Utilization of Recycled Scrap Tires (Crumb Rubber) in

Masonry Applications: A Review

Amin Al-Fakih1, Bashar S. Mohammed1, M.S. Liew1, M.W.A. Wahab1,and Sani

Haruna1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
(UTP), 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Corresponding author: amin.ali_g03663@utp.edu.my

Abstract. The disposal of scrap tires has resulted in major environmental problems worldwide.
Therefore, utilizing scrap tires as Crumb rubber is being used in brick production to improve
the properties of the bricks as well as to provide feasible waste management of scrap tires. This
study presents the literature research on utilizing crumb rubber in bricks manufacturing. The
study summarized the manufacturing process of producing crumb rubber and then documented
the application of crumb rubber in masonry. The findings confirmed that the masonry bricks
incorporated crumb rubber exhibit acceptable physical and mechanical properties. The usage of
crumb rubber in bricks making helps to solve problems associated with scrap tire management
all over the world.

Keywords. Crumb rubber; masonry brick; waste material; physical and mechanical properties.

1. Introduction
Incorporation of waste materials in bricks are common nowadays as several researches have been
conducted in this area to achieve a win-win situation through sustainable solid waste management
while also improving certain properties of bricks [1]. For example, utilizing lime and high volume of
fly ash has resulted in a light weight and high thermal insulation brick [2]. They have concluded that
the fly ash and lime brick are able to replace the aerated cellular concrete. Moreover, utilizing fly ash
as part of constituent in brick production helps to reduce the adverse environmental impact. Fly ash
and lime brick possess low raw materials cost and production process since fly ash is cheaper than
cement [2]. It is similar to rubberized brick which utilize waste materials as part of the constituent.
The disposal of scrap tires has resulted in major environmental problems worldwide. The problem is
due to the massive amount of tires produced yearly due to a significant increase in number of vehicles
globally. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency, approximately 290 million
scrap tires were generated and 275 million wasted tires are already in landfill in 2003 [3]. Meanwhile
in Australia, approximately 51 million tires reach the end of their life in 2014 and around 60% of it
end up either in landfill, stockpiled, or illegally dumped [4]. Similar conditions are also occurred in
Malaysia where a report stated that 8 million of tires reach their end-of-life stage every year where
most of it ended up in landfill or dumpsite [5] as shown in Figure 1. By 2020, it is estimated that 20
million units of tires will be disposed annually in Malaysia [6]. Globally, scrap tires production is
exceeding 1 billion units per year [7]. Considering the massive production of scrap tires, scrap tires
management becomes crucial for development and environmental protection worldwide as poorly
managed scrap tires can lead to severe complications.

