Driven Pile Foundations Design and Construction - Structural Guide

1/22/2021 Driven Pile Foundations Design and Construction - Structural Guide
Structural loads, structural analysis and structural design are simply

explained with the worked example for easiness of understanding.
Element designs with notes and discussions have added to get
comprehensive knowledge. Also, construction materials, shoring system
design, water retaining structures, crack width calculations, etc. have
discussed in addition to other aspects.
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https://www.structuralguide.com/driven-pile/ 1/17
▼ Foundation Design (16) Driven pile foundations are used in low

» Borehole investigation and Borehole rise buildings and bridge constructions
layout planning
mainly. When the topsoil is not in good
» Design Combined Footing
condition and when it does not have the
» Design of Pad Footing
adequate bearing capacity to resist the
» Design of Piles [design a detailed guide]
load from the superstructure, a driven
» Design of Strip Footings
» Driven Pile Foundations Design and
pile is used.
Construction
The driven pile is a type of pile that
» Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
inserted up to the hard layer in the soil
» How to Determine Foundation Type
» Mat Foundation Types, Design and
where it can provide the required end
Construction bearing and skin friction.
» Pile Cap Design
Since the cost of construction is less
» Pile Design [Things to be Remembered]
» Pile foundations - Design, Construction
when compared with the cast in situ
and Testing Guide bored piles, these types of piling work are
» Pile Ra Foundations more popular in bridge construction.
» Settlement of Shallow Foundations
» Skin Friction of Soil [ why it important ]
Mainly there are four categories which as
» Types of Foundations [ a detailed study] based on the nature of the material.
► Geotechnical Design (8)
► Materials (23) Types of Driven
► Post Tension (2)
► Retaining Structures (11) Piles
► Seismic Design (8)
► Servisibility Design (15) 1. Steel Piles
► Special Designs (25) 2. Precast concrete piles
► Structural Detaling (14) 3. Timber Piles
► Structural Failures (4) 4. Composite Piles
► Testing (12)
Let’s discuss above each of the driven
piles separately.
Steel Driven Piles

Foundations
Privacy - Terms
There are di erent types of driven piles

constructed from the steel. Since the
steel is readily available, construction can
be done quite easily.
Further, steel piles such as micro piles

can be used to support heavy loads
applied from bridges and other types can
be used to support medium level loads.
The main issue with the steel driven piles

is the corrosion. However, they are
placed below the ground level.
Therefore, the presence of oxygen for
corrosion is minimal.
Let’s discuss available types of steel piles.
Types of Steel Driven Piles

Micropiles
Micro piles are steel casinos filled

with concrete. Further, depending
on the applied loads, pile diameter
can be increased based on the
applied load.
If required, a reinforcement cage

can be inserted into the pile to
increase the pile load-carrying
capacity.
Pile design can be done as guided

in the article pile foundations
design, construction and testing
guide.
Privacy - Terms
H Piles
Hot rolled sections are used in the

construction. They are welded
together to increase the length.
These types of piling construction

are not widely used in the
construction.
However, on special occasions, H

piles can be used.
Steel Box Piles
Four steel sheets welded together

to create box shape pile or sheet
piles welded together to create a
hollow box section can be used in
the construction.
The inner core can be filled with

concrete to improve the lateral
sti ness, bending sti ness,
torsional sti ness, etc.
Screw Piles
Cast iron screw shape piles are

driven by rotary drilling and are not
that popular type of piles used in
the construction.
Depending on the nature of the soil,

and as per the purpose of using
di erent diameters could be used
in the construction.
Privacy - Terms
Steel Railed Piles
Old rails have been as steel piles.

Three rails are welded at the top or
bottom.
Butt- welding is used to join two

sections to increase the length of
the pile.
Since these piles are from

abundant materials, the cost will be
less.
Further, it could be considered as

green construction as we reuse the
materials.
Precast Concrete
Driven Pile
Foundations
The most widely used type of driven piles
in the construction. Mainly there are two
types of precast piles.
1. Normally reinforced precast piles

