SCIENCE

Electromagnetic Spectrum – continuous rage of magnetic MEDICAL APPLICATONS

waves arranged in order of frequency or wavelength.
1. Radio Waves
1862 – James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of a. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Electromagnetic waves. - allows viewing the internal parts of the
1887 – Heinrich Hertz observed that those waves exist.
human body without invasive exploratory
The longer the wave, the slower it travels surgery.
The shorter the wave, the faster it travels - Ideal for reducing in the cellulite on the body
wrinkles and fine lines on the face and for
1. Radio Waves
tightening sagging or loose skin.
- The longest of all electromagnetic waves
2. Microwaves
- 30 kHz to 3000MHz
a. Microwave Ablation
- Discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887
- Uses the heat of the microwaves to shrink
- Produced by an alternating current (AC)
or destroy tumors.
- Used to generate and pick up signals at certain
b. Microwave Imaging
frequency.
- Used to monitor the progress of treatment
- Extraterrestrial sources are the Sun and the
in breast cancer through microwave
Jupiter.
tomography.
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) – makes use of 3. Infrared Waves
radio waves a. Medical Infrared
- Used for diagnosis and prognosis.
 Detection of objects
- Used to monitor progress in therapy and
 Weather forecasting
rehabilitation.
 Military surveillance
 Air traffic control b. Physiotherapies use heat lamps to heal sports
 Tracking satellites and debris injuries.
4. Visible Light
2. Microwaves a. LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
- Discovered by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864. Radiation)
- 300 MHz to GHz - Optical imaging, surgery, endoscopy, and
- Considered as high-frequency radio waves and treatment.
are mainly used for communication. - Used in biochemical research and
microscopy.
3. Infrared Waves 5. Ultraviolet Radiation
- Literally means “below red”. a. Ultra Violet A (UVA)
- Discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1800. - Used to treat skin conditions.
- Have a lower frequency than the red part of the b. Ultra Violet (UV)
visible light. - Stimulates the production of Vitamin D in
- 3 x 1011 Hz to 4 x 1014 Hz our body.
 We do not see infrared radiation but we feel it as heat. 6. X-rays
 Higher Temperature produces shorter infrared rays. a. Detect the abnormalities in the skeletal system.
b. Used in dental imaging.
4. Visible Light
- 4 x 1014 Hz to 8 x 1014 Hz 7. Gamma Rays
- ROYGBIV (Longest to shortest) a. Radiotherapy
- Used to destroy cancer cells.
5. Ultraviolet Radiation b. Gamma Camera
- 4 x 1014 Hz to 1017 Hz - Moves along the part of the body to taked
- Discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter. images of it.
- Sun is the major source.

6. X-rays
- “Roentgen rays”
PARTS OF A WAVE
- Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
- The letter X is normally used to represent an
unknown quantity.
- Produced by the sun and other stars.

7. Gamma Rays
- Given off by radioactive materials.
- Sources are astronomical objects, the sun, clouds
of interstellar matter, remnants of supernovae.
- Used to detect cracks in metals and to sterilize
equipment and commercial products.
- Discovered by Paul Villard in 1900.
 OTHER APPLICAIONS EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

1. Radio Waves 1. Radio Waves

 Automatic doors  Can interfere with a pacemaker
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
 GPS (Global Positioning System) 2. Microwaves
 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)  Can interfere with a pacemaker
 EC tag (toll ways)  Cause cataracts
 e-Passport
3. Infrared Waves
2. Microwaves  Overexposure can lead to burns and pain
 Long-distance phone calls
 Send signals for cable television and broadcast 4. Visible Light
stations  Excessive exposure can cause eye damage
 Remote sensing for disaster management and  Lasers can cause blindness
mapping.
 Weather forecasting (Microwave Doppler Radars) 5. Ultraviolet Radiation
 To cook food (microwave oven)  Burns our skin
 Industrial processes for drying and curing  Sun tan
products.  Can cause skin cancer
 Can damage the retina
3. Infrared Waves
 Remote controls 6. X-rays
 Burglar alarm system - can lead to various thyroid conditions
 Night vision cameras
 Computers, laptops, printers 7. Gamma Rays
 Cooking foods - cause a stochastic health risk

