Gmirebi

sazRvrebs gareSe

iTargmna da gamoica
konfliqtebis da molaparakebebis
saerTaSoriso kvleviTi centris
mier World Vision-is da EED-is
mxardaWeriT

2010 weli
 sarCevi
abisiniis mefe negus aSama ibn abjari —- 13
mose maimonidi——————————-—–-— 16
francisko asizeli (1181-1226)
da al-malik al-kamili ————————- 19
jalal ad-din muhamed rumi —————— 22
jalaludin muhamad aqbari —————– 25
rojer uiliamsi ———————————– 28
mozes (mose) mendelsoni ———————— 31
mozes montefiore ——————————–– 34
sara da anjelina grimkeebi ——————- 37
rabindranaT Tagori —————————– -41
henrieta zoldi ———————————–- 44
mohandas mahaTma gandi ——————-—–— 47
abdul gafar xani ——————————–– 50
muriel lesteri ——————————– 53
eti hilesumi —————————————-- 56
albaneli muslimebi holokostis Jams — 58
martin buberi ———————————–— 61
andre trokme ——————————— 64
hovard Turmani ———————————— 67
lanca del vasto ——————————— 71
doqtori martin luTer kingi umcrosi _ 74
fric eixenbergi ——————————–-— 78
abraam ieSua heSeli —————————— 81

2
Jak mariteni —————————————–— 85
h. a. mukti ali ————————————-— 88
imam musa al-sadri —————————–—- 91
kristian de SerJe ———————————– 94
satguru sivaia subramuniasvami ————— 97
Sumartana ———————————————– 100
harbhajan singh xalsa iogiji —————–- 104
kardinal aaron Jan-mari lustigeri ——– 107
grigol feraZe ————————————–-- 111
wm. mariam skobcova ————————–——- 115
merab mamardaSvili ————————————–- 120
qeTevan wamebuli —————————————— 124
Rogor gamoviyenoT wigni? —————————-- 128
ganmartebebi ————————————————- 130

3
 winasityvaoba

am wignis qarTul enaze momzadebis idea deniel

baTrisTan, am wignis avtorTan morigi Sexve-
drisas gagviCnda.

deniel baTri aris saerTaSoriso konsultanti

mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxebSi.
denieli amerikis baptisturi eklesiis RvTis-
msaxuria. igi ukanaskneli aTi wlis manZilze uZ-
Rveba samSvidobo programas da mTeli msoflios
masStabiT exmareba mSvidobismyofelebs. deniel
baTri avtoria mSvidobisa da saeklesio Temati-
kaze dawerili araerTi wignisa da satreningo
saxelmZRvanelosi. misi saxelmZRvanelo “kon-
fliqtis transformacia” Targmnilia arabul,
Cinur, birmul, espanur enebze.

deniel baTri saqarTvelosTan ukve merve welia

TanamSromlobs. konfliqtebisa da molaparake-
bebis saerTaSoriso centrSi igi uZRveboda tre-
ningebis ciklsa da Sexvedrebs.

Cven garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi vfiqrobdiT

eTnikurad da religiuri niSniT gansxvavebuli
xalxebis da maTi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis
dadebiTi urTierTobis sanimuSo magaliTebis
moZebnas da maT publikacias. baTris wignma
axali impulsi mogvca da rodesac manN Semog-
vTavaza am Temisadmi miZRvnili Tavisi krebulis
saqarTveloSi gamocema, Cven enTuziazmiT
SevudeqiT Targmans.

wigni `gmirebi sazRvrebis gareSe~ im adami-

anebzea, romlebmac TavianTi mtkice rwmenisa da
pirovnul sidiadeze dayrdnobiT gadaabijes
eTnikurobis da religiis pirobiT CarCoebs, Tavi

4
dades “sxvisTvis” da mTeli TavianTi moRvaweobiT
humanizmis da adamianTa daaxloebis idealebs
emsaxurebodnen.

maTi cxovreba rTuli, xSirad tragikuli da

mtivneuli gamocdilebebiT savse iyo. maTi qceva
ki, sxvebisTvis gamowveva. isini ar uSindebodnen
rTul garemoebebs, xalxebsa da religiebs Soris
mwvaveve dapirispirebas, siZulvils da gau-
cxoebas, ar uSindebodnen pirdapir muqaras maT
mimarT, “Tavisianebis” mxridan gariyvis safrTxes,
tyviebs, gazis kamerebsa Tu wamebas. amitom isini
gmirebi arian.

rodesac teqstze muSaobas SevudeqiT, gagviCnda

danaklisis grZnoba, radgan wignSi ar iyo Sesuli
arc erTi adamiani, gmiri CvenTvis axlobeli –
aRmosavleT evropis sivrcidan. baTrim TviTon
gamoTqva survili, rom dagvematebina aseTi
adamianebi. Aam gamocemaSi SeviyvaneT ramdenime
gmiri, romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT wignisTvis
SerCeul kriteriumebs Seesabameboda. aq saqarT-
velosTvis saamayo adamianebic arian. Aaseve Sevar-
CieT am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeuli rusi moRvawec.

imedi gvaqvs, rom Tqvenc gatacebiT waikiTxavT am

araCveulebrivi adamianebis biografiebs da ga-
giCndebaT survili, gauziaroT sxvebs.

aqve madloba gvinda vuTxraT im adamianebs, vinc

aqtiurad da interesiT CaerTo am wignis momzade-
baSi. pirvel rigSi deniel baTris, romelmac es
wigni Seqmna da keTili neba gamoiCina, rom is qar-
Tulad gveTargma da gamogveca; saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia World Vision-s, romelic dainteresda am
proeqtiT da finansuri mxardaWera aRmouCina; ba-
ton nugzar papuaSvils da beqa mindiaSvils

5
damatebiTi teqstebis momzadebisaTvis; mTar-
gmnelTa jgufs `konfliqtebisa da molaparakebis
saerTaSoriso kvleviTi centridan~, romlebmac
Zalian swrafad da motivirebulad imuSaves am
wignisaTvis saboloo saxis misacemad.

6
avtoris Sesavali

TiToeuli religiuri tradicia pativs scems Tavisi liderebis

mdidar sias, romlebmac Camoayalibes rwmena. mravali maTganis
cxovreba namdvilad samagaliTo da misabaZia dResac. magram
zogierTi maTgani Cveni STagonebis wyaroa imitom, rom isini
mSvidobis maZiebelni iyvnen, romlebmac gabedes da gascdnen
Tavisi sarwmunoebis sazRvrebs, raTa gaeerTianebinaT sxvadasxva
sarwmunoebis xalxi.

zogierTi maTgani CvenTvis kargad cnobilia. danarCenebis

Sesaxeb am istoriebidan pirvelad SeityobT. zogierTi iyo
religiuri lideri, zogierTi _ saxelmwifo mmarTveli da
Zalauflebis mqone, zogi ki _ ubralo adamiani, romlebmac
warmoaCines TavianTi Zala xasiaTis araCveulebrivi Tvisebebis
wyalobiT.

am 35 biografiuli sketCis koleqciaSi gaecnobiT da SexvdebiT

xalxs, romlebmac daasrules da gaaRrmaves RmerTis sakuTari
gageba da gansazRvres, Tu ras niSnavs, iyo adamiani, vinaidan
sxva sulieri perspeqtivebi SexvdaT.

sxva sarwmunoebis adamianebTan TanamSromlobisas xSirad

riskavdnen, radgan SiSisa da Zaladobis SuagulSi
imyofebodnen. zogierTma sicocxlec ki Seswira, raTa mxari
daeWira sxva sarwmunoebis adamianebisTvis.

sxvadasxva sarwmunoebrivi tradiciis matarebel TiToeul am

gmirs, romelic SegxvdebaT am wignSi, gaaCnia sulieri siRrme,
romlidanac bevrs viswavliT.

isini dResac gvexmianebian gasuli saukuneebidan. maTi cxovreba

badebs maradiul kiTxvas: erTiandeba Tu iyofa Cveni sakuTari
rwmena. mivesalmebiT am gmirebis mravalferovan sarwmunoebas,
romlebsac aq SevxvdebiT? Tu gveSinia amis? kvlav davuSvebT
konfliqts?

7
am wigns mravali STagonebis wyaro gaaCnia, waaxalisebs mraval
axladSeqmnil sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas, Seqmnas
mravalsarwmunoebrivi sazogadoeba. am istoriebSi Tqven
amoikiTxavT sakuTar anarekls, dausvamT kiTxvebs sakuTar Tavs.
Aan SegiZliaT igi gamoiyenoT Tqvenive sarwmunoebis jgufis
warmomadgenlebTan, sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis Seswavlisa da
diskusiis jgufebSi. wignis bolos SemogTavazebT garkveul
winadadebebs Seswavlisa da moqmedebisaTvis.

Tqven SegiZliaT es magaliTebi sxvadasxva sarwmunoebidan

gamoiyenoT, rogorc gmirobis nimuSi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg
mSvidobisTvis brZolaSi. religiuri niadagis konfliqtebi
mZvinvarebs msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. 21-e saukunis udidesi
kiTxvaa _ rogor SeiZleba Cveni Tanacxovreba, rodesac Cveni
warsuli aseTi gansxvavebulia? viswavliT erTmaneTisgan?
viTanamSromlebT, raTa SevqmnaT ukeTesi samyaro?

“Semdgomi nabijebis” nawili wignis dasasrul uzrunvelyofs

zogad xelmZRvanelobas Cveni momdevno moqmedebebis Sesaxeb
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi Cvens sazogadoebaSi. sarwmunoeba da
gansxvaveba sarwmunoebebs Soris – esaa is msoflio problema,
romlis gadaWris gzebi unda gamovnaxoT am axal aTaswleulSi.

dae, gagvinaTos gza am istoriebma.

viyoT Rirsni, vidgeT momaval TaobaTa Soris.

deniel baTri,
miCigani, Semodgoma 2007.

8
Sesavali qarTuli gamocemisaTvis

deniel baTri

TiToeul qveyanas konfliqtebisa da sisxlisRvris

sakuTari istoria aqvs. xSirad am ubedurebas
religiuri ganzomilebac axlavs. Mme bevrjer
Camovsulvar saqarTveloSi da am vizitebis dros
mravali aseTi ambavi msmenia saqarTvelos Zveli
da uaxlesi istoriidan. rodesac saubaria
religiur Seuwynareblobasa da konfliqtze,
saqarTvelo ar aris gamonaklisi, magram es wigni
aseT ambebs ar exeba.

am wignSi moTxrobilia iseTi ambebi, romlebsac,

rogorc wesi, ar eqceva saTanado yuradReba. es
aris istoriebi imedis Sesaxeb. Cveni wigni
mogviTxrobs adamianebze, romlebmac gadalaxes
religiuri sazRvrebi, daZlies gansxvavebebi da es
yvelaferi SeZles rwmenis ZaliT da RvTisnieri
qceviT. verc erTi religia ver gamoacxadebs
monopolias amgvar religiaTaSoris simamaceze.
Yyovel religiaSi gxvdebian adamianebi, romlebmac
TavianTi religiuri tradiciidan gamoitanes
saukeTeso da universalurad humanuri saqcieli
dagvitoves. Ees iyo RvTiuri ZaliT STagonebuli
siyvaruli Tu samarTlianobisTvis brZola kon-
fliqtis dros, romelic sxvebma RmerTis saxeliT
gaaCaRes. Cven vixsenebT istoriebs adamianebze,
romlebic gavidnen konfliqtis mxareebis intere-
sTa miRma da gadalaxes gansxvavebulobis
barierebi. aq moTxrobili zogierTi ambavi qar-
Tul sinamdvilezea, Tumca umetesoba Soreul
qveynebSi xdeboda. Yyvela es ambavi gmirobis
istoriaa.

9
am adamianTagan zogierTs yvela kargad icnobs.
danarCenebi arc ise cnobilni arian an SeiZleba
ukve daviwyebulnic. zogi gmiri ucnobi rCeba,
radganac sxva qveynis an religiis warmomadgene-
lia. magram es istoriebi namdvilad mosaTxrobia,
vinaidan isini STagvagoneben da gvaZliereben.
rogorc saqarTveloSi moRvawe, ise sxva qveynebis
gmirebi ar gaurbodnen siZneleebs da mamacurad
emsaxurebodnen TavianT ideebs.

dRes religiisaTvis Tavdadebuli adrindeli mo-

wamisagan gansxvavebuli simamacea saWiro. dRevan-
deli gmiris gambedaoba vlindeba sxva sar-
wmunoebis mimdevrebis mxardaWeriTa da pativis-
cemiT. es gmirebi axal codnas uReben guliskars,
zrunaven, Tu rogor avagoT ufro mSvidobiani da
samarTliani sazogadoeba. yvelaze mwvave kritika
da miuRebloba am saqmeSi SeiZleba Cvens sakuTar
wresa da religiaSi Segvxvdes, radganac yvela
religiuri tradiciis SigniT arsebobs absolutu-
ri da eqskluziuri WeSmaritebis pretenzia.
religiis adeptebi Zaladobrivad icaven RmerTis
sakuTar gagebas. RmerTis saxeliT esxmian Tavs da
klaven. zogan aseTi absolutistebi marTlmadideb-
lebi arian, sxvagan _ muslimebi, protestantebi an
kidev induistebi. zogierT qveyanaSi am pozicias
iudaistebi atareben, sxvagan – kaTolikebi. imavd-
roulad, am qveynebSi arian gansakuTrebuli gam-
bedaobis mqone marTlmadidebluri, kaTolikuri,
muslimuri, iudauri, induisturi da protestantu-
li rwmenis adamianebic. isini iyvnen namdvili
gmirebi da rwmenis damcvelebi da ara damangre-
vlebi, maT miuZRviT wvlili religiaTaSorisi
xidebis SenebaSi.

ra aris saqarTvelo? vin arian qarTvelebi? Ees ar

10
aris martivi SekiTxva da bevr winaaRmdegobriv
mosazrebasac Seicavs. CemTvis, piradad, saqar-
Tvelo metad kontrastulia: erTi mxriv, esaa
urbanuli Tbilisi, meore mxriv, Rrma tradiciebis
mqone soflebi, esaa erTdoulad xrioki udabnoebi
da maradTovliani mwvervalebi, palmebiani zRvis
sanapiro da mzian borcvebze gaSenebuli Tval-
uwvdeneli venaxebi. es yvelaferi uaRresad mrava-
lferovani saqarTveloa. vin aris saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi xalxi? xatebis winaSe mlocveli
marTlmadideblebi, ebraelebi, romlebic sau-
kuneebis manZilze paseqs aRniSnaven, alahis winaSe
muxlmodrekili muslimebi, baptistebi, kaTolike-
ebi, luTerelebi – qristianebi, romlebic sxva-
dasxva sityvebiT erT RmerTs adideben; iezidebi,
romlebic mzis amosvlas eTayvanebian qveyanaSi,
romelmac TavSesafari misca. Dda, ra Tqma unda,
adamianebi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian religias,
magram iRvwian adamianTa keTildReobisTvis. Saqa-
rTvelos mosaxleoba iseTive mravalferovania,
rogoric misi buneba.

maS, ras efuZneba Cveni meoba? rogor SevqmeniT

Cveni erToba? yvela mcdeloba, rom adamianebi
erTnairebi gamxdariyvnen, warumatebeli iyo da
xSirad sisxlisRvriT mTavrdeboda. erTobis sa-
ukeTeso safuZveli misi erToblivi aRmoCena
gamodga im gansxvavebuli xalxis mier, vinc erTad
moiyara Tavi, ilaparaka, iswavla erTmaneTisgan da
Seqmna saerTo sazogadoeba.

saqarTveloSi Cemi erT-erTi vizitis dros

dampatiJes baptistur eklesiaSi, raTa gadamexada
londonSi teroristebis msxverplTa moxseniebis
paraklisi. Aiq Tavi moiyares marTlmadidebelma,
kaTolike da protestantma qarTvelebma. iqve iyvnen
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimebi da ebraelebi.

