UNIT 5. AIRCRAFT.

VOCABULARY • Aircraft construction;

• Types of aircraft;
• Aerodynamics of flight;
• Aircraft systems;
• Vocabulary to describe the way
things are attached;

STRUCTURES • Passive voice (present, past);

• Participle II;
• “-ing / -ed” adjectives;

LISTENING • The four forces of flight;

• Different airplanes description;
• Cockpit layout and instruments;
SPEAKING • Talking about airplane axes of
rotation;
• Talking about airplane parts and
their functions;
 AIRCRAFT.
1. What is an aircraft? What is the difference between an airplane and a rotorcraft?
2. Use the picture to name the main parts of an airplane.

fuselage cockpit starboard wing main gears horizontal stabilizer winglet vertical stabilizer
flap aileron windshield radome leading edge trailing edge port engine rudder
engine cowling elevator rear passenger door front passenger door nose wheel slat

A. …………… I. ……………… Q. ……………….

B. …………… J. ………………. R. ………………..
C. ……………. K. …………….. S. ……………….
D. …………… L. ……………. T. ……………….
E. …………….. M. …………….. U. ………………
F. …………….. N. ………………
G. …………….. O. ………………
H. …………….. P. ………………
READING I
3. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from ex. 2. You may change the form of a
word.
AIRPLANE
A modern airplane has five basic structural components: the fuselage, the wing set, the
empennage (tail structures), power plant (engines) and the undercarriage. The 1…fuselage….. is
the main body structure to which all components are attached. The fuselage contains the cockpit
or flight deck, passenger compartments and cargo compartments. The 2………………… is a
compartment where flight crews work. Flight instruments and flight controls are located there.
3………………. and windows are built into the fuselage, including the 4………………… through
which the pilots look to see where they are going.
The 5……………… are aerofoils attached to each side of the fuselage. They are the main lifting
surfaces that generate lift and support an airplane in the air. The wings are built into the top,
middle, or lower portion of the fuselage. The fuel tanks on most modern jet liners are housed in
the wings. An airplane has three control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and the rudder.
6……………… are fitted at the trailing edge of the wing. They are hinged sections, which are
lowered and raised asymmetrically so that the airplane can roll to the left and to the right. The
wings are also provided with flaps. They are situated at the inner section of the 7………………….
When they are extended, the wing aerofoil area becomes larger. It increases lift at lower speeds
for take-off and landing. Other flap-like devices are 8………………….. They are installed at the
leading edges of the wing. Slats are designed to adjust the angle of attack. When they are
deployed, the angle of attack increases allowing a pilot to increase lift generated by the wing.
Some airplanes have wingtips or 9…………………… at the end of each wing. These small
sections are designed to reduce drag.
The empennage plays an important role in stability of an airplane. It includes fin or a
10…………………. and a horizontal stabilizer. The vertical fin helps to maintain stability in yaw
and the horizontal stabilizer helps to maintain stability in pitch and roll. These surfaces are fixed
and are provided with some movable control surfaces, which include the rudder, the elevator, and
one or more trim tabs. The 11…………………is attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer.
During the flight, it is used to yaw the airplane to the left or to the right. The rudder is used in
combination with the ailerons for turns during the flight. The 12………………..hinged on the back
of the horizontal stabilizer is deflected upwards and downwards. It is used to pitch an airplane up
or down. Trim tabs are small, movable parts. They are installed on the ailerons, the rudder and / or
the elevator. Trim tabs are controlled from the cockpit and reduce control pressures.
A flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft is impossible without thrust. Thrust is generated by the
13…………………. Modern airplanes are equipped with different types of engines, but most
commercial airliners are fitted with jet engines. Often engines are fixed directly to the wings, or
they are suspended below the wings and connected by pylons. Engines are housed in
14…………………, which streamline the flow of air around the engines. Some airplanes are
provided with more than two engines. On airplanes, which have three engines, the third engine is
mounted at the rear part of the fuselage.
During parking, taxiing, rolling or landing, an airplane is supported by the landing gear. The
undercarriage is divided into the 15………………. and the nose landing gear, which is sometimes
called the 16………………….. Pilots steer an airplane on the ground by turning the nose wheel.
Most large airliners are equipped with retractable undercarriages. They are extended before
landing and retracted into the wheel bay during the flight.
4. Explain the bold words / phrases from ex.3. Choose any five and make sentences.

VOCABULARY I

5. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in bold.

1. A ULD is a pallet or a…container…, which is used to load freight for CONTAIN

its air transportation.
2. Most runways are ………………with asphalt or concrete. SURFACE
3. On the Airbus A330 there are four ……………... . If any one fails, there GENERATE
are three more to supply the airplane with electricity.
4. When the plane was on final, the flight crew extended flaps and LOW
……………the undercarriages.
5. The fuselage provides ……………points for the other major airplane ATTACH
components.
6. Some light airplanes are equipped with ……………stabilizers instead of ADJUST
trim tabs.
7. Dihedral wing is a wing, which is……….upward. ANGLE
8. The fin ……………an airplane in yaw. STABILITY
9. Elevons are aircraft control surfaces, which …………….. the functions of COMBINATION
the elevator and the aileron.
10. ………………. surfaces on an airplane's wings and tail allow a pilot to MOVE
manoeuvre an airplane and control its attitude and direction.
11. A passenger door is connected to an aircraft fuselage by a …………….. HINGE
mechanism.
12. Various taxiways provide ……………of runways to the apron. CONNECT
13. The plane was unable to vacate the runway under own power because STEER
of the nose wheel ……….. failure.

