Pines City Colleges

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Course Number: Com 101

Course Title: Purposive Communication

Modular Learning Guide # 8

Topic: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language

Expected Time of Completion: 6 hours
A. Learning Outcomes
The students are able to determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images and
adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communicating ideas.
B. Learning Content
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH
3 most common language registers:
1. Formal Register
- for professional writing and letters to a boss or someone we are meeting for the first
time
- used for business letters, project proposal, position paper, reports, official speeches,
professional e-mail message announcements
- impersonal, objective, factual
- in a state of the nation address classified as a formal communicative situation, the
speech is usually delivered using a highly-polished language, read from a manuscript
since the president occupying the highest position in the country could not afford to
make mistakes.
- in using formal language register, observe the following:
1. Do not use contractions.
e.g. : could not instead of couldn’t
However, contractions can be used if you are quoting someone’s exact words in
writing.
e.g. “We shouldn’t put a premium to plainly verbal
communication,” the professor said.
For apostrophes, keep in mind that it pertain to a contraction. Apostrophes are
added to nouns to express ownership. They are used in all language registers.
e.g. student’s profile
doctor’s report
Pines City Doctors’ Hospital
2. Spell-out numbers less than one hundred.
e.g. nineteen , twenty-nine, sixty-five
3. Avoid using too much passive voice.
e.g. The terror attacks were reported by CNN live. (passive)
CNN reported the terror attacks live. (active)
4. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations, and clichés.
e.g. awesome/cool, okay/ok, check it out, in a nutshell
A cliché is a phrase that is often overused

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 e.g. too much of a good thing
moment of truth
last but not the least
as far as I’m concerned
in my opinion
5. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms .
If you have to use an acronym, write it out the first time. From then on, you can
use the acronym itself.
e.g. MTRCB
For abbreviations, write the complete word the first time, then abbreviations for
the second and other times.
e.g. influenza – flu
tablespoon - tbsp.
The following are among those that are only for friendly email and text
messages.
LOL - laugh out loud
BRB – be right back
TBD – to be determined
6. Formal writing requires good transition words.
e.g. nevertheless, additionally, consequently, in fact
7. Always write in sentences. Fragments are unacceptable in formal writing.
e.g. Before the expiration date.
Although it was studied quite well.
In the middle of an exhibition.
8. Write longer, more complex sentences.
e.g. Since Marawi City is still under siege, President Duterte was
compelled to declare the extension of the martial law which resulted to the delay
of the opening of classes and an economic uncertainty in the whole city.
9. Write in third person point of view.
In formal writing, we usually do not use first person or second person
unless it is a quote.
Avoid using: I, You, We, Us
e.g. You can purchase a car for under Php. 1,200,000.
One can purchase a car for under Php. 1,200,00.
You will probably see an elephant on African safaris.
One will probably see an elephant on African Safaris.
We decided to invest in the company.
The group decided to invest in the company.
2. Informal Register
- always works with young people
- conversational
- casual in tone and may sometimes be emotional or intimate
- We use this when we communicate with friends and family.
- We use informal writing to someone we know very well.
- Informal register accepts slangs and clichés, figurative language, symbols and
abbreviations, acronyms, incomplete sentences, short sentences, jokes, personal
opinions, active and passive voice, extra punctuation.
- Informal writing includes personal emails, text messages, short notes, tweets,
Facebook posts, blogs, friendly letters, chat messages, diaries and personal journals.

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 -
A priest delivering his homily, more often than not, speaks extemporaneously and
uses ordinary words to be able to convey his spiritual message to listeners without
difficulty of comprehension on their part.
- There are no major rules to informal writing.
3. Neutral Register
- neither formal nor informal
- the tone used when expressing facts devoid of emotion
- writings that use neutral registers are reviews, articles, some letters, some essays,
technical writing
Very Formal Formal Neutral Informal Very Informal
How do you do? Hello! Hello! Hi! What’s up? / Hey!

Varieties of English
Note: If you want to watch your own instructor explain the concept of World Englishes and its implication,
you may do so in this link https://youtu.be/WvxQGGsOLQc

World Englishes – concept introduced by Braj Kachru

- shown in three circles below
The Inner Circle – English as a Native Language
The Outer Circle – English as a Second Language
The Expanding Circle – English as Foreign Language

The Outer and Expanding Circles have been colonized by some member
countries in the Inner Circle making the varieties they speak as post-colonial.
These varieties of English are influenced by the local languages in various areas
of their grammars and exhibit specific phonological, lexical, syntactic, and discoursal
characteristics.
Outer and Expanding Circle varieties observe syllable-timed rhythm rather than
stress-timed rhythm. Nigerians say ‘success for suc’cess and Indians and Nigerians
say recog’nize for ‘recognize
Speakers from the Outer and Expanding Circles do not make any changes in their
pronunciation to make a distinction between nouns and verbs in pairs which Inner
Circle countries observe as in the case of ‘import and im’port.
As regards sounds, Outer and Expanding Circles do not observe initial aspiration
of voiceless plosives such as p,t,k and these are often perceived by Inner Circle
countries as b,d,g. Some speakers of Expanding Circle varieties, as in the case of
Japanese speakers, do not properly distinguish between r and l.

