)
(b)
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Foundations in chemistry
(c)
3 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
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Foundations in chemistry
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Foundations in chemistry
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
5 (a) Electronegativity measures the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons [1] in a covalent
bond [1].
(b)
[1]
(c) (i) octahedral [1]
(ii)
[1]
[1]
BF3 has three pairs of electrons around the central B atom. Using electron pair repulsion theory,
these pairs move as far apart as possible, giving a planar structure with bond angles of 120° [1].
NH3 has four pairs of electrons around the central N atom, including a lone pair. Using electron
pair repulsion theory, these pairs move as far apart as possible, giving a tetrahedral structure with
bond angles of 107.5° [1].
The bond angles are compressed from 107.5° (the normal tetrahedral angle) because the lone pair
repels slightly more than the bonding pairs [1].
(iii) Each bond is polar, with the B being δ+ and each F being δ– [1].
The overall structure is symmetrical so the three bond dipoles cancel out [1].
6 The group 17 halides are simple molecular compounds [1].
Boiling occurs when the intermolecular bonds are broken and the molecules become separate gaseous
molecules [1].
They have strong intramolecular covalent bonds but weak intermolecular van der Waals’ forces [1].
As the group is descended the halide atom gains electrons and the van der Waals’ forces increase, so the boiling
point increases from HCl to HBr to HI [1].
HF also has intermolecular hydrogen bonds arising from the polar nature of the H–F bonds. These
hydrogen bonds are much stronger and so require more energy to break, hence the considerably higher than
expected boiling point [1].
7 (a) N (1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1) [1]
(b) Co2+ or Ni3+ (both 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3d5 4s2) [1]
(c) Cl– [1]
(d) Ca2+ [1]
(e) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 [1]
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MODULE
Foundations in chemistry
8 (a)
(d)
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
The periodic table and energy
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The periodic table and energy
Jumps will occur when electrons begin to be removed from a different shell, e.g. when the outer shell has been
emptied and the electrons are then taken from the next shell. In the case of aluminium, a jump will occur
between the third and fourth successive ionisation energies, when the three outer electrons have been removed
and the fourth electron is removed from the next shell. A large jump would then be seen between the eleventh
and twelfth successive ionisation energies, as this represents the next shell being emptied and an electron being
removed from the n=1 shell.
3 The graph of the values should be similar to this:
There is a large increase between the fourth and fifth ionisation energies, showing that the fifth electron is
removed from a different shell closer to the nucleus, i.e. four electrons are found in the first shell. The element is
in group 4 and must be Si.
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MODULE
The periodic table and energy
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The periodic table and energy
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
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The periodic table and energy
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
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The periodic table and energy
8 (a) For a substance to boil, the intermolecular bonds must be broken. An increase in the boiling point is an
indication of increased strength of the intermolecular bonds [1].
The intermolecular bonds in the diatomic halogens are van der Waals’ forces [1].
These increase with an increase in the size of the molecules, as larger molecules have larger numbers of
electrons [1].
(b) As you go down group 2 the number of positive charges in the nucleus increases, the atomic radius
increases and the number of electron shells increases. The increase in the nuclear charge would tend to
increase the first ionisation energy, but the other two factors both act to decrease the first ionisation
energy [1].
Considering Mg and Ca: Mg has two electron shells and so the electron that is lost is held tightly by the
nucleus. The electron to be lost from Ca is in the third electron shell and so is shielded by two inner
electron shells, meaning that the ionisation energy is reduced [1].
Also, the electron to be lost is further from the nucleus as you move down the group as the atomic radius
increases down the group [1].
