PLANNING:

HISTORY,
EVOLUTION AND
APPROACHES
 Context of and
rationale for planning
over time follow the
history of cities where
they were derived…
 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING,
also known as urban and regional planning, city
planning, town and country planning, and/or
human settlements planning, refers to the
multi-disciplinary art and science
of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing,
managing and regulating the use and
development of land an water resources, in
relation to their environs, for the development
of sustainable communities and ecosystems.
– RA 10587
An environmental planner
refers to a person who registered
and licensed to practice
environmental planning and who
holds a valid Certificate of
Registration and a valid
Professional Identification Card
from the Board of Environmental
Planning and the Professional
Regulation Commission. – RA
10587
•  One who creates and recommends
on land use and other planning
fields
•  An advisor and regulator to the
government, private sector, and the
communities
•  An urban designer
•  Someone who looks far into the
future for the welfare of a place
•  A capacity builder, facilitator, and
educator
•  An advocate of causes
TIMELINE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
(AS GUIDE IN UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF PLANNING APPROACHES)

„ non-organized human settlements

„ settled agricultural settlements
„ early urbanization – static urban settlements
„ middle period – static urban settlements
„ industrial urbanization – dynamic urban settlements
or dynapolis
„ world ecumenopolis
I. NON-ORGANIZED HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
„ from 90,000 to 10,000 years ago
„ nomadic hunters and gatherers
„ lived in caves, hollow trees and other natural
formations
II. SETTLED AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENTS

„ From 10,000 to 6,000 B.C.

„ Domestication of plants like wheat, rye and corn
„ Domestication of animals (8,000 B.C.) like dogs,
goats, cattle, sheep
„ Led to formation: primitive organized settlements
„ Perfected speech, wove baskets, manufacture linen
and pottery
„ Designed weapons and jewelry from copper, bronze and
gold
„ Built towns and villages and developed patterns of rule and
subservience
„ Jericho (8000 B.C.) – world’s oldest known settlement
„ Anatolia – Hittite Empire
„ Settled near crop fields and animal pastures in the Fertile
Crescent in houses made of bricks, wood or reed
„ Agriculture spread throughout E Europe, W
Mediterranean, from Anatolia to Pakistan to Aegean
area
„ Developed small villages and farmsteads
III. EARLY URBANIZATION

„ 6000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

„ Static urban settlements
„ Rise of civilization
„ First cities in human history
„ Cities of the Ancient World
A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
„ Mesopotamia (4000 BC) – first cities appeared in the Tigris
and Euphrates Valleys – the Cradle of Civilization
„ City-states came about
„ Earliest cities were Eridu, Erech, Ur, Babylon and Nineveh –
trading centers
„ Cities were built around temples called Ziggurats
„ Cities were built out of clay (fire-baked cricks)
A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

„ Responsible for early urban culture:

„ Cuneiform writing
„ Invented the wheel
„ Irrigated fields with canals
„ Built temples and palaces
„ Ruled by Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans
„ Barter between cities or a city with a food producer
(clothes, potter for dishes, fine metal works, jewelry and
stone curving)
MESOPOTAMIA

„ The most famous and important building in the

Sumerian city was the temple dedicated to the
gods and goddesses of the city.
„ The temple was called a ziggurat and was built atop
a massive stepped tower
„ Housing were built by sun-dried bricks
„ A small portion of buildings were made by stone or
wood
B. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

„ Nile Valley (3200 BC)

„ Built cities such as Thebes
(city with a population of
225,000 in 1600 BC) and
Memphis
„ Cities were accentuated with
tombs, temples and pyramids
„ Pyramids of Giza
B. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

„ Developed first writing material (papyrus) in 2800

B.C., hieroglyphic writing, first 365-day calendar
„ Medical knowledge including surgery and
antiseptics

Note: Civilization in Egypt is earlier than the

pyramids
B. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

„ Religion still powerful: Ancient Egyptians

worshipped kings as gods
„ Once buried, they live forever
„ Pyramids constructed in capital cities
„ Cities of the dead (Necropolis)
C. AEGEAN CIVILIZATION
„ Basin of the Aegean Sea (3000 BC to 1200 BC)
„ Two cultures: Minoan in Crete; Mycenaean in the mainland
Greece
„ Crete: trading center – wheat, wine, linen, olive oil and
cypress timber to other goods in Syria, Egypt and Italy
„ Built of Greek City-States
„ Established and developed city-states (particularly after
1000 BC)
C. AEGEAN CIVILIZATION