6. Match the words from column A to the words in column B to make phrases. Choose any
five phrases and make sentences using
A B
them. 1. power plant a. tabs
2. flight b. instruments
3. passenger c. engine
4. cargo d. gear
5. flight e. tanks
6. flight f. edge
7. fuel g. edge
8. trailing h. bay
9. leading i. plant
10. vertical j. compartment
11. trim k. compartment
12. jet l. deck
13. landing m. fin
14. nose n. wheel
15. wheel o. controls

VOCABULARY II
7 a. Read the text and complete the diagram with the words from the text.

AXES OF ROTATION.

The airplane has three axes of

rotation. Lateral axis is an imaginary
line from wingtip to wingtip.
Longitudinal axis is an imaginary line
from the nose to the tail, and vertical
axis is an imaginary line extending
vertically through the intersection of
lateral and longitudinal axes. The
airplane can rotate around these three
axes simultaneously or it can rotate
around just one axis. The three axes
intersect at the centre of gravity.
When an airplane rotates around the
lateral axis, it pitches up or down. A pilot
controls pitch by deflecting the
elevators. When the elevators are
deflected downwards, the airplane
pitches down. When a pilot pulls control wheel backward, the elevators are deflected upward
and the plane pitches up.
Rotation around the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is controlled by the ailerons. When a pilot
moves the control wheel or side stick to the right, the right aileron deflects upward and the left
aileron deflects downward. It causes the airplane to roll to the right. The procedure for the left
turn is reversed. Yaw is rotation of an airplane around its vertical axis. To yaw an airplane to the
left or to the right, a pilot operates the rudder. The rudder is controlled by pushing pedals. When a
pilot pushes the left pedal, rudder moves left, which makes an airplane nose yaw to the left.

7 b. Complete the sentences with the bold words / phrases from ex.7 a.

1. The three axes of rotation meet at an imaginary point, which is called the …centre of
gravity….
2. An airplane manoeuvres when it rotates around one or more ………….. …. ……………
3. By deflecting the elevators downwards, a pilot makes an airplane ………….. …………..
4. …………….is airplane rotation around its longitudinal axis.
5. Fixed airplane surfaces are those, which a pilot can not ……………….
6. To climb or to descend an airplane rotates around its ……………….. axis.
7. An airplane yaws when it ……………….around its …………….. …………..
8. An airplane ………….. …. when a pilot ………….. control wheel ………….
9. By moving ………….to the right, a pilot makes an airplane roll to the right.
10. To ………….an airplane to the right, you need to deflect the right aileron upwards and the
left aileron downwards.
11. When a pilot …………..the left pedal, an airplane ………to the left.

8. Read the text in ex.7 a again and give full answers to the questions:
1. What are the three axes of airplane rotation?
2. What happens to an airplane when it rotates around its lateral axis?
3. What happens to an airplane when it rotates around its longitudinal axis?
4. What happens to an airplane when it rotates around its vertical axis?
5. What does a pilot do to pitch an airplane up or down?
6. What does a pilot do to roll an airplane to the left or to the right?
7. What does a pilot do to yaw an airplane to the left or to the right?

STRUCTURE I

THE PASSIVE VOICE (PRESENT, PAST, MODAL)

ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ (НАСТОЯЩЕЕ, ПРОШЕДШЕЕ, МОДАЛЬНОСТЬ)
We use the passive when a) the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not
important; b) the agent is clear from the context.
We can introduce the agent with by when c) we want to introduce some new information.
Пассивный залог используется, когда: а) агент (человек или предмет, выполняющий действие)
неизвестен или неважен; б) агент очевиден из контекста. Агент может быть указан при помощи
предлога by, в) если вводится новая информация.

a) Flight instruments and flight а) Приборы и органы управления

controls are located in the cockpit. располагаются в кабине. (Не имеет
(It is not important who located them there.) значения, кто расположил их там)

b) The flat tire is being replaced б) Спущенную пневматику сейчас

now. (We understand that ground staff are заменяют. (Очевидно, что ее заменяет
replacing it now. We don’t need to mention наземный персонал. Нет необходимости
them.) упоминать агента)

с) The Beluga is manufactured by в) Белуга производится компанией

Airbus Company. Airbus.

To be in an appropriate form + V31.

• It is manufactured by Airbus • Он производится компанией Airbus.

Company.
Present Simple Passive

• It isn’t manufactured by the • Он не производится компанией Боинг.

Boeing Company. • Какой компанией он производится?
• What company is it manufactured
by? • Приборы и органы управления расположены
• Flight instruments and flight в кабине.
controls are located in the
cockpit.
• Они не расположены в багажном отделении.
• They aren’t located in the hold.
• Где они расположены?
• Where are they located?