11
isini qarTvelebi an sxva erovnebis saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTad igloves, erTad wamowies
TavianTi rwmenidan humanizmis idealebi da
adamianebisaTvis saukeTeso survilebi. imediTa da
rwmeniT erTad dagmes Zaladoba. axla droa, Cven
gavxdeT imediTa da rwmeniT adamianTa damaka-
vSirebeli gmirebi, romlebic ase sWirdebian
saqarTvelosa da msoflios.

12
Tavi pirveli

abisiniis mefe negus aSama ibn abjari ( 630)

meSvide saukunis dasawyisSi abisiniis samefos

(dRevandeli eTiopiis nawili) marTavda mefe negus
aSama ibn abjari. negusi sakuTari saxelia, magram
mefesac niSnavs. sxvadasxva wyaro mefes rogorc
negusad, ise aSama ibn abjaradac moixseniebs.
aqsumis istoriam cota ram Semogvinaxa, amitom
bevri sakiTxi saidumloebiTaa moculi; is ki
cnobilia, rom eTiopiis es regioni erT-erTi
pirveli iyo im qveynebs Soris, romelTac
qristianoba miiRes.

abisiniidan wiTeli zRvis gadaRma arabeTSi axali

religiuri tradicia gavrcelda. muhamedi,
romelsac hqonda zeSTagoneba, uziarebda mas
Tavis mimdevarTa patara jgufs. rogorc ki
adamianebi dainteresdnen muhamedis swavlebiT da
daiwyes axali rwmenis gaziareba, meqaSi myofma
warmarTebma iwyes muhamedis mimdevarTa devna,
isini dascinodnen da Seuracxyofdnen muslimebs.
maT mowinaaRmdegeebs ki patimroba elodaT. bevri
muslimi gardaicvala. Tavad muhameds mfarvelobda
biZamisi, romelmac gaafrTxila daucveli
muslimebi, rom gaxiznuliyvnen abisiniaSi,
saxalxod cnobili mowyale da samarTliani mefis
samflobeloSi.

gvian RamiT 11 muslimi abisiniaSi gadavida. isini

Seifara mefe negusma. amis Semdeg kidev 83 muslimi
Seexizna abisinias. rodesac meqaSi (meqa aseve
cnobilia, rogorc quraiSi) Seityves arabeTSi
gaxiznul muslimTa Sesaxeb, maT mefe neguss
Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT xeldamSvenebuli elCi
gaugzavnes, raTa ukan gamoeTxovaT maT mier

13
devnili adamianebi.

mefes mrCevlebi sTxovdnen, Seesrulebina meqelTa

Txovna, magram man, upirveles yovlisa, moiwvia
orive mxare, raTa mis winaSe ganesajaT Seqmnili
mdgomareoba. devnil muslimTa mWevrmetyvelma
warmomadgenelma, hadrat ja’faradia alahu ‘anhum
uambo maT im usasoo yofaze, sanam muhamedi
gamoCndeboda maT cxovrebaSi, daiwyebda qadagebas
da mouwodebda maT, ecxovraT locviTa da
samarTlianobiT. aseve iTqva maTi devnisa da
wamebis Sesaxebac.

rodesac jeri midga quraiSis warmomadgenelze,

man wamoayena sakiTxi, Tu riTi gansxvavdebodnen
muslimebi da qristianebi iesos bunebasTan
mimarTebaSi. igi cdilobda, win wamoewia mkveTri
gansxvavebebi, raTa mefe negusi meqelTa
mokavSired eqcia muslimTa gansadevnad. magram
mefe Wkviani da samarTliani pirovneba iyo, man
sityva isev muslimebs misca. muslimebma iwyes
saubari yuranis eniT, sadac aRwerilia ieso da
qalwuli mariamis mier misi Soba.

didi bWobis Semdeg mefem aiRo patara joxi da

ganacxada: “vficav, rom gansxvaveba am or mrwamss
Soris iesos Sesaxeb ar aRemateba am patara joxis
sidides.”

man uariT gaistumra meqeli stumrebi da daubruna

yvela is Zvirfasi ZRveni, riTac isini
imedovnebdnen mefis gadawyvetilebis Secvlas. mefe
negusis mier me-7 saukuneSi Cadenili saqcieli
saamayoa dResdReobiT eTiopiaSi mcxovrebi
muslimi Tu qristiani sazogadoebisTvis.

14
kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:

• gvsurs Tu ara, davexmaroT Cvens qveyanaSi Camosul

devnilebs maSinac ki, Tu isini sxva religiis
warmomadgenlebi arian?
• vamaxvilebT Tu ara yuradRebas Cven Soris arsebul
sxvaobebze da am sxvaobebze dayrdnobiT vaklebT Tu
ara mzrunvelobas im adamianebs, romlebsac is
sWirdebaT?
Tu vfiqrobT imaze, rom Cven erTnairebi varT da
angariSs vuwevT gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi myofebs
mowyalebiTa da sikeTiT?

15
Tavi meore

mose maimonidi (1135-1204)

me-12 s-Si moRvawe filosofosi mose maimonidi Sua

saukuneebis yvelaze didi filosofosi iyo. igi
aseve iyo didveziri alfadilis da sulTan sala-
din egviptelis karze, rabini da mecnieri. mose
daibada espaneTSi, swored im periodSi, rodesac
kordovaSi ebrauli kulturis oqros xana idga.

Tumca maSin, rodesac almohadebma, radikalurma

islamurma seqtam, daipyro kordova, sikvdiliT
dasjiT daemuqrnen im ebraelebs, romlebic islams
ar miiRebdnen. maimonidi sxva ebraelebTan erTad
espaneTidan gaixizna, man TavSesafari marokoSi
hpova, ufro zomier muslimur TemSi. kairos mus-
limebma didi stumarTmoyvareoba gamoiCines, mai-
monidma ki mTeli cxovreba iq gaatara.

maimonidi iyo yvelaze didi ebraeli moazrovne,

romelmac safuZveli Cauyara iudaizmis fi-
losofias. man ganixila mTeli miSna – ebrauli
16
teqstebis uZvelesi krebuli, romelSic Sesulia
cxovrebis rwmenis kanonTa kodeqsi. man moagrova
ToraSi Sesuli 600-ze meti mcneba ebraelTa
cxovrebaze. aseve gaSifra 13 saRvTo werili, rom-
lebic dResac mocemulia bevr ebraul locvis
wignSi.

maimonidi cnobili iyo, rogorc didi moazrovne

da swavluli. man dawera samedicino Sromebi ara-
bul enaze, romelic Semdeg mraval enaze iTargmna
da dResac xelmisawvdomia. maimonidi swavlobda
aristoteles, aseve arabi muslimi filosofosebis,
ibn ruSdisa da al-Razalis moZRvrebebs.

maimonidi didi mondomebiT ikvlevda mecnierul

naSromebsa da swavlebebs, raTa isini sakuTar
rwmenasTan SeeTanxmebina. misi azriT, araferi iyo
urTierTsawinaaRmdego imaSi, rac RmerTma daanaxva
winaswarmetyvelebs da rasac mecnierebam da ada-
mianis gonebam miakvlia. maimonidis sqolastikurma
filosofiam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina qristian
filosofosebze: Tomas aqvinelze, dun skotze; man
aseve moxibla arabi filosofosebi, romlebic mas
ukve TavianTi wris warmomadgenlad aRiqvamdnen. es
axalbeda filosofosi ar iyo Caketili erTferov-
nebaSi, igi icnobda kulturis uamrav dargs, ami-
tomac misma gamocdilebam gaamdidra rogorc sa-
kuTari, ise sxvaTa tradiciebi da rwmenebi. igi
icavda sakuTari ebrauli rwmenis fesvebs da, amas-
Tan, man daakavSira uZvelesi elinistur-romauli,
Sua saukuneebis arabuli, ebrauli da dasavluri
kulturebi.

17
kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:

• ra viciT sxva kulturisa da sarwmunoebis tra-

diciebsa da swavlebebze?
• SegiZliaT gaixsenoT raime sasargeblo, rac
SegiZeniaT sxva aRmsareblobis megobrisgan, mezoblisa
Tu TanamSromlisgan?
• SegviZlia Tu ara gansxvavebuli tradiciebis
urTierTqmedebiT gavamdidroT da davxvewoT Cveni
religiuri naazrevi da gamonaTqvamebi?
• vcnobT Tu ara mizezad religiur gansxvavebas im
adamianTa Soris, vinc erTmaneTs usamarTlod epyroba,
xolo is, vinc imave religiis erTgulia, mowyalea da
aRmouCens TavSesafars devnils?

18
Tavi mesame

francisko asizeli (1181-1226) da al-malik al-

kamili (1180-1238)

me-13 s-is dasawyisSi, jvarosnuli laSqrobebis

yvelaze cxel periodSi, erTma qristianma da
erTma muslimma gabedes brZolis xazis gadakveTa.
maTma dialogma orive gaaoca. Sedegad SemuSavda
mSvidobis miRwevis riskiani modeli.

francisko asizeli daibada SeZlebul ojaxSi. igi

gaemgzavra, rogorc raindi italiis qalaq-
saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare omebSi sabrZol-
velad. sasuliero krizisis Semdeg franciskos
cxovrebaSi moxda gardatexa, man Tavi miuZRvna
romauli kaTolikuri eklesiis sulier aRo-
rZinebas. misi suliereba gamsWvaluli iyo ub-
raloebiT, RatakTa SebralebiTa da RvTis
danaxviT mdabioTa Soris. am Rirebulebebze day-
rdnobiT man Camoayaliba franciskanuli sazoga-
doeba, SemdgomSi franciskanul ordenad wode-

19
buli.

francisko ibrZoda Zaladobis winaaRmdeg maSin,

rodesac eklesia jvarosanTa e.w. “wminda
ZaladobaSi” iyo CarTuli. jvarosanTa sisastikiT
SeZrwunebulma franciskom damietasTan brZolis
dros gadakveTa brZolis veli da piradad ewvia
mters banakSi. es iyo sulTani al-malik al-
kamili. franciskom sulTans Tavisi mrwamsi
uqadaga, rac SeiZleboda sicocxlis fasad dasj-
domoda. Tumca, misda gasakvirad, igi gulTbilad
miiRes. kamili gaxldaT didi samxedro beladis,
saladinis Zmiswuli, romelmac mesame jvarosnul
laSqrobaSi daamarcxa evropeli raindebi. igi
gaaoca franciskos simamacem da gambedaobam da
sTxova bers, darCeniliyo erTkviriani molapa-
rakebisTvis. franciskoze didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina muslimTa erTgulebam, igi gansakuTrebiT
moixibla locvis wesiT da krialosanis xmarebis
kulturiT. zogierTi swavlulis TqmiT, franci-
skom es tradicia evropaSi Camoitana. arc franci-
skos da arc al-kamils rjuli ar SeucvliaT,
magram isini megobrebad daSordnen erTmaneTs,
moipoves urTierTpativiscema da bevri ram
iswavles erTmaneTisgan.

am Sexvedris Semdeg evropaSi dabrunebuli

francisko cdilobda, daerwmunebina kardinali
pelagius galvani, rom sulTanTan mSvidoba
daemyarebina, magram amaod. erTi mxriv, sulTani
al-kamili mzad iyo mSvidobis dasamyareblad.
gamarjvebis Semdeg man Semwynarebloba gamoiCina
damarcxebuli jvarosnebis mimarT, rac sruliad
ar hgavda jvarosanTa saqciels, rodesac maT
xelSi Caigdes damieta.
sabolood ki al-kamilma 1229 wels SeZlo
warmatebuli samSvidobo molaparakeba fridrix II-

20
kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:

• gaixseneT msoflioSi mimdinare omebi. ewveodiT Tu

ara mters banakSi misi stumarTmoyvareobis imediT?
daasaxeleT adamiani, romelic Caidenda msgavs saqciels.
• gauocebixarT odesme adamians, romelic mtrad mi-
gaCndaT?
• Caifiqre vinme, romelzec fiqrob, rom Seni mteria. ra
nabijebs gadadgamdiT masTan mosalaparakeblad?

21
Tavi meoTxe
jalal ad-din muhamed rumi

jalal ad-din rumi gaxldaT sparsi mus-

limi poeti da mistikosi RvTismetyveli, romelic
cxovrobda me-13 s-Si. igi daibada sparseTSi, qalaq
balxSi, romelic dRevandeli avRaneTis teritori-
azea. igi bavSvi iyo, rodesac am regions monRoli
dampyroblebi Semoesivnen. mis ojaxs gaxiznva
mouxda da xangrZlivi devnilobis Semdeg isini
sabolood aziaSi, anatoliaSi dasaxldnen, dRevan-
deli TurqeTis teritoriaze.
cxovrebis manZilze rumis bevri politi-
kuri Tu socialuri konfliqtis gadalaxva mo-
uxda. misi ojaxi moeqca ormxriv marwuxebSi, erTi
mxriv, aRmosavleTidan mosuli monRoli dampy-
roblebisgan, meore mxriv, dasavleTidan jvaro-
sanTa mxridan.
jer kidev axalgazrda rumi cnobili iyo,
rogorc muslimi veqili da swavluli. igi daume-
gobrda erT ucnaur mistikos derviSs, saxelad
Sams-e-Tabrizs, rac niSnavs Sams qalaq Tabrizidan.
22
 Samsma rumis daanaxva misticizmis saocari
siRrme. es adamianebi Zalian damegobrdnen da
erTmaneTs did codnas uziarebdnen. Tumca, erT
Rames Sami mokles. rogorc ambobdnen, es rumis eW-
vianma mimdevrebma Caidines.
rumim megobris sikvdiliT gancdili mwux-
areba Caaqsova poeziaSi, romelic kargad asaxavda
mis xedvasa da SemoqmedebiT niWs. misi leqsebis
didi nawili cnobilia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli moulodnelobebis saocari gamoxatviT.
sparsul enaze daweril mis leqsebs dResac kiTx-
uloben centralur aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi,
Targmanebis wyalobiT is mTel msoflioSic kar-
gad aris cnobili. rumim dawera leqsebi arabul,
berZnul da Turqul enebzec.
rumim aRmoacena iseTi Temebi, romlebic
sufistebis SexedulebebisaTvis centraluria, ma-
galiTad iseTi, rogoricaa erToba da samarTli-
anobisaken ltolva. mas sjeroda, rom musika,
poezia da cekva adamians RvTisaken mimaval gzas
ukvlevda. rumis gardacvalebis Semdeg misma swav-
lebam xeli Seuwyo “mbrunavi derviSebis” melvevis
ordenis Seqmnas. maT dadges saRvTo cekva, romelic
gamoxatavs mistikur mogzaurobas gonebasa da siy-
varulSi “srulyofilebis” mosapoveblad. rumi am-
bobda, rom mistikuri mogzaurobidan dabrunebul
adamians SeeZlo siyvaruli da xdeboda Semoqmedi
yovelgvari crurwmenis gareSe, im crurwmenisa, ro-
melic ganarCevs adamianebs rwmenis, rasis, gvarisa
da warmomavlobis mixedviT.
rumi adreul asakSi cxovrobda religi-
urad mravalferovan garemoSi. balxSi erTad
iyvnen Tavmoyrilni budistebi, mahmadianebi, zoro-
astrelebi, iudevelebi da qristianebi. rumi yvela
am gansxvavebuli religiuri tradiciebis mqone
adamianebTan megobrobda. rumi RvTismoSiSi mus-

23
limi iyo. is Tavis erT-erT leqsSi wers: “me ar var
qristiani, arc ebraeli, arc zoroastreli da arc
muslimi”. es sityvebi ar gamoxatavs imas, rom igi
iyo urwmuno, piriqiT, amiT Cans, rom rumis swamda
sikeTisa da erTi RmerTisa, romelic yvelaze
didia da swvdeba yvelas suls.
pirad cxovrebasa Tu poeziaSi rumim re-
ligiebs Soris sxvaobebi gadalaxa. misi pirveli
coli iyo muslimi, romlis gardacvalebis Semde-
gac igi qristian qalze daqorwinda. im periodSi
qristiani da muslimi meomrebi CarTulni iyvnen
jvarosanTa sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi. rumis gar-
dacvalebis samgloviaro ceremonia 40 dRe gag-
rZelda, masSi monawileobdnen mgloviare mus-
limebi, qristianebi da ebraelebi, aseve adamianebi
saberZneTidan, arabeTidan da sparseTidan.
rumi marTlac is adamiani iyo, romlis
guli da poezia efereboda mTel kacobriobas. aq
mocemulia ramdenime striqoni misi udidesi poemi-
dan “mesnevi”, romelic 50,000 striqonisgan Sedgeba:

“erovneba da religia ara aqvs siyvaruls,

da RmerTs uyvars is, visac siyvaruli ZaluZs,
siyvaruls mizezebi ar sWirdeba,
da RvTiur saswaulTan mivyavarT siyvaruls.”