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Three Concentric Circles of English
British English (BrE) and American English (AmE)
Since Filipinos use American English, we have to know the differences in vocabulary between
the two varieties of English if we want to successfully communicate with a speaker of British English.
A) Vocabulary
AmE BrE
first floor ground floor
second floor first floor
elevator lift
apartment flat
eggplant aubergine
hood and trunk (of a car) bonnet and boot (of a car)
drugstore chemist’s
garbage can dustbin
parking lot car park
dummy pacifier
nappy diaper
pram baby carriage

B) Pronunciation
Word AmE BrE
vase /veɪs/ /vɑːz/
leisure /liːʒər/  /leʒər/ 
tomato /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
garage /ɡərˈɑːdʒ/ /ɡˈərɑːdʒ/
ballet /bălˈeɪ/ /bˈăleɪ/
magazine /mæɡəzˈin/ /mˈæɡəzˈin/

C) Spelling
1. Words ending in –re in BrE end in –er in AmE.
e.g. centre, litre, theatre
2. Words ending in –our in BrE end in –or in AmE.

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 e.g. colour, humour, neighbour
3. Words ending in –ize or –ise in BrE end in –ize in AmE.
e.g. apologise, organise, recognise
4. Words ending in –yse in BrE end in –yze in AmE.
analyse, breathalyse, paralyse
5. Words ending in a vowel plus ‘l’ in BrE would have double ‘l’ when adding endings that
begin with a vowel. The ‘l’ is not double in AmE.
e.g. travelled, travelling, traveller
6. Words spelled with the double vowels ae or oe are just spelled with an e in
AmE.
e.g. leukaemia, manoeuvre, oestrogen, paediatric
7. Nouns ending with –ence in BrE are spelled –ense in AmE.
e.g. defence, licence, offence
8. Nouns ending with –ogue in BrE end with either –og or –ogue in AmE.
e.g. analogue, catalogue, dialogue

Pronunciation
Watch your instructor read these words. Click this link https://youtu.be/mO-aOufVhRc
Commonly mispronounced English words by Filipinos:
1. bury 11. bicuspid 21. tourniquet
2. indigent 12. cement 22. typhus
3. YouTube 13. corps 23. utensil
4. cleanliness 14. coupon 24. Worcestershire
5. cocoa 15. embryo 25. Thailand
6. debut 16. lettuce 26. colon
7. almond 17. Porsche 27. beau
8. amoebiasis 18. preface 28. potassium
9. analgesic 19. salmon 29. plaid
10. any 20. tortoise 30. guitarist

To help practice your pronunciation, read orally and repeatedly the following poem:
Remember, research, practice and do not give up. Practice and patience can go a long way.
You may also watch your instructor read the entire poem. Click this link https://youtu.be/WhsNNS-OLKk

The Chaos by Gerard Nolst Trenité (1922)

Dearest creature in creation Sword and sward, retain and Britain
Studying English pronunciation, (Mind the latter how it's written).
   I will teach you in my verse    Made has not the sound of bade,
   Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse.    Say-said, pay-paid, laid but plaid.

I will keep you, Susy, busy, Now I surely will not plague you

Make your head with heat grow dizzy; With such words as vague and ague,
   Tear in eye, your dress you'll tear;    But be careful how you speak,
   Queer, fair seer, hear my prayer.    Say: gush, bush, steak, streak, break, bleak ,

Pray, console your loving poet, Previous, precious, fuchsia, via

Make my coat look new, dear, sew it! Recipe, pipe, studding-sail, choir;
   Just compare heart, hear and heard,    Woven, oven, how and low,
   Dies and diet, lord and word.    Script, receipt, shoe, poem, toe.