„ Athens – most renowned city-state (known for its

Acropolis and the Parthenon)
„ Built the cities of Troy and Mycenae
„ Hippodamus of Miletus (a name to remember in planning)
„ Birth place of great artists and athletes
„ Lovers of knowledge and wisdom (Hypocrates, Socrates,
Plato and Aristotle): some of their ideas are related to
planning
HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS
498-408 BC

„ Inventor/father of formal city planning

„ Introduced the Hippodamian Plan or the grid
city to maximize winds in the summer and
minimize the effect of winter
„ The Plan has a geometric, arranged style in
design
„ Also worked on the Piraeus Port and
Alexandria
PLATO
428-347 BC

„ Introduced the principle of polluter pays

“if anyone intentionally pollutes the water of another, whether the water
of a spring, or collected in reservoirs, either by poisonous substances, or
by digging, or by theft, let the injured party bring the cause before the
wardens of the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the
accused be found guilty of injuring the water by deleterious substances,
let him not only pay damages, but purify the stream or the cistern which
contains the water, in such manner as the laws… or der the purification
to be made by the offender in each case.”
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE (PD 1152)

„ It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain,

remove, and clean-up water pollution incidents at his
own expense. In case of his failure to do so, the
government agencies concerned shall undertake
containment, removal, and clean-up operations and
expenses incurred in said operations shall be against
the persons and/or entities responsible for such
pollution.
ARISTOTLE
384-322 BC

„ Provided the foundation for the concept of

intergenerational equity
„ For our children’s children

“Human well-being is realized only partly by satisfying whatever

people’s preferences happen to be at a particular time; it is also
necessary for successive generations to leave behind sufficient
resources so that future generations are not constrained in their
preferences.”
D. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

„ The earliest in S Asia (2500 BC – 1500 BC)

„ The Dravidians built two cities: Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro
„ Known as the masters of urban planning - laid out
streets in rectangular pattern, provided water
through clay pipes, toilets and a sewage system
„ Developed a written language, still spoken in India
 E. CHINESE CIVILIZATION

„ Huang He Valley: walled city

states (2000 BC – 1000
BC)
„ Shang Dynasty left first
written record in 1600 BC)
„ Unique culture
„ Written language of more
than 2,000 characters
G. RISE OF ROME

„ 753 BC
„ Rome conquered Italy in 265 BC and ruled up to
14 AD and the lands around Mediterranean
„ For many years, Rome ruled a great empire
(including Egypt and Greece)
„ Fortified cities – Rome, Jerusalem, Ephesus, Massilia,
Lutetia, London
FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (393 AD)

„ Socio-political events resulted to religious

divisions, absence of military discipline and
citizen unrest
„ Moral decay led to the fall of Rome
„ Vikings destroyed the Aqueduct
IV. MIDDLE AGES
„ From 500 AD – 1500 AD
„ When Rome fell to Germanic invaders in the AD 400s, the
order of the Western World crumbled and trade
diminished; marked the effective end of early civilization
„ By 1100s, trade around monasteries and abbeys began to
revive
„ Trade increased the wealth and powers of kings as well as
of the churches
„ Some old cities revived, particularly those located
for commerce such as Paris, Florence, London and
Frankfurt
„ The cities helped the trade revival and also
provided military protection (the fortified city)
„ For that reason, they were laid out within walls and
protected by fortresses
„ The importance of religion during this period
meant that each city had as its most important or
prominent building – a cathedral or any church
structure
„ Usually, the cathedral faced a square where markets
and trade fairs were held
„ In Asia, Middle East and Africa, cities continued to
serve vital functions even as empires waxed and
waned, e.g., Changan, China and Kyoto, Japan
„ Advent of Western colonialism threatened
traditional societies and had a profound impact on
the historical pattern of urban development
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(5TH – 15TH CENTURY AD)

