Characteristics of Anti-Personality

4.ANTI-SOCIALPERSONALITY
                        Thisis a mentally- disturbed person who is opposed to the principles upon whichsociety
is based.
                        Characteristics of Anti-Personality
a)      A classic manipulator or con artist.
b)      One of the most significant characteristicsof this personality is the absence of conscience or any
guilt feeling.
c)      The person has not incorporate the moralvalues of society into his life.
d)      He is often a glib and convincing speaker andpresents himself extremely well.
e)      The anti-social personality is selfish andstrives for physical pleasure.
f)       Most of his pursuits revolves aroundmanipulating people to acquire personal gains.
g)      He is often impulsive and demands immediatelysatisfaction.
h)      He is unable to learn from past experiences.
i)        He is also a chronic liar

SEXUAL DEVIANCY
A. Definitions
Sexuality- behaviorassociated with relation between sexes and reproductive organ.
Normal Sexuality- sexualcompletion that leads to mature and adjusted individual  capable of
enteringrelationships with a member of the opposite sex which are physically andmentally stable and
satisfying heterosexual.
Abnormal Sexuality/ Sexual Deviancy-  sexual behavior which seek stimulation
and       gratificationby means other than heterosexual.
B. Classification of SexualAbnormalities
                 
1.    As  to Choice of Sexual Partner

Typesof Abnormality                     Characteristics

1.     Heterosexua                             Sexualdesire towards opposite sex; socially
                                                Andmedically acceptable
2.     Homosexual                             Sexual desiretowards the same sex
3.     Infantisexual                            Sexual desiretowards an immature person
4.     Bestosexual                             Sexual desiretowards animals
5.     Autosexual                               A form of selfabuse or solitary vice carried without                   
the cooperation ofanother person
6.     Gerontophilia                           Sexualdesire with elder person
7.     Necrophilia                              Sexualperversion characterized by erotic desire                        
or actual sexualintercourse with a corps
8.     Incest                                       Sexualrelations between person who by reason of                    
blend relationshipcannot legally married

2.    Asto Instinctual Sexual Urge

Types                                            Characteristics

1.     Satyriasis                                 Excessive sexualdesire of men to intercourse
2.     Nymphomania                          Strongsexual feeling of a woman
3.     Sexual Anesthesia                    Absence of sexual desire orarousal during sexual                     
act in women
4.     Dyspareunia                             Painful sexual actin women
5.     Vaginisimus                             Painfulspasm of the vagina during sexual act
6.     Old Age                                                Weakening ofsexual feeling in the elderly
3.    Asto the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction

Types                                            Characteristics
1.     Oralism( Irrumation)                 The use of mouth as a way of sexualgratification                      
such as Fellatio, Cunnilingus,Anilingus
2.     Sado- Masochism                    Pain o cruel acts as afactor for gratification
(Algolagnia)                             suchas: sadism and masochism          
3.     Fetishism                                 A  form of sexual perversion where in the realor                        
fantasized presence ofan object or bodily                                                         part is necessary for
sexual stimulation or                                                     gratification.
                                                 Ex. Anatomic, Clothing, Necrophilia, Odor,etc.

            4.Asto the Parts of the Body

Types                                            Characteristics
1.    Sodomy                                   Sexualact through the anus of another human                           
being
2.    Uranism                                  Sexualgratification is attached by fingering,                              
fondling the breast,licking parts of the body, etc.

3.    Frottage                                  Afrom of sexual gratification characterized by the                     

compulsivedesire of a person to rub his sexual                                                             organ against
some parts of the body of another
4.    Pantialism                                Aform of sexual deviation wherein a person has                       
special affinity tocertain parts of the female body

                                    5.  As to Visual Stimulus

      Types                                            Characteristics

      1.Voyeurism                                  A form of sexualperversion characterized by a                          
compulsionto peep to see a person undress or                                                
performother activities
      2. Mixoscopia                                Sexualperversion wherein sexual pleasure is
         (Scoptophilia )                            attached by watching a couple undress or during
                                                            Theirsex intimacies

                                    6.As to Number

      Types                                            Characteristics

      1.Froilism                                     Aform of sexual perversion in which three                                 
(3)persons are participating in the sexual orgies
                                                             (Suixante-neve)
      2.Pluralism                                   Aform of sexual deviation in which a group of                          
personparticipate in the sexual orgies (sexual                                                   
festival)                       

