Vincoy, John Lloyd A.

AC/DC Machineries
Engr. Tuban

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

1. Describe and Illustrate a Single-Phase, Double Wound Transformer,

including its Primary Applications.

The double-wound transformer has a primary winding and a secondary winding. These
windings are independently isolated and insulated from each other. A shielded winding
transformer, on the other hand, is designed with a metallic shield between the primary and
secondary windings, providing a safety factor by grounding. This prevents accidental contact
between the windings under faulty conditions. The illustrations in unit 16 show a double-wound
transformer. The coils of double-wound transformers may be connected in several different
arrangements.

ill. 1: Coil arrangements for single-phase transformers: A. Single Coils; B. Multiple

Coils

ill. 1 shows a popular arrangements of single-phase transformer windings. Two single

coils (ill. 1A), are used for specific step-down or step-up applications, including bell ringing
transformers, neon transformers, and component transformers for commercial equipment, such
as automatic machines, switchgear, and other devices. Multiple coil primary and secondary
windings (ill. 1B), are used in distribution transformers where dual voltage ratings are desired.
Arrangements for voltage ratings of 2,400//120/240 or 220/440//i 10/220 are common.

Double-wound transformers separate or insulate the high transmission voltages from the
typical consumer voltages of 115/230/460. The National Electrical Code requires the use of this
type of transformer in all distribution circuits with the exception of those circuits assigned to
autotransformers. Here, as in the Code, the voltage considered shall be that at which the circuit
operates, except for the examples given.

Double wound transformer is a common transformer product with main functions include
voltage change, impedance transformation, isolation and voltage stabilization. The
manufacturing process is different according to different applied occasions (or different
purposes). Three wound transformer has three wounds of each phase. When one wound connects
to the AC power, the other two wounds can induce different electric potential. The transformer is
used for load which requires two different levels of voltage. Usually in power plants and
substations, there are three different levels of voltage, so three wound transformers are used
widely in the power system.
High, middle and low voltage wounds of each phase are set in the same core column. In
order to make the insulation reasonable, usually the high voltage wound is put in the outer layer,
with middle and low voltage wounds placed in the inner layer. Based on the high magnetic
conductivity of iron materials, most of the flux is confined in the core. Therefore, the two sets of
coils can get a high degree of magnetic coupling. Because of the function of voltage boost and
buck, the transformer has become one of the most important appendages of modern electric
power system. The increasing electricity transmission voltage makes the long-distance
transmission more economical. As for step-down transformer, it makes the usage of electricity
more diversified. It can be said that if there are no transformers, modern industry is unable to
reach such a great level at this time.
2. Sketch the Diagrams of the Series and Parallel Methods of Coil Connection
for a Double-Wound Transformer and for Dual-Voltage Connections,
Primary and Secondary.
3. Define Subtractive Polarity and Additive Polarity, Diagrams, Connections,
and Polarity Markings.

Additive polarity 

In Additive polarity, the voltage across the primary (V1) and secondary (V2) of
a transformer will be the sum of the voltages at low voltage and High voltage sides.
That is, if V3 measures a value equal to the sum of voltages measured at V1 and V2,
then the polarity will be addictive.

For an Additive Polarity, V3 = V1+ V2

Subtractive polarity

In subtractive polarity, the voltage across two windings will be the difference
between the voltages at two sides. That is if the voltage V3 is the difference in the
voltage between V1 and V2, such a polarity can be termed as subtractive polarity.

For subtractive Polarity,

V3 = V2 – V1, for a step-up transformer.

V3 = V1- V2, for a step-down transformer.

As shown in the circuit, a transformer polarity dot denotes which terminals

have the same relative polarity.
 Each of the terminals of the primary, as well as the secondary winding of a transformer,
is alternatively positive and negative with respect to each other as shown in the figure below.
Let A1 and A2 be the positive and negative terminal, respectively of the primary side of the
transformer and a1, a2 are the positive and negative terminal of the secondary side of the
transformer.

If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means similar terminals of the
transformer are connected, then the polarity is said to be additive. If A1 is connected to a2 and
A2 to a1, that means the opposite terminals are connected to each other, and thus the voltmeter
will read the subtractive polarity.

Circuit Diagram of Polarity Test of Transformer

It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and the
secondary terminals for making the correct connections if the transformers are to be connected in
parallel or they are used in a three-phase circuit.