1
V3 is Past participle or Participle II. It is formed by base form of a verb and -ed ending. E.g. to land –
landed.
Note that some verbs are irregular, they do not take –ed to make Participle II but use alternative pattern.
E.g. to fly – flew-flown.
 • The flat tire is being
replaced now.
• The flat tire isn’t being
replaced now.
Present Continuous Passive
• Is the flat tire being
replaced now?
• All departures are being
delayed at the moment.
• All departures aren’t being
delayed at the moment.
• Why are all departures being
delayed now?
• I’m being examined by the
check-pilot.
• I’m not being examined by the
check pilot.
• Am I being examined by the
check pilot?
• The first airplane flight was
performed by the Wright
Brothers.
Past Simple Passive
• The first airplane flight
wasn’t performed in Europe.
• Was the first airplane flight
performed by the Wright
Brothers?
• First airplanes were operated
manually.
• First airplanes weren’t
equipped with any automation.
• Were first airplanes operated
manually?
• Landing on modern airliners
can be performed
automatically by the
autopilot.
Passive with modals
• Can landing be performed
automatically on this type
airplane?
• ATC clearance cannot be given
if there is no submitted
flight plan.
• First airplanes could be
operated only by muscle
power.
• First airplanes could not be
used for passenger
transportation.
• Could that flight be
performed visually?
• Спущенную пневматику сейчас заменяют.
• Спущенную пневматику сейчас не
заменяют.
• Спущенную пневматику сейчас заменяют?
• Все вылеты сейчас задержаны.
• Вылеты на данный момент не
задерживаются.
• Почему все вылеты сейчас задержаны?
• Меня экзаменует пилот-инструктор
(сейчас).
• Меня не экзаменует пилот-инструктор
(сейчас).
• Меня экзаменует пилот-инструктор
сейчас?
• Первый полет на самолете был выполнен
братьями Райт.
• Первый полет на самолете не был
выполнен в Европе.
• Был ли первый полет на самолете
выполнен братьями Райт?
• Первые самолеты управлялись вручную.
• Первые самолеты не были оборудованы
никакими системами автоматизации.
• Управлялись ли первые самолеты в
ручном режиме?
• Посадка на современных ВС может быть
выполнена в автоматическом режиме
автопилотом.
• Может ли посадка быть выполнена в
автоматическом режиме на данном типе
ВС?
• Условия выхода не могут быть выданы,
если отсутствует поданный план
полета.
• Первыми самолетами можно было
управлять только силой собственных
мускул.
• Первые самолеты не могли быть
использованы для пассажирских
перевозок.
• Возможно ли было выполнить тот полет
визуально?
9. Look through the text in ex. 3 and underline all passive voice constructions. Translate
them into Russian.

10. Underline the correct item.

1. The fuselage is the main body of an aircraft, which contains / is contained passenger and
cargo compartments, the cockpit and the nose wheel bay.
2. The flight plan files / is filed by a captain and includes / is included essential information on
the intended flight.
3. Yesterday Mr. Smith was stuck / stuck in a traffic jam on his way to the airport and was
reported / reported to operations only one hour before his flight.
4. The visibility at the airport was reduced / reduced by dense fog.
5. In the Briefing Office we are received / receive the weather forecast to plan our route.
6. An airplane inspects / is inspected prior to every departure.
7. The flight crew were not informed / didn’t inform about a volcanic ash cloud moving towards
them.
8. Students of flight training schools aren’t trained / don’t train to operate sophisticated
computerized airplanes.
9. A de-icing vehicle is being sprayed / is spraying anti-icing liquid onto the wings of the plane.
10. Thanks to the skilled pilot the plane landed safely and everybody survived / was survived.
11. The worst mid-air collision was happened / happened over the Überlingen lake on July 1,
2002.
12. According to some historical researches, the first airplane flight didn’t perform / wasn’t
performed by the Wright Brothers.
13. Gradual decompression can be detected / can detect only by special instruments.
14. Without its main surfaces an airplane cannot be controlled / cannot control.
15. The marshaller is guiding / is being guided the plane to park.

11. Rewrite these sentences in the passive. Omit an agent where necessary.

1. A captain always files a flight plan with ATC.

E.g. ……….A flight plan is always filed with ATC…………..
2. They checked all aircraft systems to ensure they functioned properly.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. An emergency landing disrupted the airport operation for more than 5 hours.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. A flight crew carries out a lot of tasks during the whole flight.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. As soon as we received our departure clearance, we commenced push-back procedure.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Only supersize cargo planes can transport such big units of cargo as airplane parts, parts of
space ships and some kinds of machinery.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. A flight engineer doesn’t operate an airplane.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Short range airplanes don’t cover large distances.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Commercial pilots don’t check the performance of new and experimental planes. Test pilots do
this job.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10. A rescue helicopter evacuated the victims and transported them to the nearest hospital.
………………………………………………………………………………………
11. The investigation team are studying airplane wrecks to reconstruct the chain of events.
………………………………………………………………………………………airplane wrecks are being studied

12. The fire fighters didn’t foam the runway for an emergency landing.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Ground staff are treating the plane with de-icing liquid.
……………………………………………………………………………………… the plane is being treated

14. Security personnel searched the suspicious man, but didn’t find any illegal items.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Snow ploughs are cleaning the runway.
………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Ground handlers are refueling the plane.
………………………………………………………………………………………
17. The paramedics are removing a sick passenger. We’ll be ready for departure as soon as they
disembark him.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18. The autopilot can perform practically every stage of flight from takeoff to landing.
………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Meteorologists forecast heavy rain and gale force wind in the area. We advise you to proceed
to the alternate.
………………………………………………………………………………………
20. The designers didn’t equip the plane with the de-icing boots.
………………………………………………………………………………………

12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct from, passive or active.

THE AUTOPILOT

The autopilot is a system,

which 1……is used…(to
use) to control the trajectory
of an aircraft without
constant 'hands-on' control
by the flight crew. The first
aircraft autopilot
2……………….(to develop)
by Sperry Corporation in
1912.
A modern autopilot can
3…………….(to fly) the plane
along a route, 4…………..(to
land) it, and 5……………(to
keep) the plane centered
during the landing roll.
However, more than 99 percent of landings 6………………..(to perform) manually. Autoland
7………………(to carry out) in extreme low-visibility conditions only.
 The only thing the autopilot cannot do is taxi the aircraft before takeoff or after landing. Takeoffs
and initial climb-outs 8………………(can not / to perform) by the autopilot as well.
The system 9………………(to assist) the pilot, but 10…………….(not / to remove) him or her from
the cockpit. Airplanes 11………………(not/ to fly) themselves. The crew 12…………(to fly) the
airplane through the automation.
Not all aircraft 13……………….(to equip) with the autopilot. Older, general aviation airplanes
14……………(not / to have) it.
The simplest autopilot is a one or two axes control system. A one axis control autopilot
15……………..(to control) the roll axis. It 16……………..(to call) wing leveler, because that’s basically
its only function. Then there are two-axis control autopilots. They control pitch and roll. Three-axis
control autopilots 17…………….(to require) by many aircraft, and they control pitch, roll, and yaw.
So how 18……….. it …………(work)?
Modern autopilots 19………………..(use) computer systems to control the airplane. Older autopilots
20…………..(to rely) on gyroscopic instruments. The autopilot system 21……………(to relay) a
series of sensors around the aircraft that pick up information like speed, altitude and turbulence.
The computer software 22…………….(to read) all the information, which 23……………..(to gather)
by the airplanes sensors and uses it to control the airplane.
The autopilot 24………………(to track) a course by intercepting and following VOR radials to stay
on course. In case if the GPS is used, it simply 25…………….(to fly) from one point to the next.