                                    7.Other Sexual Deviates

Types                                                   Characteristics

1. Corpolalia                                        A formof sexual deviation characterized by the
needto use obscene language to obtain orgies
2. Don Juanism                                                Itdescribes a form of sexual deviation
characterizedby promiscuity and making                                               
seductionof many women as part of his career
3. Indecent Exposure                           The willful exposure in public places ofone’s
      (Exhibitionism)                             genitalorgan in the presence of other person’s
                                                            Usuallyof the opposite sex

HANDLING OF PERSONS WITH ABNORMAL ORDEVIANT BEHAVIOR

AbnormalBehavior                                          Hints in Handling

1.  Anxiety                                      Reassurance

2.  Depressed                                  Putself on the shoes of the sufferer; place in the hospital;
                              Word of caution; alert of possiblesuicide
3.  Obsessive-Compulsive              Understand that sufferer isdisturbed and not crazy;
refer                                                            to appropriate facility
4.  Phobia                                       Supportive intervention

5.  Psychoses                                 Displayof guns, force and restraints should be avoided

                                                            Unlessthere is  a manifestation of danger tolife and send
thepsychotic to the hospital. If he desists, be firm.

         6.  Psychopathy                          1.Review arrest records

                                                            2.Recognize con-man’s glib conversation
                              3.Don’t bluff, he is a master of this and certainly better                                     
than anybody
                              4. The best is to interview him afterknowing every detail
                                                      of the case.
                        5. Psychopathic can beat lie detector. He isimmune to                                      
anxiety unless placed understress 
                        6. Be firm and clear. Psychopath maybecharming but can                                 
also make very angry and maymaneuver to violate                                             hisrights.

7. Drug- Dependent                 1.Patience, but firm- the person is not himself

                              2. Keep             himtalking to relieve the stress; use form of                              
restraints.
                              3. Do not place in drunk tank, butappropriate hospital

8. Paranoid Behavior                1. Understanding-never give theimpression that he is                

crazy.
                                                            2.Friendliness & neutrality is usually the best approach
                                                            3. Do notfurther or heightens anxieties, to provoke anxiety is
                                                                        toinvite violent reactions.
                        4.Assure the paranoidthat your presence is to help and protect
                                     him.
5.Do not frighten or order the paranoid around with weapon.
            Paranoidmay panic and react violently. However,not to let  down guard. Remember,paranoid is
suicidal and homicidal.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
A.       Definitions
1.    Crisis- Came from the GREEK word CRISIS, which means to SEPARATE. Itis a turning point in
the progress of an affair or a series of events.
2.    Emergency- Came from the LATIN word EMERGENTIA, which meansDIPPING; PLUNGING. It
is a sudden condition or state of affairs calling forimmediate action.
3.     Crisis Management- An expert handling of a crisis or emergencyto reduce or eliminate danger or
damage, or the like, especially on the part ofthe government.
B.        Emergency, Crisis and Disaster Distinguished
                  If the situationis still controlled and the response given is for the purpose of containing
thesituation from getting out of control then it is just an EMERGENCY. If the situationis already beyond
normal control what is happening is already a CRISIS. If the effects ofthe crises can no longer be
controlled even by its author, it is now a DISASTER.

C.       Two EssentialElements of Crisis Management

1.     Incident Management- Refers to anact containing the situation within certain level mostly by law
enforcementinterventions.
2.     Consequence Management- An act focused on mitigation of adverse effects that may be
brought aboutby the incident by utilizing non-law enforcement elements such as medical andfire services.
D.       Purpose of CrisisManagement

                                 SALVARI VITAS (to save lives)

E.       Objectives of CrisesManagement
1.        Resolved without further incident
2.        Safety of all participants
3.        Apprehension of all participants
4.        Accomplish the task within the framework of currentcommunity standards.
F.       Theory of CrisesManagement
1.        Contain and Negotiate
2.        Protect the innocent from harm
3.        Allow passage of time so that the perpetrators canbe reasoned with through negotiation
4.        Allow the passage of time so that the response forcecan evaluate the situation gather
information, explore alternatives andformulate a plan of action
G.       Musts in CrisesManagement
1.        Rely on continuous flow of information from allsources
2.        Press perpetrators to abandon their position
3.        Receive, analyze and disseminate all information
4.        Prepare for a rapidly escalating series of events
     
