https://pollev.

com/aaronbaldwin940

Science- pursuit of knowledge of the natural and social world using systematic methodology
based on evidence
Natural vs social science-
Natural is the physical world, phenomena and processes. Either life science or physical
science.
Social science- concerned with society and individuals in a society

Inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning

Inductive- observation leads to hypothesis- sherlock
Deductive- using hypothesis to predict conclusion- applies theories to specific situations.

Writing a peer paper- IMRaD

Intro- what is known, brief but broad background behind the idea or topic of the paper
Materials and methods- thorough step by step of experiment, substances, materials,
methods and techniques used during the experiment
Results- only the findings, no interpretations, tables and graphs may be used
Discussion – possible interpretations, new questions that may have arised
Day2_
Properties of Life
1. Order- all living organisms are highly organized, composed of one or more cells
2. Respond to the environment- light, movement, heat, chemicals, other stimuli
3. Reproduction- must be capable of reproduction (species as a whole, not individual)
4. Adaptation- individuals are shaped by natural selection
5. Growth and development- offspring grow up to show similar characteristics of parents
6. Regulation- possess regulatory mechanisms to coordinate homeostasis
7. Homeostasis- heat, water,
8. Energy processing- all organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic changes

Are viruses alive?

They have no energy of their own, they cannot metabolize or reproduce on their own.
I do not believe that they are, but prof might.
https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/what-came-first-cells-or-viruses
Okay, well, after reading this, I believe they are alive.

Organization Levels
Atoms> molecules> macromolecules> organelles>cells> tissues> organs> organisms.
Individuals> population> community> ecosystem> biosphere.

Chapter 2-
Chemistry of life-
Elements- groups of matter with unique chemical and physical properties
An Atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains all chemical properties of that element
1 amu= 1.66E-24 gram

Day 3
Valence electrons- the outermost electrons, they are the ones that interact with other atoms
Noble gases have full valence shells, so they are unreactive.
 except for the outermost of an atom, it can only have 8.

Other elements react to fill their outer shells using the electrons from other atoms. Elements
change their electron structures with ionic or covalent bonds.
Ionic- electron transfer
Covalent- electron sharing
-Polar covalent bonds- unequal electron sharing
-Nonpolar covalent- equal electron sharing
Hydrogen bonding- a type of weak bond between hydrogen and highly electronegative
elements that is easily broke, but can add up quickly

Water!

 Has a high heat capacity-High specific heat

 High heat of vaporization- liquid to gas temperature -awesome for cooling things off and
keeping them warm too!
 Can dissolve polar molecules- “universal solvent” and “like dissolves like”
 Cool cohesive and adhesive properties- surface tension, cohesion, adhesion.
Day 4 –Ch. 2 continued
Water review
pH levels- more basic, 14; 0 looks like an orange, acidic.
Buffers- like bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and phosphate in our blood; resist change to pH levels.

Macromolecules
-carbohydrates-
-lipids-
-proteins - proteins are linear polymers formed by linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid
to the amino group of another amino acid with a peptide bond. They have the most diverse set
of roles of all macromolecules. STRUCTURE = FUNCTION.
Fundamental structure-
And they do this stuff

*
*Not all proteins have quaternary structure

-nucleic acids-
DNA and RNA, polynucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds- carry genetic blueprints.

The bases for DNA are CGAT: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine
The bases for RNA are CGAU: Cytosine Guanine, Adenine, and Uracil
Know pyrimidines and purines, “Ag! too pure!”- purines are A and G; Pyrimidines are the other
three, U, T, and C.

Adenine matches with Thymine/ Uracil in RNA, and Cytosine matches with Guanine
DNA is transcribed into RNA and then RNA carries instructions to the ribosomes outside the
nucleus

moving on
HONC
Carbon is the backbone of most biological macromolecules because it can covalently bond to up
to four other atoms at a time.
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula. They share the same chemical formula
but differ in the placement of bonds and the types of bonds.

C5H12 Could be Pentane, 2-Meythlbutane or 2,2-Dimethylpropane

Functional Groups- groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific qualities to those
molecules.
Chapter 3
Macromolecules-
 They are polymers composed of monomers
 They are synthesized via dehydration synthesis
 Carbon backbones; organic compounds
 Can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Carbohydrate monomer- monosaccharides

simple sugars
Can exist as a linear chain or a ring- shaped molecules, but in aqueous solution they look like this^

n(CH20) where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. “Carbo” and “Hydrate”

“mono” is one and “sacchar” is sweet

Polymers are made out of monomers and they are built by dehydration synthesis

Dehydration synthesis- a water molecule is removed and a covalent bond is formed

They are broken back into monomers by hydrolysis

The reverse of the dehydration synthesis reaction

DAY 5
Lipids- hydrophobic macromolecules, nonpolar

Such as fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipid

Fats-

Glycerol and fatty acids are the monomers that make up fats, as well as some waxes and oils.
Triglycerides are 3 fatty acids and a glycerol.
These can be saturated or unsaturated- remember? Like if they are all full of hydrogen bonds then they
will be all straight and those are saturated and if they are missing some hydrogens, they are unsaturated
and kinky. Omega 3 fatty acids are acids that we need, but we can’t make them for ourselves.

Waxes-

Waxes are very hydrophobic and occur naturally on plant leaves, feathers, and other things to make
them water-repellant.

Phospholipids!

Phospholipids are like this!

And they can do this! Plasma membrane

I love phospholipids.

Amphipathic- a phospholipid is amphipathic because it has a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part.

DAY 6--
Starch is a way to store carbohydrates, and they are polymers comprised of glucose monomers.
There are two types – amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). Branched is more efficient
because more glucose is available.
For animals, glucose is not stored as starch, but instead as glycogen, a highly branched
molecule that is mostly stored in muscles.
Cellulose is another glucose polymer, and it mostly comprises a plants cell wall i.e. fiber
Steroids are grouped with lipids even though they aren’t really structured like lipids. They have
a weird ringed structure like this: