Axial Capacity

of Single Piles

UPPUN, Masriflin T.
 Methods

• Pile driving formulae

• Static load test
• Dynamic or Statnamic load test
• Static formulae
 Pile driving formulae
• e.g. Hiley formula (Energy balance)
Q= e.W.h .
F (set + tc / 2)
• Ru= working load, W=weight of the
hammer, h= height of the hammer drop
(stroke), F=factor of safety
F
• tc= elastic (temporary) compression s
• e = efficiency Ru
tc
D
 Static Load Test
Load What is the
Plunging failure failure load?

Load to specified
Davisson’s Method
What is the distribution contract requirement
Butler and Hoy
of resistance?
Chin’s Method
Brinch Hanson
Approximate methods
etc. etc.
Instrumentation

Deflection
 Dynamic and Statnamic
Testing Methods
• Rapid alternatives to static testing
• Cheaper
• Separate dynamic resistance
• Correlation
Pu

Axial Capacity

Qs Pu = Qb + Qs - W
W

Qb
 Base Resistance
Qb = Ab [cbNc + P’ob(Nq-1) + 0.5gBNg + Pob]

minus weight of pile, Wp

but Wp  Ab.Pob
and as L >>B, 0.5gBNg << Wp
Qb
and for f > 0, Nq - 1  Nq

Qb = Ab [cbNc + P’obNq]
 Shaft Resistance
Due to cohesion or friction As
Cohesive component : Qsc = As . a . cs

Frictional component : Qsf = As .K P’ostan d

P’os
K.P’os

Qs = Qsc + Qsf = As [ a .cs + K P’ostan d ]

 Total Pile Resistance

Qu = Qb + Qs

Qu = Ab [cbNc+P’obNq] + As [ a .cs+K P’otan d ]

How do we compute Qu when shaft resistance

along the pile is varying?
 Mobilization

10 - 20% diam

2 - 5mm
Load

Total

Base

Shaft

Settlement
 Piles in Sand

Qu = Ab [cbNc+P’obNq] + As [ a .cs+K P’ostan d ]

Qu = Ab [cbNc+P’obNq] + As [ a .cs+K P’ostan d ]

Qu = Ab P’obNq] + AsK P’ostan d ]

Overburden Stress P’ob
Qu = Ab P’obNq] + AsK P’ostan d ]

Meyerhof Method : P’ob = g’z

Vesic Method : critical depth, zc

for z < zc : P’ob = g’z
for z > zc : P’ob = g’zc
zc/d is a function of f after installation
- see graph p. 24
 Critical Depth (zc)

20

15
W.T.

zc / d
zc

vc 10

0
28 33 38 43
d
f
 Bearing Factor, Nq
Qu = Ab P’obNq] + AsK P’ostan d ]

NTotal
q is aend
function of :may
bearing friction
alsoangle, f
be limited:
Layered soils :
What may bef reduced
Nqaffects • In-situ
if penetration
Meyerhof : Qb?< Ab 50N q
density
tanf
• Particle properties
insufficient. e.g. Meyerhof (p 21)
Beware if f is pre-• Installation procedure
or post-installation:
Nq determined from graphs appropriate
to each particular method
Nq factor (Berezantzev’s Method)
1000

If D/B <4
Nq
reduce
proportionately
100
to Terzaghi and
Peck values
For driven piles : f ' = 0.75 f '1 +10
For bored piles : f  = f1 − 3

10
25 30 35 40 45
f
Overburden Stress P’os
Qu = Ab P’obNq] + AsK P’ostan d ]

Meyerhof Method : P’os = g’zmid

Vesic Method : critical depth, zc

for zmid < zc : P’ob = g’z
for zmid > zc : P’ob = g’zc
zc/d is a function of f after installation
- see graph p. 24
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA
TANAH LEMPUNG (KOHESIF)
Qu = Ab [cbNc+P’obNq] + As [ a .cs+K P’otan d ]
Qu = AbcbNc + Asa .cs
Undrained
Qu =
Q =AAb [c
[cbN +P’obN
Nc+P’ Nq]] +
+A a .c
As [[ a .cs+K+K P’ tan dd ]]
P’otan
u b b c ob q s s o

