Chapter I.

INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important crop in the world among all cereals used as cereals.
It occupies the first place in the world production of cereals and is a staple food of about one third of the
world population (Hussain et al 2002). It is cultivated in an area of approximately 226.45 million hectares
with a production of 171.9 million tons worldwide (Singh et al 2018). During 2017-18, wheat was grown
in the largest area of India, followed by the Fed of Russia, China and the United States. UU. India ranks
second after China in wheat production. However, the United Kingdom ranks first for productivity,
followed by Germany (Anonymous 2018a). It is the second most important wheat crop after rice in India
and was grown in an area of 29.52 million hectares with a production of 80.8 million tons in 2017-18
(Anonymous 2018a). In India, Uttar Pradesh led in its area and production and the Punjab drove
productivity, followed by Haryana. In Punjab, it was cultivated in 38.22 hectares of lac area with a
production of 167.69 tons of lac and a yield per hectare of 48.07 quintals in the period 2017-18. The
wheat in Uttar is an irrigated crop, except in the districts of Agra, Mathura, Bareilly, Saharanpur,
Banaras, Lucknow, where there is a considerable area of wheat under dry earth (Anonymous 2018b).

The rice and wheat cultivation system, a long-standing cereal production system in China, is quite new in
the Indian subcontinent. It began only in the late 1960s with the introduction of CIMMYT dwarf wheat,
in Mexico. The rice and wheat cultivation system in the Indian plains of India contributed to 94.9% of the
total grain purchases by the Indian government in the period 1994-1995 (Kumar et al 1998).

The world population, which was 1 billion and 2 billion in 1800 AD C. and 1930 d. C., respectively,
reached 6 million in 1999. It is expected to continue and probably reach 12 million by 2100 AD C. (TOI
2001). Most of this population increase has been and will be in the least developed countries in Asia,
Africa and South America, and Asia is the one that contributes the most (Prasad 2005b). Obviously, this
large increase in world population will lead to greater demand for food. According to the International
Food Policy Research Institute (Pinstrup-Anderson et al 1997), between 1993 and 2020 AD, global grain
demand is expected to increase by 41 percent. Based on the decreasing availability of arable land per
capita from 1961 to 2000, it is expected that the arable land per capita available for 2020 will be 37.7, 23
and 21% of that of 1961 for China, India and Pakistan, respectively ( Prasad 2005b) Therefore, the
situation has become even more complicated by the fact that the increase in cereal production must be
satisfied by the land itself or even less, with an intrinsic fertility that rapidly

The green revolution became India in fines from the 1960s with the introduction of high-yielding
fertilizer dwarf wheat varieties (Swaminathan 1996). green

The revolutionary technologies have led to an increase in the yield of the main food crops per unit and
also an increase in the per capita income of farmers. Grain production from 6.4 million tons in 1949-50
to 96.80 million tons in 2017-18. The need for more intensive and economic agricultural production
leads to a widespread use of higher doses of concentrated chemical fertilizers. The consumption of
fertilizers in the Punjab goes from 5 thousand tons of nutrients in 1960-61 to 1936 thousand tons in
2017-18 (Anonymous 2019b). The continued use of chemical fertilizers in an unbalanced and
indiscriminate manner compromises soil health and leads to a damaging effect on long-term soil fertility
and sustainability (Kumar and Dhar 2010). Indiscriminate and inappropriate use of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides has resulted in increased nitrate levels in groundwater and pesticide-contaminated food
products (Singh 2002).

In future years, the absolute dependence of chemical fertilizers to increase crop yields is not only
dangerous due to the negative effects on the environment and the risks to the health of the human and
animal population, but it is also unsustainable. Why long use term of chemical fertilizers damages
physical properties. of the soil (Doran et al 1996, Lal 1998). Furthermore, it will not be practical to
continue using chemical fertilizers in the next century, as most fertilizers
Chapter two

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The relevant literature concerning "Yield of wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) at different manure
levels" has been revised in the following sections:

2.1 Poultry manure

2.2 Chemical fertilizers

2.3 Variety

2.4 Quality of the grain

2.5 Soil health

2.1 Poultry manure

The nitrogen requirements of wheat can vary with and without the use of FYM (Singh and Kaur 2004).
The field experiment conducted on Pantnagar wheat by Pandey and Pandey (2010) reported that among
the organic sources available to provide N at the harvest, FYM was better than vermicompost and
neemax than grain yield.

