SOLUTION 1

A) Piston velocities
NOTE: Unit handling is easier when calculating in SI-units (even though initial values and results are in
many cases more describing in non SI-units such as l/min or bar)

Volume flow to SI-units (m3/s)

qVs11
qVs11   1.67 10 4 m3/s
60 1000

Piston area of cylinder 1 (actuating cylinder)

  d s112
As11   3.12  10  3 m2
4

Piston velocity of cylinder 1

qVs11
vs1   0.0535 m/s
As11

In order to calculate the exiting flow of cylinder 1, the ring surface area As13 (rod side) must be calculated
  d s112   d s12 2
As13    2.41  10  3 m2
4 4

The exiting flow from cylinder 1

qVs13  vs1  As13  1.29  10 4 m3/s

Changing the unit to l/min

qVs13  60  1000  7.73 l/min

This is the volume flow entering the cylinder 2 (lift cylinder) generating its piston movement. In order to
calculate the velocity, area As21 must be calculated

  d s212
As21   1.26  10  3 m2
4

The piston velocity of cylinder 2 is

qVs13
vs2   0.1026 m/s
As21

B) Velocities equal?
In order for the piston velocities to be equal, the piston area As21 of cylinder 2 must be the same as the ring
surface area As13 of cylinder 1.
C) Lift height
The total oil volume, exiting cylinder 1 during full stroke, is

Vs13  ls1  As13  6.03  10 4 m3

This volume induces in cylinder 2 a piston motion of

Vs13
xs2   0.48 m
As21

D) Lift height, would the stroke of cylinder 1 be doubled

The total oil volume, exiting cylinder 1 during full stroke, would be

Vs13  2  ls1  As13  1.21  103 m3

This volume would result in a piston motion of (in cylinder 2)

Vs13
xs2   0.96 m
As21

This, however, exceeds the stroke of cylinder 2 (500 mm) and is hence is not achievable. The maximum lift
height in this case is limited by stroke to 500 mm (cylinder 2 would stop to position of maximum extension,
also stopping the actuating cylinder).

E) The pressure ps11 required for lifting the load

The load m exerts force Fs2 in cylinder 2

Fs2  mg  4.91  104 N

The pressure need ps21 in cylinder 2 to counter the force is

Fs2
ps21   3.907  107 Pa
As21

, which is in bars

ps21  105  390.7 bar

This pressure acting on the rod side of cylinder 1 creates force Fs13 which acts to retract the cylinder (move
piston to left, inwards).

Fs13  ps21  As13  9.42  104 N

In order to extend the cylinder 1, a equal but opposing force is required (in an ideal system). This is
achieved by creating a pressure ps11 on the piston side
 Fs13
ps11   3.021  107 Pa
As11

Alternatively, the piston side pressure can be calculated directly utilizing known rod side pressure and area
ratio (piston area vs. rod side annular surface area).

As13
ps11   ps21  3.021  107 Pa
As11

, which is in bars

ps11  105  302.1 bar

SOLUTION 2

Case 1: A3
3 A1 v
cm
300 F
qV 1 s  3 cm  0.03 m
v 
A1 100 cm 2 s s
q
q V2
V1
N
F  p  A1  100  10 5 2  100  10  4 m 2  100 kN
m
p=100bar

Case 2: A3
3 A1 v
cm
300 F
q s  6 cm  0.06 m
v  V1 
A3 50 cm 2 s s
q
V2
N q
F  p  A3  100  105 2  50  10 4 m 2  50 kN V1
m
p=100bar
Case 3: A3
A1 v
qV 3  v  A1 , qV 2  v  A3 , qV 3  qV 1  qV 2 F
qV 1
v  A1  v  A3  qV 1  v  qV2
 A1  A3  q
V3
cm 3 q
300 V1
s cm m
v 6  0.06
100  50 cm 2
s s
p=100bar

 F  p  A1  p  A3  0

F  p  A1  A3   100  105
N
2
 50  10 4 m 2  50 kN
m
A23 v
A1
F
Selecting the piston areas to fulfill criteria A1  2  A3
will result in equal piston velocities in both directions
when connections for outward stroke are as in case 3
and for inward stroke as in case 2. One possible
implementation of such system adjacent.

SOLUTION 3

Applying equation of continuity, v

q V,p  qV 1  qV 4
qV 3  qV 1  qV 2
qV3
m
Piston velocity v  0.5 qV2
s
qV 2   A1  A2  v  0.003  0.001 m 2  0.5
m qV1 qV4
s
m3 qV,p
 0.001
s
m m3
qV 3  A1  v  0.003 m 2  0.5  0.0015
s s
 m3 m3
qV 1  qV 3  qV 2  0.0015  0.001
l
 0.0005  30
s s min
 50  30 
l l
qV 4  q V,p  qV 1  20
min min

Case A: one restrictor

Calculating the pressure loss in the restrictor

2
 20 m 3  kg
 q    2  860 3
2  p
qV 4  C q  Ak   p   V 4     60000 s   m
 C A  2  0.002 m 2  2
 q k  0 .7    
 4 
 98.79 bar

Forming force balance of piston and resolving the force

p  A1  p   A1  A2   F  F  p  A2

 F  98.79  10 5  0.001  9879 N  9.9 kN

Case B: two restrictos in series

The same volume flow flows through both restrictors ( qV 4 ).

q V4 dk dk
p p p
1 2 3

The total pressure difference is the sum of pressure differences across restrictors.
ptot  ( p1  p 2 )  ( p 2  p3 )  p kok  p1  p3
2
 q  
p1  p 2   V 4  
C  A  2
 q k 
2
 q  
p 2  p3   V 4  
C  A  2
 q k 
2 2 2
 q    qV 4    qV 4    1 1 
ptot   V4           
C  A  2 C  A  2  C  2  A2 A2 
 q k   q k   q   k k 
2
 20 m 3 
q 
2  
1  60000 s   860 kg 1
  V4   2  
C  Ak   m3  0.002m 2
2
 q  0 .7 
    
   
 4 
 19.7 MPa

Forming force balance of piston and resolving the force

F  p  A2  19.7  10 6 Pa  0.001m 2  19.7kN

Case C: two paraller restrictors

There pressure difference is common across both restrictors. The volume flow qV 4 is in
this case the sum of flows through bot restrictors.

q V4 dk

dk

Solving the pressure difference.

2  p 2  p 2  p
qV 4  C q  Ak   C q  Ak   C q  2  Ak 
  
2
 20 m 3  kg
    860 3
qV 4  
2

 p    60000 s  m
2  C q  2  Ak  0.002m  
2 2 2
 2

2  0 .7   2   
2


 4 
 2.47 MPa
Forming force balance of piston and resolving the force

F  p  A2  2.47  10 6 Pa  0.001m 2  2.47kN