9 (a) Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
correct formulae and correctly balanced [1]
correct state symbols [1]
(b) Ar Ba = 137.3 g mol–1
2.53 g
2.53 g of Ba = = 0.0184 mol [1]
137.3 g mol1
0.350
350 cm3 of gas at STP = = 0.0156 mol [1]
22.4
actual yield
percentage purity 100
theoretical yield
[1]
0.0156
100
0.0184
= 84.8% [1]
10 Reaction is MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) [1]
React MgCO3 (a solid) with HCl (dilute acid) in a beaker until no more gas is produced and some MgCO3
remains unreacted/undissolved (it is insoluble in water) [1].
Filter the solution, discard the solid residue and collect the filtrate (MgCl2) [1].
Use a filter funnel, filter paper and beaker [1].
Gently heat the filtrate until crystals start to form when you put a cold glass rod into the solution [1].
Use a beaker, Bunsen burner, tripod and gauze [1].
Remove the solution from heat, pour it onto a crystallising dish and cover lightly (to protect from dust) [1].
Allow the rest of the water to evaporate [1].
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
The periodic table and energy
This is an exothermic reaction because the products are at a lower energy than the reactants. The extra energy is
lost to the surroundings. This is shown by the negative enthalpy value.
2
This is an endothermic reaction because the products are at a higher energy than the reactants. The extra energy
is taken from the surroundings. This is shown by the positive enthalpy value.
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
The periodic table and energy
6.0 cm
The gradient at 2 minutes = = 0.05 cm3 s–1
120 seconds
The gradient at 8 minutes = 0 cm3 s–1
(b) The rate at t = 2 is 5 × 10–5 mol dm–3 s–1
The rate at t = 8 is 0.0 mol dm–3 s–1
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MODULE
The periodic table and energy
(b) The Boltzmann distribution curve would not change because the energies of the molecules would remain
the same. The activation energy would be lowered by the catalyst, meaning that more particles would
automatically be at an energy level above the activation energy. So, the number of particles colliding at or
above the activation energy would increase and the rate of reaction would increase.
(c)
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MODULE
The periodic table and energy
[NH 3 (g)]2
2 (a) Kc = = 7.99 × 10–2 dm6 mol–2
[N 2 (g )] [H 2 (g)]3
(b) The Kc value is greater than 1. This means the equilibrium favours the products. NH3 will predominate in
the equilibrium.
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
The periodic table and energy
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MODULE
The periodic table and energy
[1]
At a particular temperature, molecules have a range of energies. Only those with an energy above the activation
energy (Ea) will react [1].
[1]
At a higher temperature, where T2 is 10 °C greater than T1, the energy profile changes slightly [1].
The peak moves a little to the right but is at a lower height, and a much greater proportion (perhaps double) have
an energy that exceeds Ea. As a result, a 10 °C increase in temperature can result in the rate of reaction doubling
[1].
7 (a) The standard enthalpy of combustion is the energy change that takes place when one mole of a substance
[1] is completely combusted [1] in oxygen under standard conditions and with everything in its standard
state [1].
(b)
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The periodic table and energy
8 (a) A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction to follow that has a lower activation energy
meaning more particles have sufficient energy to react and so the rate of reaction is increased [1].
A catalyst speeds up the achievement of equilibrium but does not alter the position of equilibrium. In an
industrial process this means that more product can be made in a particular time [1].
A catalyst also reduces the energy demand of an industrial process, which reduces process costs and
reduces the environmental impact [1].
Therefore, it is likely that all industrial processes would use a catalyst [1].
(b) The reaction is endothermic (ΔH is positive) so a high temperature favours the forward reaction
(le Chatelier’s principle) [1].
There is a balance to be struck between the increase in the rate caused by a high temperature and the cost
of running an industrial process at a high temperature. A different process could use a lower temperature
[1].
(c) A high pressure favours the backward reaction as the right-hand side has more molecules compared with
the left-hand side [1].
However, a high pressure also speeds up the achievement of equilibrium as it makes the system more
‘concentrated’ [1].
A different industrial process may work at a lower pressure, which would lead to more product, but at a
slower rate [1].
However, the cost of the reaction vessels would be much reduced if a lower pressure was used [1].
