Properties of liquids and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on

these properties:
Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a
given amount. The stronger the intermolecular interactions, the greater the surface tension.
Surface tension could be defined as the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist
an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules. Note the correlation
between the surface tension of a liquid and the strength of the intermolecular forces: the
stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the surface tension. For example, water, with its
strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, has one of the highest surface tension values of any
liquid, whereas low-boiling-point organic molecules, which have relatively weak intermolecular
forces, have much lower surface tensions.

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The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces
tend to have high viscosities. The intermolecular forces between the molecules of a liquid, the
size and shape of the molecules, and the temperature determine how easily a liquid flows. The
more structurally complex are the molecules in a liquid and the stronger the IMFs between
them, the more difficult it is for them to move past each other and the greater is the viscosity of
the liquid.

10.2 Properties of Liquids – Chemistry (opentextbc.ca)

Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases with temperature. The vapor pressure is a measure of the pressure (force
per unit area) exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container. Vapor pressure is a property
of a liquid based on the strength of its intermolecular forces. A liquid with weak intermolecular
forces evaporates more easily and has a high vapor pressure. A liquid with stronger
intermolecular forces does not evaporate easily and thus has a lower vapor pressure. For
example, diethyl ether is a nonpolar liquid with weak dispersion forces. Its vapor pressure at
20°C is 58.96 kPa. Water is a polar liquid whose molecules are attracted to one another by
relatively strong hydrogen bonding. The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is only 2.33 kPa, far less
than that of diethyl ether.

Vapor Pressure | Chemistry for Non-Majors (lumenlearning.com)

Boiling point, temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is
equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid; under this condition, addition of
heat results in the transformation of the liquid into its vapor without raising the temperature.
The rule of thumb is that the stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, the more energy is
required to break those forces. This translates into ionic and polar covalent compounds having
higher boiling and melting points, higher enthalpy of fusion, and higher enthalpy of vaporization
than covalent compounds. Boiling points of compounds depend on the type and strength of the
intermolecular forces present.

boiling point | Definition, Examples, Temperature, & Facts | Britannica

Intramolecular and intermolecular forces (article) | Khan Academy

The molar heat of vaporization   of a substance is the heat absorbed by one mole of
that substance as it is converted from a liquid to a gas. As a gas condenses to a liquid, heat is
released.

Heat is absorbed when a liquid boils because molecules which are held together by
intermolecular attractive interactions and are jostled free of each other as the gas is formed.
Such a separation requires energy (in the form of heat). In general the energy needed differs
from one liquid to another depending on the magnitude of the intermolecular forces. We can
thus expect liquids with strong intermolecular forces to have larger enthalpies of vaporization.

Heat of Vaporization - Chemistry LibreTexts