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Say, expecting fraud and trickery:
Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,
   Branch, ranch, measles, topsails, aisles,
   Missiles, similes, reviles.
Wholly, holly, signal, signing,
Same, examining, but mining,
   Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
   Solar, mica, war and far.
From "desire": desirable-admirable from "admire",
Lumber, plumber, bier, but brier,
   Topsham, brougham, renown, but known,
   Knowledge, done, lone, gone, none, tone,
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel.
   Gertrude, German, wind and wind,
   Beau, kind, kindred, queue, mankind,
Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather,
Reading, Reading, heathen, heather.
   This phonetic labyrinth
   Gives moss, gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth.
Have you ever yet endeavoured
To pronounce revered and severed,
   Demon, lemon, ghoul, foul, soul,
   Peter, petrol and patrol?
Billet does not end like ballet;
Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.
   Blood and flood are not like food,
   Nor is mould like should and would.
Banquet is not nearly parquet,
Which exactly rhymes with khaki.
   Discount, viscount, load and broad,
   Toward, to forward, to reward,
Ricocheted and crocheting, croquet?
Right! Your pronunciation's OK.
   Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,
   Friend and fiend, alive and live.
Is your r correct in higher?
Keats asserts it rhymes Thalia.
   Hugh, but hug, and hood, but hoot,
   Buoyant, minute, but minute.
Say abscission with precision,
Now: position and transition;
   Would it tally with my rhyme
   If I mentioned paradigm?
Twopence, threepence, tease are easy,
But cease, crease, grease and greasy?
   Cornice, nice, valise, revise,
   Rabies, but lullabies.
Of such puzzling words as nauseous,
Rhyming well with cautious, tortious,
   You'll envelop lists, I hope,
   In a linen envelope.
Would you like some more? You'll have it!
Affidavit, David, davit.
   To abjure, to perjure. Sheik
   Does not sound like Czech but ache.
Liberty, library, heave and heaven,
Rachel, loch, moustache, eleven.
   We say hallowed, but allowed,
   People, leopard, towed but vowed.
Mark the difference, moreover,
Between mover, plover, Dover.
   Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,
   Chalice, but police and lice,
Camel, constable, unstable,
Principle, disciple, label.
   Petal, penal, and canal,
   Wait, surmise, plait, promise, pal,
Suit, suite, ruin. Circuit, conduit
Rhyme with "shirk it" and "beyond it",
   But it is not hard to tell
   Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall.
Muscle, muscular, gaol, iron,
Timber, climber, bullion, lion,
   Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,
   Senator, spectator, mayor,
Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
Has the a of drachm and hammer.
   Pussy, hussy and possess,
   Desert, but desert, address.
Golf, wolf, countenance, lieutenants
Hoist in lieu of flags left pennants.
   Courier, courtier, tomb, bomb, comb,
   Cow, but Cowper, some and home.
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"Solder, soldier! Blood is thicker",
Quoth he, "than liqueur or liquor",
   Making, it is sad but true,
   In bravado, much ado.
Stranger does not rhyme with anger,
Neither does devour with clangour.
   Pilot, pivot, gaunt, but aunt,
   Font, front, wont, want, grand and grant.
Arsenic, specific, scenic,
Relic, rhetoric, hygienic.
   Gooseberry, goose, and close, but close,
   Paradise, rise, rose, and dose.
Say inveigh, neigh, but inveigle,
Make the latter rhyme with eagle.
   Mind! Meandering but mean,
   Valentine and magazine.
And I bet you, dear, a penny,
You say mani-(fold) like many,
   Which is wrong. Say rapier, pier,
   Tier (one who ties), but tier.
Arch, archangel; pray, does erring
Rhyme with herring or with stirring?
   Prison, bison, treasure trove,
   Treason, hover, cover, cove,
Perseverance, severance. Ribald
Rhymes (but piebald doesn't) with nibbled.
   Phaeton, paean, gnat, ghat, gnaw,
   Lien, psychic, shone, bone, pshaw.
Don't be down, my own, but rough it,
And distinguish buffet, buffet;
   Brood, stood, roof, rook, school, wool, boon,
   Worcester, Boleyn, to impugn.
Say in sounds correct and sterling
Hearse, hear, hearken, year and yearling.
   Evil, devil, mezzotint,
   Mind the z! (A gentle hint.)
Now you need not pay attention
To such sounds as I don't mention,
   Sounds like pores, pause, pours and paws,
   Rhyming with the pronoun yours;
Nor are proper names included,
Though I often heard, as you did,
   Funny rhymes to unicorn,
   Yes, you know them, Vaughan and Strachan.
No, my maiden, coy and comely,
I don't want to speak of Cholmondeley.
   No. Yet Froude compared with proud
   Is no better than McLeod.
But mind trivial and vial,
Tripod, menial, denial,
   Troll and trolley, realm and ream,
   Schedule, mischief, schism, and scheme.
Argil, gill, Argyll, gill. Surely
May be made to rhyme with Raleigh,
   But you're not supposed to say
   Piquet rhymes with sobriquet.
Had this invalid invalid
Worthless documents? How pallid,
   How uncouth he, couchant, looked,
   When for Portsmouth I had booked!
Zeus, Thebes, Thales, Aphrodite,
Paramour, enamoured, flighty,
   Episodes, antipodes,
   Acquiesce, and obsequies.
Please don't monkey with the geyser,
Don't peel 'taters with my razor,
   Rather say in accents pure:
   Nature, stature and mature.
Pious, impious, limb, climb, glumly,
Worsted, worsted, crumbly, dumbly,
   Conquer, conquest, vase, phase, fan,
   Wan, sedan and artisan.
The th will surely trouble you
More than r, ch or w.
   Say then these phonetic gems:
   Thomas, thyme, Theresa, Thames.
Thompson, Chatham, Waltham, Streatham,
There are more but I forget 'em-
   Wait! I've got it: Anthony,
   Lighten your anxiety.
The archaic word albeit
Does not rhyme with eight-you see it;
   With and forthwith, one has voice,
   One has not, you make your choice.
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Shoes, goes, does *. Now first say: finger;
Then say: singer, ginger, linger.
   Real, zeal, mauve, gauze and gauge,
   Marriage, foliage, mirage, age,
Hero, heron, query, very,
Parry, tarry fury, bury,
   Dost, lost, post, and doth, cloth, loth,
   Job, Job, blossom, bosom, oath.
Faugh, oppugnant, keen oppugners,
Bowing, bowing, banjo-tuners
   Holm you know, but noes, canoes,
   Puisne, truism, use, to use?
Though the difference seems little,
We say actual, but victual,
   Seat, sweat, chaste, caste, Leigh, eight, height,
   Put, nut, granite, and unite.
Reefer does not rhyme with deafer,
Feoffer does, and zephyr, heifer.
   Dull, bull, Geoffrey, George, ate, late,
   Hint, pint, senate, but sedate.
Gaelic, Arabic, pacific,
Science, conscience, scientific;
   Tour, but our, dour, succour, four,
   Gas, alas, and Arkansas.
Say manoeuvre, yacht and vomit,
Next omit, which differs from it
   Bona fide, alibi
   Gyrate, dowry and awry.
Sea, idea, guinea, area,
Psalm, Maria, but malaria.
   Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean,
   Doctrine, turpentine, marine.
Compare alien with Italian,
Dandelion with battalion,
   Rally with ally; yea, ye,
   Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay!
Say aver, but ever, fever,
Neither, leisure, skein, receiver.
   Never guess-it is not safe,
   We say calves, valves, half, but Ralf.
Starry, granary, canary,
Crevice, but device, and eyrie,
   Face, but preface, then grimace,
   Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.
Bass, large, target, gin, give, verging,
Ought, oust, joust, and scour, but scourging;
   Ear, but earn; and ere and tear
   Do not rhyme with here but heir.
Mind the o of off and often
Which may be pronounced as orphan,
   With the sound of saw and sauce;
   Also soft, lost, cloth and cross.
Pudding, puddle, putting. Putting?
Yes: at golf it rhymes with shutting.
   Respite, spite, consent, resent.
   Liable, but Parliament.
Seven is right, but so is even,
Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen,
   Monkey, donkey, clerk and jerk,
   Asp, grasp, wasp, demesne, cork, work.
A of valour, vapid vapour,
S of news (compare newspaper),
   G of gibbet, gibbon, gist,
   I of antichrist and grist,
Differ like diverse and divers,
Rivers, strivers, shivers, fivers.
   Once, but nonce, toll, doll, but roll,
   Polish, Polish, poll and poll.
Pronunciation-think of Psyche!-
Is a paling, stout and spiky.
   Won't it make you lose your wits
   Writing groats and saying "grits"?
It's a dark abyss or tunnel
Strewn with stones like rowlock, gunwale,
Islington, and Isle of Wight,
   Housewife, verdict and indict.
Don't you think so, reader, rather,
Saying lather, bather, father?
   Finally, which rhymes with enough,
   Though, through, bough, cough, hough, sough,
tough??
Hiccough has the sound of sup...
My advice is: GIVE IT UP!
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Grammar
Below are common grammar errors composed or overlooked by Filipinos in formal writing. You
may watch again your instructor explain some of these concepts on this link
https://youtu.be/8LA_Pq5inCk
advise = verb
advice = noun
advices = is not the correct plural form of advice. It is ‘pieces of advice’.
all of = omit of except when a pronoun follows
e.g. all the doctors; all the staff in the laboratory
All of us were absent yesterday.
all/ none = can both be singular or plural depending on its referent.
e.g. All is not lost.
All are now compensated.
None of us is blameless. (not one, no one)
None are more pitiful than victims of terrorism. (no persons)
alright – is nonstandard. All right is the correct form.
at /in /on
Addresses
in (BrE) / on (AmE) - use if only the street name is given
at – use if both the number and the street are given
Time
at – use to refer on or near the time of
in - use to refer to long periods like weeks, months, years
on – use to refer to particular time frame
e.g. I arrived at the venue on time. = means on schedule
e.g. I arrived in time for a cup of coffee. = means before an
appointed time, with time left to do something
Place
at – position at a point or place
in – position emphasizing three dimension
on – position on a line or on a surface
attendance at = not attendance in
e.g. Attendance must be checked at every class. It is the protocol.
at about = about or at is enough
e.g. Let us proceed at five o’clock.
author = it is always a noun. Never use it as a verb.
e.g. ‘He authored many books’ is unacceptable. Say: He wrote many books.
agree to = one agrees to a proposal
agree with = one agrees with a person
angry with vs. angry at = Be angry with people and angry at anything else.
anyways = is incorrect ; use anyway
a while; awhile = when introduced by preposition for, spell it as two words
e.g. He rested for a while.
He rested awhile.
baggages (AmE)/ luggages (BrE) = no ‘s’ for both ; use ‘pieces of’ to indicate plurality
basic truth = redundant. Do not say, ‘The basic truth is evident.’
e.g. The truth is evident.
essential facts = redundant. Do not say, ‘The essential facts are…’
e.g. The facts are.

