IIntroduction

t d ti to t Remote
R t
Sensing

Mr. Abdul Ghafoor

Mr. Saad Saleem Bhatti
MISS Juwaria Mahboob
GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
7 February 2011 1
BE‐2010
 Objective of the Course
Objective of the Course
This course aims at:
• providing student with the basic principles of
remote sensing,
• basic remote sensing analytic techniques
required in various applications,
• how to extract information from RS data.
data
• Image Processing and Analysis
student will learn to use standard algorithm
software as well as implement their own image
processing algorithms for specific applications

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Course Contents
Theory  
I t d ti dB i C t f R
Introduction and Basic Concepts of  Remote Sensing t S i
Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation, Electromagnetic 
Radiation Models
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction of radiation with Atmosphere and  earth features, 
RS platforms , Satellite Orbits and Sensors
Multispectral scanners types of image resolution
Multispectral scanners, types of image resolution 
Remote Sensing Satellite Systems: Low resolution, medium 
resolution and high resolution  satellites sustems etc. , 
Introduction to Image Processing, 
Visual Image Interpretation
Distortions and corrections in the image data
Image enhancement
Digital Image Classification
Digital Image Classification 
Applications of Remote sensing Data
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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Lab Practice
ERDAS Imagine –
g Environment
Working in ERDAS Editor / Viewer 
Raster Data Preparation
Raster Data Preparation 
Mosaicking / Sub‐setting 
Image Enhancement
Image Enhancement
Visual Image Interpretation ,image 
enhancement image corrections and
enhancement, image corrections and 
classification 
Software Practice
Software Practice
GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Course Evaluation
Students will be evaluated for their understanding of both conceptual and
theoretical, and practical materials offered in the course. There will be
compulsory
l assignments,
i regular
l quizzes,
i one hour
h tests, a researchh
project and a final term exam. The mark allocations are as follows:

Category Weightage

6x Quizzes (surprise tests) 10 –15%

6x Assignments 5 – 10%
2x 1-
1-hr Tests 30 – 40 %
Final Term Examination(3 three-
three-hour) 40 – 50 %

Total: 100%

2/7/2011 Advanced  Remote Sensing and Image 
5
Processing‐MS‐2008
 Recommended Books
Recommended Books
• ITC (2000), Principles of Remote Sensing, ITC 
Educational Textbook Series, Enschede, The 
N h l d (
Netherlands  (as main reference book)
i f b k)
• Lillesand , T. and Kieffer, R.W.(1999) Remote Sensing 
and Image Interpretation, (4 th edition), (London, 
g p ,( ), ( ,
John Wiley & Sons). 
• Jensen, J.R., (2004) Remote Sensing of the 
Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective, (Pearson
Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective, (Pearson 
Education, Inc.)
• Campbell, J.B.(2002) Introduction to Remote Sensing, 
(3 rd edition) (London Taylor & Francis)
(3 rd edition), (London, Taylor & Francis).
• Gibson, P.J and Power, C.H (2000). Introductory 
remote sensing: Digital image processing and 
applications. Routledge. ISBN 0‐415‐18962‐4
li ti R tl d ISBN 0 415 18962 4
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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Reading and browsing
Reading and browsing
Web
•Tutorials
•http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/
htt // i d /~ h/t t i l/i
•http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/image.
htm
p g
•http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/in
d
dex_e.php
h
•http://octopus.gma.org/surfing/satellites/index.html

•Glossary of alphabet soup acronyms! 
http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php
GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 INTRODUCTION TO
REMOTE SENSING
R

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Also known as geospatial data or geographic 
so o as geospat a data o geog ap c
information 
f
it is the data or information that:
¾ Identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries 
on Earth,
¾ Such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. 
¾ Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, 
¾ Data that can be mapped  through Geographic Information 
D t th t b d th hG hi I f ti
Systems

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 Why do we need spatial 
iinformation?
f ti ?
Inventorization
Monitoring
Spatial relationships
About 80% professionals need spatial data
Urban planner
Agronomist
Engineer
Mining engineer
Climatologist
………. ????