2. Prestressed Piles
The following key points are highlighted

in relation to the precast piles.
These piles can carry high bending

and axial stress.
Piles constructed with adequate
cover and grade of concrete are not
subjected to deteriorations. Privacy - Terms
Therefore, these piles are more

durable.
However, the composition of
concrete, porosity of the aggregates,
cover to the reinforcements, etc.
could cause deterioration of the
piles.
As a result, durability issues could
reduce the lifetime of the piles.
Use of sound and hard aggregates,
proper mix design, proper placing,
compacting of concrete, proper
curing of concrete, etc improve the
durability of concrete.
The minimum cover could be
maintained as 50mm as a durability
requirements.
Further, prestressing reduce the
cracking of the concrete.
Galvanizing the reinforcement is
suggested if possible in bearing the
cost.
There are no major issues like corrosion

of steel in precast pile construction.
Further, it is easy to construct than other

type of pile foundations. In addition, time
take for completing a single pile is also
lesser.
Privacy - Terms
The cost of construction is also

comparatively very less compared with
the cast in situ bored piles.
Precast piles are available in di erent

dimensions such as 300, 350, 400,
500mm, etc. In addition, they can be
obtained in a circular or rectangular
shape.
Timber Piles
Let’s see basic things about the timber
piles in brief.
Timber piles can be in di erent

dimensions having di erent load
capacities.
They are not widely used due to the
low load-carrying capacities
A tree is used as a timber pile a er
removing the branches
The bottom diameter would be in
the range of 300-500mm
The top diameter could be in the
range of 125 – 250mm
Privacy - Terms
Generally, piles are available in

length range 9000mm – 18000mm
The pile can bear the applied loads
and driving forces. However, it is
vulnerable if hard driving is done
Timber pile are vulnerable to
deteriorations
The following figure taken from the book

Foundation Analysis and Design by
Bowels indicates the necessary
arrangements to be made in a driven
timber pile.
The design load of the timber piles is in

the range of 150kN-250kN. The
maximum permissible load is about
300kN. However, testings done have
proven that it could bear a maximum
load of about 400kN.
Attention shall be made when the pile is

driving through hard layers as it could
damage the pile.
Composite Piles
Composite piles were started using about
60 years ago. The main purpose of
Privacy - Terms
composite piles was to construct

relatively longer piles economically.
Di erent materials are used to construct

composite piles. Further, the selection of
the material shall be done to suit the
conditions. The following combination
could be expected.
Timber pile is embedded below the

existing ground level and above the
existing ground level (up to top-level)
to be constructed from concrete.
Concrete filled steel pipe or H iron
place lower part of the pile and
upper section to be constructed from
concrete.
Construct upper section with precast
piles
The composite piles are in the range of

18m-36m. However, the length of 54m
has also be driven.
The optimum load range about 300kN-

800kN and the maximum load limit is
about 1500kN.
One of the main disadvantages of the

composite piles is creating a proper joint
between two materials.
Design Precast
Piles (Driven Pile
Design) Privacy - Terms
The design of precast piles needs to

address two issues.
Pile shall be designed to carry the

loads from the superstructure
Piles shall be designed and detailed
to carry the impulsive load applying
during the driving
The structural design and geotechnical

design of driven piles for superstructure
loads could be done following the same
procedures discussed in the article pile
foundations.
Special detailing techniques shall be

adopted to pile to carry the forces
generated in the pile driving process.
There are special details for precast piles.
The following figure taken from book

Foundation Analysis and Design by
Bowels, indicate the typical arrangement
of a precast pile.
As indicated in the above drawings, the

top and bottom area of the pile is
confined by reducing the spacing of the
links. It allows the plie to bear the higher
loads. Privacy - Terms
As discussed previously, the prestress

pile also used in the construction. The
following drawings indicate the typical
arrangement of a prestressed driven pile.
Especially attention shall be made during
the construction of a pile of this nature.
Construction of
Driven Piles
Since the precast piles are widely used in
the construction, let’s see what are the
important aspects of driven piles.
Mainly there are two methods for pile

driving.
The conventional method,
Apply a force on the pile by letting a

weight to fall into the pile. The
applied load shall be calculated
based on the free-fall height of the
weight.
It shall be made sure that the

applied load will not exceed the
capacity of the driven pile.
Hammer driving methods. Privacy - Terms
There are three types of driving

methods. They are
Diesel Hammer Driving

Air Hammer Driving
Vibratory Hammer Driving
Hammer driving methods are easy to use

when compared with the conventional
method which required more time.
Generally, precast piles are constructed

in length 6m due to transportation
issues. However, if required they can be
constructed even 12m or higher as
required.
When 6m driven piles are used and depth

to be driven more than 6m, two piles
need to be combined. Steel plates
embedded at the top of the piles are
welded together to increase the length.
The unnecessary length of the pile will be

demolished when pile caps are
constructed.
Further information hammer driving

methods are provided in the Wikipedia
article pile driver .
Termination and
Acceptance Criteria for
Driven Piles
Privacy - Terms
The pile will be driven up to the hard