13. Put the words in order to make a question.

1. structural / does / aircraft / a / modern / what / components / of / consist?
E.g.……What structural components does a modern airplane consist of?.............
2. are / what / contained / compartments / in / fuselage / the ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. in / is / the / cockpit / what / located?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. where / the / are / located / wings?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. function / what / the / of / wings / main / is / the?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. fuel / are / where / tanks / housed / the?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. what / the / surfaces / are / main / control / three?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. located / where / the / ailerons/ are?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. components / what / provided / the / are / wings / with?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. the / flaps / where / situated / are?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. what / slats / for / designed / are / the ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. winglets / are / the / where / located?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. does / the / of / consist / empennage / what?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. horizontal / the vertical / and / with / equipped / what / stabilizers / are ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. the / rudder / located / where / is?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. it / is / for / what / used?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. by / thrust / what / generated / is?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. the / engines / where / located / are/?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
19. which / undercarriage / is / into / divided / parts/ the?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. during / where / are / flight / retracted / the / undercarriages / into/ the?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

14. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to ask and answer questions from ex. 13.

LISTENING I. REC. 16

15 a. Match the words in column A to their meanings in column B.

A B
1. to overcome d a. the attraction of the earth's mass for
bodies near its surface
2. force b. speed of motion
3. to take into account c. to oppose something by contrary action
4. gravitational attraction d. to fight and win against something
5. to produce e. physical power
6. to counteract f. quantity of
7. amount of g. a force that opposes or retards motion
8. velocity h. engines ; power plant
9. resistance i. to consider, to think over
10. propulsion system j. steady
11. constant k. to generate

15 b. Complete the sentences with words from column A.

1. The …force.. of the explosion ruined the airplane.
2. We need to …………. … …………… all the evidences before we release the result of the
investigation.
3. The air conditioning system keeps the temperature in the passenger compartment
…………..
4. It wasn’t easy to …………… his fear of flying.
5. The new law has been introduced to ……………….. terrorism.
6. The …………….. of light is much higher than the ……………. of sound.
7. Vitamins can build up your ……………….. to colds and flu.
8. ……………. …………. is a source of mechanical power.
9. Airplane generators ………… the ………… electricity enough to supply aircraft systems.
10. Every object on earth has ………… …………….

16 a. Listen to the Wright Brothers speaking about FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT. Put the
pictures in the order they will be mentioned. Name the four forces of flight.
A. B. C. D.

16 b. Listen again and mark these statements as T (true) or F (false). Correct the false
statements.
1. The engines on the Wright Brothers’ aircraft provided enough thrust to overcome lift.
2. Weight and lift were taken into account to built the aircraft.
3. An aircraft is pulled down to the earth by its thrust.
4. Lift is produced to overcome drag.
5. Weight is counteracted by lift.
6. Thrust is needed to overcome lift.
7. On most modern airplanes thrust is generated by propellers.
8. The airplane moves in the direction of the largest force.

16 c. Listen again and answer the questions:

1. What makes any object move through the air?
2. Why does everything on earth have weight?
3. What is lift necessary for?
4. How is lift generated?
5. What does the amount of lift depend on?
6. What is drag?
7. What is drag overcome by?
8. What is thrust created by?
9. What does the amount of thrust depend on?
10. Under what conditions does an airplane cruise at a constant velocity?
11. Which direction does an airplane move if there is any unbalanced force?

VOCABULARY II
17 a. Match the words from the list to the pictures below.

built housed suspended mounted hinged connected installed attached

1)……housed……. 2)…………………….. 3)…………………….. 4)……………………..

 5)……………………… 6)…………………….. 7)…………………….. 8)…………………..

17 b. Complete the sentences with the words from ex. 17 a. Some sentences may have more
than one word suitable.
1. The wings are …attached…..to the fuselage at its top, middle or lower portion.
2. The engine is …………..in a nacelle, which is ………………to the wings by pylons.
3. B-727 is a trijet. One of its engines is ………………at the rear part of the fuselage.
4. Speed brakes are …………..to the trailing edge of the wing in order to increase drag without
losing much on lift.
5. The engines on B-757 are ……..under its wings.
6. The autopilot control panel on B-737 is ………… into a cockpit glare shield.
7. The weather radar antenna is …………..in the radome.
8. Communication antennas can be ……………… either on the top or bottom part of the aircraft.

18. Study some other ways to speak about AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION AND DESIGN. Interpret
these sentences into Russian.

to be provided with • Basic control surfaces are provided with trim tabs.
to provide • The empennage provides flight stability.
to be designed • Sophisticated computer systems are designed to allow pilots
monitor all flight aspects.
to be generated / • The APU generates power while the aircraft is grounded.
to generate The power is generated by the APU while the airplane is on
the ground.

to be fitted with • The fuel system is fitted with fuel pumps and fuel lines.
to be supported by • The airplane is supported in the air by the wing set.
to supply • The fuel system supplies engines with aviation fuel.
to be powered by • A nuclear-powered aircraft is an aircraft that is powered
by nuclear energy.
to be made of • Stringers of a semi-monocoque fuselage are made of
aluminum.

