Study Guide

Keep in mind, this is a ​guide. ​It was made to be pretty extensive, but it should be ​a​​tool in your
tool belt, not the ​only ​tool that you should use to study.

1. Living ​vs ​NonLiving

In order for something to be considered alive, it must have ​all ​of the following (​R​.O.​G​.​U.​E​) :

Reproduction​​- living things make more of themselves

Organ​ization - ​Organ​isms are ​organ​ized. All living things are made up of cells. In mullticellular
organ​isms, like us, these cells can work together to create larger things. Cells are made up of
organelles ​that each have their own function, but work together to allow the cell to live​.​In our
bodies, cells that are of a similar type can work together to create tissues. Tissues come
together to create ​organs​. ​Organs​come together to make ​organ​systems. And all of these
things come together to make an ​organ​ism.

Growth and development ​-​ all living things grow and develop over time, This is true for a
single celled E.Coli to a mighty elephant. However, not all living things grow and develop in the
same way. Think about how you were five years ago? How are you different now? In five
years from now, what will you look like?

Use Energy - ​all Living things use and obtain energy. We learned about how different
organisms can get energy in the ecology unit, but single celled organisms also get energy this
way.

respond to Environment -​Living things change their behaviors based on changes in their
environment. Stimuli leads to response. Keep in mind that a response can be something that’s
very obvious, like running away from a scary monster, or it can be internal like maintaining an
internal balance (homeostasis).

2. ​Ce
​ ​ll ​T​h​e​o​r​y
The Cell Theory was a collection of three sentences that was meant to be the “rules”
that all cells followed:

1. ​All Living Things are made up of 1 or more cells.

[PUT ANOTHER WAY: Some organisms are just 1 cell by itself, but
some are organisms made up of many cells put together].
2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life.
[PUT ANOTHER WAY: Cells can come together to make larger
things]
3. All cells come from cells that already exist.
[PUT ANOTHER WAY: Cells reproduce, and make more cells]
 3. Cell Organelles

Annie The Animal Cell

Phillip the Plant Cell

 Cytoplasm gel-like​ material inside the cell
membrane. ​Holds the other organelles
in place​.

All structures that sit inside the cytoplasm

are called ​organelles​.

Translates from the greek into “Cell Stuff”

Cell Membrane a structure that forms the outer boundary

of the cell and ​allows only certain
materials to move in and out​ of the cell.

Also, offers​protection​ to the cell.

Largest organelle. It ​directs all cell

Nucleus activities​. Contains the genetic
Nucleolus blueprints for the operations of the cell, in
the form of long strands called ​chromatin
(made up of protein and DNA).

Inside the ​nucleus ​is the ​nucleolus, which

is responsible for making ​ribosomes​.

Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – folded
membrane that moves materials around
the cell, ​intracellular transport​.

There are two types: rough and smooth.

 food molecules are broken down and
Mitochondria energy is released here. The
“powerhouse” of the cell.

This is done by a process called cellular

respiration.

Vacuole storage area​ for food, water and wastes.

(many small in animal cells and 1 large in
plant cells)

Lysosomes Contains chemicals that ​digest

(breakdown)wastes​ and worn out cell
parts.

Ribosome Synthesize proteins for the cell.

Some are in the cytoplasm and some are

stuck to the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum.

Golgi Apparatus Prepares proteins and fats that are

created in the ER for transport to the
outside of the cell.

Centrioles Assist in the cell division process. They

are only found in animal cells.
 Organelles Specific to Plant Cells

Cell Wall Gives plant cells that characteristic

“rectangular-ish” shape

rigid structure outside the cell

membrane that supports and protects
the plant cell. The cell wall is made of
cellulose.

Chloroplasts contains the ​green pigment

chlorophyll.

Remember, Phil has chloro​phyll​ in

his chloroplasts.

This is where light energy is

changed into chemical energy in the
form of sugar (glucose). This
process is known as​ ​photosynthesis​.

This organelle is how plants, which

are producers, produce their own
food.
 4. Prokaryotic v​s Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells

1. Prokaryotic – c​ells that have ​no membrane around their

nuclear material​ or no membrane bound organelles.
Example: bacteria and pond scum cells.

2. Eukaryotic –​ ​has a nucleus​ with a membrane around it.

Example: birds, fish, humans and apples (​plants and animals​).
 5. Viruses

A Virus is an infective agent that has a ​capsid ​(protein coat)

and some type of ​nucleic acid

ACTIVE​ ​CYCLE

1. The Virus injects its hereditary material into the host cell.

2. The Viral hereditary material takes control of the cell and begins to
make new virus particles within the cell.

3. The cell bursts open, hundreds of new virus particles are released.
These new virus particles go on to ​infect​ other cells.
 LAENT CYCLE

1. Virus enters the cells and becomes part of the cell’s hereditary
material ​without​ immediately destroying the cell.

2. They can ​hide for up to many years​. (remember, lysogenic has

the longer name, and it’s the longer of the two cycles).

3. When triggered by stress or some other stimulus, they become

active. (It may never be triggered though! In that case, the virus’
DNA just becomes part of the host cell. In fact, about 8% of a
human’s DNA is thought to come from viruses!)