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can = expresses physical ability
e.g. He can lift 500 pounds.
may = expresses permission or ability
e.g. The pharmacy may now close. (permission)
The operation may end at six o’clock. (possibility)
in any case = say, in any event
in case = say, if
in every case = say, always or in every instance
(Use the word “case” only when referring to a legal case, a medical case, or a
case of beer.)
compare with = use when noting differences and similarities between the things being compared
compare to = use to observe or point only to similarities
cope up with = is ungrammatical; use ‘cope with’
consider as = when followed by a noun or a noun phrase, omit as
e.g. We consider him a brilliant head nurse.
contrast between/to = used as a noun
e.g. I noted the contrast between the two x-ray reports.
In contrast to technical writing, creative writing is more liberated.
contrast with = used as a verb
e.g. If you contrast technical English with general English, you must consider
registers
complement = is something that fills up or complete
e.g. A cake is a complement to any meal.
compliment = is an expression of praise
e.g. He complimented the new intern’s neat suturing of the patient.
counsel = advise (verb)
= advice or consultation(noun)
= the lawyer who represents clients in litigation (noun)
= when used to mean lawyer the plural is also counsel
e.g. Several prominent counsel are present.
differ from = applies to differences between one thing or person from others
e.g. My phone differs from her phone because mine is touch screen.
differ with = means to have difference in opinion
e.g. A medical laboratory scientist’s definition of the word culture differs with that
of a sociologist’s.
disinterested = means impartial or lack of self-interest (not biased)
e.g. The disinterested judge reviewed a case that was closed ten years ago.
uninterested = means lack of all interest (not at all interested)
e.g. The uninterested student fell asleep while the class is ongoing.
doubtlessly = is wrong. The correct adverb is ‘doubtless’
e.g. She is doubtless the one and only girl for me.
each and every one = redundant ; every one or each is sufficient
e.g. It should be a lesson to every one of us here. / It should be a lesson to each
one of us here.
flunk = is a slang and therefore inappropriate in formal writing.
e.g. He failed (not flunked) the final examination.
grievous = it means characterized by severe pain, suffering or sorrow.
= this word has only one ‘I’
= there is no word that is spelled or pronounced grievious
if and when = use which ever word you mean but not both