Qu = Ab P’obNq + AsK P’ostan d

Drained / Effective
Qbu P’
Qu = A + cA+sK
AbNcqbN
= ob AsP’
ao.c
tan
s
d
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TAK TERDRAINASE (UNDRAINED)
Qu = AbcbNc + Asa .cs Undrained
Ab = Luas Penampang ujung bawah (m²)
Cb = Kohesi Undrained tanah di ujung tiang (kN/m²)
Nc = Faktor Kapasitas Dukung
As = Luas Selimut Tiang (m²)
a = Faktor Adhesi
Cs = Kohesi Undrained di sepanjang Tiang

Bila Tiang terletak di dalam tanah lempung, kapasitas

tiang dihitung pembebanan tak terdrainase
(undrained), kecuali jika lempung termasuk jenis
terkonsolidasi berlebihan (overconsolidated).
KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TAK TERDRAINASE (UNDRAINED)
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TAK TERDRAINASE (UNDRAINED)
Tiang beton dengan diameter (d) 0,45 m dan panjang (L) 15
m akan dipancang menembus tanah lempung, dengan
kondisi lapisan sebagai berikut :

Kedalaman
0–5m Lempung; γ1’ = 10 kN/m³, Cu1 = 30 kPa, ϕu1 = 0˚
5 – 25 m Lempung; γ2’ = 13 kN/m³, Cu1 = 40 kPa, ϕu1 = 0˚

Hitung kapasitas ultimit tiang tersebut dalam kondisi

Undrained
 KAPASITAS TIANG BOR CETAK
PADA TANAH LEMPUNG
• Pekerjaan pengeboran tanah pada
pemasangan tiang menyebabkan
perubahan kuat geser tanah lempung
yang cukup serius.
• Selain itu, pengecoran beton juga
menambah kadar air dari tanah lempung
sehingga mengurangi kuat geser
lempung.
KAPASITAS TIANG BOR CETAK
PADA TANAH LEMPUNG
KAPASITAS TIANG BOR CETAK
PADA TANAH LEMPUNG
 KAPASITAS TIANG BOR CETAK
PADA TANAH LEMPUNG
Tiang bor dengan diameter (d) 0,50 m dan panjang (L) 20 m
akan dipasang pada tanah lempung dengan kondisi lapisan
sebagai berikut :

Kedalaman Cu (kPa)
0 – 1,5 30
1,5 – 8 50
➢8 75

Bila Muka Air tanah di permukaan, hitung kapasitas tiang

dan kapasitas ijin tiang, bila faktor aman F = 2,5
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA
TANAH LEMPUNG (KOHESIF)
Qu = Ab [cbNc+P’obNq] + As [ a .cs+K P’otan d ]
Qu = AbcbNc + Asa .cs
Undrained
Qu =
Q =AAb [c
[cbN +P’obN
Nc+P’ Nq]] +
+A a .c
As [[ a .cs+K+K P’ tan dd ]]
P’otan
u b b c ob q s s o

Qu = Ab P’obNq + AsK P’ostan d

Drained / Effective
Qbu P’
Qu = A + cA+sK
AbNcqbN
= ob AsP’
ao.c
tan
s
d
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)
Qu = Ab P’obNq + AsK P’ostan d
Ab = Luas Penampang Ujung bawah tiang (m²)
P’ob = Tekanan Overburden pada ujung bawah tiang (kN/m²)
Nq = Faktor kapasitas dukung diambil dari grafik “hitungan
kapasitas tiang pada tanah pasir”
As = Luas/keliling Selimut Tiang (m²)
P’os = Tekanan overburden disepanjang selimut tiang (kN/m²)
K = Koefisien yang tergantung dari kondisi tanah
δ = sudut gesek pada kondisi undrained dinding tiang
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)

Jika Muka Air Tanah (MAT) terletak di atas dasar tiang,

Maka dalam menghitung tekanan Overburden (Po’)
untuk tanah yang terendam digunakan berat
volume tanah terapung (γ’).
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)

Qu = AbcbNc + Asa .cs Undrained

Qu = Ab P’obNq + AsK P’ostan d Drained

Jika Tiang berada dalam tanah lempung berpasir dengan kohesi

(c) yang besar dan sudut gesek (ϕ) sangat kecil, maka hitungan
kapasitas komponen gesekan diabaikan.