soil layer that is identified as
termination level according to the
design. The design and selection of
the termination level will be based
on the information provided in the
soil investigation report.
When it reaches the termination
level, the movement of the pile will
reduce.
The termination and pile driving
criteria have established a base on
the wave equation analysis of pile
(WEAP). Necessary modification to
this shall be done at the site as it
could vary with the actual ground
conditions.
Further, it is required to record the
blow count with the movement of
the pile. It could be done as a
number of blows to pile to a
particular distance or penetration of
pile for a particular number of blows.
It could be done as per the
specification of the project.
There are limitations to the
termination. The specification could
provide blow count for given
penetration. If it exceeds the blow
count to penetrate the specified
distance and pile is at the
termination layer as per geotechnical
data, the pile could be terminated.
Privacy - Terms
Advantages of
Driven Pile
Not like bored cast in situ piles,
driven piles can be prefabricated. It
minimizes the construction error and
adequate quality control can be
done.
Further, any defect such as
honeycombs can be repaired in
advance before the installation.
Since piles are driven against the soil
pressure, it improves the bearing of
the soil with the compaction made
by the tip of the pile.
Less duration and less involvement
of labor and machinery till the
installations, reduce the cost
comparatively.
In the case of the failures of materials
such as concrete, the pile can be
removed before the installation. But
in bored piles, it will be known only
a er the construction.
The pile can be installed inclined to
carry the lateral loads. Widely used in
bridge constructions.
The involvement of the technical
sta is less.
There is no impact by the
groundwater table on construction.
The time taken to cast is singe pile is
very less. Therefore, more suitable
Privacy - Terms
for speedy constructions.
Disadvantages of
Driven Pile
Proper planning is required before
starting the construction to handle
equipment, site, and transportations.
They cannot carry heavy loads
generally. Therefore, mostly the
bored piles are used when the load
on pile increases.
Further, there is a limitation of
increasing the diameter of the pile.
Higher the diameter, the higher the
issues of handling the piles.
Transpotatings will be very di icult.
Structural design shall be checked
for the transportation loads. Special
attention shall be made for the
Prestress concrete piles as the could
dame when li ing if it is not
considered in the design.
Since the depth of the pile or length
of the pile varies from location to
location, the length of the pile
cannot be predetermined. Therefore,
piles need to be joint and hack the
excess.
When the piles are constructed in the
compacted area, the soil could lose
and its top bearing could be reduced.
Noise in the installation process shall
be controlled.
Vibrations shall also be controlled.
Privacy - Terms
If the length of the piles available is

not adequate, they need to connect
together to have adequate depth. It
could wast pate of the new pile.
Construction and design of driven
piles need to be done for available
sizers if they are brought from the
market. Otherwise, they need to be
made for the required size and
length.
Driven piles could not be suitable for
soils with poor drainage properties. A
proper geotechnical investigation
shall be done to the suitability of
driven piles.
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1/22/2021 Driven Pile Foundations Design and Construction - Structural Guide

Structural loads, structural analysis and structural design are simply

CATEGORIES FOUNDATION DESIGN

Types of Concrete Joints [ A Detailed

▼ Foundation Design (16) Driven pile foundations are used in low

Steel Driven Piles

There are di erent types of driven piles

Further, steel piles such as micro piles

The main issue with the steel driven piles

Let’s discuss available types of steel piles.

Types of Steel Driven Piles

Micro piles are steel casinos filled

If required, a reinforcement cage

Pile design can be done as guided

Hot rolled sections are used in the

These types of piling construction

However, on special occasions, H

Steel Box Piles

Four steel sheets welded together

The inner core can be filled with

Cast iron screw shape piles are

Depending on the nature of the soil,

Steel Railed Piles

Old rails have been as steel piles.

Butt- welding is used to join two

Since these piles are from

Further, it could be considered as

1. Normally reinforced precast piles

The following key points are highlighted

These piles can carry high bending

Therefore, these piles are more

There are no major issues like corrosion

Further, it is easy to construct than other

The cost of construction is also

Precast piles are available in di erent

Timber piles can be in di erent

Generally, piles are available in

The following figure taken from the book

The design load of the timber piles is in

Attention shall be made when the pile is

composite piles was to construct

Di erent materials are used to construct

Timber pile is embedded below the

The composite piles are in the range of

The optimum load range about 300kN-

One of the main disadvantages of the

The design of precast piles needs to

Pile shall be designed to carry the

The structural design and geotechnical

Special detailing techniques shall be

The following figure taken from book

As indicated in the above drawings, the

As discussed previously, the prestress

Mainly there are two methods for pile

The conventional method,

Apply a force on the pile by letting a

It shall be made sure that the

Hammer driving methods. Privacy - Terms

There are three types of driving