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impact = avoid using it as a verb, use ‘affect’ or ‘influence’ instead. Do not say ‘The findings of their
research greatly impacted the community’.
=can be used as a noun
e.g. The impact of the research findings was evident.
impactful = is not a word.
incredible =means unbelievable
e.g. The patient gave an incredible medical history.
incredulous = means a person who is unwilling to believe
e.g. The nurse looked incredulous when he heard the patient’s statement.
indoor /outdoor = is adjective
e.g. indoor swimming pool
indoors /outdoors = is adverb
e.g. play indoors
in order to = unnecessary phrase; just say ‘to’
e.g. The medical team have gathered enough support to (not in order to) proceed
with the surgery.
in behalf = means ‘in the interest of/ for the benefit of”
e.g. We shall donate our collection in behalf of the less privileged staff.
on behalf = means “as the agent of, on the part of”.
= Always use ‘I’ after ‘on behalf’.
e.g. On behalf of my colleagues, I welcome you.
with regard to = no ‘s’
in regard to = no ‘s’
as regards = with ‘s’
inside/outside of = omit ‘of’
e.g. Look at it outside the box.
demand for = is wrong if used as a verb. Use ‘demand’ only.
e.g. We demand justice.
demand on = is used as a noun
e.g. It is prudent not to make a demand on your staff.
despite = means the same as in spite of but written or spoken as ‘Despite the rain, we
held the picnic’.
= also means extreme malice or contemptuous hate
e.g. His voice is full of despite.
discuss about = is redundant. No ‘about’.
effective = means ‘being able to produce results’
efficient = means ‘capable of producing results at the least costs’
e.g. The new drug is proven effective but is it efficient?
either/neither = always accompanied by singular verb
e.g. Neither of the directors has decided.
especially/specially = interchangeable
fill in = fill with something
e.g. Fill in the blanks.
fill out = to complete filling
e.g. Fill out the forms.
fill up = fill completely/ put something into
e.g. Fill up the tank.
first-class = adjective
e.g. He travels first-class.
first class = noun
e.g. He loves first class.