In the primary side, the terminals are marked as A 1 and A2 and from the secondary side,
the terminals are named as a1 and a2. The terminal A1 is connected to one end of the secondary
winding, and a voltmeter is connected between A2 and the other end of the secondary winding.

When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V 1 – V2), the transformer is said to be
connected with opposite polarity know as subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads
(V1 + V2), the transformer is said to have additive polarity.
4. Steps in an Alternating Current Polarity Test for a Single-Phase
Transformer.

 Connect the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram figure and set the
autotransformer to zero position.
 Switch on the single-phase supply
 Record the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1, V2 and V3.
 If the reading of the V3 shows the addition of the value of V1 and V2 that is V2 = V1+V2 the
transformer is said to be connected in additive polarity.
 If the reading of the V3 is the subtraction of the readings of V1 and V2, then the
transformer is said to be connected in subtractive or negative polarity.
5. Parallel Operation of Single- Phase Transformers.
Parallel Operation of a Single-Phase Transformer means that the two or more
transformers having the same polarities, same turn ratios, same phase sequence and the same
voltage ratio are connected in parallel with each other.

The circuit diagram of two single-phase transformer A and B connected in parallel are
shown below:

Let,

a1 is the turn ratio of the transformer A

a2 is the turn ratio of transformer B
ZA is the equivalent impedance of the transformer A referred to secondary
ZB is the equivalent impedance of the transformer B referred to secondary
ZL is the load impedance across the secondary
IA is the current supplied to the load by the secondary of the transformer A
IB is the current supplied to the load by the secondary of the transformer B
VL is the secondary load voltage
IL is the load current

Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,

Now putting the value of IB from the equation (1) in equation (3) we will get,

Solving equations (2) and (4) we will get,

The current IA and IB have two components. The first component represents the
transformers share of the load currents and the second component is a circulating current in the
secondary windings of the single-phase transformer.

The undesirable effects of the circulating currents are as follows

 They increase the copper loss.

 The circulating current overloads the one transformer and reduce the permissible load
kVA.

Equal Voltage Ratio

In order to eliminate circulating currents, the voltage ratios must be identical. That is a1=a2

Under this condition,

Equating equation (7) and (8) we will get:

From the above equation (9), it is clear that the transformer currents are inversely
proportional to the transformer impedance. Thus, for the efficient parallel operation of the two
single-phase transformers, the potential differences at full load across the transformer internal
impedance should be equal.

This condition ensures that the load sharing between the two single-phase transformer is
according to the rating of each transformer. If the per-unit equivalent impedance is not equal,
then the transformer will not share the load in proportion to their kVA ratings. As a result, the
overall rating of the transformer bank will be reduced.

Equation (9) can also be written as

The current in the equations (7) and (8) is changed into volt-amperes by multiplying the
two equations by the common load voltage VL.

Therefore, we know that,

The total load in volt-ampere (VA) is

The volt-ampere of transformer A is

Similarly, the volt-ampere of transformer B is

Hence, the various equations will be written as shown below

Equating the equation (11) and (12) we will get

Equation (13) tells that the volt-ampere load on each single-phase transformer is
inversely proportional to its impedance.

Hence, to share the load in proportion to their ratings, the transformers should have the
impedance which is inversely proportional to their ratings.
6.Transformer Primary Taps
In some cases, the actual supply voltage to the primary of the
transformer is either slightly higher or lower than the nameplate rating. Taps
are provided on most transformers on the primary winding to correct this
condition and maintain full rated output voltage and capacity. Standard taps
are usually in 2 1/2% or 5% increments.

