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6 HV Transient Analysis in Power System
6 HV Transient Analysis in Power System
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave are
formed in accordance with Kirchhoff's laws. They must also satisfy the
differential equation of the line.
Figure 1
Z1 Z2
Reflec%on
of
Traveling
waves
at
a
Junc%on
E + ER = ET
No discontinuity of current at the junction J. Therefore
I + I R = IT
Reflec%on
of
Traveling
waves
at
a
Junc%on
The incident surge voltage E is related to the incident surge current I by the
surge impedance of the line Z1. Similarly the transmitted surge voltage ET
is related to the transmitted surge current IT by the surge impedance of the
line Z2 and the reflected surge voltage ER is related to the reflected surge
current IR by the surge impedance of the line Z1.
E = Z1 I , ET = Z2 IT , and ER = - Z1 IR
Knowing that
I + IR = IT
Since both these surges are a definite fraction of the incident surge, a
transmission factor β and a reflection factor α are defined as follows.
Z 2 − Z1
α = ;
Z 2 + Z1
2Z 2
β = 1+ α =
Z 2 + Z1
Note : When the junction is matched (i.e. Z1 = Z2),
then there is no reflection and the reflection factor
can be seen to
be zero.
Example 1
A traveling wave of vertical front of magnitude 25 kV and very long tail travels on
A towards the junction J. Calculate the magnitude of the voltage and current
waves which are transmitted and reflected when the surge reaches the junction
J. Attenuation in the lines can be neglected.
Solution
Reflec%on
of
Traveling
waves
at
a
Junc%on
Extreme cases :
Since
Z 2 − Z1 2Z 2
α = ; β = 1+ α =
Z 2 + Z1 Z 2 + Z1
Thus ;
α = 1 and no wave is transmitted (β
does not exist)
Reflec%on
of
Traveling
waves
at
a
Junc%on
Case (ii): Short –circuit ended transmission line of surge impedance Z
When the line Z1 is short circuited at the far end (i.e. Z2 = 0), then no
voltage can appear and the full wave is reflected back negated so as to
cancel the incident wave and the reflection factor becomes - 1.
Since
Z 2 − Z1 2Z 2
α = ; β = 1+ α =
Z 2 + Z1 Z 2 + Z1
Thus ;
α = -1 ; β = 0
Bewley Lattice Diagram
Shows at a glance the position and direction of motion of every
incident, reflected, and transmitted wave on the system at every
instant of time.
K = Attenuation factor
Bewley Lattice Diagram –
Open end line
Sending
end
(α =-1)
Receiving
end
α =1
A step voltage wave of amplitude
unity starting from the generator end t=0
0
at time t = 0. +1
+0.7536
Along the line the wave is attenuated
and a wave of amplitude 0.7536 reaches t=ζ
ζ
the open end at time ζ
+0.7536
+0.5679
At the open end, this wave is reflected
without a loss of magnitude or a change t=2ζ
2ζ
of sign. The wave is again attenuated
and at time 2ζ reaches the generator
end with amplitude 0.5679
Bewley Lattice Diagram –
Open end line
Sending
end
(α = -1)
Receiving
end
(α = 1)
t=2ζ 2ζ
-‐0.428
-‐0.3225
t=0
0
+1
+1
t=ζ
ζ
+0.5
+0.5
t=2ζ
2ζ
Bewley Lattice Diagram – Line
terminated with resistance Z2 =
R
Sending
end
(α = -1)
Receiving
end
(α = 1)
t=2ζ 2ζ
-‐0.5
-‐0.5
t=3ζ
3ζ
-‐0.25
-‐0.25
t=4ζ
4ζ
+0.25
+0.25
t=
5ζ
5ζ
Sending
end
(α = -1)
Receiving
end
(α = 1)
t=5ζ 5ζ
+0.125
+0.125
t=6ζ
6ζ
-‐0.125
-‐0.125
t=7ζ 7ζ
-‐0.0625
-‐0.0625
t=
8ζ
8ζ
+0.0625
+0.0625
t=
9ζ
t=
9ζ
Bewley Lattice Diagram – Line
terminated with resistance Z2 =
R
After time t = 9ζ , voltage at the receiving end is given by