Sushila and Giri (2000) conducted an experiment with wheat in New Delhi and reported that the
application of FYM resulted in an additional yield of 7.9 q ha-1 on the control of non-manure and also
led to taller plants , to a greater number of cultivators and longer length of the panicle. These results
corroborated the results of Azad et al (1998). Tiwari and Singh (1973) reported that the application of
FYM resulted in a 14.2 percent increase in leaf area and 13.8 percent in dry grain compared to
uncontrolled control. While, in U.P. in Bahraich, Rajput et al (1995) obtained the highest plant height
with the application of FYM (10 t ha-1) and complete N (120 kg ha-1) in three equal divisions in sandy
soils of soil tested under In N. Singh available (1999) recorded a significant increase in the number of m-
2 growers and plant height at maturity with a subsequent increase in the FYM level from 0 to 10 t ha-1
in sandy soils of topsoil. to Pantnagar. Nehra et al. (2001) conducted an experiment on the wheat field
during the winter season on sandy soil of Hisar, Haryana, and recorded the favorable effect of the
application of FYM on plant growth parameters, such as a larger number of Grains per panicle due to the
greater supply of photosina in the panicle and also the accumulation of dry matter, the index of the leaf
area and the height of the plant that the uncontrolled control increase. Singh et al (2003) in a field
experiment at Bawal (Haryana) on sandy loam soil showed that the application of FYM at a rate of 5 t
ha-1 on wheat significantly increased the height of the plant, the length of the peak and grains per peak
relative to the control. However, the increase in the number of m-1 growers and the weight of 1,000
cereals was not significant. Kler and Walia (2006) observed that the application of FYM at a rate of 20 t
ha-1 resulted in a higher plant height (96.8 cm) and a greater accumulation of dry matter (128.1 q ha -1)
compared to the recommended fertilizer dose (88.5 cm and 114.0 q ha-1 respectively). The increase in
FYM levels (15, 30 and 45 t ha-1) had no effect on the number of farmers per m2, but the treatments
showed significantly higher farmers than any FYM (Rehman et al 2010).

A significant improvement in the yield of wheat grains was reported with the application of FYM
compared to the uncontrolled control by Sangwal and Ruhal (1990). Rajput and Warsi (1992) recorded
the highest average grain yield of 3.87 t ha-1 of 10 t FYM with 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in low-N clay soils
available in Faizabad in U.P. Patel et al (1993) obtained a significantly higher grain yield with 150 kg of N
in combination with 15 t FYM ha-1 in low N content clay soils available in Akola, Maharashtra. Bakshi et
al (1992b) observed that under irrigation conditions, the overall yield was significantly higher with FYM
than the uncontrolled control of Ludhiana in Punjab. The application of 10 t FYM ha-1 produced a yield
of wheat and straw significantly higher than 5 t ha-1 and control in the sandy soils of Pantnagar (Singh et
al 1999). Singh and Singh (2006) were of the opinion that the application of FYM 5 t ha-1 to wheat
produced a significantly higher seed yield and biological yield than the non-fertilized control. Ghuman
and Sur (2006) observed that the application of FYM at a speed of 18 t ha-1 on wheat resulted in a
higher yield in seeds of 1615 kg ha-1, compared to uncontrolled control (1333 kg ha-1) . Singh (2006)
stated that the application of 10 t ha-1 of FYM only significantly increased the grain yield (26.85 q ha-1)
of the grain compared to the uncontrolled control (22.72 q ha-1) . Liu et al (2010) conducted a long-term
fertilization experiment in China and reported that the yield of winter wheat in FYM treatment (3.52 Mg
ha-1) was statistically similar to the performance in inorganic treatment (3.92 Mg ha- 1), but these two
treatments showed mean