Figure 1. Accumulated scrap tires in dumpsite

Furthermore, the difficulty of separating scrap tires which are usually mixed with normal household
waste and the high gate fee in landfill site have led to illegal dumping activities. Without a proper
disposal system, scrap tires that are illegally dumped or improperly stored poses a grave threat to
public health and safety, as well as to the environment since it is a non-biodegradable waste [6, 8].
Scrap tires are used as supplementary fuel due to their high calorific value, hence an excellent material
for energy recovery.
One of the major problems faced from poorly discarded tires are disease-carrying vectors. Scrap tires
were already considered as a major threat to environment in United State before they realized that
scrap tires provide substantial breeding ground of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes [9]. The bulky, round
and hollow shape of tires make them as an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes which carry harmful
diseases. European Union took the initiative to resolve the problem pertaining to the disposal issue of
the scrap tires by prohibiting the disposal of whole tires in the landfill. They had also revised the law
later by banning the shredded tires from being dumped in the landfill [10]. Even in South Australia,
the discarding of the whole tires in the landfill are forbidden as it occupied huge areas and encourage
the breeding of mosquitoes, rat and pest [3].
Other than that, accumulation of scrap tires in dumpsite also exposed them to the risk of fire. Unlike
normal fires, a fire outbreak is very difficult to extinguish and they can burn up to several weeks while
emitting toxic smoke depending on the quantity of tires. The oil emitted during the burning of tires are
also able to contaminate water supply and harm nearby society. Tire fires are usually caused by
accidents but there are numerous cases where scrap tires are intentionally burned as a mean of disposal
although this method is considered illegal due to environmental concerns. Heavy metals emitted by the
tires during fire or burning such as iron, lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium endangers nearby living
organisms [11]. Therefore, some government bodies have taken measures to prevent uncontrolled
burning. For example, the government of Nepal has banned uncontrolled burning activities due to
environment and health issue [11]. Law enforcement have also been established to reduce illegal open
burning of scrap tire [12].
Despite the dangers of poorly discarded tires, the disposal of scrap tires in landfill is not recommended
as it is costly and the tires tend to float or emerge to the surface, destroying the anti-leakage cover in
landfills [13] due to the inability to compress the tires. The problems arise during rain where water is
able to infiltrate through the torn-out landfill cap. The leachate produced from rainwater mixing with
the landfill waste is able to reach and contaminate nearby water sources, subsequently threatening the
health of consumers. The torn-out cap provides entry for rodents and insects to infest, inviting health
and environmental issues. Some of the countries have therefore banned the disposal of whole tires in
landfills such as in South Australia and European Union. Hence, a holistic and environmentally
friendly alternative method of disposal is necessary to solve the problems concerning scrap tires. Scrap
tires are classified as special solid waste due to the difficulties in treatment, upkeep, and storage or
disposal that requires special provisions. Therefore, used tires can either be recycled, retreated or
thrown away as scrap tires in landfill or dumpsite after its service life. Scrap tires can be turned into a
valuable resource through recycling.
Crumb rubber is being used in brick production to improve the properties of the bricks as well as to
provide a feasible waste management of scrap tires. The performance of rubbercrete brick by utilizing
up to 70% of crumb rubber replacing fine aggregates have been evaluated [14]. Rubbercrete is well
known for its ability to absorb energy. The capability of the rubbercrete masonry wall to absorb
additional energy indicates the high toughness as most energy generated upon fracture are plastic
energy. Stiffness of the rubbercrete masonry wall reduced with increasing crumb rubber and cement
content, indicate higher flexibility of the rubbercrete masonry brick. The increase in strain indicated
the high energy absorption and the increase in toughness but with gradual failure [15].

2. Manufacturing of crumb rubber (CR)

Waste tires or scrap tires can be recycled into crumb rubber before being used in other application.
Scrap tires consists of rubber, steel wire and textile. In order to utilize scrap tires in other application,
it must undergo a process to cut the tires into smaller pieces. There are two methods in tire processing
which is mechanical and cryogenic process. For mechanical process, the crumb rubber production
involves shredding, chipping and grinding of scrap tires into small sizes [16, 17]. On the other hand,
cryogenic process requires liquid nitrogen to freeze tire chips or rubber particles prior to size reduction
[18].
The scrap tires are collected from tire retailers and sent to the factory for processing. The scrap tires
are sorted beforehand based on their size. The process starts by separating the steel wires from the
sidewalls by using rotating corrugated steel drums or cracker mill [19]. The shredding process of tires
reduced the size of rubber into 100 mm to 50 mm. The first and second stage of granulation process
then further reduced the size from 50 mm to 10 mm [20]. The screen and gravity separator are used to
remove the steel fiber [19]. The tires chips are grinded to smaller size to produce crumb rubber.
Generally, the processed scrap tires were classified according to size such as for rubber chips which
ranges between 25 mm to 50 mm and rubber powder which ranges between 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm
[21]. According to Najim and Hall [22], rubber chips size represents equivalent coarse aggregates size,
meanwhile crumb rubber ranges from 4.75 mm to 0.425 mm and ground rubber size is smaller than
0.425 mm.
The end product of recycling scrap tire makes it possible for concreting applications as crumb rubber
can be used as a substitute for aggregates in concrete. The implementation of crumb rubber has
various effects on the properties of concrete depending on several factors such as the amount of
aggregate substituted and the size of the crumb rubber. Figure 2.5 shows various sizes of scrap tire
products are being used in concrete application.
Waste tires or scrap tires can be recycled into crumb rubber before being used in other applications.
Crumb rubber can be used as a substitute for aggregates in concrete. The implementation of crumb
rubber has various effects on the properties of concrete depending on several factors such as the
amount of aggregate substituted and the size of the crumb rubber. Figure 2 shows various sizes of
scrap tire products used in concrete and masonry applications. Many studies have been conducted with
focuses on replacing fine aggregates rather than coarse aggregates. This is justified by findings that
show that instead of replacing coarse aggregates, substituting fine aggregates resulted in better
performance of the rubberized concrete [23]. Fine rubber replacement performed better than coarse
rubber in replacing aggregates in rubberized concrete as reported by Sadek and El-Attar [15]. Several
attempts have been made to vary the rubber content in the concrete to fit certain performances and
criteria. There was even research conducted to study the properties of 100% replacement of fine
aggregates with crumb rubber in rubberized concrete. Usually, crumb rubber is used to partially
replace fine aggregate in the concrete mixture depending on the size and amount of the crumb rubber
particles. Figure 3 shows the surface nature of the crumb rubber particles which have a rough,
scratchy, nonpolar surface nature that tends to entrap air within and around the rubber particles [24].