4. Visible Light
 Helps us see objects.
OTHER TERMS
 Traffic lights
 Commercial displays 1. Incandescence
 Card headlights - emission of light when an object is heated to a
 Tail lights high temperature.
 Viewable screens (Televisions , Liquid Crystal 2. Luminescence
Display or LED, touch-pas devices) - Emission of light by objects without a significant
 Photosynthesis increase in their temperature.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) using light-emitting 3. Bioluminescence
diodes (LED) is an emerging form of wireless communication - A form of luminescence exhibited by living
technology. organisms
4. Ionization
- Used for simultaneous audio and video - The process of removing electrons from neutral
streaming. atoms.

5. Ultraviolet Radiation
 UV lights (black light)
 Forensic investigation
 Sterilize medical equipment and purify water.
 Pest0control devices and fly traps
 Theaters to produce “glow in the dark” effect.

6. X-rays
 Security checks
 Airports and entrances
 Diffraction – to study the arrangement of atoms
in a crystal.

7. Gamma Rays
 Sterilize equipment and commercial products.
 Refining
 Mining, refining, chemical
 Food
 Soaps and detergents
 Pulp and paper industries
 Food irradiation
 “miracle” rice
 Eradicate pests
 ENGLISH
Drama – a composition in verse or prose intended to portray
life or character or to tell a story usually involving conflicts and
emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed
for theatrical performance
Types:
MAPEH
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act
(R.A. NO. 10354)
- provision on maternal and child health that
guarantee universal access to maternal care, sexual
education and fertility control.

 Tragedy
- disaster ; they are triumphant The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (R.A. NO 9211)
 Comedy
- aims to prohibit smoking in all public places.
- peaceful resolution
 High Comedy
- humor arises The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998 (R.A.
 Low Comedy NO 8504)
- emphasizes absurd dialogue.
 Romantic Comedy - prevention and control of aids
- "boy gets the girl, boy loses girl, boy gets the
girl again."
 Satiric Comedy
- uses humor or ridicule foolish ideas.

Forms:

 Farce
- exaggeration, absurdity, and slapstick.
 Straight Drama or Drama
- serious objects, but do not always end with
disasters.

Verbals - verb form used as some other parts of speech but

capable of having complements and adverbial modifiers.

Types:

 Infinitives
- basic form of the verb that can be preceded
by the word to.
- Can be used as a noun, verb or adjective

Ex. To run, to eat, to flip

 Gerunds
- the -ing form of the verb used as a noun

Ex. Eating, jumping, bouncing

 Participles – the -ing, ed, t, or n form of the verb uses

as (a) the predicate verb, (b) an adjective

Ex. Trampled, excited, celebrated, eaten

Scriptwriting :