SPEAKING I

19. Speak about locations and functions of these aircraft parts. Use the words and phrases
from ex. 17 and 18.
a) RADOME…………. e) VERTICAL STABILIZER……………….
b) ENGINE…………. f) HORIZONTAL STABILIZER……………..
c) WING………………… g) FUSELAGE………………..
d) NAVIGATION LIGHTS……………… h) RUDDER…………………
 i) AUTOPILOT…………….. m) APU…………………………
j) WINDSHIELD…………… n) FLAPS……………….
k) FUEL TANKS…………… o) AILERONS…………………
l) UNDERCARRIGES……………….

PAIR WORK I

20. Work with a partner. Choose an airplane part from the list. Don’t tell your partner.
Answer your partner’s questions to let him guess. Student B è “PAIR WORK” section.
E.g. – Student A: Where is it located?
- Student B: It is located in the rear part of the fuselage.
- Student A: Is it attached to the vertical stabilizer?
- Student B: No, it’s hinged to the horizontal stabilizer.

Student A:
THE NOSE WHEEL A PYLON THE WEATHER RADAR ANTENNA TRIM TABS
ENGINE NACELLE

VOCABULARY III

21. Complete the table with the synonyms from the list.
antenna (Am.) flight deck landing gear horizontal stabilizer (Am.) windshield (Am.) tire (Am.)
hold landing gear well cargo bay vertical stabilizer (Am.) tail unit wheel bay tail assembly
gear compartment

cockpit 1……flight deck…….. aerial (Br.) 9………………….

tail plane (Br.) 2…………………….. windscreen (Br.) 10………………….
tyre (Br.) 3……………………. fin (Br.) 11………………….
undercarriage bay 4…………. 5…………. cargo compartment 12……….. 13…………..
6………..
empennage 7…………. 8…………….. undercarriage 14………………….

22. Match the words from the list to the pictures. Use more than one word for each picture.

monoplane biplane passenger tanker military civil fighter bomber low-wing high-wing
floatplane twin-engined single-engined multi-engined private wide-bodied narrow-bodied
long-range short range rotorcraft executive aircraft training T-tail cargo transporter

a. g
E.g. monoplane,
passenger airliner,
low-wing,
twin-engined
narrow-bodied,
long-range,
 b h

c i

d j

e k

f l

LISTENING II. REC.17

23 a. Listen to an aviation museum guide giving a tour around the City Aviation Museum.
Match the names of the airplanes to the pictures.

a)

S.O. 4050 (THE VULTURE)

 b)

YAKOVLEV-18

c)

A75 KAYDET

d)

TUPOLEV-2 (ANT 58)

23 b. Listen again and tick the correct boxes in the table below.

Which THE VULTURE YAKOVLEV-18 A75 KAYDET TUPOLEV-2

airplane/airplanes….. (ANT 58)
1. was/were used for
training?
2. was/ were modified
later?
3. had good aerobatic
performances?
4. broke a record?
5. had unconventional
cabin?
6. could carry out
different missions?

23 c. Complete the sentences from the conversation. Listen and check.

1. If the main gear is retracted into the fuselage in-flight but the tail wheel remains extended, such
system is called s……….-r…………….. .
2. This mid-wing bomber (TU-2) with t……… fins and rudders first flew on 29 January 1941.
3. Tupolev 2 was powered by a pair of piston engines fitted to nacelles under each wing powering
three-b………… propellers.
4. T….. d……… is an aviation word for the landing gear which has two main wheels in a front part
and a small wheel to support the tail.
5. It (A75) is an open cockpit two-seat airplane with simple s……….. undercarriage legs.
6. As for the undercarriage features, it (The Vulture) has stabilizing a……………. undercarriage
wheel housed in the engine nacelles.

STRUCTURE II
SOME OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE (PARTICIPLE II).
ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ.
The past participle is used a) to form all perfect tenses (see Unit 8), b)
to form passive voice, c) as an attribute. In Russian language the Participle II corresponds to
Participle formed by –енн, -ённ, -анн, -янн suffixes.
Причастие прошедшего времени используется: а) в составе формы глагола во временах группы
Perfect (см.Урок 8), б) для образования формы глагола в пассивном залоге, в) в качестве
определения. Причастие прошедшего времени соответствует страдательному причастию
прошедшего времени (причастию с суффиксами –енн, -ённ, -анн, -янн) в русском языке.

a) We haven’t received our clearance yet. а) Мы еще не получили наше разрешение.

b) The flight is cancelled. б) Рейс отменен.
c) Updated forecast contained some в) Обновленный прогноз содержал несколько
mistakes. ошибок.

24. Paraphrase the sentences using the Participle II of the underlined verbs as an attribute.
Make all necessary changes (you may have to omit some parts of a sentence).

