Hussain et al.

Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78

DOI 10.1186/s13663-015-0331-4

RESEARCH Open Access

Coincidence point theorems for

generalized contractions with application to
integral equations
Nawab Hussain1 , Jamshaid Ahmad2 , Ljubomir Ćirić3* and Akbar Azam2
*
Correspondence:
lciric@rcub.bg.ac.rs Abstract
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Belgrade, Kraljice In this article, we introduce a new type of contraction and prove certain coincidence
Marije 16, Belgrade, 11 000, Serbia point theorems which generalize some known results in this area. As an application,
Full list of author information is we derive some new fixed point theorems for F-contractions. The article also includes
available at the end of the article
an example which shows the validity of our main result and an application in which
we prove an existence and uniqueness of a solution for a general class of Fredholm
integral equations of the second kind.
MSC: 46S40; 47H10; 54H25
Keywords: coincidence point; F-contractions; integral equations

1 Introduction and preliminaries

The Banach contraction principle [] is one of the earliest and most important results in
fixed point theory. Because of its application in many disciplines such as computer sci-
ence, chemistry, biology, physics, and many branches of mathematics, a lot of authors
have improved, generalized, and extended this classical result in nonlinear analysis; see,
e.g., [–] and the references therein. In , Azam [] obtained the existence of a coin-
cidence point of a mapping and a relation under a contractive condition in the context of
metric space. For coincidence point results see also []. Consistent with Azam, we begin
with some basic known definitions and results which will be used in the sequel. Through-
out this article, N, R+ , R denote the set of all natural numbers, the set of all positive real
numbers, and the set of all real numbers, respectively.
Let A and B be arbitrary nonempty sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B and
is denoted R : A  B. The statement (x, y) ∈ R is read ‘x is R-related to y’, and is denoted
xRy. A relation R : A  B is called left-total if for all x ∈ A there exists a y ∈ B such that
xRy, that is, R is a multivalued function. A relation R : A  B is called right-total if for all
y ∈ B there exists an x ∈ A such that xRy. A relation R : A  B is known as functional, if
xRy, xRz implies that y = z, for x ∈ A and y, z ∈ B. A mapping T : A → B is a relation from
A to B which is both functional and left-total.
For R : A  B, E ⊂ A we define

R(E) = {y ∈ B : xRy for some x ∈ E},

© 2015 Hussain et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro-
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indicate if changes were made.
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 2 of 13

   
dom(R) = x ∈ A : R {x} = φ ,
   
Range(R) = y ∈ B : y ∈ R {x} for some x ∈ dom(R) .

For convenience, we denote R({x}) by R{x}. The class of relations from A to B is denoted
by R(A, B). Thus the collection M(A, B) of all mappings from A to B is a proper sub-
collection of R(A, B). An element w ∈ A is called a coincidence point of T : A → B and
R : A  B if Tw ∈ R{w}. In the following we always suppose that X is a nonempty set and
(Y , d) is a metric space. For R : X  Y and u, v ∈ dom(R), we define

 
D R{u}, R{v} = inf d(x, y).
uRx,vRy

Wardowski [] introduced and studied a new contraction called an F-contraction to

prove a fixed point result as a generalization of the Banach contraction principle.

Definition  Let F : R+ → R be a mapping satisfying the following conditions:

(F ) F is strictly increasing;

(F ) for all sequence {αn } ⊆ R+ , limn→∞ αn =  if and only if limn→∞ F(αn ) = –∞;
(F ) there exists  < k <  such that limn→+ α k F(α) = .

Consistent with Wardowski [], we denote by  the set of all functions F : R+ → R

satisfying the conditions (F )-(F ).

Definition  [] Let (X, d) be a metric space. A self-mapping T on X is called an F-

contraction if there exists τ >  such that for x, y ∈ X

   
d(Tx, Ty) >  ⇒ τ + F d(Tx, Ty) ≤ F d(x, y) ,

where F ∈ .