http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Script
 ARALING PANLIPUNAN
ALOKASYON AT ANG MGA SISTEMANG PANG-EKONOMIYA
Alokasyon
- isinisagawa upang sagutin ang mga problemang pang-
ekonomiya.
- Sagot sa kakapusan.
Konserbasyon
- Matalinong paggamit ng mga likas na yaman.
- Isinisagawa upang ang susunod na henerasyon ay
mayroong aabutan at aggamitin na mga likas na
yaman.
Ang wastong paggamit ng mga likas na yaman ay
makatutulong sa pagpapaunlad ng ating ekonomiya.
Pamumuhunan
- Isinisagawa upang higit na mapaunlad at
mapakinabangan ang mga pinagkukunang yaman.
- Pagdaragdag ng kapital.
Ang paggamt ng makabagong teknolohiya ay magbubunga ng
mataas na produksyon.
Pamilihan
- Nagpapakita kung paano isinisagawa ang alokasyon.
SISTEMANG PANG-EKONOMIYA
- Sumasaklaw sa mga istraktura, institusyon, at
mekanismo na batayan sa pagsagawang mga gawaing
pamproduksyon upang sagutin ang mga pangunahing
katanungang pang-ekonomiya.
Uri:
1. Traditional
- Sinasagot ang mga suliraning pang-
ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng mga
tradisyon, paniniwala, kagawian, at
patakarang ng lipunan.
- Walang karapatan ang mga tao na
magdesisyon sa mga uri ng mga produkto at
serbisyo na gusto nilang matamo.
- Ang lipunan ang nagdedesisyon sa mga
produkto at serbisyo.
2. Market
- Ang pagdedesisyon sa mga suliraning ani,
pano, at para kanino ang gawain sa
isinasagawa ng indibidwal at pribadong
sektor.
- Market o pamilihan ay nagpapakita ng
organisadong transaksyon ng mamimili at
nagbibili.
3. Command
- Ang estado ang may responsibilidad sa
pagsagot sa sa mga suliraning pang-
ekonomiya.
4. Mixed
- Binabalanse ang pagkontrol at kalayaan ng
pamahalaan at mamamayan.
- Binibigyan ng proteksyon ng pamahalaan
ang pribadong pagmamay-ari ng tao.
A. Piyudalismo (Market)
- Pagmamay-ari ng lupa.
 Feudal lord – nagmamay-ari ng lupa.
 Vassals – mga taong nagkaloob ng serbisyo
at nagbigay proteksyon sa feudal lord.
 Manor – sentro ng agrikulturang gawain.
 Serf – mga magsasaka, nagsasagawa ng
pagbubungkal sa lupa
B. Merkantilismo (Market)
- Batayan ng kapan gyarihan ng bansa ay ang
dami ng supply ng ginto at pilak.
C. Kapitalismo (Market)
- Ang rebolusyong industriyal ang nagbigay-
daan sa pagkilala ng mga karapatan sa
pribadong sektor sa pagpapaunlad ng
inustriya.
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Welath
of Nations
- Adam Smith (ama ng makabagong
ekonomiks)
- Ukol sa paggalaw at paglago ng sistemang
pamilihann
Laissez Faire
- Ang pamahalaan ay di dapat makialam sa
pagpapaunlad at pagpapatakbo ng
industriya at negosyo.
- Allows business to operate with bery little
interference from the government.
Free Enterprise System
- Ang hangaring tumubo at kompetisyon ang
nagpapasigla sa akonomiya
- Private business are able to compete with
each other with little control by the
government.
Invisble Hand
- Nagsasaayos ng takbo ng pamilihan.
- Ang kapitalismo ang panguanhing sistemang
pang-ekonomiya sa Europa at Estados
Unidos mula 1800.
- Ang pagmamay-ari ng yaman at produksyon
ay nasa kamay ng mga indibidwal at
pribadong sektor.
- Desentralisadong ang paggawa ng desisyon.
D. Komunismo (Command)
- Ang estado ang nagmamay-ari at
kumokontrol sa yaman ng banssa at
produksyon.
- Walang pribadong pagmamay-ari ng mga
industriya.
Karl Marx
- Ang tunggalian sa pagitan ng mga
nagmamay-ari ng produksyon at nagsu-
supply ng paggawa ay patuloy na nagaganap.
- Ama ng komunismo.
 Vladimir Ilich Lenin

- Nikolai Lenin
- Russia; 1917

Russia

- Uanang bansa na tumangkilik sa

Komunismo.

Mao Zedong

- Mao Tse-tung
- Pinalaganap ang komnismo sa Tsina noong
1944

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

- Nagbigay ng kalayaan sa pagdesision at

pagpili ng mga produkto.

Vladimir Ilich Lenin

- Benito Mussolini; Italy; 1922

- Ipinakilala ni Adolf Hitler sa Germany.
- Ang diktador ang nagdesisyon sa lahat ng
mga gawain ng estado.
- Ang abwat indibidwal ay walang karapatang
magreklamo at sumuway sa itinatadhana ng
batas ng estado.
-
E. Sosyalismo (Mixed)
- Ang pag-iral ng command at market na
ekonomiya.
- Ang estado ang humahawak at kumokontrol
sa mga pangunahing industriya.
- Ang mga mamamayan ay pinapayagan na
magmay-ari ng maliit na negosyo na
maaaring pakialaman ng estado.

Welfare State

- Ang mga pangangailangan ng lahat ng tao ay

maibigay ng pamahalaan.