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:
• odesme gangicdiaT Tu ara siyvaruli sxva
rwmenisa da kulturis mqone adamianis mimarT?
• gitiriaT Tu ara sxva aRmsareblobis adamianis
gardacvalebis gamo?
• ra tipis sasuliero poezia gizidavT?
gadaikiTxeT an zepirad TqviT Tqveni sayvareli
nawyveti.

24
Tavi mexuTe

jalaludin muhamad aqbari (1542-1605)

1556-1605 wlebSi indoeTSi muRalis imperias mar-

Tavda jalaludin muhamad aqbari. igi ufro cnobi-
li iyo aqbar didis saxeliT, radgan mas muRalis
mmarTvelTagan yvelaze Zlierad miiCnevdnen. Mezo-
bel dampyroblebTan saomari gamarjvebebiT man
gazarda Tavisi imperia. xangrZlivi mmarTvelobi-
sas akbarma imperia Sinaganad ganamtkica. igi
xelovnebis motrfiale iyo, ramac didad imoqmeda
induri xelovnebisa da musikis ganviTarebaze.
religiuri mravalferovneba da Semwynare-
bluri politika misi mmarTvelobis damaxasiaTebe-
li niSani iyo.
indoeTSi induistTa umravlesobas musli-
muri elita marTavda da aseT pirobebSi reli-
giuri gansxvaveba Zalian feTqebadsaSiSi iyo. es
adrec araerTxel momxdara.

25
 aqbarma amis sapirispirod wamoiwyo
dialogi. man xeli Seuwyo debatebis gamarTvas
muslimebs, induistebs, jainistebs, kaTolikeebsa
da aTeistebs Sorisac ki. man aaSena ibadaT xana
(sakulto saxli), adgili, sadac imarTeboda
msgavsi saubrebi da diskusiebi. aqbaris politika
ufro Sorsac wavida: man Seqmna religiuri
Tanasworobis pirobebi indoeTSi, gaauqma mloc-
velTaTvis begara wminda adgilebSi salocavad
jainizmis mimdevarTaTvis, aseve gaauqma jizia,
romelic ekisrebodaT aramuslim morwmuneebs
(induist brahmanebs da budistebs). aqbaris
winaprebma akrZales induistTa da sxva religiuri
jgufebis Tavisufali RvTismsaxureba, magram
aqbarma Secvala politikuri kursi. igi yovelTvis
emxroboda im politikur kurss, romelic ar
krZalavda qveyanaSi rwmenis mravalferovnebas.
magaliTad, man daicva induistTa salocavebi da
kargi urTierToba daamyara romaul kaTolikur
eklesiasTan. man mTavrobaSi moiyvana adamianebi,
romlebic ar iyvnen muslimebi.
maSin, rodesac mravalcolianobas didi
politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda, aqbarma colad
induisti qali SeirTo, romlisganac SeeZina
momavali imperatori mugal jahangiri. aqbari sxva
indoel princesebzec daqorwinda, magram es,
upirveles yovlisa, politikuri mizezebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, Tumca amas gavlena ar mouxdenia
religiuri Semwynareblobis sakiTxze. aqbari
qristian qalzec ki daqorwinda, bolos ki misi
SviliSvilebidan 3 kaToliked moinaTla. metic,
misma politikurma qorwinebam da indoel
rajputTan urTierTobis damyarebam mSvidoba
moutana im miwas, romelic mudmivi SfoTis sagani
iyo aqbaris winaparTa mmarTvelobisas. aqbarma
imdenad kargad Seiswavla sxva religiuri
moZRvrebebi, rom maTi tradiciebi erT rwmenaSi

26
gaaerTiana da uwoda mas din-i-ilahi (saRvTo
rwmena). igi Seqmnili iyo im dros indoeTSi arse-
buli sxvadasxva religiuri tradiciis, mrwamsisa
da simbolikis safuZvelze. es religia warumate-
beli aRmoCnda: mxolod 18 adamiani gaxda misi
oficialuri mimdevari. es eqsperimenti aqbaris
gardacvalebis Semdeg dasrulda. mainc, aqbaris-
Tvis mniSvnelovani iyo, eswavla sxvisi moZRvreba,
religiuri mravalferovnebisTvis xelSewyobam ki
mis qveyanas moutana mSvidoba, stabiluroba da
siZliere.
zogma aqbari RvTis gmobaSi daadanaSaula,
misma naxevarZmam ki, romelic islamur kanons ica-
vda, muslimebs ajanyebisaken mouwoda. aqbarma daZ-
lia misi Semoteva da SeinarCuna yvela religi-
isadmi Semwynarebluri politika.
misi cxovrebiT STagonebulma poetma lord
alfred tenisonma aqbaris xedvebs poema uZRvna,
romelsac “akbaris ocneba” uwoda.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:
• tenisonis poema xelmisawvdomia internetiT. Tu
moisurvebT mis gacnobas, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: ratom
aris xSirad religiuri STagoneba poeziasTan
dakavSirebuli? dagiweriaT odesme leqsi, romelic
gamoxatavs Tqvens Sexedulebebs religiaze?
• akbari cdilobda, Seeqmna iseTi religia, romelic
iqneboda dedamiwaze arsebuli religiebis sinTezi. ra
kritikul elements xedav Sens sulierebaSi, romelsac
SeiZleba raime saerTo hqondes sxva sarwmunoebebTan?
• ra nabijebi unda gadavdgaT imisTvis, rom religi-
uri Semwynarebloba da Tavisufleba politikur realo-
bad vaqcioT im adamianebisTvis, romlebic am mxriv Sez-
Rudulebi arian?

27
Tavi meeqvse

rojer uiliamsi (1603-1684)

1636 wels rojer uiliamsma daaarsa demokratiuli

kolonia - rod ailendi. kolonias umravlesobis
warmomadgenlebi marTavdnen, magram arsebobda pi-
roba, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac koloniaSi mcxo-
vrebi yvela adamianis religiuri mrwamsi unda yo-
filiyo daculi. kvakerebma, baptistebma da ebra-
elebma Tavi rod ailends Seafares, masaCusetsa da
inglisSi devnis Semdeg. rod ailendSi amerikel
indielTa tomebs hqondaT ufleba, mihyolodnen
TavianT religiur wes-Cveulebebs. amerikelebisT-
vis providensSi uiliamsma aago pirveli baptis-
turi eklesia, Tumca man maleve uaryo baptizmi da
gaxda “rwmenis maZiebeli”.
es vizioneri, axali amerikeli lideri, ro-
melic daibada inglisSi 1603 wels, gaxda angli-
kanuri eklesiis mRvdeli. 1631 wels igi bostonSi
gaemgzavra. igi fiqrobda, rom eklesia saxelmwi-

28
fosgan gamijnuli unda yofiliyo. swored am idee-
bis gamo male waawyda dabrkolebebs adgilobrivi
religiuri liderebisagan. igi daobda sulis
Tavisuflebaze da qadagebda yvelasTvis srul re-
ligiur Tavisuflebas. plaimouzSi uiliamsi
SeuerTda piligrimTa jgufs, romelTanac mxolod
2 weli dahyo, radgan rojeris Sexedulebebi maT-
Tvis Zalian Soreuli iyo. 1635 wels rojeri misi
Sexedulebebis gamo sikvdilis muqariT gamoaZeves
masaCusetsis koloniidan. mxolod sazogadoebis
did nawilSi mopovebulma pativiscemam gadaarCina
igi CamoxrCobas.
uiliamsi samxreTSi gadaixvewa, iq igi dau-
megobrda naragansetis tomis beladebs. naragan-
setis tomma rojeri miwiT daajildova, radgan
igi amtkicebda, rom am miwis kanonieri mflobeli
ara inglisis mefe, aramed adgilobrivi mosax-
leoba iyo. aq man daaarsa rod ailendi, qalaqi
providensi. man Seiswavla adgilobrivi ena, dawera
algonqvinuri enebis leqsikoni da mouwodebda ev-
ropelebs, rom konfliqtis nacvlad adgilobriv
tomebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba daemyarebinaT.
rojeris mier daarsebuli provinciis kari
yvela religiuri aRmsareblobis adamianisaTvis
Ria iyo. 1639 wels misi daxmarebiT amerikaSi aigo
erT-erTi pirveli baptisturi eklesia, romelic
gamijnuli iyo saxelmwifosgan. male rod ailendi
stumarTmoyvare da sasurveli adgili gaxda, sa-
dac aigo amerikaSi rigiT meore ebrauli sinagoga.
misi winaswarmetyveluri xma Zalian Sors
iyo imdroindeli sazogadoebisagan. igi gamodioda
indielebis Zaladobrivi moqcevis winaaRmdeg da
amas gaupatiurebas adarebda. evropelebsa da
adgilobriv xalxs Soris warmoqmnil kon-
fliqtebSi uiliamsi mudam mSvidobis damyarebas
cdilobda. mefe filipis omisas uiliamsi SiSveli
xelebiT gaemarTa im meomrebTan Sesaxvedrad, rom-

29
lebic providensis gadawvas apirebdnen. maT ar
ismines uiliamsis Txovna, ar gadaewvaT qalaqi,
magram sasikvdilod ar gaimetes, daindes mamaci da
keTili rojeri. dRes Cven vxvdebiT uiliamsis
mier Camoyalibebul sazogadoebebs, romlebic
amerikuli pluralizmis nimuSs warmoadgenen. misi
moRvaweobisas uiliamsis mtrebic ki rod ailends
“axali inglisis milsadenad” moixseniebdnen.
rojer uiliamsi gardaicvala 1683 wels,
Tumca man moaswro mmarTvelobiTi organos
Camoyalibeba am kontinentze, raTa konstituciuri
gziT daecva religiuri Tavisuflebis kanoni, ro-
melic mogvianebiT Sevida SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciur kanonTa krebulSi. rojeri ambobda:
“saxelmwifo Carevisgan religiis dacva iqneba
yvela religiuri Tu arareligiuri tradiciis
Tavisufleba”.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:
• icodeT raime uiliamsze? saidan gaigeT masze? axal
istoriul wignebSi bevria masze moTxrobili. ratom
ggoniaT, rom misi cxovreba did interess gamoiwvevs sa-
zogadoebaSi?
• daasaxeleT adamiani, romelic icavs religiuri um-
ciresobebis uflebebs, ra Sedegebi moaqvs maT mcdelo-
bas?
• ras etyodiT axalarCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs im
principebze, romlebic maT unda gaiTvaliswinon religi-
uri Tavisuflebis gamoxatvasTan mimarTebaSi? es rTuli
Temaa. ra unda iyos daSvebuli? unda Seicvalos Tu ara
raime im kanonebSi, romlebic exeba religiur Tavisuflebas
da ratom?
• ukavSirdeba Tu ara Cveni religiuri Tavisufleba
sxvebTan gaziarebul religiur Tavisuflebas? ratom?

30
Tavi meSvide

mozes (mose) mendelsoni (1729-1786)

mozes mendelsoni me-18 s-is germanel-ebraeli

filosofosi gaxldaT. igi imdenad didi moazrovne
iyo, rom mesame moses (bibliuri mosesa da mose
maimonidis Semdgom) saxeliTac icnobdnen. Mendel-
sonma pirveli Sromebi metafizikisa da
maTematikis sferoSi Seqmna, riTac moixiblnen im-
droindeli cnobili swavlulebi. mas germanel
sokratesac eZaxdnen.
akademiuri karieris dasawyisSi man didi yurad-
Reba dauTmo filosofias. misi inteleqtualuri
gatacebis gadamwyveti momenti maSin dadga, ro-
desac misma qristianma Tayvanismcemelma iohan
lavaterma igi debatebSi gamoiwvia, raTa Tavis

31
rjulze moeqcia ebraeli filosofosi. religiebs
Soris danaxulma gansxvavebam mendelsoni ufro
Rrmad Caaxeda iudaizmSi. man germanulad Targmna
pentatexi da eqsodoss (masobriv gaqcevas) komenta-
ric daurTo. mendelsonma kidev ufro ganaviTara
Tavisi akademiuri moRvaweoba, mas surda, evropaSi
mcxovrebi ebraelebi yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni
inteleqtualuri azrovnebiTa da iuridiuli Tva-
lsazrisiT.
Tavis Semdgom SromebSi mendelsoni Seexo
religiur Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifos Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxebs. wignSi “ie-
rusalimi” mendelsoni wers, rom saxelmwifos ara
aqvs ufleba, Caerios Tavisi moqalaqeebis
religiur mrwamsSi da rom imanuil kantis mier
napovni reformebis gza marTebulia.
mravalferovan sazogadoebas man miawoda
pragmatuli principi imisa, rom WeSmariteba Se-
iZleba iyos mravalgvari. igi amtkicebda, rom
kacobriobis mravalferovnebaSi SeiZleba iyos
gansxvavebuli religiebi da TiToeul maTgans
pativi unda vceT. mendelsonisTvis WeSmariti
religia gamoicdeboda imiT, Tu ramdenad imoqme-
debda is adamianur qmedebaze.
TviT mendelsoni bunebiT imdenad didsulovani
da marTali iyo, rom erTma qristianma filo-
sofosma da mweralma, gozhold efraimma, 1779 wels
Seqmna piesa “naTan brZeni”, romlis mTavari
personaJi naTani STagonebulia mozes mendelsonis
pirovnebiT. piesaSi gadmocemuli iyo religiuri
Semwynareblobis Tema.
mendelsoni ebrZoda eqskomunikacias,
rogorc religiur muqaras sakuTar sindisTan
molaparake adamianTaTvis. mozes mendelsoni Ta-
visi SromebiT cdilobda qristianebsa da eb-
raelebs Soris urTierTobis gaRrmavebas, Semwy-

32
nareblobis da Cveni saerTo adamianuri sivrcis
mimarT pasuxismgeblobis danergvas.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:
• SegviZlia Tu ara CavebaT religiur dialogSi ise,
rom orive mxare Rrmad CavwvdeT Cvens rwmenas?
• ra moxdeboda, rom Cveni sarwmunoeba ganisjebodes
mxolod Cveni kargi saqcieliT?
• mendelsonis cxovrebam warmoSva axali piesa.
gaixseneT piesa, filmi an satelevizio gadacema,
romelmac dagvanaxva aseTi sulieri Rirebulebebis
mqone pirovneba.