Theorem  [] Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and T:X → X be a self-mapping. If
there exists τ >  such that for all x, y ∈ X: d(Tx, Ty) >  implies

   
τ + F d(Tx, Ty) ≤ F d(x, y) ,

where F ∈ , then T has a unique fixed point.

Abbas et al. [] further generalized the concept of an F-contraction and proved certain
fixed and common fixed point results. Hussain and Salimi [] introduced some new type
of contractions called α-GF-contractions and established Suzuki-Wardowski type fixed
point theorems for such contractions. For more details on F-contractions, we refer the
reader to [, –].
In this paper, we obtain coincidence points of mappings and relations under a new type
of contractive condition in a metric space. Moreover, we discuss an illustrative example to
highlight the realized improvements.
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 3 of 13

2 Main results
Now we state and prove the main results of this section.

Theorem  Let X be a nonempty set and (Y , d) be a metric space. Let T : X → Y , R : X  Y

be such that R is left-total, Range(T) ⊆ Range(R) and Range(T) or Range(R) is complete. If
there exist a mapping F : R+ → R and τ >  such that

    
d(Tx, Ty) >  ⇒ τ + F d(Tx, Ty) ≤ F D R{x}, R{y} (.)

for all x, y ∈ X, then there exists w ∈ X such that Tw ∈ R{w}.

Proof Let x ∈ X be an arbitrary but fixed element. We define the sequences {xn } ⊂ X
and {yn } ⊂ Range(R). Let y = Tx , Range(T) ⊆ Range(R). We may choose x ∈ X such that
x Ry , since R is left-total. Let y = Tx , since Range(T) ⊆ Range(R). If Tx = Tx , then we
have x Ry . This implies that x is the required point that is Tx ∈ R{x }. So we assume that
Tx = Tx , then from (.) we get

      
τ + F d(y , y ) = τ + F d(Tx , Tx ) ≤ F D R{x }, R{x } . (.)

We may choose x ∈ X such that x Ry , since R is left-total. Let y = Tx , since Range(T) ⊆
Range(R). If Tx = Tx , then we have x Ry . This implies that Tx ∈ R{x } and x is the
coincidence point. So Tx = Tx , then from (.), we get

      
τ + F d(y , y ) = τ + F d(Tx , Tx ) ≤ F D R{x }, R{x } . (.)

By induction, we can construct sequences {xn } ⊂ X and {yn } ⊂ Range(R) such that

yn = Txn– and xn Ryn (.)

for all n ∈ N. If there exists n ∈ N for which Txn – = Txn . Then xn Ryn + . Thus Txn ∈
R{xn } and the proof is finished. So we suppose now that Txn– = Txn for every n ∈ N. Then
from (.), (.), and (.), we deduce that

      
τ + F d(yn , yn+ ) = τ + F d(Txn– , Txn ) ≤ F D R{xn– }, R{xn } (.)

for all n ∈ N. Since xn Ryn and xn+ Ryn+ , by the definition of D, we get D(R{xn– }, R{xn }) ≤
d(yn– , yn ). Thus from (.), we have

   
τ + F d(yn , yn+ ) ≤ F d(yn– , yn ) , (.)

which further implies that

     
F d(yn , yn+ ) ≤ F d(yn– , yn ) – τ ≤ F d(yn– , yn– ) – τ ≤ · · ·
 
≤ F d(y , y ) – nτ . (.)
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 4 of 13

From (.), we obtain

 
lim F d(yn , yn+ ) = –∞. (.)
n→∞

Then from (F ), we get

lim d(yn , yn+ ) = . (.)

n→∞

Now from (F ), there exists  < k <  such that

 k  
lim d(yn , yn+ ) F d(yn , yn+ ) = . (.)
n→∞

By (.), we have

   
d(yn , yn+ )k F d(yn , yn+ ) – d(yn , yn+ )k F d(y , y )
    
≤ d(yn , yn+ )k F d(y , y ) – nτ – F d(y , y )
 k
= –nτ d(yn , yn+ ) ≤ . (.)