„ The church and monasticism

„ Rise of Islam
„ Byzantine empire
„ State power
„ The Crusaders
„ Carolingian dynasty
CATHEDRAL CITIES

„ Cathedral, castles or monuments as a focal

point of the city
„ Radial growth (from the center)
„ Retained the walled city from Roman
practice
„ Enclosure caused problems such as
epidemics and limited resources
RENAISSANCE
(14TH TO 17TH CENTURY AD)

„ Commerce as a major driving factor

„ Called for accessibility and mobility
„ Like Medieval Period, has a radial growth
pattern
„ Plans began to follow the topography of an
area
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
(1404 – 1472)

„ One of Renaissance reformists

„ Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of
planning and design principles
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
(1404 – 1472)

„ Urban layout and

growth design
with star-like
shape
 I E S :
C I T
ER N LY
M O D E A R
A R LY A PE D N G
E E S H N N I
T H H E Y PL A
W T O N
H O H T S
O U G
TH
THE BAROQUE ERA
(17TH & 18TH CENTURY AD)

„ The greatest flowering of formal town planning

„ Large-scale structural designs
„ Expressions of regal and papal power (the new
style of warfare)
„ Aristocracy and new merchant class dominated the
growth of cities
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1500-1800 AD)

„ Started in London
„ Inventions in textiles or in iron-making (developed between
1700 and 1780) dispersed industries out of the existing
towns and into open countryside
„ Cities in Europe continued to grow after the middle ages.
The appearances of cities slowly began to change as new
methods of building construction and warfare were
invented.
„ Technological improvements in stone construction made
possible Gothic cathedral structures
„ Invention of portland cements, carbon steel and
electric elevator paved the construction of high-
rise buildings
„ Importation of gunpowder (from China) made city
walls impractical, obsolete and no longer useful
„ 1700, industrial revolution began in England and it
quickly spread to other countries (the locomotive)
„ Limitations of cities became apparent
SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN DEVELOPMENT

„ Typical industrial landscapes consisted of small

industrial hamlets across an area that was
fundamentally rural (not only the 19th century but
even the early part of the 20th century)
THE CULPRITS

COAL:
„ Principal raw material of industry
„ Industries concentrated in areas where coal was
abundant

STEAM-DRIVEN RAIL WAY:

„ Location of industries was freer (but then the
location pattern was already fixed)
A NEW PHENOMENON

„ New industrial towns – developed almost from nothing

„ Near enough to coal fields
„ Near navigable waters
„ Railway junctions
„ Port towns and pure towns were equally important in
industrialization for exchange of finished products
„ Other existing towns stagnated (those neither port nor on
coalfields)
EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF
THE NEW PHENOMENON
„ Increase in population due to migration (towns doubled
their population in a period of 50 years)
„ Social arrangements in towns were quite incapable of
meeting people’s needs
„ Overcrowding
„ Shelter
„ Water supplies
„ Waste disposal
INITIAL INTERVENTIONS

„ Several acts were passed focusing on public services,

sanitary controls, water supplies, public health and building
standards (e.g., Local Boards of Health, Nuisance Removal
Act, Sanitary Act and the Torrens Act)
„ The Sanitary Districts
„ By-law Housing
„ Prescribed density: 124 houses per hectare (50 per acre)
THE PHENOMENON OF URBAN SPREAD

„ Before 1870, were increasing in densities within 3 miles (4.8

kms) radius from the center
„ Between 1870 and 1914, cities spread rapidly beyond the 3-
mile radius limit (the phenomenon of suburban growth and
decentralization
„ Contributory factors:
„ Economic
„ Social
„ Technology
„ Expansion Forms: tentacular, circular, and “blobs”
PROBLEMS ON URBAN SPREAD

„ Rural lands were being used up

„ Houses were decentralized, but not jobs
„ Traffic congestions
„ Ribbon development
SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT

„ The formation of the Council for the Preservation

of Rural England in 1925, by Patrick Abercrombie
(founder and professor of Planning at the
University of London)
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
(1800S – 1900S)