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fulltime/partime = wrong form. There is a dash in between. (full-time/ part-time)
flammable/inflammable = interchangeable
follow-up = noun
follow up = verb
full-pledged = is wrong. Full-fledged is the right form meaning ‘being on his own’
in search for = ‘for’ is not the correct preposition. It should be ‘of’. Thus, ‘in search of’.
in as much as = ‘inasmuch as’ is the correct form
in so far as = ‘insofar as’ is the correct form
interested in = followed by a gerund
e.g. Millenials are interested in travelling.
interested to = followed by the base form of a verb
e.g. Millenials are interested to travel.
irregardless = there is no such word. Should be regardless. But irrespective (which means
regardless) is correct
kind of ; sort of; type of = Never use ‘a’ or ‘an’ after these expressions
e.g. He was holding a kind of pistol. (‘kind of a pistol’ is wrong)
myself = used as reflexive
e.g. I recuse myself.
I should not incriminate myself.
= used as intensive
e.g. I myself will sue you.
I will do it myself.
= Do not use myself as substitute for I or me.
people =general
persons = specific
personnel/staff = use to refer to a group of people and never to an individual
prefer than = is wrong. It should be ‘prefer to’
e.g. I prefer sleeping to playing computer games.
would rather… to = is wrong. It should be ‘would rather … than’
e.g. I would rather sleep than play computer games.
present at = not present in
e.g. He is the only father present at the PTA meeting.
plead = Its past tense is pleaded. Pled, as past tense, is old English.
proved/proven = interchangeable as past participle
provided that = The that can be omitted.
e.g. You can go provided you return before midnight.
request = as noun, it is followed by for
e.g. His request for wage increase was turned down.
= as a verb, it is not followed by for and it has two possible constructions:
* request something from somebody
e.g. They requested help from the paramedic.
* request somebody to do something
e.g. They requested the paramedic to help them.
reason is because = This is incorrect. Strike out reason is, and just say because.
result in = not result to
e.g. Your misbehavior may result in expulsion.
routinary = is wrong. It must be routine only.
e.g. The surgery has become a very routine operation and poses little danger.
since= refers to time
e.g. Since, I finished high school, I have not read any book.
because = refers to causation

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 e.g. Because I quit drinking, I no longer wake up in my own vomit.
that =appropriate in restrictive clauses
e.g. The Universal Health Care Act is the law that we discussed in class yesterday.
(The restrictive clause that we discussed in class yesterday is essential to the
sentence.)
which = is appropriate in non-restrictive clauses
e.g. The Universal Health Care Act, which we discussed in class yesterday, was
enacted in 2019.
(The non-restrictive clause which we discussed in class yesterday is not essential to the
sentence.)
taken care of = not ‘taken cared of’
e.g. The bill was already taken care of by my generous sister.
through/thru = in formal composition, thru should not be used as a substitute for the word through
unique = The word unique means ‘without equal’. There can be no degree of uniqueness. Therefore,
never say most unique or very unique just like other uncomparable adjectives below:
absolute
adequate
chief
complete
devoid
entire
false
fatal
favourite
final
fundamental
ideal
impossible
inevitable
infinite
irrevocable
main
manifest
meaningless
only
paramount
perfect
perpetual
possible
preferable
pregnant
primary
principal
singular
stationary
sufficient
unanimous
unavoidable
unbroken
uniform
universal
void
whole
worthless

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oral = it is what is spoken
verbal = is broader than the word oral
= What is written and spoken are verbal because they are both expressed in
words.
whether / if = are not interchangeable
whether = expresses a condition in which there are two or more alternatives
e.g. I do not know whether I will get promoted.
if = expresses a condition in which there is no alternative
e.g. I will proceed to my internship if I will pass all my minor courses.
willful = AmE
wilful = BrE
willfully = adverb

C. Learning Activities
Please submit your answers any day until December 2, 2020 together with your
Assessment (Letter E).