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Core organic chemistry
3 (a) 2-chloropropan-1-ol
(b) 2-bromo-1-chloro-2-methyl-3-iodobutane
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Core organic chemistry
(b)
(c)
(d)
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
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Core organic chemistry
2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane
2
3 No, the substituents on each side of the double bond are not the same.
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MODULE
Core organic chemistry
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Core organic chemistry
(b)
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Core organic chemistry
4 2-chlorobutane
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Core organic chemistry
[1]
B is:
[1]
(v)
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Core organic chemistry
(ii) [1]
(b) butane: relative molecular mass = 58.0 g mol–1
propan-1-ol: relative molecular mass = 60.0 g mol–1 [1]
(c) (i) butane: b.pt. = –1 °C
propan-1-ol: b.pt. = 97 °C [1]
(ii) The relative molecular mass values are very similar, so the extent of the van der Waals’ forces will
be similar [1].
Butane only has van der Waals’ forces and so has a low boiling point [1].
Propan-1-ol contains electronegative oxygen atoms and electropositive hydrogen atoms. These
form relatively strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds [1].
This is the reason for the relatively high boiling point of propan-1-ol [1].
24.7
7 (a) (i) C: 2.06
12
2.1
H: 2.1
1
73.2
Cl: 2.06 [1]
35.5
empirical formula is CHCl [1]
(ii) empirical molecular mass = 12 + 1 + 35.5 = 47.5
the molecular mass is twice this, so the molecular formula is C2H2Cl2 [1]
(b) (i) D decolourises bromine in the dark, so contains a C=C double bond (unsaturated) [1]
D does not have stereoisomers, so the two Cl atoms must be on the same carbon atom [1]
D is [1]
(ii) [2]
(iii) It will not break down in the environment/non-biodegradable [1]; burning will release toxic
gases/HCl [1].
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MODULE
Core organic chemistry
8 (a)
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Core organic chemistry
(b)
(c) No reaction
3 Reflux is the constant boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture. It is used in organic synthesis to make sure
that the reaction happens as fully as possible without losing the reactants or products as vapour to the air.
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Core organic chemistry
4 The main factor is the bond enthalpy, as C–I has the lowest bond enthalpy and therefore the fastest rate of
reaction. Even though the C–Cl bond is most polar it has the slowest rate of reaction, and C–I with the least polar
bond has the highest rate of reaction.
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Core organic chemistry
(c)
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OCR AS/A level Chemistry A – Answers to Student Book 1 questions
MODULE
Core organic chemistry
[1]
(ii)
[1]
Note that A and B are interchangeable.
(iii)
[1]
(c) Carbon–carbon double bond [1] and each carbon atom in the double bond is attached to two different
groups/atoms [1].
(d)
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Core organic chemistry
(e)
[2]
(b)
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Core organic chemistry
8 (a) Infrared spectroscopy can show that the starting material is absent [1]. Cyclohexanol would contain
an –OH group [1] which absorbs at 3200–3500 cm–1 [1].
(The data sheet does not provide data on IR for C=C bonds, so showing that C=C is present cannot be
done with the information provided. Otherwise IR would be a good technique to use, with C=C
absorption at around 1650 cm–1 [1].)
(b) Cyclohexene contains weak van der Waals’ forces [1] and so has a relatively low boiling point [1].
Cyclohexanol also contains intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the δ– O atom of one molecule and
the δ+ H atom of the –OH group in another molecule. These are relatively strong bonds [1] and so the
boiling point is higher [1].
(c) Formula of cyclohexene is C6H10, relative molecular mass of cyclohexene is 82 [1].
Peak at m/z = 83 is from a molecule of cyclohexene with one 13C atom [1].
As 13C atom has a natural abundance of 1.1% of all carbon atoms [1], the relative height of this peak
could be used to calculate the number of carbon atoms in the molecule [1].
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