33
Tavi merve
mozes montefiore
(1784-1885)

ser mozes montefiore britaneTis yvelaze

cnobili ebraeli iyo me-19 saukuneSi. man mTeli
erTi saukune icocxla da imoRvaweva Tavisi fi-
zikuri Zlierebis wyalobiT. man moRvaweoba
biznesiT daiwyo. Tavis ZmasTan erTad brokerul
firmaSi muSaobda. 1837 wels londonis Serifad
airCies. Semdeg wels ki dedofalma viqtoriam mas
raindis wodeba mianiWa.
40 wlis asakSi pensiaze gasulma bizness
Tavi mianeba da mTeli Tavisi darCenili sicocxle
filanTrofias miuZRvna.
1827 wels montefiore pirvelad ewvia
wminda miwas. swored es iqca mis cxovrebaSi gar-
damtex epizodad. igi wesebis mkacrad mimdevar
ebraelad iqca. CaerTo im ebraelTa dacvis saq-

34
meSi, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
diskriminaciasa da devnas ganicdidnen. Mman imog-
zaura da farTod gaasuqa Tavisi mogzaurobani
TurqeTSi, siriaSi, italiaSi, ruseTSi, marokosa
da rumineTSi. mogzaurobis dros man naxa
ebraelTa Temebi, romlebic ukiduresi sasowark-
veTis, siRaribis, devnisa da Cagvris mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen. am Temebis monaxulebiT man msof-
lios yuradReba adamianebis movaleobas mia-pyro.
ebraelTa dacvis saqmeSi man daimegobra msoflio
liderebi, maT Soris egviptis sulTani muhamed
ali faSa. swored am megobrobis wyalobiT man
SeZlo damaskoSi dapatimrebul im ebraelTa cixi-
dan daxsna, romlebic qristianTa sisxlis smaSi
iyvnen dadanaSaulebulni. es iyo Zveli qris-
tianuli crurwmena ebraelebis Sesaxeb, TiTqos es
ukanasknelni TavianTi religiuri ritualebis
ganxorcielebisas qristianTa sisxls svamdnen.

mozes montefiore mxolod erTmorwmune ebraelebs

ar icavda. Mman didi finansuri daxmareoba gauwia
siriaSi ltolvil qristianebs, romlebic
druzebis mier idevnebodnen. marokoSi igi icavda
ramdenime ebraels, romlebic mkvlelobaSi iyvnen
eWvmitanilni. man aseve daicva is muslimebi,
romlebic usamarTlod daadanaSaules ebraelebis
mkvlelobaSi. Mman mimarTa sulTans TxovniT, rom
yvela religiuri umciresobis uflebebi daculi
yofiliyo da maT Tanasworad mopyrobodnen.

montefiore, rogorc filanTropi, me-19 saukunis

britaneTSi mravali reformis kampaniis aqtiuri
wamomwyebi iyo. xSirad is sxva religiis war-
momadgenlebTan erTad muSaobda, magaliTad,
evangeluri protestanturi eklesiis warmomadgen-
lebTan erTad. man didi daxmareoba gauwia
finansuri kompensaciebis mobilizebas plantato-

35
rebisaTvis, rac xels Seuwyobda britaneTis im-
periaSi monobis gauqmebas. Mmisi filanTropuli
saqmianoba saerTaSoriso masStabs atarebda. Miuxe-
davad imisa, rom is ebraelebs exmareboda wminda
miwaze da ierusalimis irgvliv, mis daxmarebas
ganurCevlad iRebda ebraeli, muslimi Tu qris-
tiani.

misi 100 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT iTqva:

rodesac sasowarkveTa da tirili aRwevs Sens
yurs, maSin miegebebi mas da wuTiTac ar fiqrob,
vin tiris, sulerTia, romeli seqtis an
aRmsareblobis warmomadgenelia, daxmareba yvelas
erTnairad sWirdeba.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• sad gadis Cveni guluxvobis sazRvrebi _ mxolod

Cveni Temis farglebSi varT guluxvebi, Tu saWiroa viyoT
guluxvi maT mimarT, vinc ubralod saWiroebs
daxmarebas?
• megobarTan ganixileT is uflebebi, romlebic
gawuxebT da mere ikiTxeT: Tqven im adamianis uflebebis
damcveli xarT, romelic Tqven an Tqvens Tems gexebaT
yvelaze metad, Tu adamianis uflebebis damcveli xarT
sayovelTaod?
• dafiqrdiT axali ambebidan mosmenil SemTxvevaze,
rodesac saqme exeba umciresobis wuxils. Tqven, rogorc
individs, riTi SegiZliaT daexmaroT mas? Mmontefiore
msoflioSi mogzaurobda sasowarkveTili adamianebis
dasaxmareblad. Cven am yvelafris gakeTeba ar ZalgviZs,
magram dafiqrdiT da hkiTxeT megobars, risi gakeTeba
SegiZliaT, rogorc Cveulebriv adamians, raTa Seumsubu-
qoT sxvas tkivili da xeli SeuwyoT usamarTlobis aR-
mofxvras?

36
Tavi mecxre
sara da anjelina grimkeebi
(1792-1873 da 1805-1879)

sara da anjelina grimkeebi samxreT karo-

linas plantaciebSi daibadnen. isini debi iyvnen.
es mSvenieri samxreTeli qalbatonebi ara marto
monobis gauqmebisaTvis, aramed qalebis ufle-
bebisa da aRmsareblobebs Soris tolerantobi-
saTvisac ibrZodnen.

sara adreuli asakidanve miiCnevda, rom mo-

noba dasagmobi institutia, romelic anadgurebs
ara marto monas, aramed monis mflobelsac.

is Tvlida, rom monoba Tavis wiaRSi ver

iguebda monobas da saWiro iyo monebis ganaTleba
da gaTavisufleba. man imogzaura filadelfiaSi,
sadac Sexvda kvakerebs, maT sara sabolood
ganawyves monobis winaaRmdeg. CarlstonSi dabru-

37
nebis Semdeg man monobis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri
gamosvlebi daiwyo.

misi daJinebuli abolicionisturi gamo-

svlebi miuRebeli iyo episkopaluri ekle-
siisaTvis, romelsac Tavad ganekuTvneboda. is
SeuerTda megobarTa sazogadoebas (kvakerebi),
magram aRmoaCina, rom abolicionizmis radikaluri
idea maT rigebSic mTlianad misaRebi ar iyo,
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa winaaRmdegoba qalTa
sakiTxSi. es is periodia, rodesac sxva religiis
mimarT loialoba iwvevda sakuTari religiuri
Temidan gariyvas, Tumca man gadawyvita, rom
yvelas mokavSire gaxdeboda, vinc monobis ideas
ewinaaRmdegeboda. religiuri tolerantoba
abolicionizmisaTvis brZolis nawili gaxda.
samxreTis socialur konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia ara
sxvadasxva religiis arseboba, aramed qristianuli
denominaciebis mravalferovneba.
A
anjelinam jer kidev bavSvobaSi dagmo
monoba. is ewinaaRmdegeboda kanons, romelic
monebs wera-kiTxvis codnas ukrZalavda. man
sakuTar monas kiTxva Seaswavla. rodesac amis
Sesaxeb gaiges, is mkacrad dasajes. grimkeebi
episkopaluri eklesiis mrevls warmoadgendnen. M13
wlis asakSi anjelinam uari ganacxada kon-
firmaciaze da presbiterianul eklesias SeuerTda.
igi gansakuTrebul interess iCenda aRmsareb-
lobebs Soris dialogsa da erTobliv saqmiano-
basTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac misma moZRvarma
scada misi Semobruneba episkopaluri eklesiisaken,
man upasuxa: ”me ar SemiZlia, gacnobierebulad
mivekuTvnebode im eklesias, romelic yvelaze
maRla sakuTar Tavs ayenebs da sxva denominaciis
RvTismsaxurebs sakuTar ambionTan ar uSvebs. me
Sevqmeni mlocvel qalTa erToba, sadac baptisti,

38
meTodisti, kongregacionalisti da presbitera-
neli qalebi erTad loculoben.”

rodesac SedarebiT liberalurma eklesiam (pres-

biterianulma) ar miiRo misi abolici-onisturi
ideebi, man datova samxreTi da Tavis dasTan,
sarasTan gadavida filadelfiaSi. grimkeebi
monobis gauqmebis moZraobis kaSkaSa varskvlavebad
iqcnen da maT sajaro gamosvlebze didi moTxovna
gaCnda. maTi aqtivoba “megobarTa sazogadoebidan”
gamosvlis mizezi gaxda, magram isini monobis
gasauqmeblad ibrZodnen yvelasTan erTad, vinc ki
maT ideebs iziarebda.

debi grimkeebi iyvnen erT-erTi pirvelebi, romleb-

mac qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba monobis
tolfas movlenad Seracxes. 1838 wels bostonSi,
masaCusetsSi anjelina grimke pirveli qali iyo,
romelmac mimarTa amerikis sakanonmdeblo orga-
nos. maT mokvliT emuqrebodnen, miuxedavad yvela-
frisa, isini iyvnen religiaTa Soris tole-
rantobis, qalis uflebebisa da monobisagan ga-
Tavisuflebis moZraobis pionerebi.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis
• abolicionistebi, gansakuTrebiT samxreTis State-
bidan, didi safrTxis winaSe idgnen. maT moRalateebad
acxadebdnen. magram isini naTlad xedavdnen, rom monoba
iyo usamarTloba. SegiZliaT moiyvanoT magaliTi imisa,
rac dRes sazogadod daSvebulia, magram imavdroulad
aRiarebulia, rogorc usaSinlesi moraluri boroteba?
• Tu Tqven gadawyvetT xeli mohkidoT socialuri
problemis mogvarebas Tqven irgvliv, vis dau-
kavSirdebiT sxvadasxva religiuri jgufidan Tqveni
mcdelobis gansaxorcieleblad?
• debma, romlebic erT moralur borotebaze
fiqrobdnen, sxva borotebac aRmoaCines, magaliTad,
seqsizmi. SegiZliaT moiyvanoT magaliTi im moraluri
39
problemisa, romelic Tu ar gakontrolda, SesaZloa
ufro seriozul problemad gadaiqces? moiyvaneT im so-
cialuri avadmyofobebis magaliTebi, romlebic erT-
maneTs kvebavs.

40
Tavi meaTe
rabindranaT Tagori
(1861-1941)

rabindranaT Tagori indoeTis literatu-

ruli korifea. is daibada kalkutaSi bengaleli
brahmanis ojaxSi. Mman daaarsa aSrami dasavleT
bengalSi, rac aseve moicavda eqsperimentul sko-
las. mas swamda, rom RmerTi _ es aris pirovnuli
siwminde da sxvebis daxmareba. Tagori cnobilia
Tavisi poeziiT, romelzec didi gavlena moaxdina
hindus upaniSadis misticizmma, magram imavdrou-
lad es poezia misaRebia dasavleTis mkiTxvelisa-
Tvis. Mmas 1913 wels nobelis premia mieniWa, is iyo
pirveli azieli nobelianti literaturis dargSi.

Tagori xelovnebis sxva sferoebSic gamoirCeoda.

igi prozaul nawarmoebebsac qmnida: novelebs,
patara moTxrobebsa da piesebs. masve ekuTvnis naS-

41
romebi indoeTis istoriaze, lingvistikaze, mog-
zaurobasa da mecnierebaze. igi avtoria 2000-ze
meti simRerisa (maT Soris sasuliero xasiaTisa).
avtoriaAaseve indoeTisa da bangladeSis erovnuli
himnebisa. 60 wlis asakSi man xatva daiwyo. Mmisi
naxatebi gamoifina parizsa da londonSi.

Tagori winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse pirovneba iyo. is

mxars uWerda indoeTis ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobas, iyo gandis megobari, Tumca bevr sakiT-
xSi ar eTanxmeboda mas. gansakuTrebiT mtrulad
iyo ganwyobili nacionalizmis sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT. is ebrZoda faSizms, iaponur da amerikul
nacionalizms da aseve nacionalizms indoeTis
damoukideblobisaTvis moZraobaSi.

Tagori indoeTis aranormaluri kasturi azrov-

nebis mowinaaRmdege iyo. is amxelda socialuri
sistemis borotebas, romelic milionobiT adamians
siRaribes ganusazRvravda da `gariyulTa~ jgufs
miakuTvnebda. Tagorma feministuri aqcentebic
Seitana Tavis nawarmoebebSi. is ambobda, rom auci-
lebelia qalebis gaTavisufleba bevri colqmru-
li wes-Cveulebisagan. is ewinaaRmdegeboda tradi-
cias, romlis mixedviTac qmris sikvdilis Semdeg
qalebi TviTSewirvis wess emorCilebodnen.

Tagoris nawarmoebebma sxvadasxva religiuri mim-

dinareobebis gavlena ganicada. muslimi mistikosi
poeti hafezi misi STagonebis wyaro iyo. man
gamoiyena budisturi moTxroba anandas Sesaxeb.
ananda gautama budas erT-erTi moswavle iyo, ro-
melmac `gariyulTa~ kastis gogonas wyali sTxova.
es induri kulturis magaliTad mohyavs. mogza-
urobis dros Tagori saubrobda adamianebTan
humanizmis Sesaxeb. igi sityviT gamovida londonSi
kvakerTa yovelwliur Sekrebaze, gaxda Carlz

42
endrius, qristiani misioneris megobari, is gandis
proteJe iyo. Tagori Zalian ganicdida im dapiris-
pirebas, romelic arsebobda indoeTSi muslimebsa
da induistebs Soris. Aam sakiTxebs exeba misi
Semoqmedeba, is werda religiuri damRis Sesaxeb,
romelsac mivyavarT brma fanatizmamde, Zalado-
bamde, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es yvelaferi
gamsWvalulia nacionalizmiT.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis
• dafiqrdiT sxva mweralze an Semoqmedze, romelic
kulturul mravalferovnebaze qmnis. aseTebi ki mra-
valni arian Seqspiris droidan dRemde. Tqven vin gxib-
lavT? ratom mogwonT maTi nawarmoebebi an naxatebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva kulturas exeba da maT ga-
moxatavs?
• dRes bevri satelevizio programa Tu filmi
kulturul kavSirebs eZRvneba. Aaris iseTi, romelic
Tqven gansakuTrebiT mogwonT? esaubreT megobars da
gauziareT mas Tqveni azrebi.
• eTanxmebiT Tagors, romelic miiCnevda, rom
nacionalizmi Cveni ZiriTadi religiuri Sexedulebebisa
da RirebulebebisaTvis SesaZloa safrTxes
warmoadgendes? ratom dgeba es problema?

43
Tavi meTerTmete

henrieta zoldi

(1860-1945)

H henrieta zoldi daibada 1860 wels. Balti-

moreli rabinis ojaxSi rva bavSvi izrdeboda. maT
Soris Hiyo henrieta. is bavSvobidanve iudaizms
swavlobda, mas neba darTes, ebraul Teologiur
saswavlebelSi eswavla, romelic swored im
periodSi gaxda xelmisawvdomi qalebisaTvis. is
erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc ebrael qalTa uf-
lebebs icavda.

zoldma daaarsa qalTa organizacia hadasa, es iyo

aSS-Si erT-erTi udidesi organizacia. Hhadasas
ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda germaniidan da
Semdeg mTeli evropidan devnili ebraeli axal-
44
gazrdebis daxmareba. 22 000 ebraeli bavSvi da
axalgazrda daifares nacisturi agresiisagan,
zoldis fondis ZiriTadi saqmianoba swored
adamianis uflebebisaTvis advokatireba da aq-
tivizmi iyo.

hadasas daarsebidan zoldi diskriminaciis wina-

aRmdeg gamodioda. swored es gaxda hadasas Zi-
riTadi mizani. mogvianebiT fondi palestinaSi
jandacvis programebis ganxorcielebas Seudga.