H.     Types ofCrises /Emergencies

a.     Man-Made Crises/Emergencies
1.     Civil Disturbance
1.1  Labor strikes /demonstration
1.2  Riots
1.3  Anarchy
1.4  Welga ng Bayan
2      Revolt
2.1  Mutiny
2.2  Insurrection
2.3  Coup d' etat
3      Revolution
4      Border Incident
5      War
5.1  Conventional
5.2  Nuclear
6      Kidnapping
7      Hijacking
7.1  Air
7.2  Sea
7.3  Land
8      Hostage-taking
9      Terrorists Activities
10    Attacks /Raids on government installations/facilities & vitalfacilities

b.    Natural Crises/Emergencies
1.     Fire
2.     Marine/Air Disaster
3.     Structural Collapse
4.     Hazardous Spills
5.     Utilities Failure (Power, Water, telephone)
6.     Nuclear Accidents
7.     Food Scarcity/ Famine
8.     Fuel Shortage
9.     Pestilence/Epidemic
10.  Floods
11.  Volcanic Eruption
12.  Earthquake
13.  Tidal Wave
14.  Typhoons
15.  Drought

I. Phases of Crisis Management[Four(4) P’s]

a.         Proactive Phase
1.     Prediction
2.     Prevention
3.     Preparation
b.      Reactive Phase
4.     Performance (implementation and Contingency Plan)
a.     Initial Action
b.    Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention)
c.     Post Action

J.                  Legal Regimes in Dealing withCrises

1.      Section 6, ArticleXV, 1987 Constitution- The State shall establish andmaintain one police
force, which shall be national in scope and civilian incharacter, to be administered and controlled by a
National Police Commission.The authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdictionshall
be provided by law.
2.      Section 444 and 445,R.A. 7160 (Local Government Code)
The mayor shall act as the deputized representativeof the National Police Commission, formulate the
peace and order plan of theCity or Municipality, and upon its approval, implement the same; and as
such,exercise general and operational control and supervision over the local policeforcers in the city or
municipality.

3.      Section 5 R.A. 6975as Amended (DILG Act of 1990)

      The mayors shall exerciseoperational supervision and control over PNP units in their
respectivejurisdiction except during the thirty (30) day period immediately preceding andthe thirty (30)
day following any national, local and barangay elections.
Operational supervision and Control- the power to direct, superintend, oversee and inspect the
police unitsand forces, which shall include the power to employ and deploy units orelements of the PNP,
through the station Commander, to ensure public safety andeffective maintenance of peace and order
within the locality.

4.      Executive Order No.309 s. 1987 and Executive No. 366 s. 1996 - CreatingNational Peace
and order Council, Local Peace and order Council and BarangayPeace and Order Committees respectively.
5.      Memorandum Order No.21 - The government shall exhaust all peaceful meansin seeking a
resolution to a crisis to minimize, if not, prevent the loss oflife and destruction of property. If all peaceful
means are exhausted, thegovernment shall act promptly, decisively, and effectively, choosing from
thewhole range of police and military actions appropriate to the circumstance, orotherwise known as the
'final option".
6.      PNP Manual on Crisismanagement s. 1996
II.       HOSTAGE SITUATION
A.       Hostage SituationDefined
         A hostage situation is aset of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a
personcaptive with the use of force and threat of violence while the law enforcementofficers are in close
contact with the suspect and his captive.

B.       Motives in HostageTaking
1.        In political terrorism, reasons include showing thepublic that the government is unable to protect
its own citizens.
2.        Hostage taking guarantees immediate media coverage,and after repeated hostage incidents, it is
the hope of the hostage takers thatthe government might overreact and become excessively restrictive
with its owncitizen, thus causing civil discontent and a grassroots movement to overthrowthe
government.
3.        Warring nations seek peace after exchange ofhostages a guarantee of reciprocity
4.        In urban guerrilla warfare, hostages are taken withlittle regard for law and order.
5.        Law enforcement officers will most likely encounterhostage incidents that u\involve either criminal
or the mentally-disturbed.
6.        A husband or wife may take a child hostage incustody battles.
7.        A mentally disturbed person may take hostage inorder to right what he believed to be wrong.
8.        Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking it isclear that the motive for holding hostages may
changes.

C.       Categories ofHostage-Taker
1.     Persons in Crisis - People who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustration,despair and
problems.
2.     Psychotics - Mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of psychiatricdisturbance.
3.     Common Criminals - People who take hostages for personal, rather than ideological reason.
4.     Prisoner - People who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontentregarding their living
condition in prison.
5.     Political Terrorist - Ideologically-inspired individuals or groups of people who takehostages
because of political and ideological beliefs.