Example: The transformer has a 480V primary rating and the incoming

voltage is at 504V. The primary connection should be made at the +5% tap in
order to maintain the nominal secondary voltage.
7. Transformer Regulation
Voltage Regulation of single-phase transformers is the percentage (or per unit value)
change in its secondary terminal voltage compared to its original no-load voltage under varying
secondary load conditions. In other words, regulation determines the variation in secondary
terminal voltage which occurs inside the transformer as a result of variations in the transformers
connected load thereby affecting its performance and efficiency if these losses are high and the
secondary voltage becomes too low.
When there is no-load connected to the transformers secondary winding, that is its output
terminals are open-circuited, there is no closed-loop condition, so there is no output load current
(IL = 0) and the transformer acts as one single winding of high self-inductance. Note that the no-
load secondary voltage is a result of the fixed primary voltage and the turns ratio of the
transformer.
Loading the secondary winding with a simple load impedance causes a secondary current
to flow, at any power factor, through the internal winding of the transformer. Thus, voltage drops
due to the winding’s internal resistance and its leakage reactance causes the output terminal
voltage to change.
A transformers voltage regulation change between its secondary terminal voltage from a
no-load condition when IL = 0, (open circuit) to a fully-loaded condition when I L =
IMAX (maximum current) for a constant primary voltage is given as:

Transformer Voltage Regulation as a Fractional Change

 
Note that this voltage regulation when expressed as a fraction or unit-change of the no-
load terminal voltage can be defined in one of two ways, voltage regulation-down, (Regdown)
and voltage regulation-up, (Regup). That is when the load is connected to the secondary output
terminal, the terminal voltage goes down, or when the load is removed, the secondary terminal
voltage goes up. Thus, the regulation of the transformer will depend on which voltage value is
used as the reference voltage, load or non-load value.
We can also express transformer voltage regulation as a percentage change between the
no-load condition and the full-load conditions as follows:
Transformer Voltage Regulation as a Percentage Change

 
So, for example, if a single-phase transformer has an open-circuit no-load terminal
voltage of 100 volts and the same terminal voltage drops to 95 volts on the application of a
connected load, the transformers voltage regulation would therefore be 0.05 or 5%, ((100 –
95)/100) *100%). Therefore, a transformers voltage regulation can be express
8. Autotransformers and its Applications and Limitations.
An autotransformer (or auto transformer) is a type of electrical transformer with only
one winding. The “auto” prefix refers to the single coil acting alone (Greek for “self”) – not to
any automatic mechanism. An auto transformer is similar to a two-winding transformer but
varies in the way the primary and secondary winding of the transformer are interrelated.
Applications of Auto Transformers
The applications of an auto transformer include:

1. Compensating voltage drops by boosting supply voltage in distribution systems.

2. Auto transformers with a number of tapping are used for starting induction and
synchronous motors.
3. Auto transformer is used as variac in laboratory or where continuous variable over
broad ranges are required.
Disadvantages of Using Auto Transformer
The disadvantages of an auto transformer include:

1. Because of electrical conductivity of the primary and secondary windings the lower
voltage circuit is liable to be impressed upon by higher voltage. To avoid breakdown in
the lower voltage circuit, it becomes necessary to design the low voltage circuit to
withstand higher voltage.
2. The leakage flux between the primary and secondary windings is small and hence the
impedance is low. This results into severer short circuit currents under fault conditions.
3. The connections on primary and secondary sides have necessarily needs to be same,
except when using interconnected starring connections. This introduces complications
due to changing primary and secondary phase angle particularly in the case of delta/delta
connection.
4. Because of common neutral in a star/star connected auto transformer it is not possible to
earth neutral of one side only. Both their sides should have their neutrality either earth or
isolated.
5. It is more difficult to maintain the electromagnetic balance of the winding when voltage
adjustment tappings are provided. It should be known that the provision of tapping on an
auto transformer increases considerably the frame size of the transformer. If the range of
tapping is very large, the advantages gained in initial cost is lost to a great event.

9. Dry and Liquid-Filled Transformers and Methods of Cooling.

Dry-type Transformers
The dry-type power transformer has been traditionally used for low- and
medium-voltage applications in buildings. Improved safety made dry-type
transformers preferred for indoor power distribution. However, these systems
have some drawbacks and limitations.
 Air-cooled transformers are larger  than liquid-filled products with the
same capacity and voltage ratings, so they are not the best choice for a  mobile
substation or a site where space is limited. Air natural transformers have
ratings up to 3 MVA. With higher capacities, dry transformers must use air-
blast systems to cool the core and windings. Due to these limitations, many
experts recommend 2.5 MVA as the changeover point for dry and wet
products.

Cooling Methods for Dry Type Transformers

Air Natural or Self Air-Cooled Transformer

This method of transformer cooling is generally used in small transformers (up to 3 MVA). In
this method the transformer is allowed to cool by natural air flow surrounding it.

