deCAPITOL

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Cagayan De Oro City

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ME 24

HYDROPOWER CALCULATIONS
TITLE

Plate No. 6

EVALUATION RATING:
DATE PERFORMED: Criteria for Rating (100 pts.)
December 11, 2020
Criteria Actual
DATE DUE:
Score
December 12, 2020  Promptness (20 pts.)

SUBMITTED BY:  Neatness (10 pts.)

Vincent Rey Olario  Computations/Answers/

Data Analysis and Sketches
SUBMITTED TO: (40 pts.)
 Conclusion and
Dr. Rogelio C. Golez, Jr Recommendatio
Professor n (30 pts.)

Total Score

SEMESTER: 1ST School Year: 2020 - 2021

 LABORATORY REPORT 6

HYDROPOWER CALCULATIONS

A. Objectives: To be able to;

1. Familiarize with the basic calculations for Hydroelectric generating power plant

2. Apply the formulas identified.

3. Calculate the hydropower and efficiency.

B. Problem Solving. Show complete solutions.

B1. General Fluid Mechanics Questions

1. An open tank contains 9.4 ft of water (density = 62.4 lb/ft 3) beneath 1.8 ft oil (s.g. = 0.85). The pressure at the
bottom of the tank is:
Solution:

P=γ water hwater + γ oil hoil

P= (62.4 ) ( 9.4 ) + [ ( 0.85 )( 62.4 ) ] ( 1.8 )

lb
682.032
ft 2
P= 2
=4.74 psi
144 ¿ 2
ft

a. 4.74 psi b. 0.66 psi c. 2.74 psi d. 8.74 psi

2. An open tank contains 5.7 m of water covered with 2.8 m of kerosene (  = 8.0 kN/m3). Find the pressure at the
bottom of the tank.
Solution:
P=γ water hwater + γ kerosene h kerosene

P= ( 9.81 )( 5.7 )+ ( 8.0 )( 2.8 )

P=78.2 kPa

a. 22.44 kPa b. 48.2 kPa c. 78.2 kpa d. 52.4 kPa

3. What is the density of water vapor at 350 kPa abs and 20 deg. Celcius if its gas constant (R) is 0.462 kPa- m3/kg-K.
Solution:

P 350 kg
ρ= = =2.59 3
RT (0.462)(20+ 273) m

a. 5.29 kg/m3 b. 9.52 kg/m3 c. 2.59 kg/m3 d. 1.49 kg/m3

4. It determines how easily the fluid will flow and is required to solve most flow problems.

a. Viscosity b. Velocity c. Pressure drop d. Weight

5. When a fluid if flowing in a horizontal pipe of uniform diameter, both the velocity and the potential head
changes is

a. increasing b. decreasing c. zero d. doubled

6 - 7. A pump transfers 5kW of power to brine (RD 1.08) which flows at a rate of 20 L/s in a horizontal pipe.

6. The volumetric flow rate, V is

Solution:
0.001 m 3 m3
Q= (20 L/ s ) ( 1L )
=0.02
s

a. 20 m3/s b. 20x10 m3/s c. 2,000 m3/s d. 0.02 m3/s

7. The mass flow rate is

Solution:
m=ρQ =( 1020 )( 0.02 )
¿ 30 N
a. 21.6 kg/s b. 12.6 kg/s c. 16.2 kg/s d. 10.8 kg/s

8. What would be the weight of a 3 kg mass on a planet where the acceleration due to gravity is 10.00 m/s2?

Solution:

m
W =mg=( 3 kg ) 10.00
( s2 )
=30 N

a. 30 N b. 20 N c. 10 N d. 40 N

9. If the specific weight of a substance is 8.2 kN/m 3, what is its mass density?
Solution:
γ 8200 kg
ρ= = =836 3
g 9.81 m
a. 802 kg/m3 b. 981 kg/m3 c. 836 kg/m3 d. 457 kg/m3

10. The flow rate of air moving through a square 0.50m by 0.50m duct is 160 m 3/min. What is the average velocity
of the air?

Solution:

Q= Av ; v=
Q
=
(160 m 3/min) ( 601 minsec ) =10.7 m
2
A 0.50 m s

a. 2.45 m/s b. 6.57 m/s c. 10.7 m/s d. 12.5 m/s

11.The force required to move, at a unit velocity, a flat plate of a unit area located at a unit distance from fixed plate,
where the space between the plates is filled with fluid.

a. Absolute Viscosity b. Kinematic Viscosity c. Bulk modulus d. None of these

12. Vacuum is a term applied to all pressures

a. greater than atmospheric. c. less than absolute zero.

b. less than atmospheric. d. all of the above.