I msoflio omis dros da Semdeg amerikelma

ebraelebma Camoayalibes amerikeli sionistebis
samedicino ganyofileba, romelic palestinaSi
myof ebraelebs exmareboda. udidesma problemebma
da organizaciulma qaosma 1920 wels zoldi
palestinaSi Caiyvana, raTa Tavad gasZRoloda
organizacias. man daaarsa hadasas samedicino
organizacia, romelic qalebisa da bavSvebis
movlasa da maTze mzrunvelobas iTvaliswinebda.
man daJinebiT moiTxova, rom arabebsa da muslimebs
iseve daxmarebodnen, rogorc ebraelebs im sau-
keTeso samedicino teqnologiebiT, rac im
periodSi arsebobda.

organizacia marTlac yvela religiisa da

eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamians exmareboda da
TanamSromlobda maTTan. ierusalimis hadasas saa-
vadmyofo swored zoldis mier daarsebuli
organizaciis Sedegad Seiqmna. is pirveli same-
dicino dawesebulebaa mTel israelSi da axlo
aRmosavleTSi.

aradiskriminaciuli jandacva zoldis mTavari

mizani iyo, man es SeZlo, Tumca Zalian didi
Zalisxmeva dasWirda, miT umetes, rom es yve-
laferi xorcieldeboda regionSi Zaladobrivi

45
dapirispirebebis fonze ebraelebsa da arabebs
Soris.

1948 wels, vidre israelis saxelmwifo Camoya-

libdeboda, arabebis mier hadasas saavadmyofoSi
77 eqimi da eqTani iqna mokluli. miuxedavad amisa,
hadasa agrZelebda aradiskriminaciuli jandacvis
politikas. swored am saavadmyofoSi xdeba dapi-
rispirebis msxverplTa mkurnaloba.Hhenrieta zol-
dis sikvdilis Semdegac gagrZelda misi saqme. 2005
wels hadasas saavadmyofo nobelis premiaze iqna
wardgenili.

miuxedavad mZime periodisa, hadasas jandacvis sis-

temis TanamSromluri da aradiskriminaciuli
politikis Sedegad Seiqmna xidebi da komunikacia
sazogadoebebs Soris.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis
• icodiT, rom religiuri Temebi istoriulad nova-
torebi iyvnen saavadmyofoebis daarsebis saqmeSi? Tqvens
regionSi romeli religiuri jgufebi uZRvebian am
saqmes?
• odesme ginaxavT saavadmyofos sasuliero piri
(kapelani)? moiwvieT saavadmyofos samlocvelos
mRvdeli sadiskusiod, sTxoveT, giamboT sxvadasxva re-
ligiur Tems Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
• dRes msoflioSi yvela religia cdilobs jandacvis
sistemis gaumjobesebas; yvelas eqneba misi servisis
miRebis saSualeba; rogor fiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT ra
xdeba Tqvens regionSi, aqvT adamianebs problemebi
samedicino momsaxurebis sferoSi? moxaliseebis CarTva
programebSi aris Tu ara saukeTeso gza sakuTari Tavis
povnisa sxva religiis adamianebis gverdiT da maT Ses-
axeb ufro metis Setyobisa?

46
Tavi meTormete
mohandas mahaTma gandi
(1869-1948)

mohandas mahaTma gandim safuZveli Cauyara

indoeTSi britaneTis koloniuri batonobisagan
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. misi midgoma
araZaladobisadmi, romelsac ewodeba `sitiagraha~,
sityvasityviT niSnavs `simarTles xelSi”, anu si-
marTlis Zalas. Tavdapirvelad gandim araZalado-
bis filosofia Seqmna da misi praqtikaSi gamo-
yeneba daiwyo samxreT afrikaSi, sadac 20 weli
cxovrobda. gandi iuristi iyo, samxreT afrikaSi
rasisti TeTrkaniani mTavroba absolutur disk-
riminacias uwevda indielebsac. gandi xelmZRvane-
lobda moZraobas, romelic am diskiminaciis wi-
naaRmdeg gamodioda. 1914 wels man imasac miaRwia,
rom gamoica kanoni, romelic indoel imigrantebs
47
garkveul uflebebs uwesebda.

indoeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg Searqves sapatio sax-

eli mahaTma, is saTaveSi Caudga britaneTisagan
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. man SeimuSava kam-
pania, romelic iTvaliswinebda araTanamSromlo-
bas britaneTTan. cnobilia misi ”marilis ajan-
yeba~, romelmac mTeli indoeTi moicva da war-
moadgenda marilze britaneTis monopoliis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolas. xangrZlivi, mravalmxrivi brZo-
lis Sedegad 1947 wels indoeTi damoukidebeli
gaxda.

gandi aseve ibrZoda indoeTis sazogadoebaSi arse-

buli usamarTlobisa da uTanasworobis wi-
naaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT `gariyulTa~ statutis
asamaRleblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom zeda fenas,
zeda kastas warmoadgenda, is mouwodebda in-
doeTSi socialuri da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis
aRmofxvrisaken. misi Sexedulebebi am mimarTule-
biT imdenad myari iyo, rom garkveuli SezRudvebi
marTlac gauqmda.

gandi induisti iyo suliT xorcamde, Mman mTeli

STagoneba iesos moZRvrebidan da rusi qristiani
pacifistis, lev tolstois nawarmoebebidan miiRo.
Bbevri qristiani cxovrobda aSramSi da SeuerTda
mis moZraobas. gandi xSirad axdenda citirebas
saxarebidan da mimarTavda Tavis qristian mego-
brebs: iyo kargi hindu, niSnavs iyo aseve kargi
qristiani, aucilebeli ar aris, gaxde qristiani,
amis gareSec mwams iesos moZRvrebis mSveniereba
da vcdilob, mis magaliTs mivdio. Migi sam wigns
daatarebda Tan: bhagavagitas, bibliasa da yurans.

gandis damsaxurebaa indoeTSi ori udidesi reli-

giuri jgufis: induizmisa da islamis mimdevrebis

48
daaxloeba. is muSaobda abdul gafar xanTan er-
Tad. is iyo gandis muslimi megobari da
damoukideblobisaTvis araZaladobrivi moZraobis
aqtivisti. TiToeuli maTganis principi _ rwmena
da araZaladoba maT xelSi qmediTi gaxda
damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZola-
Si.

rodesac indoeTSi Zaladobrivi ajanyebebi daiwyo

induistebsa da muslimebs Soris, gandim mSvi-
dobisaken mouwoda maT. misi Setyobineba gasagebi
rom yofiliyo, man Tavis induizmis mimdevar TemSi
grZelvadiani marxva daiwyo da amiT moiTxovda Za-
ladobis SeCerebas. Zaladobrivi Setakebebi
dasrulda.

1948 wels gandi mokles induistma eqstremistebma.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis
• gagiriskavT odesme, daxmarebodiT xalxs, romlebic
miekuTvnebian marginaluri umciresobis jgufs? ram
gadagadgmevinaT es nabiji?
• wagikiTxavT is sami wigni, rasac mudmivad
daatarebda Tan gandi? es wignebi xom advilad Segi-
ZliaT SeiZinoT wignis maRaziaSi. aiReT da waikiTxeT
TiToeuli maTgani megobarTan erTad da isaubreT imaze,
Tu ra iyo axali wignSi TqvenTvis, riTi gansxvavdebian
isini erTmaneTisagan?
• aris Tu ara marxva Tqveni religiuri tradiciis
nawili? es tradicia damaxasiaTebelia bevri reli-
giisaTvis. Tu arasodes gimarxuliaT Tundac erTi
saxeobis sakvebis amoRebiT Tqveni racionidan, dafi-
qrdiT imaze, Tu rogor marxulobda gandi
.

49
Tavi mecamete
abdul gafar xani
(1890-1988)

abdul gafar xani puStuni iyo, igi indo-

eTis britanuli kolonializmis periodSi daibada.
dRevandeli pakistanis teritoriaze Crdilo-
dasavleT provinciaSi mcxovrebi puStunebi Tavda-
uzogavad da sakuTari sisxlis fasad ibrZodnen
britanelebis winaaRmdeg. Bbritanelebi aranak-
lebi ZaladobiT pasuxobdnen.

gafar xani SeuerTda ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas

da dadga induisti mahaTma gandis gverdiT. man
Camoayaliba islamuri swavleba araZaladobis Se-
saxeb, romelic efuZneboda muslimur principebs:
amala (Tavis msxverplad Sewirva), iakiini (rwmena)
da muhabati (siyvaruli). is, rogorc lideri,
maswavlebeli da organizatori, saTaveSi Caudga

50
araZaladobriv armias kudai kidmatgars (RvTis
msaxurebi) da ase aRudga britaneTis uRels. 100
aTasze meti puStuni SeuerTda mas, es iyo wiTel-
perangianTa armia, maT piroba da fici hqondaT
dadebuli, rom uars ityodnen Zaladobaze da
sisxlis aRebisas ar Caidendnen Zaladobas. Ggafar
xani brZolis amgvar saxeobaze, anu jihadze, mi-
uTiTebda, rodesac mxolod mters upyria maxvili.

gafar xanis armiis moqmedeba erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani protestis forma gaxda britane-
lebis winaaRmdeg. Qqalaq pashavarSi britanelma
jariskacebma dawves kudai kidmatgari, daWres da
daxoces asobiT adamiani, es iyo SeuiaraRebeli
protestantebis Jleta. imdenad Zlieri iyo Seui-
araRebeli adamianebis SemarTeba, rom britanelebi
maTi simamaciT aRfrTovanebulebi darCnen da aRar
asrulebdnen maTi daxocvis brZanebas. mogvianebiT
ambobdnen, rom britanelebs SeuiaraRebeli puS-
tunebis ufro eSiniaT, vidre SeiaraRebulebiso.
marTlac, maT Crdilo-dasavleTi provincia araZa-
ladobrivi ajanyebiT TiTqmis umarTavi gaxades.

gandi da gafar xani mxardamxar ibrZodnen da

Sromobdnen. maTi xedva ki iyo erTiani, damou-
kidebeli indoeTi, sadac muslimebi da induistebi
erTad Tanacxovroben. maT iswavles erTmaneTi-
sagan, gavlena moaxdines erTmaneTis rwmenasa da
erTmaneTze. es iyo bedis ironia: orive itanjeboda
imis gamo, rom TavianTi religiis mimdevrebi
adanaSaulebdnen imaSi, rom mravalreligiuri
indoeli eris Seqmnaze ocnebobdnen. gandi xom
induizmis mimdevarma mokla imitom, rom is
muslimebTan mSvidobisken mouwodebda xalxs.
gafar xani ki pakistanis mTavrobam cixeSi Casva,
radgan pro-indurobaSi daadanaSaula.

51
indoeTi daSlis Semdeg indoeTad da pakistanad
daiyo, gafar xani Seecada, avRaneTsa da pakistanSi
puStunebis demokratiisaTvis ebrZola. iyenebda
araZaladobriv meTodebsa da qmedebebs. Tavisi
ideebisa da Sexedulebebis gamo man 30 welze meti
cixeSi gaatara.

gafar xani 1988 wels gardaicvala 98 wlis asakSi

SinapatimrobaSi yofnisas. man Tavisi cxovrebiT
aCvena, rom araZaladoba da islami erTad Sesa-
Zlebelia. is dasaxelda nobelis mSvidobis
premiis nominantad. Mman erTxel Tqva: “Cemi reli-
gia simarTle, siyvaruli da RvTisa da kacobri-
obis samsaxuria. yvela religiis mTavari gzavnili
xalxisadmi siyvaruli da Zmobaa. is, vinc indi-
ferentulia Tavisi axloblebis, adamianebis
keTildReobis mimarT, misi guli siyvarulisgan
carielia, aseTma adamianebma ar ician religiis
mniSvneloba.~

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• odesme momxdara Tqvens TemSi, romelime Tqvengani

gagiriyavT imis gamo, rom romelime umciresobasTan See-
cada urTierTobas?
•warmoidgineT gafar xani SinapatimrobaSi. Bbevri gav-
leniani mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli imave dReSi Cavard-
nila xSirad. risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT Tqvens wreSi imi-
saTvis, rom religiuri da kulturuli toleranto-
bisaken mouwodoT adamianebs?
•sindisis patimari - es aris fraza, romelic xSirad ga-
moiyeneba aseT SemTxvevaSi. SegiZliaT moZebnoT gza,
raTa amgvar patimrebs mxari dauWiroT mSvidobianad,
gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc sruliad gansxvavebuli kul-
turis warmomadgenelia?

52
Tavi meToTxmete
muriel lesteri
(1885-1968)

muriel lesteri daibada inglisSi, mdidar bap-

tistTa ojaxSi, me-19 saukunis dasasruls. man
adreuli asakidan gamoamJRavna rwmenis Tvalsaz-
risiT Seurigebeli radikalizmi, gansakuTrebiT,
socialuri samarTlianobis koncefciebis kuTxiT.
londonis gareubnebSi matarebliT mgzavrobis
dros ixila siRaribe, rogorc zneobrivi gamow-
veva. man nebayoflobiT siRaribeSi arCia cxovreba.
gadabargda bouSi - londonis RaribTa ubanSi, sa-
dac Rarib ojaxebs exmareboda, is socialuri
muSaki gaxda, SeiZina Zveli eklesiis Senoba da
gadaaqcia is kingslis holad. es iyo socialuri
samsaxuris centri. lesterma TemSi moaxerxa
xalxis mobilizeba, raTa gaerkviaT yvelaze
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maTi mogvarebis gzebi.
Mmas SeeZlo adamianebis gaZliereba, gansakuTrebiT
maTi, vinc fiqrobda, rom Zala ar hqonda.

pirveli msoflio omis dros lesteri pacifisti

gaxda da SeuerTda axladSeqmnil moZraobas -

53
Serigebis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas. amis Sem-
dgom man siRaribesTan brZolis mizniT Seqmna
fondi - “gadavarCinoT bavSvebi” (Save the Children).
Serigebis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis kavSire-
biT man SeZlo, Tagoris siZe inglisSi, kingsli
holSi moewvia leqciis wasakiTxad, lesteri ki
miiwvies indoeTSi.

indoeTSi yofnis dros lesteri daumegobrda ga-

ndis. gandim daarwmuna imaSi, rom unda ilaparako
simarTle SiSisa da gazviadebis gareSe da dai-
naxo yvela, visi saqmianobac axlosaa Sens saqmia-
nobasa da mizanTan. “Sen RvTis saqmes akeTeb, ami-
tom ar SegeSindes adamianTa dacinvis.~ rodesac
1931 wels gandi inglisSi Cavida, is kingsli ho-
lSi 3 Tve cxovrobda. Qqristianma da induizmis
mimdevarma, lesterma da gandim qristes moZRvreba
gamoiyenes britaneTis koloniur reJimTan sabrZo-
lvelad.

1933 wels lesterma kingsli holis xelmZRva-

neloba gadasca Tavis das, Tavad ki gaxda Seri-
gebis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mdivani sxva
qveynebSi. man mlocvelTa skolebi gaxsna mTel
msoflioSi muslimebis, ebraelebisa da induizmis
mimdevrebisaTvis. rodesac is awydeboda usamarT-
lobasa da Zaladobas, axerxebda xalxis mobili-
zebas yovelive amis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

muriel lesterma Serigebis, maT Soris religiuri

Serigebis idea adamianuri cxovrebis yvela sfe-
roSi Cado. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ”RvTis
xedva aris siyvaruli da mSveniereba, megobroba,
rasac moaqvs siZliere da energia TviT yvelaze
sustisaTvis”.

54
kiTxvebi gaazrebiTvis

• RmerTis xedva aris siyvaruli da mSveniereba. ras

niSnavs es sityvebi TqvenTvis? rogor ukavSirdeba es
sityvebi mSvidobasa da samarTlianobas?
• rogor fiqrobT, ratom ambobda gandi, rom
gazviadeba iseve, rogorc SiSi, didi safrTxea
adamianisaTvis, romelic xalxs elaparakeba?
• rogor gamoxatavT stumarTmoyvareobas saxlSi,
skolaSi, eklesiaSi, samsaxurSi im adamianebis mimarT,
romlebic sxva sarwmunoebasa da kulturas
warmoadgenen?

