Fawad Ullah 11304

Name:
Fawad Ullah
Final Term Paper
Subject:
Linear Algebra

11304

Instructor
Madeha Gohar
Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Answer 1
Determine the root of the given equation by using Bisection method
x2-3 = 0 for x ∈ [1, 2]
Solution:

Given: x2-3 = 0
Let f(x) = x2-3
Now, find the value of f(x) at a= 1 and b=2.
f(x=1) = 12-3 = 1 – 3 = -2 < 0
f(x=2) = 22-3 = 4 – 3 = 1 > 0
The given function is continuous, and the root lies in the interval [1, 2].
Let “t” be the midpoint of the interval.
First Approximate
X1 = (a+ b)/2
x1 = (1+2)/2
x1 =3 / 2
x1 = 1.5
Therefore, the value of the function at “x1” is
f(x1) =f (1.5) = (1.5)2-3 = 2.25 – 3 = -0.75 < 0
f(t) is negative, so b is replaced with x1= 1.5 for the next iterations.
Second Approximate
X2 = (x1+ b)/2
X2 = (1.5+2)/2
x2 = 3.5 / 2
x2 = 1.75
f(x2) =f (1.75) = (1.75)2-3 = -0.0625 < 0
Now root lies between x1 and x2. That is 1.5 ans1.75

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Third Approximate
X3 = (x1+ x2)/2
X3 = (1.5+1.75)/2
X3 = 1.625
f(x3) =f (1.625) = (1.625)2-3 = -0.359 < 0
Now root lies between 1.625 and 1.75

Fourth Approximate
X4 = (x3+ x2)/2
X4 = (1.625+1.75)/2
X4 = 1.6875
f(x4) =f (1.6875) = (1.6875)2-3 = -0.1523 < 0
Now root lies between 1.6875 and 1.75
Fifth Approximate
X5 = (x4+ x2)/2
X5 = (1.6875+1.75)/2
X5 = 1.7188
f(x5) =f (1.7188) = (1.7188)2-3 = -0.0457 < 0
Now root lies between 1.7188 and 1.75
Sixth Approximate
X6 = (x5+ x2)/2
X6 = (1.7188+1.75)/2
X6 = 1.7344
f(x6) =f (1.7344) = (1.7344)2-3 = 0.0081 < 0

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Now root lies between 1.7344 and 1.7188

Seven Approximate
X7 = (x5+ x6)/2
X7 = (1.7188+1.7344)/2
X7 = 1.7266
So, the root is X = 1.7266

Iterations A b X7 = (x5+ x6)/2 f(a) f(b) f(x)

1 1 2 1.5 -2 1 -0.75
2 1.5 2 1.75 -0.75 1 0.062
3 1.5 1.75 1.625 -0.75 0.0625 -0.359
4 1.625 1.75 1.6875 -0.3594 0.0625 -0.1523
5 1.6875 1.75 1.7188 -01523 0.0625 -0.0457
6 1.7188 1.75 1.7344 -0.0457 0.0625 0.0081
7 1.7188 1.7344 1.7266 -0.0457 0.0081 -0.0189
So, at the seventh iteration, we get the final interval [1.7266, 1.7344]
Hence, 1.7344 is the approximated solution.

Answer 2
Find the cube root of 48 by Newton-Raphson method correct up to 4-
decimal places.

Solution
1
Here 48 3 = 0

1
Let F(x) = 48 3 = 0

X = ∛ 48

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

X3 = 48
X3 - 48 = 0
d 3
X - 48 = 0
dx

F(x) = 3x2
As
F(0) = -48 and so on…….