D.       Priorities in HostageSituation
1.     Preservation of Life
2.     Apprehend hostage taker
3.     To successfully negotiate; there must be need to live on the part of thehostage taker and a threat
of force by the authorities.

E.       Four Courses ofAction that Can be Taken in a Hostage Taking Incident

1.     The use of chemical agents to force the hostage-taker out of position.
2.     Direct assault on the hostage-position either deception or by uniformedentry team
3.     The use of marksmen to shoot and main the hostage taker.
4.     Negotiation for the release of the hostages.

F.       General OperationProcedures During Hostage Taking

1.     Under all circumstances the use of force is justifiable only by virtue ofthe  "Doctrine of SelfDefense",
and Defense of Stranger; as a last resort, and when all otherpeaceful means have been exhausted.
2.     Whenever force is resorted, only necessary and reasonable to subdue orovercome a clear and
imminent danger.
3.     In actual shootout with the suspect avoid panic firing.
4.     Ensure that no bystanders are hit. Observe extreme caution in firing aweapon in the congested
area.
5.     After the shootout check whether the suspect still poses danger or hasbeen wounded and maimed.
6.     Use police sirens and megaphones to influence or warn offenders to stopand peacefully give up.
7.     Use of force shall be tempered with such considerations as keeping onminds the safety of the
hostages and prevention of crossfire casualties orinjuries to third parties.
8.      Immediate removal of casualtiesfrom the scene shall be undertaken after the necessary sketches,
pictures andother investigative requirements are accomplished victims' bodies shall besegregated from
those of the suspects.
9.     Strictly respect human rights at all times.

G.       OperationalProcedures and Guidelines During Hostage Situations

1.     Safety of all participants-victims, suspects, police officers andbystanders is paramount
2.     There shall be a Crisis Management Team (CMT) in every locality trainedand ready for deployment.
3.     There shall be only one ground Commander in the area.
4.     The incident area shall be condoned off.
5.     Assaults shall be well planned and assaulting team must be alerted fordeployment in case
negotiations failed.
6.     Negotiations shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to talk tothe suspects without
clearance from the negotiating panel or ground Commander.
7.     An ambulance with a medical crew and a firetruck shall be detailed at theincident area.
8.     Proper Coordination with all participating elements is necessary to unifyefforts in solving the crisis.

H.       Tactical Proceduresto Followed in Hostage-taking Incident

1.    Containment of theHostage Position
1.1  Stabilize the incident
1.2  Determine the exact location of the hostage-taker
1.3  Physically contain the action to the smallest area
1.4  Isolate the scene
1.5  Evacuating the adjoining areas
1.6  Blocking avenues for escape

2.    Communication
2.1  By the use of telephone
2.2  By written notes
2.3  By the use of loudspeaker
2.4  By the use of bullhorn
2.5  By the use of megaphone

3.    Visual and AudioSurveillance

3.1  Binoculars
3.2  Telescopes
3.3  Portable searching lights
3.4  Night vision devices
3.5  Television camera
3.6  Spike or contact microphone
3.7  Telephone
3.8  Intercoms

4.    Assault Alternative
4.1  When the victims are in imminent danger of injury
4.2  When the victims are in imminent danger of death
4.3  When the hostage takes gained the control of crime or potential victims
4.4  If hostages have already been killed

I.         Important Factors tobe Considered in a Hostage Taking Incident

1.     Intelligence Gathering- It must focus on identifying the hostage takers and hostages,
determiningthe hostage-takers capabilities to resist an assault and identifying the weaponbeing used.
2.     Motive- Determines firstwhat type of hostage-takers you are dealing with, identifying the
hostagestakers will lead to his motives.
3.     Hostage Location- The exact locationof the hostages and how they are secured.
4.     Setting- A detailedknowledge of the hostage scene’s immediate vicinity. A complete
reconnaissanceof the hostage area; terrain leading to the hostages site; obstruction; areasof
concealment; viewing points; possible and/or potential escape route;location of doors, windows and
entrances; exits and fire escapes.
5.     Formulation of the Plan- In casethat assault will be opted, it must be planned to occur at a time
that permitsthe assault team members to take their position without detection as well as tolimit the
opportunity of the hostage takers to resist because when thesurprised element is used, the hostage-
takers have a reduced capability toreact violently, escape, hide or harm the hostages.
J.                    The Command Post