55
Tavi meTxuTmete
eti hilesumi
(1914-1943)
eti hilesumi axalgazrda ebraeli qali
iyo. igi amsterdamSi cxovrobda da holokostis
msxverpli gaxda. hilesumi daiRupa ausSvicSi 1943
wlis 30 noembers 29 wlis asakSi, Mmagram is savse
iyo sicocxlisa da siyvarulis wyurviliT, ramac
daaZlevina siZulvili da SiSi.

Tavisi sicocxlis ukanaskneli ori wlis ganma-

vlobaSi is werda dRiurs, romelic moiZies da
gamosces misi sikvdilidan 40 wlis Semdeg. Mmisma
sulierebam didad imoqmeda uamrav adamianze.
dRiurSi naTqvamia, rom mistikuri kavSiri Rmer-
TTan mas uZlierebda imeds da matebda Zalas.

eti hilesumi mbeWdavad muSaobda amsterdamis eb-

raul sabWoSi. am privilegiis gamo is garkveul
periodSi deportirebas gadaurCa, magramMetim
gamoTqva survili, sxva ebraelebTan erTad banakSi
wasuliyo. is sakoncentracio banakis moazrovne
guli gaxda. eti miiCnevda, rom miteveba da siy-

56
varuli adamianis umTavresi movaleobaa, rac mas
Za-las aZlevs, gauZlos da aitanos yvela tkivili
da simware. is ar ganadidebda tanjvas, magram sur-
da, efiqra tanjvaze, rogorc gamocdilebaze da
ase epova RmerTi. sakoncentracio banakSi, sadac
sikvdili yvelgan iyo, man ganWvrita Tavisi cxov-
rebis gza da gadawyvita, rom es iyo axali cxo-
vrebis dasawyisi.

ebrauli rwmena da wminda wignebi, aseve mravali

mwerlis nawarmoebebi (rilke, avgustini da dos-
toevski) mas daexmara sulieri ganviTarebis sa-
kuTari gzis moZebnaSi. rodesac is bevrs lapara-
kobda mtris siyvarulze, mas axsenebdnen, rom es
qritianuli moZRvrebaa, is pasuxobda: _ diax,
qristianoba, ratomac ara?

eti hilesums monawileoba ar miuRia organizebul

religiur ritualebsa da ceremoniebSi, magram
Rrmad morwmune adamiani iyo. man adamianis sulSi,
rogorc sakuTar TavSi, ise sxva adamianebSi,
Rrmad Cakiruli rwmena ipova.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• rogor SegiZliaT gaxdeT “moazrovne suli“

SemTxveviT SemxvedrTaTvis?
• rogor vinarCunebT Cvens sulier wonasworobas,
rodesac Zlieri mwuxarebis an tanjvis mdgomareo-
baSi vimyofebiT? rodesac rTuldeba saqme, vbraz-
debiT sxvebze, gvinda maT ziani mivayenoT?
• odesme dagiweriaT dRiuri? ecadeT, Tqveni ideebi da
azrebi mokled CaiweroT xolme da Semdeg naxeT, ras
werT, raze amaxvilebT yuradRebas?

57
Tavi meTeqvsmete
albaneli muslimebi holokostis Jams

mravali wlis manZilze komunizmis mZime rkinis

fardis wyalobiT danarCeni msoflios Tvalsa-
wieris miRma imaleboda albaneTi. 1991 wels, roca
es farda aixada, msofliosaTvis cnobili gaxda
istoriebi albaneli muslimebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
holokostis dros nacistebis mier dapyrobili
evropidan gamoqceul ebraelebs ifarebdnen.

rogorc ki nacisturi germaniis jarebma albaneTi

daikaves, maT albanelebisagan moiTxoves ebraelTa
dasmena. aman albanelebSi, dawyebuli maRali ra-
ngis Cinovnikidan Cveulebriv glexamde, gamoiwvia
masobrivi moZraoba ebraelTa Sesafareblad. am
moZraobaSi CabmulTa umetesoba muslimebi iyvnen.
stumarTmoyvareoba albanelTa erT-erTi uZvelesi
faseulobaa, amitomac sakuTari sicocxlis riskis

58
fasad aZlevdnen ebraelebs TavSesafars. arae-
braeli albanelebi policiis ganyofilebidan
iparavdnen piradobis baraTebs TavianTi TanamoZme
ebraelebisaTvis. serbeTidan, avstriidan da sa-
berZneTidan ebraelebi albaneTs afarebdnen Tavs.

raoden gasaocradac unda JRerdes, arc erTi al-

baneli ebraeli ar moxvedrila sakoncentracio
banakSi.

doqtorma ana kohenma niu-iorkSi holokostis

xsovnisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze isaubra Tavis
ojaxze, romelic maRalmTian soflebs afarebda
Tavs da emaleboda nacistur germanias. mTelma
ojaxma muslimuri saxelebi dairqva. ”sofelSi yve-
lam icoda, rom ebraelebi viyaviT, magram arc
erTma ar gagvca“, - ixsenebda igi. mraval msgavs
istorias hqonda adgili mTel albaneTSi. krujel
glexs, sulo mesajis, romelmac 10 ebraeli
gadamala Tavisi saxlis sxvenSi, hkiTxes, Tu ra
moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki nacistebi mis
saxls gadawvavdnen devnili ebraelebianad. maSin
man ganacxada: „Cemi vaJi sxvenSi ava ebraelebTan
erTad da maT beds gaiziarebs“. meore msoflio
omis damTavrebisas albaneTSi gacilebiT meti
ebraeli cxovrobda, vidre omis dawyebamde. al-
baneTi mTel evropaSi erTaderTi qveyana iyo, sa-
dac aseTi ram moxda.

rwmenam, iseve rogorc kulturam, iTamaSa um-

niSvnelovanesi roli am “samkvdro-sasicocxlo”
stumarTmoyvareobaSi. Siqiri mirto daexmara ioseb
iakoels da mis das eriketas nacisti german-
elebisagan Tavis daZvrenaSi maSin, roca isini kar-
dakar dadiodnen da eZebdnen maT. man Tqva: “islami
gvaswavlis, rom unda davexmaroT mas, visac sa-
frTxe emuqreba“.

59
misma megobarma bewi qogjam Tqva: “Cven yvelas
erTi RmerTi gvyavs da man mogviwoda erTmaneTis
dasaxmareblad. rac Cvenma muhamedma gvaswavla,
igive Tqva iesomac da Tqvenma mosemac”. Holo-
kostis muzeumSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1995
wels ebraelTa albanel damcavebs ”mxsnelTa
kedeli“ uwodes. albaneli muslimebis saxelebi
”marTali erTa Soris“ saxeliTaa amotvifruli
ierusalimSi, vad vaSemis holokostis memorialze.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• xom igrZeniT am istoriebis wakiTxvisas saocari

STagoneba? warmoidgineT, momakvdinebeli, Zleva-
mosili, SeiaraRebuli Zalauflebis mZvinvarebis
dros arc erTi ebraeli ar iqna wayvanili al-
baneTidan. dRes SegiZliaT gambedaoba moikriboT
imisaTvis, rom sxva adamians daexmaroT?

• iosebis istoriaSi, rogor fiqrobT, ratom

apirebda misi vaJi Tavis saxlSi Sefarebuli ad-
amianebis gverdiT sikvdils? odesme Tu ga-
mogicdiaT stumarmaspinZloba, romelic yvela
sxva grZnobas daCrdilavda?

• Tqvens TemSi umciresobaTa romeli jgufebi

saWiroeben dacvas?

60
Tavi meCvidmete

martin buberi
1878-1965

martin buberi ebraeli filosofosi da Te-

ologi iyo, romelmac didi gavlena iqonia
rogorc iudaur, ise qristianul azrovnebaze. man
Tavisi cxovrebiT ganaxorciela dialogisa da
urTierTgagebis idea rogorc sxvadasxva rwmenis
adamianebs, ise dapirispirebuli interesebis mqone
mxareebs Soris. igi grZnobda, rom rwmenas Se-
uZlia pozitiuri roli iTamaSos samyaros humani-
zaciis saqmeSi.
buberi 1878 wels venaSi, avstriaSi daibada.
studentobisas is daSorda Tavis religiur fes-
vebs, Tumca evropaSi antisemitizmis momZlavrebam
mas ubiZga, adreul sionistur moZraobas SeerTe-
boda. religiasTan daaxloebis procesSi igi ax-
los gaecno xasidizms, iudaizmis ganaxlebis moZ-
raobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom buberi xasidi ara-
sodes gamxdara, igi iziarebda maT mowodebas

61
yoveldRiuri siwmidisaken. igi xalxisagan moi-
Txovda im azris gaziarebas, rom es wuTisofeli
RvTisTvisaa da Cven unda viRvawoT am qveynierebis
gardasaxvisaTvis.
frankfurtis universitetSi iudaizmis isto-
riis profesorma buberma gamosca Tavisi klasi-
kuri naSromi - ”me da Tou“ adamianuri arsebobis
urTierTobriv bunebaze. igi amtkicebda, rom Cveni
urTierTobebis xarisxi maCvenebelia Cveni ada-
mianurobis xarisxisa.
rogorc ki xelisuflebaSi nacistebi movidnen,
buberi dauyovnebliv gaaTavisufles akademiuri
Tanamdebobidan, ris Semdegac man daiwyo kampania
ebraelTa uflebebis dasacavad faSizmis gaZli-
erebis fonze. 1938 wels igi iZulebuli gaxda,
gaqceuliyo germaniidan ierusalimSi, sadac igi
ebrauli universitetis profesori gaxda.
buberi sionistad darCa, Tumca miaCnda, rom
nacionalisturi gamoxatulebebi araswori mimar-
TulebiT iqna gamovlenili. is mouwodebda ”eb-
rauli humanizmisaken“, ris Sedegadac ebraelebsa
da palestinel arabebs SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT,
eTanamSromlaT miwis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. 1948
wlis omis dawyebam saSinlad gaucrua imedi, ma-
gram mainc erTguli darCa Tavisi mowodebisa ada-
mianuri urTierTobis Senebis TaobaZe.
buberma didi gavlena iqonia qristianul az-
rovnebaze iudaisturi misticizmisa da sulierebis
popularizaciis fonze. igi xazs usvamda iesos
iudevelobis fenomens da aRiarebda mas iudaizmis
idealur gamovlinebad. igi xedavda am ori sarwmu-
noebis SeuTavsebel mxareebsac, Tumca miaCnda, rom
amas ar SeeZlo or religias Soris dialogisaT-
vis xelis SeSla.
buberi werda: roca Cven _ qristianebi da
iudevelebi, ufro mets vifiqrebT Tavad RmerTze,
vidre am RmerTis Cveneul xatebaze, maSin Cven yve-

62
lani gaverTiandebiT im ganwyobiT, rom Cveni mamis
saxli ise ar aris agebuli, rogorc Cven warmog-
vidgenia.“ martin buberi gardaicvala ierusalimSi
1965 wels.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• rogor vzomavT Cveni adamianobis xarisxs?

buberis msgavsad, Cvenc adamianebTan urTierTobis sa-
zomiT vzomavT Cvens adamianurobas Tu sxva gzebi gag-
vaCnia?
• ras fiqrobT buberis mosazrebaze, rom xandaxan
RmerTamde misasvlel gzaze gveRobeba Cvenive war-
modgena RmerTis Sesaxeb? ra aris RmerTis ”xatebis“
gagebaSi yvelaze rTuli?
• SegiZliaT Tu ara, sxva rwmenis adamianTan, rom-
lis rwmena erTi SexedviT, Tqvens rwmenasTan SeuTavse-
belia, gaaba urTierToba, iqonio dialogi?

63
Tavi meTvramete

andre trokme

(1901-1971)

andre trokme iyo safrangeTis erTi patara

soflis, la Sambonis protestantuli eklesiis
mRvdeli. kaTolikur safrangeTSi hugenotTa
ojaxSi dabadebulma andrem kargad icoda, ras
niSnavda religiuri umciresobis yofa. pirveli
msoflio omis dros sangrebis saSinelebas
gaqceuli misi ojaxi devnilad iqca. albaT, saku-
Tarma cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam aRuZra Tana-
grZnoba daucveli da usaxlkaro adamianebis mi-
marT.

1934 wels, roca la Sambonis eklesiaSi daiwyo

msaxureba, is qadagebda RvTisa da moyvasis siyva-
64
rulze iesos ”cxra netarebis“ mixedviT. rasac
qadagebda, imave principebiTac cxovrobdnen
trokme da misi meuRle magda. 1940 wels safran-
geTi nacistebis xelSi gadavida. la Samboni for-
malurad damoukidebel viSis regionSi mde-
bareobda, magram roca sofelSi faSistebis gav-
lena gaZlierda, andrem daiwyo qadageba SiSisa da
mtrobis momZlavrebuli suliskveTebis winaaRmdeg.
am soflis faSizmis winaaRmdeg ganwyobis Sesaxeb
axlomaxlo xma gavrcelda, amitom nacistebs gamo-
qceulma devnilebma la Sambons Seafares Tavi.

1942 wels nacistebma brZaneba gasces yvela

ebraelis deportaciis Sesaxeb. deportaciis wi-
naaRmdeg moZraoba daiwyo eklesiis uxucesTa da
winamZRolTa Soris. miuxedavad viSis policiis
sisastikisa da mogvianebiT gestapos Cxrekis
safrTxisa, soflis mosaxleoba ebrael devnilebs
saxlebSi malavda. trokme maleve daapatimres da
mogvianebiT Tavad iqca devnilad, radgan
nacistebs emaleboda, miuxedavad amisa, winaaRmde-
goba grZeldeboda.

la Sambonis mosaxleobam daaxloebiT 2500

ebraelis Sefareba moaxerxa maSin, roca ho-
lokosts milionobiT ebraeli Seewira. mTel sa-
frangeTSi la Samboni ebraelTaTvis yvelaze
daculi adgili iyo. rogorc Tavisi samwysos
mqadagebelma da sulierma liderma, andre trokmem
aswavla Tavis xalxs is siyvaruli, romelic saku-
Tari sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis fasad uRmer-
Tobisa da siZulvilis msxverplTa sicocxlis
gadarCenas gaabedvinebda.

andre trokme 1971 wels gardaicvala. sikvdili-

dan erTi wlis Semdeg israelma mianiWa samarTli-
anobis medali. iad vaSemis baRSi mis, rogorc

65
”erebs Soris yvelaze samarTliani adamianis“ pa-
tivsacemad xe dairga.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• trokmem da misma mimdevreebma faSizmSi SiSisa da

uRmerTobis momZlavrebuli nakadi da holokostis
aCrdili dainaxes. dRes Tu xedav raime damangreveli
talRis momZlavrebas Sens sazogadoebaSi?\

• odesme Tu Segifarebia vinme, magaliTad, naTesavi,

romelmac samsaxuri dakarga an dainvalidda? SegiZlia
sakuTar saxlSi Seifaro sxva kulturisa da sarwmunoe-
bis adamiani?

• SegiZlia, rogorc odesRac trokmem gaakeTa, esau-

bro megobrebs, mezoblebsa da Sen irgvliv myofT, raTa
maTSi gaaRviZo TanagrZnoba im adamianebis mimarT, rom-
lebic sazogadoebis umravlesobisagan Zalian
gansxvavdebian? Seni rwmenis romeli faseulobebi dagex-
mareba aseTi xelgaSlili stumarTmoyvareobis damkvidre-
baSi?

