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Text normalization

Text normalization is the process of

transforming text into a single canonical
form that it might not have had before.
Normalizing text before storing or
processing it allows for separation of
concerns, since input is guaranteed to be
consistent before operations are
performed on it. Text normalization
requires being aware of what type of text
is to be normalized and how it is to be
processed afterwards; there is no all-
purpose normalization procedure.[1]

Applications
Text normalization is frequently used
when converting text to speech. Numbers,
dates, acronyms, and abbreviations are
non-standard "words" that need to be
pronounced differently depending on
context.[2] For example:
 "$200" would be pronounced as "two
hundred dollars" in English, but as "lua
selau tālā" in Samoan.[3]
"vi" could be pronounced as "vie," "vee,"
or "the sixth" depending on the
surrounding words.[4]

Text can also be normalized for storing

and searching in a database. For instance,
if a search for "resume" is to match the
word "résumé," then the text would be
normalized by removing diacritical marks;
and if "john" is to match "John", the text
would be converted to a single case. To
prepare text for searching, it might also be
stemmed (e.g. converting "flew" and
"flying" both into "fly"), canonicalized (e.g.
consistently using American or British
English spelling), or have stop words
removed.

Techniques
For simple, context-independent
normalization, such as removing non-
alphanumeric characters or diacritical
marks, regular expressions would suffice.
For example, the sed script
sed ‑e "s/\s+/ /g"  inputfile
would normalize runs of whitespace
characters into a single space. More
complex normalization requires
correspondingly complicated algorithms,
including domain knowledge of the
language and vocabulary being
normalized. Among other approaches, text
normalization has been modeled as a
problem of tokenizing and tagging
streams of text[5] and as a special case of
machine translation.[6][7]

See also
Automated paraphrasing
Canonicalization
 Text simplification
Unicode equivalence

References
1. Richard Sproat and Steven Bedrick
(September 2011). "CS506/606: Txt
Nrmlztn" . Retrieved October 2, 2012.
2. Sproat, R.; Black, A.; Chen, S.; Kumar,
S.; Ostendorfk, M.; Richards, C. (2001).
"Normalization of non-standard
words." Computer Speech and
Language 15; 287–333.
doi:10.1006/csla.2001.0169 .
3. "Samoan Numbers" .
MyLanguages.org. Retrieved
October 2, 2012.
4. "Text-to-Speech Engines Text
Normalization" . MSDN. Retrieved
October 2, 2012.
5. Zhu, C.; Tang, J.; Li, H.; Ng , H.; Zhao, T.
(2007). "A Unified Tagging Approach to
Text Normalization." Proceedings of
the 45th Annual Meeting of the
Association of Computational
Linguistics; 688–695.
doi:10.1.1.72.8138 .
 . Filip, G.; Krzysztof, J.; Agnieszka, W.;
Mikołaj, W. (2006). "Text Normalization
as a Special Case of Machine
Translation." Proceedings of the
International Multiconference on
Computer Science and Information
Technology 1; 51–56.
7. Mosquera, A.; Lloret, E.; Moreda, P.
(2012). "Towards Facilitating the
Accessibility of Web 2.0 Texts through
Text Normalisation" Proceedings of
the LREC workshop: Natural Language
Processing for Improving Textual
Accessibility (NLP4ITA); 9-14
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Text_normalization&oldid=992614319"

Last edited 2 months ago by DocFreeman24

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