„ Emphasized beauty and aesthetics

„ Monuments, grand buildings, parks, perfect
landscapes, lakes, and circular road systems
 A N D
E R S S
AN N I O N
PL I B U T F
L Y R O
EAR CONT SSION
EI R O F E
TH HE PR I N G
O T AN N
T PL
TWO GROUPS OF EARLY THINKERS

„ The Anglo-American Tradition

„ London, Scotland and neighbors
„ American cities (New York, Boston and Chicago)

„ The Continental European Tradition

„ Rome
„ Paris, etc…
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN
TRADITION
DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
(1846-1912)

„ Father of American City Planning

„ Together with Frederick Law Olmstead and John
Wellborn Root, designed the World’s Columbian
Exposition, the first comprehensive planning
document in the US - 1893
DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM
(1846-1912)

„ Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago

(called Paris on Prairie); other plans
include Manila, Baguio, Cleveland, and San
Francisco
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
(1850-1928)

„ Most influential
„ Wrote the book: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (first
published in 1898 under the title Tomorrow, and
republished in 1902)
„ Conceptualized the so-called garden city (or in modern
parlance, new town) movement
„ Not a professional planner; a shorthand writer in the law
courts but a private individual who liked to speculate,
write and organize
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
(1850-1928)

„ The book: Garden Cities of

Tomorrow:
„ The three magnets: town,
country, town-country
„ Planned decentralization of
workers and their place of
employment
„ New town to be created
deliberately outside the old city
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
(1850-1928)

„ The Garden City (a new type

of settlement: Town-Country)
„ Advantages of the town by way
of accessibility
„ Advantages of the country by
way of environment
„ Without any of the
disadvantages of either
(internalizing the externalities)
RAYMUND UNWIN (1863-1940)
BARRY PARKER (1867-1947)
„ Architects who designed the Letchworth Garden
City
„ Built in 1905-09 the Hampstead Garden Suburb at
Golden Green (north-west of London)
„ The third was not a garden city but a dormitory
suburb; condemned by many garden city
supporters; yet it introduced the concept of
socially mixed community
RAYMUND UNWIN (1863-1940)
BARRY PARKER (1867-1947)
„ Developed some modifications
of the original idea of Howard
„ Parker developed (1930) a new
design in Wythenshawe (south
of Manchester) with all the
elements of the Garden City,
but compromised on the
principle of self-containment
(jobs were held in the city,
subsidized transport was
provided)
RAYMUND UNWIN (1863-1940)
BARRY PARKER (1867-1947)
„ Published in 1912: Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!
„ Unwin argued for lower densities than were then
common – 12 houses to the acre (30/hectare) or
50-60 people to the acre (124-150 per hectare)
„ Always argued to Howard principle of generous
greenbelts around new communities
„ Parker introduced the division of the town into
clearly articulated neighborhood units
CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
CLARENCE STEIN (1882-1975)
H. ALKER TRIPP (1883-1954)
„ Took off from Howard’s idea – dividing the town
into “wards” of about 5,000 people, Perry
developed the idea of neighborhood units not only
as a pragmatic device but a deliberate piece of
social engineering which could help the people
achieve a sense of identity with the community and
with the place
CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
CLARENCE STEIN (1882-1975)
H. ALKER TRIPP (1883-1954)
„ Stein (working in New York) took the neighborhood
concept further and grasped the principle that in local
residential areas the need above all was to segregate the
pedestrian routes used for local journeys from the routes
used by car traffic
„ Stein designed the Radburn (New Jersey, 1933)
„ Pedestrian lane (back door and through open spaces)
„ Vehicle streets in a hierarchical system
„ Green belts
„ The cul-de-sac
CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
CLARENCE STEIN (1882-1975)
H. ALKER TRIPP (1883-1954)
„ Tripp published the book: Town Planning and Traffic
„ Suggested that British cities should be
reconstructed on the basis of Precincts (applied in
London’s East End)
„ Hierarchy of roads
„ Free of direct frontage development
„ High-capacity, free-flow highways would define large
blocks
CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
CLARENCE STEIN (1882-1975)
H. ALKER TRIPP (1883-1954)
„ Tripp’s precinctual principle adopted by
Abercrombie and J.H. Forshaw in the
reconstruction and design of London
„ Such was realized through the Abercrombie’s
Bloomsbury Precinct (the County of London Plan,
1943)
„ Applied to the areas around the British Museum
and the University of London
PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
PATRICK ABERCROMBIE (1879-1957)
„ Patrick Geddes – a Scots Biologist – developed the concept
of human ecology: the relationship between man and
environment; studied in a systematic way the forces shaping
growth and changes in the city (Folk-Work-Place)
„ Wrote the Cities in Evolution: a study of reality: close analysis
of settlement patterns and local economic environment
„ Went out from the conventional limits of the city and
stressed the natural region
PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
PATRICK ABERCROMBIE (1879-1957)
„ Patrick Geddes – put flesh into human ecology (as already
practiced in France) and regional planning
„ Analyzed cities in evolution: identified factors leading to
suburban decentralization and urban spread, explained the
effect of economies of scale and agglomeration, in industry
„ Birth of the sequence of planning (S-A-P)
„ Explained the tendency for the towns to coalesce into giant
urban agglomerations or conurbation
PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
PATRICK ABERCROMBIE (1879-1957)
„ Patrick Geddes’ follower, Lewis Mumford (1938)
wrote The Culture of Cities which became the
bible of the regional planning movement