By taking the limit as n → ∞ in (.) and applying (.) and (.), we have

 k
lim n d(yn , yn+ ) = . (.)
n→∞

It follows from (.) that there exists n ∈ N such that

 k
n d(yn , yn+ ) ≤  (.)

for all n > n . This implies


d(yn , yn+ ) ≤ (.)
n/k

for all n > n . Now we prove that {yn } is a Cauchy sequence. For m > n > n we have


m– 
m–

d(yn , ym ) ≤ d(yi , yi+ ) ≤ /k
. (.)
i=n i=n
i

Since  < k < , ∞ i= i/k converges. Therefore, d(yn , ym ) →  as m, n → ∞. Thus we


proved that {yn } is a Cauchy sequence in Range(R). Completeness of Range(R) ensures

that there exists z ∈ Range(R) such that yn → z as n → ∞. Now since R is left-total, wRz
for some w ∈ X. Now

      
F d(yn , Tw) = F d(Txn– , Tw) ≤ F D R{xn– }, R{w} – τ
 
< F d(yn– , z) – τ .

Since limn→∞ d(yn– , z) = , by (F ), we have limn→∞ F(d(yn– , z)) = –∞. This implies
that limn→∞ F(d(yn , Tw)) = –∞, which further implies that limn→∞ d(yn , Tw) = . Hence
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 5 of 13

d(z, Tw) = . It follows that z = Tw. Hence Tw ∈ R{w}. In the case when Range(T) is
complete. Since Range(T) ⊆ Range(R), there exists an element z∗ ∈ Range(R) such that
yn → z∗ . The remaining part of the proof is the same as in previous case. 

Example  Let X = Y = R, d(x, y) = |x – y|. Define T : R → R, R : R  R as follows:

 if x ∈ Q,
Tx =
 if x ∈ Q ,
   
R = Q×[, ] ∪ Q ×[, ] .

Then Range(T) = {, } ⊂ Range(R) = [, ] ∪ [, ]. Let F(t) = ln(t) and τ = .

For x ∈ Q, y ∈ Q or y ∈ Q, x ∈ Q , d(Tx, Ty) >  implies that

    
τ + F d(Tx, Ty) ≤ F D R{x}, R{y} .

Thus all conditions of the above theorem are satisfied and  is the coincidence point of T
and R.
From Theorem  we deduce the following result immediately.

Theorem  Let X be a nonempty set and (Y , d) be a metric space. Let T, R : X → Y be two

mappings such that Range(T) ⊆ Range(R) and Range(T) or Range(R) is complete. If there
exist a mapping F : R+ → R and τ >  such that

   
τ + F d(Tx, Ty) ≤ F d(Rx, Ry)

for all x, y ∈ X, then T and R have a coincidence point in X. Moreover, if either T or R is

injective, then R and T have a unique coincidence point in X.

Proof By Theorem , we see that there exists w ∈ X such that Tw = Rw, where

Rw = lim Rxn = lim Txn– , x ∈ X.

n→∞ n→∞

For uniqueness, assume that w , w ∈ X, w = w , Tw = Rw , and Tw = Rw . Then τ +
F(d(Tw , Tw )) ≤ F(d(Rw , Rw )) for some τ > . If R or T is injective, then

d(Rw , Rw ) > 

and

     
τ + F d(Rw , Rw ) = τ + F d(Tw , Tw ) ≤ F d(Rw , Rw ) ,

a contradiction to the fact that τ > . 

Remark  If in the above theorem we choose X = Y , R = I (the identity mapping on X),

we obtain Theorem , which is Theorem . of Wardowski [].
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 6 of 13

Corollary  Let T : X → Y , R : X  Y be such that R is left-total, Range(T) ⊆ Range(R)

and Range(T) or Range(R) is complete. If there exists λ ∈ [, ) such that for all x, y ∈ X

 
d(Tx, Ty) ≤ λD R{x}, R{y} ,

then there exists w ∈ X such that Tw ∈ R{w}.

Proof Consider the mapping F(t) = ln(t), for t > . Then obviously F satisfies (F )-(F ).
From Theorem , we obtain the desired conclusion. 