E.g. The approach time was revised. The new time was 16:50.
…..The revised approach time was 16:50…….
1. The meteorologists updated the weather forecast. They included possibility of a thunderstorm in
the vicinity of the aerodrome.
2. Dense fog at the airport greatly reduces RVR. It makes some flights divert to the alternate.
3. The main control surfaces froze due to airframe icing. It disabled the aileron control.
4. Most flap-like devices on an airplane are hinged to the airframe. They can be deflected.
5. The refueling was completed and the airplane was ready for departure.
6. The flight level, which we were cleared to climb to, was FL 300.
7. The captain filed a flight plan before the flight. However, it wasn’t in the system due to a
computer failure.
8. Only those passengers, who have checked in for flight, are in a departure lounge.
9. We estimate ZTG as a next reporting point.
10. The two bags, which were unattended by anybody, triggered suspicion on the security officers.
11. Traffic congestion is delaying the departure. Passengers are worried. (about)
12. After an airplane is de-iced, there is no frost or ice contamination on its surfaces.
13. The flight crew rejected takeoff as they burst a tyre during takeoff roll.
14. When the flaps are extended, they increase aircraft lift.
15. We took decision to go around as we anticipated low-level wind shear on final.

PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES CAN BE USED AS ADJECTIVES.

ПРИЧАСТИЯ I И II МОГУТ УПОТРЕБЛЯТЬСЯ В КАЧЕСТВЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ.
The present participle (I) describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question “what
kind?”). The past participle (II) describes how somebody feels (it answers the question “How do
you feel?”)
Причастия I и II могут использоваться в качестве прилагательных.
 Причастие I описывает качество предмета или человека (отвечает на вопрос «каков», «какой?»).
Причастие II описывает чувства человека (отвечает на вопрос «Как ты себя чувствуешь?»)
E.g. Lengthy flight is exhausting both for the crew and the passengers.
Длительный перелет утомителен как для экипажа, так и для пассажиров.
He is always exhausted after a long-haul night flight.
Он всегда утомленный после дальнего ночного рейса.

25. Form “–ing” and “–ed” adjectives from the verbs in the table below. Complete the
sentences with the best suitable adjectives from the table. Some sentences may have more
than one adjective suitable.

to confuse …confusing… …confused… to threaten

to satisfy to agitate
to challenge to excite
to distress to frighten
to worry to comfort
to train

1. According to the survey, Orlando International Airport is the most …confusing...for

travellers to navigate around the terminal.
2. We were all ……………… to death when we heard a loud bang and immediately could
smell something burning.
3. High elevation of this airport in combination with a short runway makes the approach rather
…………..
4. Cabin crews are well …………… to deal with abusive behavior on board.
5. During my first training flight I was really ………………. .
6. His job is quite ……………….. in terms of salary and working conditions.
7. Some controllers at Swanwick were………….. by computer display misreadings.
8. Modern airplanes are fitted with on-board computers and software systems, which fly the
best routes and are even able to land a ………………… plane.
9. A group of passengers restrained an …………….. man on Etihad flight from Abu Dhabi to
Melbourne, after he had attacked an air hostess.
10. The passengers felt ………………. only when the chops and bumps ceased.
11. I’m not ……………….. with the level of passenger safety your company provides.
12. Airline pilots are often ……………….by staying rested on long trips, passing medical
examinations, and performing simultaneous or unexpected tasks at the helm of an airplane.
13. The purser addressed passengers with a ……………….. message, that it was just a false
alarm and there was nothing to be ……………… about.

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (B737)

26 a. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form, passive,

active, participle II, infinitive form or “-ing” form. Then match
the names of the aircraft systems in the right column to their
correct descriptions in the left column.
 1. This Boeing 737 …is fitted..(to fit) with two turbofan engines with a. BLEED AIR
thrust-reversers. The engines …………..(to start) by the APU. The
APU is itself a mini-jet engine that is used to start the two big engines
…………….(to suspend) under the wings. Fuel flow to the engines
………….(to control) electronically. d (power plant)

2. The 737 has three fuel tanks: one …………..(to house) in each wing, b. HYDRAULIC
and a center tank in the fuselage. Electrically ……….(to power) fuel SYSTEM
pumps ………….(to transfer) fuel from the tanks to the engines.

3. The engines …………(to power) three redundant hydraulic systems c. OXYGEN

(systems A and B, and the standby system), which ……………(to SYSTEM
actuate) the flight controls (elevators, the rudder, ailerons) that
maneuver the aircraft in flight. The hydraulic system also ……………(to
power) the landing gear, flaps and slats, thrust reversers, as well as a
few other minor things. The standby system is used for…………(to
provide) emergency hydraulic power to the critical systems only.

4. Each engine including the APU has its own generator that can power d. POWER PLANT
the aircraft electronics (lights, avionics, galley, in-flight entertainment,
etc.) When the engines ……….(to be) off, the aircraft uses an on-board
battery …………..(to power) its systems. There is also a standby
battery if the main battery …………..(to discharge).

5. The bleed air (siphoned from each engine) powers the air conditioners e. ELECTRICAL
and the anti-ice system. The hydraulic and fuel pumps …………(to SYSTEM
pressurize) by the bleed air.
6. The 737 has two independent oxygen systems – one for the flight crew f. NAVIGATION
and one for passengers. In the event of depressurization the oxygen SYSTEM
masks ………….(to pressurize) with oxygen from the oxygen cylinder.

7. The 737 ………….(to equip) with two independent GPS antennas and g. FUEL SYSTEM
three IRUs (inertial reference units). An IRU is a gyroscope that
…………(to record) changes in acceleration so that the airplane can
……….(to track) its position.
The 737 has three communication (COMM) radios and three
navigation (NAV) radios. The COMM radios are for …………(to talk) to
ATC and the NAV radios are used ………..( to navigate) to or from
ground radio navigation stations. There is also an on-board weather
radar …………….(to transmit) radio waves ahead to detect storm
clouds.

26 b . The statements below are wrong. Correct them as in the example.