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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Need Spatial Information
‰ Why need remote Sensing Data:
1. Mapping: collection of thematic and quantitative baseline data.
2 Measuring: more rigorous mapping process by quantifying and 
2. more rigorous mapping process by quantifying and
documenting attribute of phenomena.
3. Modeling: process of describing a system under study through 
precise and typically mathematical relations of inputs and 
i d t i ll th ti l l ti fi t d
outputs, and to simulate its present, past or future behavior. 
4. Monitoring: regular assessment of the conditions by also 
recording the shifts or changes in natural phenomena and 
human activities. 
‰ These functions require scientifically valid, quantitatively up
These functions require scientifically valid, quantitatively up‐to‐
to
date, spatially and temporally explicit natural resource data and 
information to support informed decision‐making

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Methods for Data Collection:
Methods for Data  Collection:
¾interviews
¾interviews, 
¾land surveying
¾ measurements by in situ sensors,
t b i it
¾ laboratory measurements of samples
¾Interpretation of satellite images, 
¾using aerial photographs, 
g p g p ,
¾running numerical models, etc.

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 Two Main Methods of  Rs Data 
Collection
ll i
observation and
real world measurement spatial database

ground based approach

observation and
real world sensor image data measurement spatial database

remote sensing based approach

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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Integrated data acquisition
g q

analysis
real world sensor image data spatial database

Combination of Ground-based and RS Techniques

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 What is Remote Sensing?
What is Remote Sensing?

¾ SSource of Light :Imaging 
f Li ht I i
Electronics

¾ light passes over a distance
¾ Light enters the sensor —
Li ht t th
your eyes
¾ Processor—your brain
P b i
¾ Records the data and 
i t
interprets it
t it
GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 TWO MAIN METHODS OF REMOTE 
SENSING
• Remote
Remote Sensing through Aeroplane
Sensing through Aeroplane—Areal
Areal 
Photography
• Remote  Sensing through Remote sensing Satellite
Remote Sensing through Remote sensing Satellite

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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Remote Sensing for spatial 
g p
information
Remote
R t Sensing
S i iis th
the practice
ti off
deriving information about the earth’s
surface using images acquired from an
surface,
overhead perspective,

detecting electromagnetic radiation

reflected or emitted from the earth’s
earth s
surface.

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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Definitions
Remote Sensing is the collection
information about the Earth's surface
without actuallyy being
g in contact with
it...” (CCRS RS Tutorial, 1998)

Remote Sensing is the science of

q g, processing
acquiring, p g and interpreting
p g
images that record the interaction
between electromagnetic energy and
matter.
tt (Sabins,
(S bi 1996)
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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Definitions
Remote Sensing is the science and art of
obtaining information about an object, area, or
phenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object, area, or phenomenon under
investigation. (Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994)
Remote Sensing is the instrumentation,
techniques
q and methods to observe the Earth’s
surface at a distance and to interpret the images
or numerical values obtained in order to acquire
meaningful information of particular objects on
Earth. (Buiten and Clevers, 1993)
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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 Advantages of remote sensing
• Provides a regional view (large areas)
• Provides repetitive looks at the same area
• Remote
R t sensors ""see"" over a bbroader
d portion
ti off
the spectrum than the human eye
• Sensors can focus in on a veryy specific
p bandwidth
in an image or a number of bandwidths
simultaneously
• Provides geo
geo-referenced,
referenced digital
digital, data
• Some remote sensors operate in all seasons, at
night, and in bad weather
• Αbility to manipulate/enhance digital data 
• Μap‐accurate data 

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 What is Remote Sensing

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GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐BE‐2010
 remote sensing as “process”
remote sensing as   process
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Target (C)
4
4. Recording
R di off E
Energy b
by the
h SSensor
(D)
5. Transmission, Reception, and
Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. pp
Application ((G))

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 NOAA Image of Hurricane

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 Ocean Chlorophyll Concentration

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 Sea surface height image from space borne radar and 
laser systems(Courtesy of University of Texas)
laser systems(Courtesy of University of Texas)

GIS‐111‐Introduction to  Remote Sensing ‐
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 WATER RESOURCES
((Landsat TM,, May
y 16,, 1998))

Tarbela Dam

Khanpur Dam
Simly Dam

Rawal Dam

Kandar
Mangla Dam

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IKONOS
IMAGE
OF
K
A
R
A
C
H
I
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 High Resolution, IKNOS Data of Makkah, Saudi Arabia

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 Remote sensing applications
• Land‐use mapping
• g pp
Forest and agriculture applications
• Telecommunication planning
• pp
Environmental applications
• Hydrology and coastal mapping 
• Urban planning
• Emergencies and Hazards
• Global change and Meteorology
• Mineral Resources identification and Mapping 
etc.

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 Any question?

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Can remote sensing employ other than 
Can remote sensing employ other than
Electromagnetic radiation?

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