„ It was also during this time that Unwin was commissioned to
prepare an advisory plan for London and its region, taking off
from Howard’s idea of large-scale decentralization of people
and jobs. Thus, the idea of satellite towns came about.
PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
PATRICK ABERCROMBIE (1879-1957)
„ Patrick Abercrombie weld the complex ideas from Howard
through Geddes to Unwin and turn them into a graphic
blueprint for the future development of a great region
„ Region – centered on the metropolis but extending for 30
miles (50 kms) around it in every direction and
encompassing over 10 million people
„ Applied the method of Geddes – the SAP, in a very cartoon-
like clarity!
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1869-1959)

„ Best-known monuments: individual buildings

„ Main ideas: preserve independent rural life;
planned dispersion; low density urban spread.
 THE CONTINENTAL
EUROPEAN TRADITION
DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA
(1844-1920)

„ In 1882, he developed the idea of a linear city (La Ciudad

lineal) – a city to be developed along an axis of high-speed,
high-intensity transportation from an existing city
„ He considered greatly the effect of mass transportation;
concluded that cities were tending to assume such a linear
form as they grew
„ Proposed the linear city running across Europe- from Cadiz
to St. Peterburg – 1,800 miles
„ The concept of parkways
TONY GARNIER (1869-1948)
ERNST MAY (1886-1970)
„ Like Howard, Garnier published a book “Cite
Industrielle” – a city was to be a self-contained new
settlement with its own industries and housing
close by
„ Elongated town, developed on a linear grid, single-
family houses in their own gardens
„ Houses made full use of new techniques of
concrete construction
TONY GARNIER (1869-1948)
ERNST MAY (1886-1970)
„ In Germany, the concept of Garden City evolved with city
planner Ernst May developing a series of satellite towns
(Trabantenstadte) on open land outside the built-up limits
and separate from the city proper by a green belt; but no
decentralization of jobs
„ May combined the uncompromising use of the then new
functional style of architecture with a free use of low-rise
apartment blocks, all set in a park landscape.
LE CORBUSIER (1887-1965)
„ Swiss-born architect: Charles Edouard Jeanneret
„ Wrote The Radiant City (1933) and The City of Tomorrow
(1922)
„ Ideas:
„ Traditional cities are becoming obsolete due to
increasing size and congestion
„ Urban mass grows through concentric addition
„ Paradox that increasing density would cure congestion
„ Tall buildings but with high proportion of ground space
„ Distribution of densities around the city
„ Transport system as a significant element
ELEMENTS OF
HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
CONSTANTINE DOXIADIS
(1913-1975)

„ Lead architect of Islamabad (capital of Pakistan)

„ Father of Ekistics (1942)
„ Ekistics - concerns the science of human settlements,
including regional, city, community planning and dwelling
design.
„ The Ekistics involves every kind of human settlement, with
particular attention to geography, ecology, human
psychology, anthropology, culture, politics, and occasionally
aesthetics.
CONCLUSIONS ON EARLY PLANNERS