13. How many kPa absolute is 100 psia equal to?

Solution:

( 100 psia ) ( 689.476 Pa 689476 Pa

1 psi )
=
1000
=689 Kpa
 a. 689 kPaa b. 869 kPaa c. 968 kPaa d. 896 kPaa

14. Convert a reading of 78 psi to kPa absolute.

Solution:

( 78 psi ) ( 6.89476
1 psi
kPa
)=538 kPa
P|¿| P g+ P atm=538+ 101.325=691.1 kPaa
a. 538 kPaa b. 639.1 kPaa c. 723.1 kPaa d. 724.1 kPaa

15. Determine the pressure at the 5-ft depth in a 50-ft diameter tank of SAE 30 oil (specific weight = 55.6 lb/ ft3).

Solution:
lb

P=
( 55.6
ft )
(5 ft )
3
=1.93 psi
2
144 ¿ 2
ft

a. 1.93 psi b. 278 psi c. 3.34 psi d. 246 psi

16. If the viscosity number is too low, the oil will be

a. too thin b. too thick c. no physical changes d. none of the above

17. Is not a unit of Absolute viscosity.

a. Poise c. Poise e. Stokes

b. N-seconds / sq. meter d. Saybolt Seconds Universal

18. It determines how easily the fluid will flow and is required to solve most flow problems.

a. Viscosity b. Velocity c. Pressure drop d. Weight

19. Temperature affects viscosity inversely.

a. True b. False c. Insufficient data

20. If the viscosity number is too high, the oil will be

a. too thin b. too thick c. no physical changes

21. Property by which droplets of water (or water molecules) adhere to each other and other surfaces. When

water molecules stick to each other it is called:

a. cohesion b. adhesion c. tension d. none of the above

22. Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume of fluid.

a. True b. False

23. A quart of SAE 30 oil at 68 deg. F (RD = 0.888) weighs about 4kg. Calculate the oil’s specific weight of the SAE 30 oil.
 a. 39.2 kN/m3
b. 42.3 kN/m3 c. 28.6 kN/m3 d. 31.7 kN/m3

24. It is the cause why you need larger force to stir oil than to stir water.

a. Viscosity b. Temperature c. Pressure d. none of the above

25. What is the specific weight of the glycerin in problem 18?

a. 21.16 kN/m3 b. 12.36 kN/m3c.12.61kN/m3 d. 11.77 kN/m3

26. Golf balls have dimples because

a. the dimples look cool. There is no aerodynamic advantage to the dimples.

b. the dimples suppress turbulence and thereby reduce skin friction.

c. the dimples promote turbulence, which has the effect of reducing the size of the wake.

d. the dimples generate additional lift force when the golf ball spins.

e. the dimples reduce the variability in the flow caused by changes in relative humidity.

27. A 1x1 m tank is filled with oil (s.g. = 0.82) and the remaining is water. When it is translated vertically upward
at 5.10m/s/s, the pressure at the bottom is:

Solution:

P= ( ρgh)oil + ( ρgh )water

P= ( 0.82×5.10 × 1 )+ (1.00 × 5.10× 1 )=10.63 kPa

a. 10.63 kPa b. 13.576 kPa c. 12.87 kPa d. 11.49 kPa

28. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m 3. Find the density of the glycerin.

Solution:

m 1200 kg kg
ρ= = =1261
v 0.952 m3 m3

a. 2116 kg/m3 b. 1236 kg/m3 c. 1261 kg/m3 d. 1177 kg/m3

29. If 6 m3 of oil weighs 47 kN, calculate its density.

Solution:
47 × 103 N
m= =4791 kg
9.81m
s2
 m 4791 kg kg
ρ= = =798.5
v 6 m3 m3
a. approx. 890 kg/m3 b. approx. 800 kg/m3c. approx. 650 kg/m3 d. approx. 600kg/m3
30. A closed tank contains 0.610 m of mercury (s.g. = 13.6), 1.524 m of water, 2.438 m of oil (s.g. = 0.75) and an air
space of 1.0 m above the oil. If the pressure at the bottom of the tank is 276 kPa, what should be the reading of the
gage in the top of the tank?
Solution:
Pbottom=Pair + γ mercury hmercury + γ W h w + γ oil hoil
276=Pair + ( 13.6× 0.610 ) + ( 0.99709 ×1.524 )+ ( 0.75× 2.438 )
Pair=264.36 kPa≈ 293 kPa
a. approx. 541 kPa b. approx. 354 kPa c. approx. 293 kPa d. approx. 162 kPa