1. This Boeing 737 is fitted with three turboprop engines.
E.g. : This Boeing 737 isn’t fitted with three turboprop engines. It is a twin-engine
airplane, equipped with turbofan engines.
2. The APU starts the generator.
 3. Fuel flow to the engines is mechanically controlled.
4. The fuel tanks transfer fuel to the engines.
5. The engine actuates the flight controls.
6. The electrical system powers the landing gears.
7. The engines power aircraft electronics.
8. The standby hydraulic system provides hydraulic power to the flight controls.
9. The 737 has the common oxygen system for the flight crew and passengers.
10. The COMM radio is used for navigation from or to ground navaids.
11. Storm clouds are detected by the NAV radios.

LISTENING III. REC. 18

27 a. Are you familiar with the abbreviations below? Try to decode them using the given
words. Some words may be used more than once. Then listen and check.

primary panel flight display indicator navigation management mode computer control crew
horizontal system situation engine alerting indiaction
1. PFD means …Primary…… …Flight…. …Display……
2. ND is short for ……………… …………….
3. EICAS stands for ……………… ……………. ……………… ………………. ……………..
4. FMC ……………… ……………. ………………
5. MCP ……………… ……………. ………………
6. HSI ……………… ……………. ………………

THE BOEING 737-NG COCKPIT

27 b. See “PICTURE FILE” section.

Listen again and match numbers in the picture to the names of cockpit instruments and
controls they refer to.
1. …PFD…… 12. …………………….
2. ………………….. 13. ……………………..
3. …………………… 14. ……………………..
4. …………………. 15. ………………………
5. ……………………. 16. ……………………..
6. …………………… 17. ……………………..
7. …………………… 18. ………………………
8. ……………………. 19. ……………………..
9. …………………….. 20. ………………………
10. …………………….. 21. ……………………..
11. …………………….

REVISION

28. See “PICTURE FILE” section.

Complete the picture description with the most suitable words. The first letters of the
missing words are given.
 In the picture there is a l…light…. aircraft, which looks l…………… Cessna 172. The plane is
flying very low over the airfield and is in landing configuration: the f…………… are fully
l……………, which makes me think that this Skyhawk is landing now. Cessna 172 is a light
airplane often used for pilot t…………… . It is a h……………-wing, s……………-engine
m…………… manufactured by Cessna Aircraft Company. The wing s…………… is a…………… to
the top part of the fuselage and s…………… by the two struts. It is p…………… by a nose-
m…………… piston engine, which can be f……………with automobile gasoline. Cessna 172 has
got t…………… fixed landing gear. In other words, it cannot be r…………… or e……………. It has
got a regular e…………… with the swept-back tail fin and horizontal stabilizers f…………… at the
lower portion of it.
This type of an airplane is most likely a s…………… r…………… one . It isn’t able to cover long
distances, because the fuel tanks h…………… in wings are not big enough to c……………
sufficient fuel amount for long trips. Moreover, the plane doesn’t fly at high altitudes as the cabin
isn’t p…………… .
The letters and numbers on the p…………… a…………… part of the fuselage are the plane’s tail
number. There are red and grey stripes running b…………… the windows and at the root of the
f…………… . Cessna 172 has got four seats, three for passengers and one for a pilot. However, I
can’t see anybody exept for a pilot on board this plane. The pilot is probably a trainee on his solo
f……………, or maybe he is just a p…………… p…………… flying his own plane.
The aerodrome looks like a small training f……………with a p………….. runway. It is
s……………in some rural area and there are some trees and bushes b…………… the runway.

29. See “PICTURE FILE” section.

Describe the picture. Try to give as many ideas as possible. Use the given words and
phrases.
passenger operated manufactured attached suspended twin jet aft front
extended lowered landing medium range cover red and blue emblem fin
stripes regular residential area

30. Complete the gaps with appropriate prepositions / adverbs of place or write “-“ in the
space if no word is needed.

The Mil Mi-26 is a twin-engined heavy transport-helicopter developed 1…by… the Soviet
manufacturer Mil OKB, today MIL Moscow helicopter plant, JSC (Russia).
The Mil Mi-26 is the largest, most heavy
and most powerful helicopter which has
ever gone into production. The Mi-26 is
powered 2……. twin turboshaft engines,
which are housed 3……. the engine
casing installed 4…….. the top 5……. the
cargo hold section. The helicopter is
equipped 6……. the main rotor, which is
mounted 7……. the top of the fuselage
and the tail rotor attached 8……. the
starboard side of the fin. By changing the
pitch of the tail rotor blades a pilot rolls
the rotorcraft 9…….. the left or 10……. the
right. When the angle of attack of the main rotor blades is altered, the aircraft pitches 11……. or
12……. The tricycle undercarriage consists 13……. the nose and two main gears. The
undercarriage is fixed, which means that the wheels aren’t retracted 14……. the gear bay 15…….
take-off and not extended 16……. landing. The fuselage contains 17……. the cockpit and
spacious cargo area. Unlike a fixed-wing, helicopter controls include 18……. the cyclic stick, the
collective lever, and the pedals.

31. Paraphrase the sentences using words in bald.

able E.g.:
1. The 767 can’t park at the gate as the nose-in docking system is set for
another type.
…The 767isn’t able to park at the gate as the nose-in docking system is
set for another type….
there 2. The airport has got a perimeter fence and CCTV cameras to protect the area
against unauthorised interference.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
used 3. First pilots looked out of the airplane to see the landmarks they were
following.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
briefing 4. When a flight attendant briefs passengers on safety, he or she demonstrates
how to use the emergency equipment located in the cabin.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
order 5. They deviated from the route, as it was necessary to avoid the weather.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
 are 6. The SSR screen displays aircraft data such as its call sign, altitude, heading
and airspeed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
can 7. Every commercial pilot is trained to deal with any airplane failure or
malfunction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
were 8. As soon as the local ATC cleared them, they commenced a straight-in
approach for an emergency landing.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
for 9. ATCOs provide separation to keep airplanes at a safe distance from each
other.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
being 10. The ground handlers are loading the bags into the hold.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
was 11. The fire brigade foamed the runway to reduce the risk of fire upon touch
down.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
wasn’t 12. She failed to complete the round-the–world flight because of the airplane
undercarriage damage.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
checked 13. Did they check the fuel system?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

32. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Justify your opinion.