Figure 2. Various size of scrap tires [25]

Figure 3. SEM micrographs of crumb rubber particle [24]

Turgut and Yessilata [14] have developed a low cost, lightweight and high thermal resistance
rubberized solid brick (Figure 4a) that behave similar to the autoclaved aerated concrete. In Malaysia,
a hollow concrete block containing mesh 30 crumb rubber as a replacement of fine aggregate has been
developed [26] as shown in Figure 4b.
 Figure 4. a) Rubberized bricks [14], b) Rubberized hollow concrete block [26]
Moreover, rubberized long hollow blocks and bricks were produced (Figure 5) by utilizing 10% to 40
% of crumb rubber (CR) as aggregate in a dry-mix mortar [27]. Furthermore, two sizes of crumb
rubber were used to replace conventional coarse and fine aggregates in the production of the solid
cement bricks as shown in Figure 6a [15]. Also, a crumb rubber hollow concrete block (CRHCB) has
been developed in India by Vadivel et al. [28]. Recently, concrete masonry units (Figure 6b)
incorporating 0, 10, 20, and 37% of crumb rubber as a replacement of fine aggregate has by Gheni et
al. [24].

Figure 5. Rubberized long hollow blocks and bricks [27]

Figure 6. a) Rubberized solid cement bricks [15], b) Rubberized hollow concrete masonry unit [24]
3. Physico-mechanical Properties of Bricks Containing Crumb Rubber
Crumb rubber is being used in brick production to improve the properties of the bricks as well as to
provide feasible waste management of scrap tires as reported by several studies. Sodupe-Ortega et al.
[27] evaluated the utilization of crumb rubber (CR, 10 - 40 vol.%) as a partial substitution of fine
aggregate to manufacture rubberized long hollow blocks and bricks using an automatic compacting
machine with varying w/c ratios (0.7, 0.8, and 0.9). The results showed that the dry density of the
rubberized specimens decreased up to 16% as crumb rubber increases, thus attained density ranged
from 2042 kg/m3 to 1724 kg/m3 as shown in Figure 7. Hence, compressive strength exhibited
dramatic reduction at 0.8 w/c ratio with an increase in rubber content (19.24-7.56 MPa) at 28 days of
curing (Figure 8), particularly the incorporation of more than 20% of crumb rubber. The study
recommended the optimal percentage of crumb rubber to be not more than 20% for w/c ratio of 0.9.