„ Planners were concerned about plans and

blueprints; statement of end-state
„ Utopian ideas; visionaries
„ Fixated with their visions
„ Physical in character
POST-MODERN
PLANNERS AND
PLANNING
CONCEPTS
ANDRE DUANY(1949-PRESENT)
ELIZABETH PLATER-ZYBERK(1950-PRESENT)
„ Founders of the Congress for the New Urbanism
„ Observed mixed-use streetscapes with corner shops, front
porches, and a diversity of well-crafted housing while living
in one of the Victorian neighborhoods of New Haven,
Connecticut
NEW URBANISM

„ New Urbanism is an urban design movement which

promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating
walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing
and job types.
„ It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has
gradually influenced many aspects of real estate
development, urban planning, and municipal land-use
strategies.
NEW URBANISM

„ New Urbanists support: regional planning for open

space; context-appropriate architecture and
planning; adequate provision of infrastructure such
as sporting facilities, libraries and community
centres; and the balanced development of jobs and
housing.
„ They believe their strategies can reduce traffic
congestion by encouraging the population to ride
bikes, walk, or take the train.
PIETER BALLON

„ Writer of the Smart Cities

SMART CITY
„ A smart city is an urban area that uses
different types of electronic data collection
sensors to supply information which is
used to manage assets and resources
efficiently.
„ This includes data collected from citizens,
devices, and assets that is processed and
analyzed to monitor and manage traffic
and transportation systems, power plants,
water supply networks, waste
management, law enforcement, information
systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and
other community services.
SMART CITY
„ The smart city concept integrates information and
communication technology (ICT), and various physical
devices connected to the network (the Internet of things or
IoT) to optimize the efficiency of city operations and
services and connect to citizens.
„ Smart city technology allows city officials to interact
directly with both community and city infrastructure and to
monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is
evolving.
„ Other terms: cyberville, digital city, electronic communities,
flexicity, information city, intelligent city, knowledge-based city,
MESH city, telecity, teletopia, Ubiquitous city, wired city.
 A N D
A S IC T S
E B C E P
S O M C O N
R A L I N G
N E N N
GE PL A
IN
PLANNING IS….

„ government intervention
„ architecture in large scale
„ concerned with man and environment
„ the art and science of ordering the use of the land and the
character and siting of buildings and communication routes so
as to secure the maximum practicable degeree of autonomy,
convenience, and beauty. (Lewis Keebles)
„ a control and guidance system
PLANNING IS…
„ A universal human activity, a basic survival skill involving the
consideration of outcomes before choosing among
alternatives.
„ A deliberate, organized and continuous process of
identifying different elements and aspects of the
environment (social, economic, physical, political),
determining their present state and interaction, projecting
them in concert throughout a period of time in the future,
and formulating and programming a set of actions and plans
to attain desired results.
PLANNING IS…

„ The making of an orderly sequence of action that will lead

to the achievement of a stated goal or goals. (Peter Hall)
„ An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us
in creating a civilized physical background for human life
whose main impetus is foreseeing and guiding change.
(Thomas Sharp and Brian McLoughlin)
„ Concerned with providing the right site, at the right time, in
the right place, for the right people. (John Ratcliffe)
RATIONALE OF TOWN PLANNING

„ To respond to problems of inequality, deprivation, and

squalor caused by the interplay of free market or laissez
faire forces and lack of special concern prevalent during the
Industrial Revolution and the 19th century.
„ To deal with problems arising with regard to the use of
spaces or land occupied by an increasingly mobile
population that should lead to promoting livability.
„ To balance private needs and communal or collective
demands.
RATIONALE OF TOWN PLANNING