31. Convert 25 kPa to N/mm2:

Solution:

25 kPa × ( 0.001
mm2
1 kPa
)
=0.025
N
mm2
a. 0.025 N/mm2 b. 0.25N/mm2 c. 0.0025 N/mm2 d. None of the above

32. Convert 500 gallons to cubic meters:

Solution:

0.00378541178 m3
500 Gallon × ( 1 Gallon )
=1.8927 m3

a. approx. 2.2 m3 b. approx. 1.9 m3 c. approx. 1.6 m3 d. approx. 2.1 m3

33. Mass density of water is equivalent to:

a. 9810 kg/ m3
b. 1,000 kg/ m3 c. 101325 kg/ m3 d. 981 kg/ m3

34. Given a pressure of 300 kPa, at what depth in a stand pipe containing water which corresponds to that
pressure.

Solution:

P= ρgh
300000 Pa
h= =30.6122 m
(1000)(9.81)
a. 25.34 m b. 28.8 m c. 30.58 m d. 32.25 m

35. If m is the mass of a fluid and V is its volume, the density ρ of this fluid is calculated as:

a. V/m b. m/g c. m/V d. mg

36. If ρ is the density of a fluid, the specific volume is defined as:

a. 1/ρ b. ρ g c. g/ρ d. ρ / g

37. If W is the weight of a volume V of a liquid, then, the specific weight of a liquid, γ , is given by:

a. V/W b. W/g c. W/V d. Wg

38. If a force F acts on a surface A, then the pressure p on the surface is defined as:

a. F/A b. A/F c. AF d. F/A2

39. Let pabsbe the absolute pressure at a point, pgagebe the gage pressure, and patmbe the atmospheric pressure

at the same point. The absolute pressure is calculated as:

 a. pabs= pgage + patm c. pabs= patm- pgage

b. pabs= pgage - patm d. pabs= patm/pgage

40. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using an instrument called:

a. rotameter b. pitot tube c. barometer d. hot-wire anemometer

41. A barometer is an instrument used to measure .

a. flow velocity c. absolute viscosity

b. atmospheric pressure d. fluid density

42. Which of the following instruments would you use to measure pressure?

a. propeller meter b. v-notch weir c. rotameter d. Bourdon gage

43. Is interpreted as the height of a column of fluid of specific weight γ required to give a pressure difference

p1 - p2.

a. Gage pressure c. Pressure head

b. Atmospheric pressure d. Absolute pressure

44. The pressure at a point within a fluid mass can be designated as either

a. an absolute pressure c. an atmospheric pressure

b. a pressure head d. a vacuum pressure

45. A negative gage pressure is also referred to as a suction or a

a. an absolute pressure c. an atmospheric pressure

b. a pressure head d. a vacuum pressure

B2. Hydropower Performance and Efficiency Calculations

1. In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an elevation of 120 m to a turbine,
where electric power is generated. The total irreversible head loss in the piping system from point 1 to
point 2 (excluding the turbine unit) is determined to be 35 m. If the overall efficiency of the turbine–
generator is 80 percent, estimate the electric power output.
Given:
Q = 100 m3 /s; h = 120 m ;hL = 30 m ; e = 80 %

Required:

Electrical Power Output

Solution:

kg m3 kg
ṁ=ρQ = 1000( m3 )(
100
s )
=100000
s

P1 V 12 P2 V 22
+α + Z 1 + H pump = +α + Z 2+ H turbine + H L
ρg 2g ρg 2g
H turbine=Z 1−H L

H turbine=120−35=85 m

kg m
w turbine (
˙ =ṁ g H turbine = 100000
s)( )
9.81 2 ( 85 m ) ¿
s
w Electric =¿ n turbine˙ generator w turbine
˙ ¿
 ˙ MW )=66.7 MW ¿
w Electric =¿ ( 0.80 )( 83.4