Air Blast
For transformers rated more than 3 MVA, cooling by natural air method is inadequate. In this
method, air is forced on the core and windings with the help of fans or blowers. The air supply
must be filtered to prevent the accumulation of dust particles in ventilation ducts. This method
can be used for transformers up to 15 MVA.
Liquid-filled Transformers
The wet-type power transformer has been around for nearly a century, but
recent technical advances have improved the overall practicality of these
products. This proven technology is cost-efficient, versatile and easy to
maintain. With an average lifespan of 25 years and a potential service life of
35 years, they last longer than dry transformers while offering numerous other
benefits.
For decades, flammable and environmentally damaging dielectric fluids
were a major drawback. Oil-filled transformers required containment troughs
and other safety precautions. Indoor installations were regarded as risky due to
potential fire hazards and exposure to the dielectric fluids. However, many
alternatives to mineral oil are now available. Natural esters, silicone and
hydrocarbons are recommended alternatives to flammable mineral oil. Some
fluids are renewable, nontoxic and biodegradable.

Cooling Methods for Oil Immersed Transformers

Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

This method is used for oil immersed transformers. In this method, the heat generated in the core
and winding is transferred to the oil. According to the principle of convection, the heated oil flows in
the upward direction and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up by cooled oil from the
radiator. The heat from the oil will dissipate in the atmosphere due to the natural air flow around the
transformer. In this way, the oil in transformer keeps circulating due to natural convection and
 dissipating heat in atmosphere due to natural conduction. This method can be used for transformers
up to about 30 MVA.

Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

The heat dissipation can be improved further by applying forced air on the dissipating surface.
Forced air provides faster heat dissipation than natural air flow. In this method, fans are mounted near
the radiator and may be provided with an automatic starting arrangement, which turns on when
temperature increases beyond certain value. This transformer cooling method is generally used for
large transformers up to about 60 MVA.

Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)

In this method, oil is circulated with the help of a pump. The oil circulation is forced through the
heat exchangers. Then compressed air is forced to flow on the heat exchanger with the help of fans.
The heat exchangers may be mounted separately from the transformer tank and connected through
pipes at top and bottom as shown in the figure. This type of cooling is provided for higher rating
transformers at substations or power stations.

Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

This method is similar to OFAF method, but here forced water flow is used to dissipate heat from
the heat exchangers. The oil is forced to flow through the heat exchanger with the help of a pump,
where the heat is dissipated in the water which is also forced to flow. The heated water is taken away
to cool in separate coolers. This type of cooling is used in very large transformers having rating of
several hundred MVA.

10. Transformer Safety Precautions.

Equipment designed for high voltage capacity, such as transformers, can create hazards to
human health, which is why it’s important to prioritize safety measures with its operation or
maintenance.

Avoiding safety precautions can lead to equipment failure and injuries, which can shine a
negative light on your company. Keeping the design of your transformer in mind along with
proper installation will help maintain a safe environment for all components of the equipment,
regardless of the manufacturer or system type.

When working on transformers, you must pay attention to UL, CUL, VDE, CE standards
and ISO 9001 requirements. If your transformer begins to function in a manner that you don’t
understand, remove it from the system so that it can be analyzed for maintenance.
Key Safety Tips for Transformers

1. Inspect
your transformer thoroughly to prevent or minimize breakdowns. Before installation,
monitor your transformer by checking for any burnt odor, damaged power cords and
connectors or any parts that are improperly installed.
2. Keep
the power off when working on the transformer. Make sure there is zero electrical
leakage or continuity between the current source and the system.
3. Use
protective equipment and pay close attention to specific ratings for the transformer’s
voltage output. Keep over current protection of conductors and circuits set to the
manufacturer’s standards.
4. Learn
the maximum voltage requirements of your transformer. Be careful of system overload
from a single transformer, with the understanding that multiple transformers help
balance the impedance of each load.
5. Keep
spare nuts, bolts and other objects away from your work, so that they don’t touch or
fall into the transformer.
6. Be
certain that your transformer is grounded, which will prevent static electricity and
protect the coils from contacting the enclosure or core.
7. Always
keep your transformer and all of its components dry and free from any kind of moisture
or water. To protect unskilled onlookers, set up caution signs that warn people to keep
away from danger.