a. Command Post Considerations

1. Establish outer and inner perimeters
2. Safe accessible routes to responding personnel
3. Defense against snipers, mobs onlookers
4. Sufficient parking
5. Adequate staging area
6. Availability of water supplies, restrooms andtelephones
7. Accessibility to helicopters
8. Maintain communication lines
9. Notify administrators
10. Maintain command post chronological log
11. Only authorized personnel will be given access
12. Public Information Officer (PIO) to give pressbriefings

b.   Command Post Staffing

1.     Commander
2.     Asst. Commander
3.     Negotiators
4.     Emergency Services team Tactical Adviser
5.     Radio Operator
6.     Intelligence Officers
7.     Investigators
8.     Staff Psychologists
9.     Chronographers
10.  Communications Specialists
11.  Liaison Personnel
12.  Police Administrators

K.       Time-Events BarricadeMatrix
Time
Incident Matrix
-o-
Incident occurs
0+1
Notification
0+2
Police Response
0+5
Location (Most dangerous time
0+6
Confrontation 9firearms, discipline)
0+7
Notification (of the dispatcher & CMT)
0+8
Containment
0+9
Preparation (for the arrival of CMT)
0+10
Isolation
0+15
Evaluation
0+16
Evacuation
0+17
Segregation
0+19
Pre-Conflict Management team Actions
0+25
Actions of the Crisis Management Team
0+26
Pre-Negotiations Actions
0+30
Negotiations Begins

III.    HOSTAGE NEGOTIATIONAND RECOVERY

A.   Definition        
NegotiationApproach is a systematic process of starting to work on a task ofnegotiating and dealing
with hostage takers, wherein the primary considerationare the arrangements of terms and conditions
between the authorities andsuspects necessary fir the release of the hostages.
B.   Principles of Hostage Negotiation and Recovery
1.    Thehostage has no value to the hostage taker. His only value is a tool to get whatthe he wants; not
from the hostage but from the authorities.
2.    Prioritiesin hostage situations is preservation of life and the apprehension of hostagetaker, recover,
and protect property.
3.    Hostagesituation must not go violently, for the interest of the hostage, the hostagetaker and the
authorities. In any case, if it goes violent, the authoritiesmust always come out the victor.
4.    Tosuccessfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the hostagetaker because a
hostage taker who is bent of killing himself is anon-negotiable case.

C.   The Crisis Negotiating Team (CNT)

Providesverbal and tactical support to the SWAT Team, responsible for controlling abarricaded suspect or
hostage situation.
ThreeKey Objectives:
1.    Safetyfor all people involved
2.    Saferelease or rescue of hostage
3.    Apprehensionand prosecution of suspect involved

Composition
1.    TeamSupervisor
2.    PrimaryNegotiator
3.    SecondaryNegotiator
4.    Psychologist

Note:
            Commander should Not Serve as Negotiator because:
1.    HTwill have a sense of importance;
2.    Hemay make impossible demand, knowing that he is dealing with Commander;
3.    Conflictof Commander as negotiator and Commander; and
4.    Asa cardinal rule, Commander don’t negotiate, negotiator don't command.

D.   Hostage takers Intent and Wants

Types
Intent
Wants
1. Professional Criminal
Crime
Escape
2. Psycho Case
Attention
Varies - vindication, relief
3. Prisoners
Attention
Escape, better treatment
4. Terrorist
Attention
Political, economic leverage
E.   Handling of Specific Hostage Situation

Type of Hostage Taker

Description
Proper Handling
1. Professional Criminal
Usually the easiest to deal with considered relatively rational thinker, after assessing the situation and
weighing the odds, in most cases, come to terms with the police
Show force but refrain from unnecessary violence or useless killing.
2. Psychotic Individual
Presents different and somewhat complex problems. Tends to be irrational, and less predictable. These
actions, works and the demands he makes are valuable clue to his mental condition. He harbors great
inner conflicts and frustrations.
The hostage taker may feel a degree of pleasure form has predicament as he finds himself important,
being a center of attraction. Prolonging tome is essential that will positively work for authorities.
3. Terrorist
A more difficult hostage situation- viewed a psychopathic with a cause, under a leader of the group.
When caught they rationalize by claiming to be revolutionaries a situation they resolve to die for the
cause.
Their causes may deteriorate in the passage of time. In any case, if they kill one of the several hostages,
the negotiators then must set to save the remaining hostages - they will likely kill them all.