66
Tavi mecxramete

hovard Turmani

(1900-1981)

hovard Turmani iyo avtori, filosofosi,

Teologi, pastori, ganmanaTlebeli da samoqalaqo
uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli lideri. Tavad monis
SviliSvilma daamTavra morehauzis koleji 1923
wels. rogorc saukeTeso students, wilad xvda
bedniereba, kolejis gamosaSveb saRamoze sityva
eTqva. kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg igi xeldasx-
muli iqna baptisturi eklesiis xucesad, TumcaRa
kvakeri mistikosis, rufus jonsis naSromebis gac-
nobam igi gacilebiT did sulierebas aziara. Tur-
manma hovardis universitetis kapelaSi daiwyo
RvTismsaxureba.

Turmani da misi meuRle studentebis ”megobruli

piligrimobis“ dros indoeTSi Tavad mahaTma gan-
67
dis Sexvdnen, ramac Turmanis RvTismsaxurebas ax-
ali STagoneba Semata. jer kidev maSin, roca
Savkanianebs TeTrkanianTa eklesiaSi Sesvlis
ufleba ar hqondaT, man sxvadasxva rasaTa gamaer-
Tianebeli eklesiis idea wamoayena. roca Turmanma
hkiTxa, ieso qristes yvelaze didi mteri ra iyo
indoeTSi, ”qristianoba“ _ upasuxa gandim. Tur-
manma gadawyvita, qristianuli tradiciebis erT-
guli darCeniliyo, magram Tavisi moRvaweoba miuZ-
Rvna rasobrivi da religiuri dayofis damangrev-
eli zegavlenis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

1944 wels Turmani SeuerTda megobrebis patara

interrasobriv wres, romelic Tavdapirvelad
Sedgeboda kvakerebisa da episkopaluri eklesiis
warmomadgenlebisagan. maTi ZalisxmeviT san-
franciskoSi daarsda patara eklesia, romelsac
uwodes ”kacTa Soris saTnoebis eklesia“. is ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli interraso-
brivi da interdenominaciuri eklesia iyo. Turmani
arCeuli iqna damaarsebel Tanaxucesad doqtor
alfred friskTan erTad. isini qadagebdnen WeS-
maritebas, romelic yvela morwmunisaTvis iyo mis-
aRebi da aziarebdnen msoflio kulturebisa da
religiebis sulierebas. am eklesias uerTdebodnen
rogorc ebraelebi, budistebi, induistebi, ise sxva
religiuri jgufebidan gariyuli adamianebi. Tur-
manis mTavari Tema iyo: ”Cven erTni varT yvela
doneze.“

interreligiuri ideebis qadagebisas Turmanma

Tqva: “adamiani aSenebs Tavis patara TavSesafars,
aSenebs patara galavans, akeTebs patara sa-
kurTxevels da eTayvaneba Tavis patara RmerTs,
Tavisi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT cdilobs,
Tavisi patara samyaro daicvas, magram ar SeuZlia.
rasac Cven vqadagebT da rasac sxvadasxva re-

68
ligiis adamianebi mTeli dedamiwis zurgze qadage-
ben, Zalze martivia _ religiuri Tanamegobroba
SesaZlebelia. es urTierToba Tavisi bunebiT Semo-
qmedebiT midgomas saWiroebs da SeuZlia
STagoneba erTobis gancdis gasaZliereblad. es
gancda isev da isev SeZlebs, win aRudges im
midgomebsa da cxovrebis wess, romelic angrevs da
acalkevebs sazogadoebas. me mjera, rom uflis
ocneba sayovelTao wyobis Taobaze iseTia, sadac
araa qalisa da mamakacis, TeTrisa da Savis, war-
marTisa Tu ebraelis, protestantisa Tu kaTo-
likes, induistisa Tu budistis, muslimis garCeva,
adamianis sulia yvelaze mniSvnelovani.“

1954 wels Turmani gaxda pirveli Savkaniani

RvTismsaxuri bostonis universitetis kapelaSi.
igi aqtiurad moRvaweobda samoqalaqo samarTli-
anobis moZraobaSi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, didi gav-
lena iqonia axalgazrda martin luTer king jun-
iorze. 1981 wels hovard Turmani gardaicvala,
misi naSromebi ki dResac gvesaubrebian samarTli-
anobaze, sulierebasa da axali Taobis TvalTaxed-
vaze.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• gandis sityvebi namdvilad Zalian STambeWdavia da

SeiZleba mivusadagoT nebismier msoflio religias ne-
bismier dros da nebismier kulturaSi. Cveni rwmenis ra
elementebi gamoiyeneba xolme sazogadoebis dasayofad?

• Tavs ramdenad komfortulad igrZnobdiT interde-

nominaciur eklesiaSi? TqvenTvis rom misaRebi iyos,
rogor unda iqnes eklesia awyobili?

• ras fiqrobT Turmanis gamonaTqvamze, rom yvela ada-

miani Tavis “patara RmerTs“ emsaxureba? Tuki eTanxmebiT

69
Turmanis am sityvebs, maSin, iqneb, gviTxraT, ra axdens
gavlenas imaze, rom adamianis aRqma RmerTisa ase pata-
ravdeba? ramdenad “didad“ SegiZliaT warmoidginoT
RmerTi?

70
Tavi meoce

lanca del vasto

(1901-1981)

lanca del vasto italiis warCinebul

ojaxSi daibada 1901 wels. filosofiis Seswavlis
Semdeg man indoeTSi imogzaura 1936 wels da
Zalian bevr induist wminda adamians daemowafa.
igi mahaTma gandis Sexvda da mis aSramSi cxov-
robda. iq sakmao xans darCa imisaTvis, rom misi
araZaladobrivi filosofia da praqtika kargad
Seeswavla. gandim mas saxelic ki mianiWa _
”Santidas“, rac ”mSvidobis msaxurs“ niSnavs.

Santidasi dabrunda evropaSi religiaTaSorisi

SerigebiTa da nebismieri formis Zaladobis wi-
naaRmdeg ganwyobiT STagonebuli. man da misma
meuRle Canterelem 1948 wels safrangeTSi
daaarses kidobnis Temi. es iyo Temi, sadac xalxi
erTad loculobda da cdilobda, araZaladoba
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesad eqciaT. am Temidan
71
wamovida saprotesto talRa Zaladobisa da eqs-
pluataciis winaaRmdeg. isini sakoncentracio ba-
nakebis sawinaaRmdego kampaniaSi iyvnen CarTulni.
ebrZodnen wamebas alJiris omis dros. isini aseve
icavdnen maT, vinc sindisis gamo samxedro sam-
saxurze uars ambobda.

del vasto iyo gulwrfeli kaTolike da Tavis

eklesias gamudmebiT axsenebda imas, rom saRvTo
werili aris mSvidobis gzavnili. igi ormoci dRis
manZilze SimSilobda romSi, raTa romis paps ga-
moeca dokumenti gamalebuli SeiaraRebis wi-
naaRmdeg. misi Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad mas gadaeca
pap ioane ocdamesames dokumentis, „Pacem in Terris”
sasignalo egzemplari. 1981 wels mSvidobis es
msaxuri gardaicvala.

kidobnis sazogadoeba yvela religiisa da rwmenis

adamianisaTvis Ria iyo. del vasto erTguli darCa
Tavisi kaTolikuri fesvebisa, magram amavdroulad
SeZlo, eswavla sxva religiis adamianebisagan da
SeeTvisebina is, rac saerTo iyo am religiebisaT-
vis. man sindisis Tavisuflebisa da adamianis
uflebebisaTvis ibrZola. misi ocneba iyo iseTi
msoflio, sadac araZaladoba gaimarjvebda ada-
mianur urTierTobebSi.

sikvdilamde igi mTel msoflioSi cnobili iyo,

rogorc mSvidobis, Zlierebisa da sixarulis ada-
miani.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• Cven kidev erTi gmiris cxovrebas gavecaniT, romel-

mac miznis misaRwevad gamoiyena SimSiloba, rogorc
Zlieri sulieri disciplina, riTac moaxerxa msoflios
Secvla. mTel msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani marxu-

72
lobs. odesme Tu gicdiaT marxva? Tuki gimarxuliaT,
Tqveni yuradReba Sens sulier mdgomareobaze iyo fo-
kusirebuli? odesme Tu gicdiaT, marxvis meSveobiT
zegavlena mogexdinaT gare samyaroze?

• Tuki gadawyvetT, SeiswavloT da aRmoaCinoT sxva

sarwmunoebebi, iseve, rogorc del vastom gaakeTa, sad
waxvidodiT pirvel rigSi? yvelaze metad romeli
sarwmunoeba gainteresebT?

• Tuki sxva sarwmunoebis adamians umaspinZlebT,

Tqveni sarwmunoebis romel aspeqtebs gauziarebdiT
pirvel rigSi?

73
ocdameerTe
Tavi

doqtori martin luTer kingi umcrosi

1929-1968

doqtori martin luTer kingi juniori baptis-

turi eklesiis xucesi iyo, romelmac Tavisi sico-
cxle Seswira amerikelTa sicocxlis Secvlas.
misma Zlierma poeturma mowodebam TiToeul Cven-
ganSi gaaRviZa sadRac Rrmad mimaluli samarTli-
anobis grZnoba. misi gavlena imdenad mni-
Svnelovani iyo, rom dRes amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi dawesebulia saxelmwifo dResaswauli
doqtor martin luTer kingis xovnis pativsacemad.

jer kidev axalgazrda xucesi Tavisi mWevrmety-

velebisa da Wkvianurad dagegmili 1955 wlis mont-
gomeris avtobusis boikotis wyalobiT maleve mo-

74
eqca amerikis umaRlesi rangis samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis damcvelTa rigebSi. kingma SeimuSava araZa-
ladobrivi pirdapir mimarTuli qmedebebis filo-
sofia, romlis wyalobiTac Seviwroebulma ada-
mianebma, gansakuTrebiT ki Savkanianebma, romlebic
1950-ian wlebSi itanjebodnen kanoniT dadgenili
segregaciis sistemis gamo aSS-s samxreTSi, moax-
erxes, gamoewviaT is adamianebi da sistemebi, rom-
lebic aviwroebdnen maT. dRes amerikelebi TavianT
Svilebs zrdian kingis principebis, misi mimdevre-
bis simamacisa da gambedaobis magaliTze. is, rac
ase saamayoa dRes, Zalian Zvirad daujdaT kingsa
da mis mimdevrebs. mas xSirad apatimrebdnen, 39
wlisa ki mkvlelis tyviam gamoasalma sicocxles.

kingis moRvaweobis erT-erT mTavar movlenad

iTvleba mis mier organizebuli samxreTel qris-
tian liderTa konferencia, romelic daexmara
selmadan memfisamde adgilobrivi brZolis koor-
dinirebasa da kongresze samoqalaqo uflebebis
dakanonebaSi. rogorc konferenciis prezidenti,
kingi xalxis gamosafxizleblad sityviT gamodi-
oda da awyobda msvlelobebs.

kingi gabedulad saubrobda “samTavian devze,

romelsac rasizmis, materializmisa da militariz-
mis Tavebi hqonda“. am winaswarmetyveluri sityve-
bis gavlena sazogadoebam 1964 wlis nobelis mSvi-
dobis premiiT daufasa. im droisaTvis kingi yve-
laze axalgazrda iyo, visac msoflio mniSvnelo-
bis es jildo mieniWa.

kingis araZaladobis filosofia iesos swav-

lebiT, kerZod ki cxra netarebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.
meore mxriv, kingma gamoiyena mahaTma gandis me-
Todi, risi wyalobiTac man moaxerxa iesos swav-
lebis praqtikaSi danergva segregirebul samx-

75
reTSi. ”iesom mogvca suli da motivacia, xolo
gandim _ meTodologiao“, _ ambobda kingi. 1969
wels indoeTSi mogzaurobam da gandisa da mis
ojaxTan Sexvedram ufro gaaRrmava misi Sexedule-
bebi araZaladobriv meTodebze.

SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZo-

laSi Zalian bevri ebraeli lideri SeuerTda
kings da mis mimdevrebs. kingTan mxardamxar brZo-
lis gamo Zalian bevri ebraeli gaxda araada-
mianuri mopyrobis msxverpli. am adamianebma moax-
erxes, erTad elocaT da eRvawaT cvlilebebisaT-
vis.

kingi iqca winaswarmetyvelur xmad anti-

semitizmis aRmosafxvrelad rogorc segregecion-
alistebis, ise misi TanamebrZoli Savkanianebis
winaaRmdeg. kingi ambobda: ”Cemi wmida valia, ga-
vakeTo yvelaferi imisaTvis, rom ar Seilaxos iu-
develTa samarTliani saxeli, radganac sxvisi sax-
elis talaxSi amosvra nebismier SemTxvevaSi CvenT-
vis miuRebelia.“ igi im ebraelTa gaTavisu-
flebisTvisac ibrZoda, romelnic sastiki mopy-
robisa da diskriminaciis msxverplni iyvnen sab-
WoTa kavSirSi.

Tavis naSromebSi: ”saiTken miveqanebiT“ da

“qaosi Tu Temi“ kingi werda: “roca siyvarulze
vlaparakob, me vlaparakob im uzenaes Zalaze, ro-
melsac yvela religia xedavs, rogorc sicocxlis
gamaerTianebel mTavar princips. siyvaruli aris
gasaRebi, romelsac SeuZlia gaxsnas sruliad ax-
ali samyaros kari. es induistur-muslimur-
qristianul-ebraul-budisturi rwmena am miRmuri
samyarosi mSvenivrad aris Tavmoyrili wminda io-
anes pirvel epistoleSi: “gviyvardes erTmaneTi,
radganac siyvaruli RvTiuria da visac uyvars,

76
isic RvTiuria da Seicnobs RmerTs.“
kingi ocnebobda iseT sazogadoebaze, sadac
yvelasaTvisaa kari Ria da yvelas Rirseba dacu-
lia. kingisaTvis religia ki ar yofs sazogadoe-
bas, aramed sazogadoebis ufro Rrma siyvarulisa
da erTobis wyaroa da gamoxatulia sayovelTao
samarTlianobiT.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• TiToeulma Cvenganma sul cota erTi-ori fraza

mainc viciT martin luTer kingis naTqvami da dawerili.
misi winaswarmetyveluri poezia amerikuli cxovrebis
ganuyofel nawilad iqca. Tqven romeli fraza gaxsende-
baT? gauziareT megobrebs da hkiTxeT maT, romeli
frazebi ician.
• da mainc, ramdenad kargad gvesmis am nacion-
aluri gmiris gamonaTqvami. dResac SegviZlia riskiani
ocnebebiT viocneboT kingiviT?
• Cveni piradi rwmena Cvenive piradi cxovrebis
sazRvrebSia Caketili Tu gvexmareba, davukavSirdeT sxva
adamianebs da miveaxloT im umTavres cxovrebiseul
pricipebs, romelsac kingi qadagebda _ siyvarulsa da
samarTals.
• Tu gsmeniaT iseTi programebis Sesaxeb, romle-
bic sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebs exmareba erTad sayov-
elTao samarTlianobisaTvis brZolaSi? am wignis bolo
TavebSi Tqven SegiZliaT waikiTxoT aseTi jgufebis
Sesaxeb. 2008 wlidan arsebobs vebgverdi, romelzec
SegiZliaT gaecnoT informaciebs msgavsi jgufebisa da
maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb: www.InterFaithHeroes.info.