Identify whether the given sentences are AmE or BrE.

1. _____________ Go get your book.
2. _____________ I’ll try to visit you on the weekend.
3. _____________ Ring/Phone me as soon as you get there.
4. _____________ The soccer team won two-nil.
5. _____________ The Cruzes are on vacation in Baguio until next week.
6. _____________ The car is out of petrol.
7. _____________ Shall we go now?
8. _____________ The students need not come to school today.
9. _____________ The prankster has never gotten caught.
10. _____________ Ben is busy cleaning the closet.
11. _____________ John puts the tea and biscuits in his trolley.
12. _____________ If you make a mistake, you’ll just have to do it again.
13. _____________ Do you have any siblings?
14. _____________ The twins need to go to the bathroom.
15. _____________ Happy Holidays!

How do you say these BrE in AmE?

1. pavement ____________ 6. phone box ___________

2. tap _____________ 7. queue_____________
3. trousers _____________ 8. windscreen __________
4. chips_____________ 9. timetable ___________
5. underground _________ 10. rubber_____________

How do you say these AmE in BrE?

1. overpass _____________ 7. mail _____________

2. rubber_____________ 8. motorcycle ___________
3. cell phone____________ 9. optometrist ___________
4. truck _____________ 10. bar _____________
5. highway_____________ 11. railroad _____________
6. private hospital________ 12. flashlight _____________

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 13. can _____________ 15. closet_____________
14. cab_____________

Give the BrE counterparts of these AmE-spelled words.

1. enrol_____________
2. canceled_____________
3. pajamas _____________
4. meager_____________
5. splendor_____________
6. behavior_____________
7. skillful _____________
8. mementos ____________
9. diarrhea_____________
10. practice (verb) _______

Filipino English

English is widely spoken in the country. It is, in fact, an official language of the country and just
like any “World Englishes”, it has its own variant of English words that are used and understood
differently by native English speakers.
Words and Phrases
Give the Standard English of the following Filipino English words or phrases.
You may know some of the answers from your instructor’s YouTube channel. Check this link
https://youtu.be/LHRbtsuvgBg

Filipino English English by Native Speakers

C.R.
Salvage
Aircon
Ref
Traffic
Napkin
High blood
Tomboy
Eat-all-you-can
Chancing
Double deck
Vulcanizing shop
Videoke
Slippers
Take-out
Overpass
For a while
Brownout
Rubber shoes
Hand carry
Bottomless
Main branch
Next next week

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 Trash can
Hold your line/ hold on
Come again?
Oven toaster
Hang on
Officemate
Load (cellphone)
Summer class
Subject (in class)
Course (in college)
Masteral
Cotton buds
Nail cutter
Xerox

D. Resources
https://youtu.be/WvxQGGsOLQc
https://youtu.be/mO-aOufVhRc
https://youtu.be/WhsNNS-OLKk
https://youtu.be/8LA_Pq5inCk
https://youtu.be/LHRbtsuvgBg

E. Assessment
Grammar Exercise

The following sentences can either be grammatically right or wrong in formal writing. If the
sentence applies formal grammar, just write or encode correct on the space provided; if it is otherwise,
write or encode the correct sentence following formal grammar.

1. There are porters available to carry your baggages if you want to climb Mount Pulag.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. I compared his fashion style with the fashion style of country singers. (meaning: his fashion style
is the same with that of country singers’.)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Grandparents always give sound and reasonable advises.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. As a health care provider, it is a must to cope up with all the demands of being in the medical
field.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Either of the nurses have to go to the emergency room.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Even though this is just a parttime job, you still have to give it your best.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Before the conference starts, the attendance must be checked at the conference room.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. The bill is already taken cared of so do not worry.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Are you a personnel at SM department store?