F.   Immediate Actions of the Negotiator Upon Arrival at theScene of Incident

1.    Containment - controlling situation and area by peopleinvolved. Other people bystanders must be
obliged to get from the areas as theymay add more problems.
2.    Established Contract - Immediately after positioning atadvantage position, communicate with the
leader. He may introduce himself bysaying "My name is ___________, I am a ___________. I am willing
tohelp. Never tell him your rank; the hostage taker might think you can giveall. So that he may ask for
impossible demand. Neither, should the negotiatorgive the feeling that he has the authority to decide. Do
not bluff.
3.    Time Lengthening - Give more time for the police toorganize and coordinate plan of action.
4.    Telephone Negotiation technique - Be the caller, planand prepare, be ready with graceful exit,
and discipline yourself to listen.Where a demand is impossible to get, still time by explaining that you
need totalk to other people. Hold on to your concession. But release of sick oldpeople in exchange. When
there is no demand, hostage taker may really have nodemand at all.
5.    Need to face to face - Don't be over anxious, prepare forproper psychological, physical and
emotional confrontation. Wear body armor,posses a weapon, but if ask to come without a weapon,
ensure that theyshould too should lay down arms before entering. In entering, see to t that youre
protected with tactical back-up. And consider that hostage taker might havebody trap in some portions of
the area, door or window of the building. Comingup on face-to-face situation, maintain proper distance,
observe their movement.Elicit a promise or motivate them to surrender. In retreating, or in gettingout of
the room, face hostage taker slowly back out the door with good cover ortactical back-up.

6.    Surrender Approach- starts with a positive approach; act as ifhostage taker will surrender. Do not
talk too much. Gradually ask him tosurrender. Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk details of
surrenderprocess. And explain why not is better than later.

Advantage ofTelephone Negotiations

1.    Easierto say No
2.    Easierto conclude the conversation
3.    Conversationis quicker
4.    Importantitems are more easily committed
5.    Callerhas the advantage

G.   Hostage Takers' Demands

Demands of Hostage Takers
1.     Negotiable
a.    Food
b.   Cigarettes
c.    Drinks
d.   Alcohol
e.    Transportation
f.    MediaCoverage
g.   Freedom
                       2. Not Negotiable
                        a.    Weapons/Ammunition
b. Drugs
c. Release of prisoners
d. Exchange of hostages
 Handling Demands
1.    Avoidasking for demands
2.    Avoidoffering anything
3.    Donot give anything not specifically asked for and should not give more thanabsolutely necessary to
fulfill the agreement
4.    Nevergive anything without getting something in return
5.    Avoiddismissing any demand as trivial
6.    Ignoredeadlines and do not set deadlines for the incident resolution
7.    Negotiatefirst for the sick or injured hostages
8.    Monitorthe types of demands
9.    Assesthe personality type of the hostage taker based on the types of the demandsmade
10. Delay,impress hostage taker even simple demands are hand to get; that you need totalk with
commander or other people etc.

    H.Effects of Time in the Negotiation

a. Positive Effect of Time
   1. Hostage taker will wear downemotionally/psychologically
2.    Hostagetaker have more demand for food and water
3.    Anxietyreduces; hostage taker will be given a chance to organize his true self.
4.    Hostagetaker's rationally increase
5.       Hostage taker-negotiator relationships getimprove
6.    Hostagetaker's demand may be reduces
7.       Stockholm Syndrome may develop
  
              b.Negative Effect of Time
            Exhaustion and boredom may havecreeping effects on both hostage takers and authorities; for
hostage takers mayeventually commit suicide or may forget all demands altogether.

     I.On Life and Death Negotiation

1.    Keepin mind that in one H.T., show of force may be unnecessary
2.    Speakfirmly but nit in threatening manner
3.    Donot be overfriendly, it may be interpreted as weakness
4.    HTshould not be driven to desperation (give hope, security etc.)
5.    Showof force in necessary if there are several hostage taker (HT)
      J.  Failure of Negotiation ( or Situation Permits)
1. Final move must be made swiftly withoutlooking back
2. Any assault must proceed with skill andprofessionalism, when:
a.    HTbegins executing hostages
b.   HTthrows out first body

     K.Concluding a Hostage Incident

1. Removeperpetrators as quickly as possible
2. Secure the Scene
3. Brief Media
4. Collect Evidence
5. Assemble involved personnel
6. Retrieve equipment
7. Identify all property damaged

8. Identify critique data and handledebriefing