Corollary  Let X be nonempty set and (Y , d) be a metric space. T, R : X → Y be two

mappings such that Range(T) ⊆ Range(R) and Range(T) or Range(R) is complete. If there
exists a λ ∈ [, ) such that for all x, y ∈ X

d(Tx, Ty) ≤ λd(Rx, Ry),

then R and T have a coincidence point in X. Moreover, if either T or R is injective, then R

and T have a unique coincidence point in X.

Proof Consider the mapping F(t) = ln(t), for t > . Then obviously F satisfies (F )-(F ).
From Theorem , we obtain the desired conclusion. 

Remark  If in the above corollary we choose X = Y and R = I (the identity mapping

on X), we obtain the Banach contraction theorem.

In this way, we recall the concept of F-contractions for multivalued mappings and
proved Suzuki-type fixed point theorem for such contractions. Nadler [] invented the
concept of a Hausdorff metric H induced by metric d on X as follows:
 
H(A, B) = max sup d(x, B), sup d(y, A)
x∈A y∈B

for every A, B ∈ CB(X). He extended the Banach contraction principle to multivalued map-
pings. Since then many authors have studied fixed points for multivalued mappings. Very
recently, Sgroi and Vetro extended the concept of the F-contraction for multivalued map-
pings (see also []).

Theorem  Let (X, d) be a metric space and let T : X → CB(X). Assume that there exist
a function F ∈  that is continuous from the right and τ ∈ R+ such that

    
d(x, Tx) ≤ d(x, y) ⇒ τ + F H(Tx, Ty) ≤ F d(x, y) (.)


for all x, y ∈ X. Then T has a fixed point.

Proof Let x ∈ X be an arbitrary point of X and choose x ∈ Tx . If x ∈ Tx , then x is a

fixed point of T and the proof is completed. Assume that x ∈/ Tx , then Tx = Tx . Now

 
d(x , Tx ) ≤ d(x , x ) < d(x , x ).
 
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 7 of 13

From the assumption, we have

   
τ + F H(Tx , Tx ) ≤ F d(x , x ) .

Since F is continuous from the right, there exists a real number h >  such that

   
F hH(Tx , Tx ) ≤ F H(Tx , Tx ) + τ .

Now, from

d(x , Tx ) ≤ H(Tx , Tx ) < hH(Tx , Tx ),

we deduce that there exists x ∈ Tx such that

d(x , x ) ≤ hH(Tx , Tx ).

Consequently, we get

     
F d(x , x ) ≤ F hH(Tx , Tx ) < F H(Tx , Tx ) + τ ,

which implies that

   
τ + F d(x , x ) ≤ τ + F H(Tx , Tx ) + τ
 
≤ F d(x , x ) + τ .

Thus

   
τ + F d(x , x ) ≤ F d(x , x ) .

Continuing in this manner, we can define a sequence {xn } ⊂ X such that xn ∈/ Txn , xn+ ∈
Txn and

   
τ + F d(xn , xn+ ) ≤ F d(xn– , xn )

for all n ∈ N ∪ {}. Therefore

     
F d(xn , xn+ ) ≤ F d(xn– , xn ) – τ ≤ F d(xn– , xn– ) – τ ≤ · · ·
 
≤ F d(x , x ) – nτ (.)

for all n ∈ N. Since F ∈ , by taking the limit as n → ∞ in (.) we have

 
lim F d(xn , xn+ ) = –∞ ⇐⇒ lim d(xn , xn+ ) = . (.)
n→∞ n→∞

Now from (F ), there exists  < k <  such that

 k  
lim d(xn , xn+ ) F d(xn , xn+ ) = . (.)
n→∞
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 8 of 13

By (.), we have

   
d(xn , xn+ )k F d(xn , xn+ ) – d(xn , xn+ )k F d(x , x )
    
≤ d(xn , xn+ )k F d(x , x ) – nτ – F d(x , x )
 k
= –nτ d(xn , xn+ ) ≤ . (.)