X 0 1 2 3 4

F(x) -48 -47 -40 -21 16

Here f(3) = -21 < 0 and f(4) = 16 < > 0

Root lies between 3 and 4
X0 = (3+ 4)/2
X0 = 3.5

1st iteration
F(X0) = f (3.5) = 3.53 - 48 = -5.125
f′(X0) = f′ (3.5) =3 * 3.52 = 36.75
F( X 0)
X1 = X0 - f '( X 0)

−5.125
X1 = 3.5 - 36.75

X1 = 3.6395

2nd iteration
F(X1) = f (3.5) = 3.63953 - 48 = -0.2069

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

f′(X1) = f′ (3.6395) =3 * 3.63952 = 39.7369

F( X 1)
X2 = X1 - f '( X 1)

0.2069
X2 = 3.6395 - 39.7369

X2 = 3.6342

3rd iteration
F(X2) = f (3.6342) = 3.63423 - 48 = 0.0003
f′(X2) = f′ (3.5) =3 * 3.63422 = 39.6233
F( X 2)
X3 = X2 - f '( X 2)

0.0003
X3 = 3.5 - 39.6233

X3 = 3.6342

Approximate root of equation X3 - 48 = 0 is 3.6342

n x0 F(x0) f′(x0) x1 Update

1 3.5 -5.125 36.75 3.6395 x0=x1

2 3.6395 0.2069 39.7369 3.6342 x0=x1

3 3.6342 0.0003 39.6233 3.6342 x0=x1

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Answer 3
A real root of the equation x  5 x  1  0 lies in the interval  0,1 .
3

Perform 4 iterations for Secant method.

Solution
Here x3 – 5x + 1
Let f(x) = x3 – 5x + 1
X 0 1
F(x) 1 -3

1st iteration:
x0=0 and x1=1

f(x0) =f (0) =1 and f(x1) = f (1) = -3

x 1−x 0
X2=x0-f(x0)⋅ f ( x 1)−f ( x 0)

1∗1−0
X2=0− −3−1

X2=0.25

f(X2)=f(0.25)=0.253 – 5 * 0.25+1 =

-0.2344

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

2nd iteration:
X1=1 and X2=0.25

f(x1)=f(1)=-3 and f(x2)=f(0.25)=-0.2344

x 2−x 1
X3= x1-f(x1) f ( x 2)−f ( x 1)

(−3)∗0.25−1
X3=1− 0.2344−(−3)
X3=0.1864

f(x3)=f(0.1864)=0.18643-5 * 0.1864+1

=0.0743

3rd iteration:
x2=0.25 and x3=0.1864

 f(x2) =f (0.25) =-0.2344f and (x3) =f (0.1864) = 0.0743

x 3−x 2
X4= x2-f(x2) f ( x 3)−f (x 2)

(−0.2344)∗0.1864−0.25
X4=0.25− 0.0743−(−0.2344)

X4=0.2017

f(x4) = f (0.2017) = 0.20173 – 5 * 0.2017 + 1

= -0.0005

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

4th iteration:
x3=0.1864 and x4=0.2017

 f(x3) =f (0.0743) =-0.2344 and f(x4) =f (0.2017) = -0.0005

x 4−x 3
X5= x3-f(x3) f ( x 4)−f ( x 3)

0.0743∗0.2017−0.1864
X5=0.1864− −0.0005−(−0.0743)

X5=0.0306

f(x5) = f (0.0306) = 0.03063-5 * 0.0306+1

= 0.8470

Approximate root of equation x3 – 5x + 1 is 0.8470

N X0 f(x0) X1 f(x1) X2 f(x2)

1 0 1 1 -3 0.25 -0.2344

2 1 -3 0.25 -0.2344 0.1864 0.0743

3 0.25 -0.2344 0.1864 0.0743 0.2017 -0.0005

4 0.1864 0.0743 0.2017 −0.0005 0.0306 0.8470

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Answer 4
Find the Fourier Transform of f ( x) where f ( x)  e  x
2

F(x) = e −x 2

The Fourier transform function of f(x) is

∞
1
F(x) = ∫ f(x) exp(itx)dx
√2 π −∞

∞
1
F(x) =
√2 π
∫ e−x 2* e(itx) dx
−∞

∞
1
F(x) = ∫ e ¿* itx ¿ dx
√ 2 π −∞
∞
1
F(x) = ∫ e−¿* itx ¿ dx
√2 π −∞

Answer 5
1  x 2 x 1
f ( x)  
f ( ) 0 x 1
Find if

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Sorry mam I don’t know that it can be write on a page it

takes more so I can write last question in page

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Linear Algebra
Fawad Ullah 11304

Linear Algebra