Networks -ppt2

Dr. Savita Nema

Professor
Electrical Engg.
MANIT Bhopal
INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR INDUCTOR
diL t
LL iL   VL
dt 

 
iL  iL at 0  & iL 0   iL at 0  at t  0 
0
1 0 1 1 0
iL   VL dt  iL   VL alt   VL dt
L  L  L 0
1 0
 iL 0     VL dt
L 0
iL 0   is initial state of inductor. It gives past history.
0  to 0  is almost zero and does not contain any impulse.


1 0t
L 0 
VL dt  0 i L 0 

 iL 0  

Say current changes to a finite value from 0  to 0 

di Change in Current Finite value
VL  L  L*  L 
dt Change in Time 0
i.e inf inite voltage should be sup plied by the source.(impossible)
Hence iL 0    iL 0   for an inductor
 STEPS OF FINDING INITIAL CONDITIONS
• Replace all inductors with open circuit or with current source with
value of current flowing at t=0+.
• Replace all capacitors with short circuit or with voltage source with
value of qo/C if there is initial voltage.
• Resistors are left unchanged.
thereafter
• Step 1: Solve the initial values of variables namely currents, voltages and
charge at t=0+
• Step 2: Solve the initial derivatives of variables at t =0+

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INITIAL & FINAL CONDITIONS OF ELEMENTS

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 Switch s is closed at t=0 Find i(0+) & di/dt(0+) Equivalent circuit at t=0+ Applying KVL to the given circuit,
Prb-1
L acts as O.C. V = L di(t)/dt +R i(t)

At t =0+,

L di(0+)/dt +R i (0+)=V

since i (0+)=0 Hence di(0+)/dt=V/L

With no initial charge on capacitor switch ‘S’ is Equivalent circuit at t=0+ i (t 0 )  v(t ) / R
Prb-2 closed at t=0
1
C
C acts as a short circuit. At t  0 v(t )  Ri (t )  i (t )dt ..... (1)
Find i(0+) and di(0+)/dt , d2i/dt2
di i (t ) di i (0  ) v(t )
0R     2
dt C dt RC R C
2
d i 1 di
Differentiating (1) 0  R 2 
dt C dt
d 2i 1 di i (0 ) v(t )
2
  2  3
dt RC dt R C RC

di(t)/dt and d2i(t)/dt2 = ? at t = 0+ Equivalent circuit at t=0+ i (0)  0 Vc (0)  0

Prb-3
di 1
dt C 
V  Ri  L  idt .......(1)

di (0) di (0) V
V  Ri (0)  L  0,   100 A / sec
dt dt L
di 2
d i i d i (0  )
2
R di (0)
0R L 2   2
  10000 A / sec 2
dt dt C dt L dt
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 PRB 1
In the given circuit, switch ‘k’ is opened at t=0.
Find the values of v, dv/dt, d2v/dt2 at t = 0+.

At t= 0- v(0-)=0
Hence vc(0+)=0

V dv
At t  0 C  10............(1)
R dt
dv(0) 10 V (0) 10
   6 107 volts / sec At t= 0+
dt C CR 10
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. t
1 dv d 2v
 C 2  0................(2)
R dt dt
d 2v 1 dv After t= 0+
   10 11
volts / sec 2

dt 2 CR dt
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PRB 5-6/VV At t=0 switch is opened vk, dvk/dt , d2vk/dt2= ??
2
i ( 0 )   4 A i ( 0 )  4
0.5
(iL cant change ins tan tan eouly)
vk ( 0  )  0
iL(0+)
SC

R R
iL(0-)

1
Circuit at t=0- Circuit at t=0+
vk   idt
C
dvk (0 ) i (0 ) 4
   8 A / sec
dt C 0.5 7
 PRB 5-7/VV Switch is opened at t=0 Find v(0+), dv(0+)/dt, d2v(0+)/dt2

v At t  0, C gets short circuited v (0 )  0

v dv
R C  10...........(1)
I K C R dt
dv(0 ) v ( 0 )
 10   107V / sec
R= 1K,C=1µF,I=10A dt R
Differentiating (1)
v
1 dv d 2v
C 2  0
SC R dt dt
d 2v 1 dv
2
  10 A / sec
4 2
At t=0+ dt RC dt 8
 PRB 5-9/VV
Steady state is reached with switch ‘k’ open. At t=0, switch ‘k’ is closed. Find Va(0-) and Va(0+).

At t  0 
5 5 2
iL (0 )   
10 30 3
5 10
va (0)  5  10 
30 3
At node a
va  5 va va  vb
  0
10 10 20
5va  vb  10..........(1)
At node b
vb  5 vb  va 2
   0..........(2)
5 20 3
Circuit at t=0- Circuit at t=0+ 40
From (1) & (2) va (0) 
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 PRB5-9/VV
Steady state is reached with switch ‘k’ is closed. At t=0, switch
‘k’ is closed. Find Va(0-) and Va(0+).
5 10
va ( 0  )  5   10 
30 3
5 5 2
iL (0 )   
10 30 3

va  5 va va  vb
  0
10 10 20
5va  vb  10.......(1)
Circuit at t=0- Circuit at t=0+
vb  5 vb  va 2
  0
10 20 3
40
 va  3vb   10.......(2)
3
From (1) and ( 2)
40
Circuit after t=0+ va ( 0  ) 
21 10
PRB5-15/VV
At t=0, switch ‘k’ is closed. Find V1(0-) and V2(0+), dv1/dt, dv2/dt,d2v2/dt2 at t=0+ and v1 and v2
at t=0+.