By taking the limit as n → ∞ in (.) and applying (.) and (.), we have

 k
lim n d(xn , xn+ ) = . (.)
n→∞

It follows from (.) that there exists n ∈ N such that

 k
n d(xn , xn+ ) ≤  (.)

for all n > n . This implies


d(xn , xn+ ) ≤ (.)
n/k

for all n > n . Now we prove that {xn } is a Cauchy sequence. For m > n > n we have


m– 
m–

d(xn , xm ) ≤ d(xi , xi+ ) ≤ /k
. (.)
i=n i=n
i

Since  < k < , ∞ i= i/k converges. Therefore, d(xn , xm ) →  as m, n → ∞. Thus {xn } is


a Cauchy sequence. Since X is a complete metric space, there exists z ∈ X such that such
that xn → z as n → +∞. Now, we prove that z is a fixed point of T. If there exists an
increasing sequence {nk } ⊂ N such that xnk ∈ Tz for all k ∈ N. Since Tz is closed and xn → z
as n → +∞, we get z ∈ Tz and the proof is completed. So we can assume that there exists
n ∈ N such that xn ∈/ Tz for all n ∈ N with n ≥ n . This implies that Txn– = Tz for all
n ≥ n . We first show that

d(z, Tx) ≤ d(z, x)

for all x ∈ X\{z}. Since xn → z, there exists n ∈ N such that


d(z, xn ) ≤ d(z, x)


for all n ∈ N with n ≥ n . Then we have


d(xn , Txn ) < d(xn , Txn ) ≤ d(xn , xn+ )

≤ d(xn , z) + d(z, xn+ )
 
≤ d(x, z) = d(x, z) – d(x, z)
 
≤ d(x, z) – d(z, xn ) ≤ d(x, xn ).
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 9 of 13

Thus, by assumption, we get

   
τ + F H(Txn , Tx) ≤ F d(xn , x) . (.)

Since F is continuous from the right, there exists a real number h >  such that
   
F hH(Txn , Tx) < F H(Txn , Tx) + τ .

Now, from

d(xn+ , Tx) ≤ H(Txn , Tx) < hH(Txn , Tx),

we obtain
     
F d(xn+ , Tx) ≤ F hH(Txn , Tx) < F H(Txn , Tx) + τ .

Thus we have
   
τ + F d(xn+ , Tx) ≤ τ + F H(Txn , Tx) + τ
 
≤ F d(xn , x) + τ .

Since F is strictly increasing, we have

d(xn+ , Tx) < d(xn , x).

Letting n tend to +∞, we obtain

d(z, Tx) ≤ d(z, x)

for all x ∈ X\{z}. We next prove that

   
τ + F H(Tz, Tx) ≤ F d(z, x)

for all x ∈ X. Since F ∈ , we take x = z. Then for every n ∈ N, there exists yn ∈ Tx such
that


d(z, yn ) ≤ d(z, Tx) + d(z, x).
n

So we have

d(x, Tx) ≤ d(x, yn )

≤ d(x, z) + d(z, yn )

≤ d(x, z) + d(z, Tx) + d(z, x)
n

≤ d(x, z) + d(x, z) + d(z, x)
n


= + d(x, z)
n
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 10 of 13

for all n ∈ N and hence  d(x, Tx) ≤ d(x, z). Thus by assumption, we get

   
τ + F H(Tz, Tx) ≤ F d(z, x) .

Thus

   
τ + F d(xn+ , Tz) ≤ τ + F H(Txn , Tz)
 
≤ F d(xn , z) .

Since F is strictly increasing, we have d(xn+ , Tz) < d(xn , z). Letting n → ∞, we get
d(z, Tz) ≤ . Since Tz is closed, we obtain z ∈ Tz. Thus z is fixed point of T. 

3 Applications
Fixed point theorems for contractive operators in metric spaces are widely investigated
and have found various applications in differential and integral equations (see [, , ,
] and references therein). In this section we discuss the existence and uniqueness of
solution of a general class of the following Volterra type integral equations under various
assumptions on the functions involved. Let C[, ] denote the space of all continuous
functions on [, ], where  >  and for an arbitrary xτ = supt∈[,] {|x(t)|e–τ t }, where
τ >  is taken arbitrary. Note that  · τ is a norm equivalent to the supremum norm, and
(C([, ], R),  · τ ) endowed with the metric dτ defined by

  
dτ (x, y) = sup x(t) – y(t)e–τ t
t∈[,]

for all x, y ∈ C([, ], R) is a Banach space; see also [].