1. A modern airliner consists of four basic structural components: the fuselage, the wing
set, power plant and passenger compartment.
2. All aircraft components are contained in the fuselage.
3. The wings are designed to house the fuel tanks.
4. Most modern commercial airliners are low-wing.
5. The ailerons are moved left and right to make an airplane roll.
6. Wingtips attached to the wing leading edge reduce drag.
7. The fin stabilizes an airplane in flight.
8. Most basic control surfaces are hinged to the stabilizers.
9. An aircraft can’t fly without thrust.
10. Very few commercial airplanes are powered by piston engines.
11. An airplane with a rear-mounted engine is a twin-engine jet.
12. The undercarriage is retracted before landing and extended into the gear bay after take-
off.
13. All stages of flight can be performed by the autopilot.

33. Give full answers to the questions:

1. Which parts does a modern passenger airplane consist of?

2. What is the difference between a passenger airplane and an air freighter?
3. What instruments and controls are there in the cockpit? Where are they located? What
are they used for?
4. Why does an airplane need the wing set?
 5. What basic and secondary control surfaces are located on the wings? Where exactly are
they located? What are they used for?
6. What basic and secondary control surfaces are located on the empennage? Where
exactly are they located? What are they used for?
7. Where are the engines usually located?
8. What components does the undercarriage consist of?
9. How is the undercarriage operated during the flight?
10. What basic manoeuvres are performed by an airplane in the air? What flight controls
are involved?
11. How does the autopilot work?
12. What physical forces act on an aircraft in the air?
13. What is lift? What is it generated by?
14. What is thrust? What is it created by?
15. What is drag? What is it overcome by?
16. What is weight?
17. What is the difference between:
• a monoplane and a biplane?
• a military and civil airplane?
• a long range and a short range one?
• a rotorcraft and a fixed-wing aircraft?
• an airliner and a business jet?
• an airplane a helicopter?
18. What are the main airliner systems? What are their functions?

TEST.
34. Interpret these sentences into English.

Variant 1

1. Крыло самолета – это основная несущая поверхность, создающая подъемную

силу и поддерживающая самолет в воздухе.
2. Руль направления и рули высоты, установленные на задних кромках киля и
горизонтального стабилизатора, стабилизируют самолет в крене, тангаже и
рыскании.
3. Когда рули высоты отклонены вниз, самолет пикирует.
4. Почему наш рейс задержан?
5. Багаж загружается в грузовой отсек (сейчас).
6. Неисправность в топливной системе не была обнаружена во время осмотра
воздушного судна.
7. Все пассажиры и члены экипажа выжили, но несколько из них получили травмы и
ушибы.
8. Его обыскали на пункте досмотра, но не нашли каких-либо запрещенных
предметов.
9. Диспетчер не сообщил нам время задержки.
10. Обновленный прогноз был получен 5 минут назад.
Variant 2

1. Кабина экипажа, пассажирский и грузовой отсеки располагаются внутри

фюзеляжа.
2. Когда закрылки выпущены, площадь аэродинамического профиля крыла
увеличивается.
3. Шасси убираются в нишу шасси после взлета и выпускаются перед посадкой,
чтобы самолет мог перемещаться по поверхности земли.
4. Пилот отклонил ручку бокового управления вправо и самолет накренился.
5. Торец полосы был смещен на 200 футов из-за ремонтных работ.
6. Взлет не может выполнятся автопилотом.
7. Почему членов кабинного экипажа не обучают основным навыкам управления ВС?
8. Аварийная посадка нарушила работу аэропорта более, чем на сутки.
9. Нас не предупредили об этом.
10. Мы получили обновленный прогноз 5 минут назад.
11. Они не смогли продолжить взлет из-за лопнувшей покрышки.

Variant 3

1. В современной кабине пилотов находятся 6 дисплеев, встроенных в приборную

панель.
2. Предкрылки, установленные на передней кромке крыла, выпускаются для
увеличения подъемной силы.
3. Три оси вращения воздушного судна пересекаются в точке, которая называется
центр тяжести.
4. Нажимая правую педаль пилот разворачивает самолет вправо.
5. Нас сейчас обрабатывают противообледенительной жидкостью.
6. Обновленный прогноз погоды не был получен.
7. Когда произошло это происшествие?
8. Обломки самолета изучаются членами бюро расследований авиационных
происшествий.
9. Нам не сообщили о задержке.
10. Густой туман сократил дальность видимости на ВПП.
11. Они не смогли долететь до аэродрома назначения из-за малого остатка топлива.

Variant 4

1. Основные части воздушного судна крепятся к его фюзеляжу.

2. Элероны шарнирно закреплены на задней кромке крыла.
3. Тяга производится реактивными двигателями, как правило, расположенными под
крылом и соединёнными с ним пилоном.
4. Когда рули высоты отклонены вверх, самолет кабрирует.
5. Почему ВПП закрыта?
6. Посадка не была выполнена в автоматическом режиме.
7. Заход и посадка были выполнены визуально.
8. В крупных аэропортах багаж, обычно, не загружается на борт грузчиками.
9. Количество тяги, производимой двигателями, зависит от их количества и типа, а
также от веса воздушного судна.
10. Наземный персонал не предупредил нас о неисправности тягача.
11. Дальность видимости на ВПП была сокращена из-за густого тумана.