Figure 7. Dry density of rubberized brick for w/c ratios of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 [27]

Figure 8. Compressive strength of rubberized brick for w/c ratios of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 at 28-days of
curing [27]

In 2012, a hollow concrete block containing crumb rubber has been developed [26] as shown in Figure
4b. In their study, mesh 30 crumb rubber has been utilized to replace up to 50% of fine aggregates and
partially replacing cement with fly ash and silica fume to achieve optimum concrete block requirement
in accordance to BS EN 771 and ASTM C90-9 as shown in Figure 9, Figure 10, and Figure 11. In
general, the compressive strength of the developed brick reduced as the amount of crumb rubber
increased due to the nonpolar surface of crumb rubber that weakens the bond between cement paste
and its particles. Consequently, the density of rubberized hollow concrete brick decreases with
increasing crumb rubber percentage due to the lower specific gravity of crumb rubber as well as silica
fume. Nonetheless, water absorption increased with increasing rubber content as shown in Figure 11.
However, the developed rubberized hollow concrete block can be used as loadbearing when the crumb
rubber replacement amount is up to 6.5% maximum and as non-load bearing at crumb rubber
replacement of up to 40.7%.

Figure 9. Compressive strength of rubberized concrete masonry brick at 28-days of curing [26]

Figure 10. Density of rubberized concrete masonry brick at 28-days of curing [26]
 Figure 11. Water absorption of rubberized concrete masonry brick at 28-days of curing [26]

As stated by Sadek and El-Attar [15], the disposal of scrap tires results in environmental issues
worldwide. Therefore, reusing/recycling of these wastes as a partial replacement of natural aggregate
was the aim of their study. The study demonstrated the properties of solid bricks constructed using
tires rubber waste with the proportion of (0 - 50)% and (0 - 100)% by volume of fine and coarse
aggregate respectively. At the same time, the structural behavior of masonry rubberized walls was
tested under compression load. The results indicated that the size and content of tires rubber has a
significant impact on the properties of the bricks and subsequently on the structural behavior of
masonry walls. Unit weight values ranged from 1510 to 2280 kg/m3 depending on the rubber size as
well as the cement content. The reduction in the unit weight ranged from 8.1 to 32.3% for bricks
containing 20 to 100% coarse rubber aggregate, respectively compared with unrubberized bricks,
while the reduction ranged from 3.1 to 13.9% for bricks containing 10 to 50% fine rubber aggregate,
respectively. This reduction is due to the low specific gravity of crumb rubber and the tendency of its
particles to appeal air on its surface. Similarly, compressive strength (Figure 12) of rubberized solid
cement bricks was reduced systematically with the increment of rubber contents. Moreover, the
compression test results on rubberized bricks showed a large deformation without total crushing and
remained relatively intact after failure while increasing the stain after failure (Figure 13). These
responses are due to the presence of rubber which has the ability to rotate and stretch around its axes.
The water absorption was found to be increased regularly with the increment of coarse rubber contents
due to the weak bonding between rubber particles and cement paste (Figure a). In contrast, water
absorption decreased with the increase of fine rubber up to 20% due to the high fineness corresponds
to the fine rubber which fills the voids in the produced bricks and affords a denser structure with
decreased absorption (Figure 14).
Figure 12. Compressive Strength of rubberized solid cement bricks a) Coarse Rubber, b) Fine Rubber.
*CC: Cement Content [15]

Figure 13. Stress-strain curve of rubberized & unrubberized solid cement bricks [15]

Figure 14. Water absorption of rubberized solid cement bricks a) Coarse Rubber, b) Fine Rubber.
*CC: Cement Content [15]
Turgut and Yessilata [14] have evaluated the physicomechanical performance of concrete bricks
(Figure 4a) incorporated crumb rubber ranged from 10 to 70 % by volume. Test results are
summarized in Table 1 and Figure 15. The results showed that the increase of crumb rubber content
results in increase water absorption and porosity. On the other hand, unit weights and UPV values
decrease with increasing crumb rubber content. Similarly, compressive, flexural and splitting tensile
strengths dramatically decreased with an increase in the content of crumb rubber. The study concluded
that 30% of crumb rubber is high enough to produce rubberized bricks that comply with the
requirements given for load-bearing masonry units as prescribed in ASTM C90.

Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties results of rubberized bricks [14]

UW WA Porosity UPV CS
Mix FS (MPa) SS (MPa)
(kg/m3) (%mass) (%) (km/h) (MPa)
CM 2170 3.05 6.6 4.04 28.7 5.61 2.90
R-10 2110 3.81 8.0 3.86 25.1 4.94 2.46
R-20 2030 4.64 9.4 3.72 19.2 4.31 1.90
R-30 1950 5.00 9.7 3.40 12.2 2.93 1.67
R-40 1840 5.95 10.9 3.16 8.8 2.47 1.36
R-50 1730 6.48 11.2 2.74 6.9 2.21 0.87
R-60 1600 6.77 10.9 2.48 5.4 1.95 0.43
R-70 1530 7.41 11.4 2.26 4.4 1.91 0.41
*UW=unit weight, WA=water absorption, UPV= ultrasonic pulse velocity, CS=compressive
strength, FS=flexural strength, and SS= Splitting strength

Figure 15. Dimensionless physical and mechanical behavior of rubberized bricks [14]
Gheni et al. [24] have investigated the effects of crumb rubber (0, 10, 20, and 37 wt.%) on the physical
and mechanical properties of concrete masonry units. The test results revealed a reduction in the unit
weight of the test samples with increasing rubber content while increasing the water absorption as
shown in Figure 16. Furthermore, the compressive strength experienced a reduction of up to 77.5%
compared to the conventional masonry units. Incorporating 20% and 37% of crumb rubber reduced the
compressive strength by 48.3% and 77.5%, respectively. However, the study concluded that utilization
of up to 20% of crumb rubber as a partial replacement of fine aggregate can produce a rubberized
concrete masonry unit that meets the requirements of loadbearing masonry units stated in ASTM C90-
12.

Figure 16. Unit weight and water absorption of rubberized concrete masonry units [24]
Vadivel et al. [28] have developed crumb rubber hollow concrete bricks where fine and coarse crumb
rubber were used as partial replacement of aggregate. The developed blocks exhibited lower unit
weight compared to conventional blocks. The results of the compressive strength of CRHCB are
slightly lesser when replacing coarse aggregate rather than the fine aggregate. Generally, it has been
found that CRHCB can be produced as loadbearing hollow blocks as well as lightweight hollow
blocks.
Other researchers have proven that the density of rubberized brick is inversely proportional to the
crumb rubber volume increment [29-31]. The higher amount of crumb rubber replacement leads to a
lower density of rubberized brick. This is mainly due to the low specific gravity of crumb rubber.
Furthermore, the non-polar surface of crumb rubber particles that traps air during the mixing process
affects the density as the amount of void increases upon hardening of the rubberized concrete which
results in a lower density [32-35].
Recently, interlocking bricks incorporated crumb rubber has been developed [36-38]. The findings
concluded that rubberized interlocking brick presents an opportunity to improve environmental and
engineering performance compared to conventional brick in practices
Masonry units incorporated with crumb rubber exhibit good thermal and acoustic properties. This can
be contributed to the trapped air in the bricks which reduces the thermal transfer as air exhibits lower
thermal conductivity. In addition, the high percentage of crumb rubber replacement to fine aggregate
leads to an increase of the thermal resistance of the rubberized brick as the thermal conductivity of
crumb rubber is lower than fine aggregates. Rubber is a good insulation material as it is used in the
electrical industry as a dielectric material. The crumb rubber particles inside the bricks interrupt the
path of the electrical charges and hence increase the electrical resistivity [27, 39].

4. Conclusion
The previous studies on utilizations of crumb rubber in masonry applications show encouraging results
and confirmed that the masonry bricks incorporated crumb rubber exhibit acceptable physical and
mechanical properties. The usage of crumb rubber in bricks making helps to solve problems associated
with scrap tire management all over the world.

Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to the department of civil and environmental engineering, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Malaysia for providing the facilities and support during this research work.
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