Consider the integral equation

 t  
(fy)(t) = K t, s, hx(s) ds + g(t), (.)


where x : [, ] → R is unknown, g : [, ] → R, and h, f : R → R are given functions.

The kernel K of the integral equation is defined on [, ] × [, ].

Theorem  Assume that the following conditions are satisfied:

(i) K : [, ] × [, ] × R → R, g : [, ] → R and f : R → R are continuous,
t
(ii)  K(t, s, ·) : R → R is increasing, for all t, s ∈ [, ],
(iii) there exists τ ∈ (, +∞) such that

      
K t, s, hx(s) – K t, s, hy(s)  ≤ τ hx(s) – hy(s)

for all t, s ∈ [, ] and hx, hy ∈ R,

(iv) if f is injective, then for τ >  there exists e–τ ∈ R+ such that for all x, y ∈ R;

|hx – hy| ≤ e–τ |fx – fy|

Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 11 of 13

and {fx : x ∈ C([, ], R)} is complete. Then there exists w ∈ C([, ], R) such that for x ∈
C([, ], R) and xn (t) = fxn– (t)
  t 
 
fw(t) = lim fxn (t) = lim g(t) + K t, s, hxn– (s) ds
n→∞ n→∞ 

and w is the unique solution of (.).

Proof Let X = Y = C([, ], R) and

  
dτ (x, y) = sup x(t) – y(t)e–τ t
t∈[,]

for all x, y ∈ X. Let T, R : X → X be defined as follows:

 t  
(Tx)(t) = g(t) + K t, s, hx(s) ds and Rx = fx.


Then by assumptions RX = {Rx : x ∈ X} is complete. Let x∗ ∈ TX, then x∗ = Tx for x ∈ X

and x∗ (t) = Tx(t). By the assumptions there exists y ∈ X such that Tx(t) = fy(t), hence RX ⊆
TX. Since
  t 
   t      
(Tx)(t) – (Ty)(t) =  K t, s, hx(s) ds – K t, s, hy(s) ds

 
 t    
≤ K t, s, hx(s) – K t, s, hy(s)  ds

 t  
≤ τ hx(s) – hy(s) ds

 t  
≤ τ e–τ fx(s) – fy(s) ds

 t  
= τ e–τ (Rx)(s) – (Ry)(s)e–τ s eτ s ds

 t
≤ τ e–τ Rx – Ryτ eτ s ds


eτ t
≤ τ e–τ Rx – Ryτ
τ
= e–τ Rx – Ryτ eτ t .

This implies that

 
(Tx)(t) – (Ty)(t)eτ t ≤ e–τ Rx – Ryτ ,

or equivalently

dτ (Tx, Ty) ≤ e–τ dτ (Rx, Ry).

Taking logarithms, we have

   
ln dτ (Tx, Ty) ≤ ln e–τ dτ (Rx, Ry) .
Hussain et al. Fixed Point Theory and Applications (2015) 2015:78 Page 12 of 13

After routine calculations, one can easily get

   
τ + ln dτ (Tx, Ty) ≤ ln dτ (Rx, Ry) .

Now, we observe that the function F : R+ → R defined by F(t) = ln(t) for each t ∈
C([, ], R) and τ >  is in . Thus all conditions of Theorem  are satisfied. Hence, there
exists a unique w ∈ X such that

fw(t) = lim Rxn (t) = lim Txn– (t) = T(w)(t), x ∈ X,

n→∞ n→∞

for all t, which is the unique solution of (.). 

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Author details
1
Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. 2 Department of
Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Chack Shahzad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan. 3 Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, Belgrade, 11 000, Serbia.

Acknowledgements
This article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, first
author acknowledges with thanks DSR, KAU for financial support.

Received: 21 November 2014 Accepted: 17 May 2015

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