K R1

L V1
di di (0) V1 (0) di (0)
V C
R2
L  V1   0
V2 dt dt L dt
dV2 (0) di (0) dV (0)
V2  R2i ,  R2  2 0
dt dt dt
Vc 0    0  V1 0    V2 0  , iC 0   
V 1
R1 V1  V2   iC dt
R1 C
iL 0    0 Hence V1 0    0 V2 0    0
i OC V1(0+)
dV1 (0) dV2 (0) iC (0) dV (0) V
   1 
V1    0 as inductor behaves as S .C.
V
C dt dt C dt R1C
R2 V2(0+)
V  R2
Circuit at t=0+
V2    d 2V2 di d 2i dV1 d 2i V
R1  R2 For 2 L  V1  L 2   2 
dt dt dt dt dt R1 LC
d 2V2 d 2i d 2V2 R2 V
R1 V1 V2  R2i  2  R2 2  2 
dt dt dt R1 LC
V R2
V2
Circuit at t=infinity
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PRB 5-3/VV R=1000 ohms, L=1H, C=0.1µF, V=100V At t=0 K is moved
from a to b. Find i(0+), di(0+)/dt, d2i(0+)/dt2

di 1
Ri  L   idt  0.............(1)
dt C
di 0   R
  i (0 )  102 amp / sec2
dt L
Differentiating eq.1
di d 2i I
R
R
R L 2  0
iL(0-) C V/R dt dt C
Circuit at t=0- Circuit at t=0+ d 2i 1  i di 
   R 
dt 2
L C dt 
V
i ( 0 )  vc (0 )  0 d 2i
R  9  105
amp / sec 2

dt 2 12
PRB K is closed at t=0 Find i1(0+), i2(0+), di2/dt at t=0+

i2 0     i2 0  
50 10

5 15 3
i2 VC 0    10 
K 10 100
V
10 10 3 3

i1 1 1 100
50 10i1   i1dt  50 As  i1dt  at t  0 
2H C C 3
2
10i1 0    50   i1 0    A
100 5
3 3
di2 0  
 50  10i2 0  
di
10i2  L2  50  L2
dt dt
di2 0   1  100  25
  50   A / sec
dt L2  3  3 13
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
• The classical methods of solving Differential equation consist of three steps:
• (i) determination of complementary function,
• (ii) determination of particular integral, and
• iii) determination of arbitrary constants.
• These methods become difficult for the equations containing derivatives; and
transform methods prove to be superior.
• Laplace transform transforms a time domain differential equation into frequency
domain algebraic equation where independent variable is a complex frequency
variable s = σ+jω
• s Complex frequency
• where, σ real part of s and is called the neper frequency,
• ω is Imaginary part of s (radian frequency)
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 ADVANTAGES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• It gives complete solution.
• Initial conditions are automatically considered in the transformed
equations.
• Much less time is involved in solving differential equations as these
are converted into algebraic equation.
• It gives systematic and routine solutions for differential equations.
• It converts a function of a positive real variable t (usually time) to a
complex function of a complex variable s (frequency)

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 Physical Significance of Complex Frequency
i(t) = I0est = I0e(σ+jω )t = I0eσt (cosωt +j sinωt)

ω decides the number of oscillations per second

σ decides the magnitude of these oscillations Variation for σ = 0

Variation for σ > 0 Variation for σ < 0 16

17
SOME USEFUL IDENTITIES

L F (t )  F s    f t e  st dt
0

L f t  a  
1 1
L u (t ) 
s sa
f t   sf s   f 0  
d
L
dt
F s  f (0)
L  f t dt 
t

0 s s
Initial Value Theorem
lim t 0 f (t )  lim s  sF ( s )
Final Value Theorem
lim t  f (t )  lim s 0 sF ( s ) 18
TRANSFORMED CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

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20
 Li(0+) V0/s=Q0/sC

R L C
K R sL 1/sC
K
I(t) I(t)

PRB-1
1
R C  idt  Ri  V

1  I ( s ) q (0 )  V
  RI ( S ) 
V C C  s S  S

if q0    0. i t   e  t / RC t  0
V
R

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PRB-2 Switch is closed at t=0. Find i2(t)

di
1.  20i1  10i2  100. u (t ).................(1)
dt
di
 10i1  20i2  2  0
dt

10
1 1 s  20I1 s   10 I 2 s   100
K s
10  s  20 100 / s 
I1 I2 10  10 
I 2 s    
100 0
 s  20  10 
 10 s  20
 

 1000 / s s 2  40s  300   3.33
s

s

1.67
s  10 s  30
I 2 t   3.33  5e 10t  1.67 e 30t

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