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 ______________________________________________________________________________
10. As regard to your research, you have to establish first your topic to be followed by your literature
review.
______________________________________________________________________________
11. It is important for health care providers to discuss about the needs of their patients privately and
professionally.
______________________________________________________________________________
12. Kindly follow-up the patient’s vital signs.
______________________________________________________________________________
13. Either the doctors or the head nurse are holding the patient’s records.
______________________________________________________________________________
14. Is it alright if I call you mine?
______________________________________________________________________________
15. The LGBT community demands for equal treatment.
______________________________________________________________________________
16. It’s a good advise that you just did not take.
______________________________________________________________________________
17. Everybody is in search for happiness.
______________________________________________________________________________
18. People need to go on vacation a while every six months. It is good for mental health.
______________________________________________________________________________
19. The dean of Medical Laboratory Science had co-authored the soon to be published research
journal.
______________________________________________________________________________
20. The pharmaceutical conference starts at about ten a.m.
______________________________________________________________________________
21. The new assistant failed to make his strict boss agree with his vacation leave.
______________________________________________________________________________
22. Surprisingly, all of the students were present during the first day of class.
______________________________________________________________________________
23. It is not right to be angry at him just because he forgot your anniversary.
______________________________________________________________________________
24. It is useless to proceed with the case, the suspect is dead anyways.
______________________________________________________________________________
25. The patient’s relatives are not allowed inside of the operating room.
______________________________________________________________________________
26. The demand for coal is decreasing because of the different environmental movements.
______________________________________________________________________________
27. Please finish filling up your bio data.
______________________________________________________________________________
28. In as much as I want to, they would not allow me to go.
______________________________________________________________________________
29. Are you in search more for money or happiness?
______________________________________________________________________________
30. Running every afternoon is routinary for her.
______________________________________________________________________________
31. In behalf of my employees, I give you my gratitude.
______________________________________________________________________________

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32. I have to have my paper edited in order to be published.
______________________________________________________________________________
33. You will not be a full-pledged nurse unless you join the oath taking ceremony for the board
passers.
______________________________________________________________________________
34. The reason for his absence is because of his own laziness.
______________________________________________________________________________
35. The emergency situation was expertly taken cared of by the new intern.
______________________________________________________________________________
36. The Supreme Court’s decision is more irrevocable.
______________________________________________________________________________
37. She prefers studying than watching Korean dramas.
______________________________________________________________________________
38. It would not matter now if you like it or not, the circumstances have already changed.
______________________________________________________________________________
39. Anything spoken is referred to as verbal.
______________________________________________________________________________
40. The supervisor requested for assistance from the manager.
______________________________________________________________________________
41. I simply cannot go to work since I do not feel well.
______________________________________________________________________________
42. The groom was not present in the church when the bride started marching.
______________________________________________________________________________
43. The disease resulted to his death.
______________________________________________________________________________
44. She looked thru the binoculars.
______________________________________________________________________________
45. I am going to get me a new suit.
______________________________________________________________________________
46. He accidentally discovered a type of a medicine for stress.
______________________________________________________________________________
47. We went ahead with our flight to Hong Kong irregardless of the political tension happening
there.
______________________________________________________________________________
48. The hospital directors discussed about the new proposal for the Physical Therapy Department.
______________________________________________________________________________
49. The paramedic doubtlessly gave the victim a complex first-aid procedure.
______________________________________________________________________________
50. The couple’s first child was born on July.
______________________________________________________________________________
51. In every course, the first thing to know is the basic truth of its concepts.
______________________________________________________________________________
52. You can now proceed to the next level.
______________________________________________________________________________
53. Just give me a call in case you need my assistance.
______________________________________________________________________________
54. I do not know if and when the package will arrive.
______________________________________________________________________________
55. In spite his medical condition, he was still able to join the marathon.
______________________________________________________________________________
56. In so far as I know, there are no other complications for obtaining the business permit.

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 ______________________________________________________________________________
57. The group of friends are interested in dance.
______________________________________________________________________________
58. Is Boracay a first class destination?
______________________________________________________________________________
59. Gold is more efficient in conducting electricity than copper.
______________________________________________________________________________
60. I will take that as a complement.
______________________________________________________________________________
61. An outdoors picnic is always at the mercy of the weather.
______________________________________________________________________________
62. The president delivered an impactful speech during his fourth State of the Nation Address.
______________________________________________________________________________
63. He flunked the challenge in a funny way.
______________________________________________________________________________
64. We consider Einstein as a genius.
______________________________________________________________________________
65. An uninterested intellectual curiosity is the life of real civilization. – G.M. Trevelyan
______________________________________________________________________________
66. It was a grievious conduct.
______________________________________________________________________________
67. Invite each and every one of your friends during your debut.
______________________________________________________________________________
68. He councils people who are trying to quit drinking.
______________________________________________________________________________
69. He stubbornly pled guilty in spite all the evidences pointing towards him.
______________________________________________________________________________
70. My idea differs from yours because we do not share the same culture and schema.
______________________________________________________________________________

F. References
Africa, A.C. (2018). Purposive communication in the now (pp.39-53). Mandaluyong City: Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Madrunio, M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018).Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
context (pp. 116-123) Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.
Padilla, M.M., Dagdag, L.A., & Roxas F.R. (2018). Communicate & connect: Purposive
communication (pp. 56-57). Philippines: Mutya Publishing House Inc.
https://www.really-learn-english.com/language-register.html

Prepared by: Noted by:

Cherry Cawis Engr. Cecilia L. Cabanilla

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