Sebaliknya, jika dijumpai tanah dengan ϕ >> C, maka hitungan

untuk komponen kohesi di abaikan (c = 0)

Akan tetapi, jika tanah mempunyai komponen kohesi (c) dan

gesek (ϕ) memiliki nilai yang berarti maka komponen kohesi dan
komponen gesekan di HARUS di hitung.
KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)
 KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)
Tiang Beton BUJUR SANGKAR dengan lebar 0,4 m dan
panjang 8 m dipancang di dalam tanah PASIR BERLEMPUNG
dengan c = 40 kN/m², ϕ = 28˚ dan berat volume basah γb = 21
kN/m².
Jika dianggap muka air tanah sangat dalam, hitung
kapasitas ultimit dan kapsitas ijin ,bila F = 2,5. Berat volume
beton 24 kN/m².
KAPASITAS TIANG PADA KONDISI
TERDRAINASE (DRAINED)
 Driven Piles in Clay

2.0

1.5
Average curve for sensitivea
marine clay
Du
vo 1.0
Average curve for clays of
low-medium sensitivity
0.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
r
a
 Driven Piles in Clay

300 30

Bearing capacity in tons

Bearing capacity in kN

200 x 215mm conrete

250 25
(Gothenberg)
200 20

150 15
300 x 150mm tapered timber (Drammen)
100 10
300 x 125mm I-Beam 150mm (8 in) steel tube (San Francisco)
50 5
(Gothenberg)

0
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Time after driving in days
 Nc Parameter
10

Bending capacity factor Nc 9

8
Nc
7

5
0 1 2 3 4 5
L/d B

Compare Skempton’s Nc for shallow foundations

Nc= 5(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/ B)
 Adhesion Factor, a
Aust. Piling Code,
AS159 (1978)

1.0
2
Undrained shear strength (cu ) kN/m
50 100 150 200 250 0.8

Reduction Factor , a
2.0
Figures denote penetration ratio =
Adhesion factor

Depth of penetration in clay 0.6

1.5 Pile diameter Key:
49 49 Steel tube piles
19 49 56 Precast concrete
1.0 13 15 piles 0.4
13 17 27
44 39 33 Design curve for
44 39 27 penetration ratio > 20
33
0.5 19
38 40 0.2
17 10 35 44
5
15 8
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0 100 200
Undrained shear strength (cu ) lb/ft2
Average Undrained Shear Strength, cu , kPa
 Soil disturbance
• sampling attempts to establish in-situ
strength values
• soil is failed/remoulded by driving or
drilling
• pile installation causes substantial
disturbance
– bored piles : potential loosening
– driven piles : probable densification
 Scale effects
• Laboratory samples or in-situ tests
involve small volumes of soil
• Failure of soil around piles involves much
larger soil volumes
• If soil is fissured, the sample may not be
representative
 Lateral stress parameter, K
• A function of Ko
– normally consolidated or overconsolidated -
see Kulhawy properties manual
– see recommendations by Das, Kulhawy (p26)
• A function of installation
– driven piles (full, partial displacement)
– bored piles
– augercast piles
– screwed piles
Das (1990) recommends the following values for K / Ko:

Pile Type K / Ko

Bored or Jetted piles 1

Low-displacement, driven piles 1 to 1.4
High-displacement, driven piles 1 to 1.8

Kulhawy (1984) makes the following similar recommendations:

Pile Type K / Ko

Jetted piles 1/2 to 2/3

Drilled shaft, cast-in-place 2/3 to 1
Driven pile, small displacement 3/4 to 5/4
Driven pile, large displacement 1 to 2
 K.tand
• The K and tand values are often combined
into a single function
• see p 28 for Vesic values from Poulos and
Davis
 Pile-soil friction angle, d
• A function of f
• See values by Broms and Kulhawy (p26)
• A function of pile material
– steel, concrete, timber
• A function of pile roughness
– precast concrete
– Cast-in-place concrete
 Pile-soil friction angle
Broms (1966) suggests the following

Pile Material d / f'

Steel d = 
Concrete 0.75
Timber 0.66

Kulhawy (1984)

Pile Material d / f' Typical analogy

Rough concrete 1.0 Cast-in-place

Smooth concrete 0.8 to 1.0 Precast
Rough steel 0.7 to 0.9 Corrugated
Smooth steel 0.5 to 0.7 Coated
Timber 0.8 to 0.9 Pressure-treated
Example
 Example
• Bored pile
• 900mm diameter
• Uniform medium dense sand (f = 35o ; g = 19.5kN/m3)
• Water table at 1m
• Pile length 20m
• Check shaft capacity with Vesic and Meyerhof Methods
• By comparsion, check capacity of 550mm diameter
screwed pile
 Lateral load on single pile
• Calculation of ultimate lateral resistance
(refer website/handouts for details)

• Lateral pile deflection (use use subgrade

reaction method, p-y analysis)

• Rock socketed pile (use rocket, Carter et

al. 1992 method)