„ To balance the interplay of physical and cultural elements in

human habitations, e.g., the interaction between
environmental and economic concerns.
„ To direct and control the nature of the built environment in
the interest of society as a whole. (John Stuart Mill)
BASIC FEATURES OF MODERN URBAN
AND REGIONAL PLANNING
„ Urban and regional planning is concerned primarily with
public issues involving a broadly defined group of clients
with diverse interests.
„ It is a deliberate, self-conscious activity that usually involves
persons trained professionally as planners.
„ Its goals and objectives, as well as the means of achieving
them, are often highly uncertain.
BASIC FEATURES OF MODERN URBAN
AND REGIONAL PLANNING
„ Urban and regional planners themselves seldom make
decisions, rather, by themselves, they lay our major
alternatives and recommendations for those selected or
appointed to make such decisions.
„ Urban and regional planners employ a variety of specialized
tools and methods in analyzing and presenting alternatives.
„ The results of most planning activities are discernible only 5
to 20 years after the decision has been made, making
feedback and corrective measures difficult.
THE PRACTICE AND PROBLEMS OF A
TOWN PLANNER
„ He is often faced with situations where he is both master
with his planning prescriptions and servant to the wishes of
stakeholders.

„ He has the attributes of being both a generalist and a

specialist at the same time.

„ He has to reconcile long-term social problems with short-term

financial and political expediency.
THE PRACTICE AND PROBLEMS OF A
TOWN PLANNER
„ He is often faced with the challenge of bridging the “gulf”
between the arts and the sciences.

„ He is often portrayed as articulate or a good communicator,

on one hand, and esoteric theoretician with a penchant for
jargons, on the other.
PHILIPPINE HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
DEVELOPMENT AND
PLANNING
TIMELINE IN PHILIPPINE PLANNING
„ Pre-Spanish Period (15th century and earlier)
„ Spanish Time (16th – 19th Century)
„ American Period (early 1900s)
„ Early Post War Period (1940s – 1960s)
„ Pre-Martial Law Period (1965-1972)
„ Martial Law Period (1972-1986)
„ New Democracy: PCCA Administration (1986-1992)
„ PFVR Administration (1992 – 1998)
„ PJEE and PGMA Administration (1998-2010)
„ Pnoy Administration (2010-2016)
NEW DEMOCRACY: PCCA
„ December 17, 1986 – EO 90 abolished MHS and transfer its
functions to the HSRC and renaming it as HLURB; and
creating the HUDCC to coordinate and supervise the
activities of key housing agencies in the implementation of the
National Shelter Program
„ February 2, 1987 – the 1987 Constitution was ratified, calls
for the creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao
and the Cordillera, the formulation of local government code,
creation of special metropolitan subdivision, creation of the
RDCs and NEDA as an independent planning agency.
NEW DEMOCRACY: PCCA
„ June 10, 1988 – RA 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law) declared that all agricultural lands are covered by
agrarian reform
„ August 1, 1989 – RA 6734 provided the creation of Cordillera
Administrative Region and the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao
„ October 10, 1991 – RA 7160 (Local Government Code)
provides the devolution of powers and functions of the
national government to local government units; increases the
responsibilities of LGUs in the management and development
of their resources
NEW DEMOCRACY: PCCA
„ March 24, 1992 – RA 7279 (Urban Development and Housing
Act) was enacted which replaces the Urban Land Reform Act
„ July 1, 1992 – RA 7586 (Network of Protected Areas System)
was passed.
„ July 17, 1992 – Malacanang MC 2 – directing all government
departments, offices and instrumentalities, including LGUs to
formulate their medium-term plans and public investment
programs (1993-1998)
„ March 25, 1993 – Malacanang EO 72 mandated the city and
municipal development councils to initiate the formulation or
updating their land use plans, in consultation with the
concerned sectors in the community.
PFVR ADMINISTRATION
„ The IPRA Law
„ SRA – social reform agenda and convergence effort
„ PEZA law (ecozones, industrial estates, tourism areas)
„ BOT arrangements (variants of joint venture)
„ Sustainable Development (PCSD and the Philippine Agenda 21)
„ Minimum Basic Needs
„ Mining Act
PJEE AND PGMA ADMINISTRATIONS
„ Angat Pinoy – housing for the poor
„ PGMA – trabaho, pagkain, eskwela and bahay
„ Maharlika Highway and RORO – strengthening the link among
islands of Luzon,Visayas and Mindanao
„ National Framework for Physical Planning; RFPPs; PPFPs; CLUPs
„ National Urban Policy Agenda: National Dispersion thru
Regional Concentration
PNOY ADMINISTRATION

„ PPP projects that further made conurbations more

attractive and centers of social and economic activities