77
Tavi ocdameore

fric eixenbergi
(1901 - 1990)

fric eixenbergi daibada 1901 wels germaniaSi

arareligiur ebraul ojaxSi. swavlobda xelovne-
bas da daeufla gravirebis ostatobas. mogviane-
biT man es xelovneba gamoiyena sakuTari mo-
raluri da socialuri poziciebis gamosaxatad,
maT Soris nacisturi moZraobis aRzevebisadmi
dasapirispireblad, rac antihitleruli kari-
katurebis xatviT gamoixateboda.

rodesac xelisuflebaSi nacistebi movidnen, eixen-

bergma amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Seafara Tavi.
colis tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg religiaSi
pasuxebis Ziebam igi kvakerebamde miiyvana. eixen-
bergi moxibla kvakerebis ubraloebam da myudroe-
bam iseve, rogorc maTma xedvam ”mSvidobian sasufe-
velze“ da rogorc jorj foqsma brZana, ~Ti-
Toeul CvenganSi cxovrobs RvTis raRac nawili.“

78
1949 wels eixenbergi Sexvda kaTolike pacifist
doroTi deis da misi wyalobiT Caeba kaTolike
muSaTa moZraobaSi. aq Tavi moiyares sxvadasxva
rwmenis Rarib-Ratakma adamianebma, romlebic er-
Tad ibrZodnen socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis.

sabolood misma TanamSromlobam kaTolike muSeb-

Tan regularuli xasiaTi miiRo da eixenbergma
daiwyo moZraobis gazeTTan TanamSromlobac. misi
uZlieresi naxatebi warmosaxavdnen iesos Rarib-
Rataki adamianebis tanjvis konteqstSi. misi na-
muSevrebidan gamoirCeva ”ieso ufaso sasadilos
rigSi“, sadac CamoZonZili ieso saWmlis molodi-
nSi sxva mSier adamianebTan erTad dgas rigSi.

rogorc xelovani da morwmune adamiani, igi

xedavda, rom iesosTan miaxloebis sawindari moyva-
sis gasaWiris gaziareba iyo. misi wmindanebis ga-
mosaxulebebi gansakuTrebiT didi popularobiT
sargeblobda mis kolegebs Soris. eixenbergi ga-
moxatavda ara mxolod im wmindanebs, romlebsac
eklesia aRiarebda (magaliTad, wminda francisko
asizeli), aramed im adamianebsac, romlebic Tavise-
burad cdilobdnen, miaxloebodnen ufals. aseT
wmindanTa istoriebi warmoCenili hqonda sxva-
dasxva rasisa Tu religiis mimdevarTa cxovre-
bidan. araqristiani gandi sapatio adgils ikavebda
mis mier gamosaxul wmindanTa rigebSi.

fric eixenbergi gardaicvala 1990 wels da datova

Zalian mdidari koleqcia xelovnebis nimuSebisa,
romelTagan zogi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
smiTsonianis muzeumSi inaxeba.

79
kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• odesme Tu gsmeniaT aseTi gamoTqma „mSvidobiani

sasufeveli“? am frazas SeiZleba SevxvdeT Zalian bevr
sferoSi, rogorc filmebSi, ise sulierebasa da natif
xelovnebaSi. TqvenTvis ris gamo SeiZleba eixenber-
giseuli es xedva iyos mimzidveli?

• Tqveni azriT, romeli mxatvrebi gviReben sazogadoe-

bis ufro farTo fenebisaken kars? romeli mxatvruli
nawarmoebi gexmarebaT rwmenisa da adamianuri urTier-
Tobebis Sesaxeb Tvalsawieris gafarToebaSi?

• miuxedavad imisa, adamiani religiuria Tu ara, wmin-

danTa gamosaxulebebi yvelasaTvis misaRebia. wmindanebis
gamosaxulebebs SeiZleba SexvdeT satelevizio seri-
alebSi, diskebze, misaloc baraTebze. ramdenadaa es ga-
mosaxulebebi Tqveni STagonebis wyaro? eixenbergis
msgavsad, odesme Tu aRmogiCeniaT wmindani Tqveni saku-
Tari religiis miRma?

80
Tavi ocdamesame
abraam ieSua heSeli
(1907-1972)

abraam ieSua heSeli daibada 1907 wels varSavaSi,

poloneTSi, rogorc dedis, ise mamis mxridan gamo-
Cenili rabinebis STamomavalTa ojaxSi. igi germa-
niaSi swavlobda Tavisi drois erT-erT udides
rabinTan da mogvianebiT Tavadac rabini gaxda.
rodesac xelisuflebaSi nacistebi movidnen,
heSeli jer inglisSi da mogvianebiT amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi gadasaxlda. amerikis erT-
erT udides iudaistur Teologiur seminariaSi
(konserva-tiuli iudaizmis seminaria) profesori
gaxda.

heSeli cdilobda, daebalansebina ebrauli rju-

li, rogorc tradiciuli ebrauli yoveldRi-
urobis nawili da daenerga rjulis ufro siRr-
miseuli siyvaruli. man SeZlo adaTebsa da rjuls

81
Soris oqros Sualedis moZebna, rac Zalian de-
likaturi saqme iyo.

igi gansakuTrebiT swavlobda winaswarmetyvelebs

da maTi swavleba miusadaga amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi socialuri samarTlis sakiTxebs. im
droisaTvis akademiur wreebSi ebraeli Teologe-
bis umravlesoba sakuTari saklaso oTaxebidan
Sors gasvlas ver bedavda. TiTebze Camo-
saTvlelia is akademikosebi raodenoba, romlebic
samoqalaqo da socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis
brZolis momZlavrebul talRaSi gadaeSvnen.

heSelma mamacurad gaiara Tavisi gza. igi aswav-

lida, rom winaswarmetyveluri tradicia misgan
iTxovda rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
samoqalaqo samarTlis moZraobaSi, ise sabWoTa
kavSirSi ebraelTa gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi
Cabmas.

socialur sakiTxebSi misi aqtiurobis wyalobiT

heSeli dauaxlovda bevr qristian liders, maT
Soris doqtor martin luTer kings. igi kingis
gverdiT miabijebda saprotesto msvlelobebSi
selmasa da alabamaSi da ambobda: ”roca selmaSi
mivabijeb, Cemi fexebi loculobeno“. religiur
suliskveTebasa da Tavdadebas is moiazrebda jan-
saRi da swori adamianuri cxovrebis fundamentad.
igi ambobda, rom verc erTi religia ver SeZlebs,
srulad moicvas WeSmariteba. ase rom, yvela re-
ligiuri Temi mWidrod unda iyos erTmaneTTan da-
kavSirebuli kacobriobis sakeTildReod.

Tumca Tavad heSeli bolomde darCa Rrmad

morwmune iudevelad, metic, igi iyo TiTqmis orTo-
doqsi iudeveli Tavisi religiuri cxovrebiT, man
wamoswia es provokaciuli da STamagonebeli swav-

82
lebebi.
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze igi zrunavda
sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebis urTierTobis sa-
kiTxebze. heSeli arCeuli iqna amerikis iudevelo-
bis warmomadgenlad romis kaTolikuri eklesiis
winamZRolebTan konstruqciuli dialogisas vati-
kanis meore krebaze 1960 wels. am dialogis Sede-
gad kaTolikur midgomebsa da liturgiaSi
aSkarad SeimCneva gadaxra iudaizmisaken. interde-
nominaciuri urTierTobebisadmi misi gulRia da-
mokidebulebisa da mowadinebis gamo heSeli gaxda
pirveli ebraeli, romelic miwveuli iqna amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis yvelaze did protestantul
Teologiur seminariaSi.

heSeli iyo erT-erTi damaarsebeli organizaciisa

“eri da beri vietnamis Sesaxeb“. igi gaxda am in-
terreligiuri organizaciis TanaTavmjdomare, ro-
melic ibrZoda omis dasrulebisaTvis, radgan kar-
gad xedavda, rac xdeboda amerikis sulSi. igi am-
bobda: “viRac damnaSavea, magram Cven yvelani pasux-
ismgebelni varT“. rogorc morwmune adamians, yov-
elTvis saaSkaraoze gamohqonda Tavisi drois um-
niSvnelovanesi problemebi.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• amerikaSi religiuri liderebidan yvelaze xSirad

heSelis sityvebis citireba xdeba, radganac mas gaaCnda
niWi iseTi ideebis gamotanisa saaSkaraoze, romlebzec
sxvebs eCoTirebodaT saubari. ras gulisxmobda igi,
roca ambobda, fexebi loculobeno? odesme Tu
gangicdiaT raime msgavsi?
• eTanxmebiT mis naTqvams: |viRac damnaSavea, magram
Cven yvelani pasuxismgebelni varT“ Cven garSemo
momZlavrebul borotebaze? romel sakiTxebs
CamoTvlidiT?
• sxvadasxva sarwmunoebisa da kulturis adamianebi

83
Tanabrad saubroben omebisa da siRatakis sakiTxebze.
SegiZliaT gaixsenoT Tqven garSemo gansxvavebuli
sarwmunoebis adamiani, visi saqcielic TqvenTvis STa-
gonebis wyaroa?

84
Tavi ocdameoTxe
Jak mariteni
(1882-1973)

Jak mariteni me-20 saukunis yvelaze TvalsaCino

kaTolike filosofosia. is protestantebis
ojaxSi daibada, magram studentobisas agnistikosi
gaxda. mogvianebiT man colad SeirTo raisa
umensovi, ebraeli emigranti ruseTidan da maT
sulier Ziebebs erTad mihyves xeli. filosofos
anri bergsonis da mweral leon blois gavleniT
gadainacvles kaTolicizmSi da mxurvaled Cae-
rTvnen eklesiis cxovrebasa da muSaobaSi.
M
sabolood mariteni Camoyalibda filosofosad.
Tavis naazrevSi igi cdilobda, Tanamedrove JRera-
doba mieca Toma akvinelis sqolasticizmisTvis.
Migi erTianobaSi ganixilavda rwmenas, azrsa da
kulturas da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda
piradi uflebebisa da sazogadoebisTvis sarge-
blobis urTierTmimarTebas. Tavdapirvelad igi

85
CarTuli iyo memarjvene kaTolikur moZraobaSi,
romelic sabolood dagmo vatikanma. Aam movle-
nebma biZgi misca misi Rrma TviTSemecnebis peri-
ods. mariteni demokratiisa da “integraluri hu-
manizmis” energiuli damcveli gaxda. am koncefci-
aSi man adamianis mimarT mowiwebis qristianuli
Rirebulebebi daukavSira imdroindel socialur
da politikur konteqsts.

maritenisaTvis ZiriTad problemad iqca qris-

tianuli antisemitizmi nacizmis ayvavebisa da II
msoflio omis dros. politikur aspeqtebze metad
mariteni am problemaSi xedavda Teologiur
kriziss. igi SeZrwunebuli akvirdeboda, Tu ra
mondomebiT monawileobdnen frangi qristianebi
frangi ebraelebis nacistur sakoncentracio ba-
nakebSi gagzavnaSi. rodesac germaniam safrangeTi
daipyro, mariteni raisasTan erTad SeerTebul
StatebSi imyofeboda, sadac is leqciebs kiTxu-
lobda. devnilobaSi myofi, mariteni gacxarebuli
werda antisemitizmze da ara mxolod mis ger-
manul-nacistur gamoxatulebaze, aramed im for-
mebzec, romliTac amas kaTolicizmi gamoxatavda
mTel msoflioSi.

mariteni werda: “dauSvebelia antisemitizmTan Se-

gueba; masSi, rogorc CanasaxSi, nacizmis yvela
sulieri codvaa Tavmoyrili. antisemitizmi qris-
tianuli sindisis moraluri “mexuTe kolonaa”.

igi xedavda Sewuxebul antisemit qristianebs, rom-

lebic Tavs esxmodnen ebraelebs im motiviT, rom
maT awames qriste da ar cnes jvari, rogorc mSvi-
dobis simbolo. mariteni TanaugrZnobda ebraelebs
im Teologiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi, romlebic
holokostis Semdeg warmoiSva da romlebic is-
raelis saxelmwifos Seqmnas exeboda. magram igi

86
aseve xedavda sakuTar misias qristianobasTan da-
kavSirebiT. Mmariteni sistematurad mouwodebda
qristianebs, “ganewmindaT azrebi da ena iseTi an-
tisemituri tendenciebisgan, romlebic warsuli
Secdomebidan modis da romelTac araferi aqvT
saerTo qristianobis arsTan da moeSorebinaT,
rogorc parazitebi”.

is werda: ”Cven erTaderTi gza gvaqvs: megobrobis,

pativiscemisa da urTierTgagebis gza qristianebsa
da ebraelebs Soris”.

papma pavle VI-m sxva moRvaweebTan erTad pativi

miago maritens vatikanis meore sabWos daxurvisas
specialuri mimarTviT, romelSic maT uwoda
“winamZRolebi fiqrsa da mecnierebaSi”. kerZod,
papma Tqva: “Cven Seni megobrebi varT dasvenebasa
da kvlevaSi, Cven viziarebT Sens daqanculobas,
Cven varT Seni Tayvanismcemlebi, roca warmatebebs
aRwev da Seni manugeSeblebi, Tu ar gagimarTlebs”.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• mariteni Zlieri sulieri vnebiT werda. SegiZliaT

qvenc imave vnebiT dagmoT antisemitizmi Tu sxva re-
ligiuri safuZvlis mqone siZulvili?
• saWiroa aseTi sulieri Tavganwirva Cvens sazogadoe-
baSi, magaliTad, umciresobaTa dacvis dros, romle-
bic religiuri fanatizmis msxverplni arian?
• rodesac papma pavle VI-m Tqva: “Cven Seni damxmareni
varT, roca daiRlebi”, rogor ggoniaT, ras gulisx-
mobda am sityvebSi? zogjer, roca raime xdeba, Cvenc
frontis wina xazze gvixmoben, magram ras unda niS-
navdes sxvisi daqanculobis gaziareba?

87
Tavi ocdamexuTe

h. a. mukti ali
1923-2004

doqtori h. a. mukti ali religiis saqmeTa mini-

stri iyo indoneziaSi 1971-1878 wlebSi. man islami
Seiswavla indoeTsa da kanadaSi da seriozuli
codna hqonda misi rogorc aRmosavluri, ise
dasavluri perspeqtivebisa. man SeimuSava reli-
giuri midgoma indoneziaSi, ZiriTadad ki muslim-
ur TemSi akademiuri kvlevebis islamis Seswavla-
Si gamoyenebisa. igi iyo RvTismoSiSi muslimi,
romelic winaaRmdegobebs xedavda religiur RvTi-
smoSiSebasa da seriozul kvlevas Soris.

mukti alis swamda, rom rwmena yalibdeba socia-

luri garemos wiaRSi. arsebobda urTierTmimar-
Tebis dinamika dogmasa da praqtikas, ideebsa da
sazogadoebas Soris. swored am dinamikis Sedegia
cocxali religia. indoneziaSi islami Serwymuli
iyo adgilobriv kulturasTan. mukti alis uyvarda
Tqma: “me indonezieli muslimi var“. amiT sakuTari
identobis or aspeqts aerTianebda.

yvela indonezieli muslimi rodi iyo. religiis

saqmeTa ministrobisas mukti alim saTave daudo
xelisuflebis iniciativiT dawyebul interre-
ligiur dialogs, romlis drosac Zalian bevri
Sexvedra mis sakuTar saxlSi imarTeboda. is ag-
reTve monawileobda msoflio masStabis qris-
tianTa da muslimTa dialogSi. misi moTxovna iyo,
rom ucxo qveynebidan mosuli daxmareba da reli-
giuri propaganda ar areuliyo erTmaneTSi; humani-
taruli organizaciebisagan moiTxovda, rom
daxmareba erTnairad miecaT rogorc qristianebis,

88
ise araqristianebisaTvis, miT ufro iseT qveynebSi,
rogoric indoneziaa, sadac araqristianebis rao-
denoba gacilebiT metia. bevri qristiani aqtivis-
tisaTvis misi pozicia miuRebeli iyo da mas
oponentad Tvlidnen. miuxedavad amisa, mukti alis
ar Seuqcevia zurgi religiuri dialogisaTvis,
radganac miaCnda, rom es iyo aucilebeli indo-
neziaSi religiur niadagze gaCaRebuli
konfliqtis dasaregulireblad.

mukti alis miaCnda, rom ganviTarebaze zrunva um-

Tavresi iyo. ganviTarebis saboloo miznad mas
esaxeboda adamianis “sruli ganviTareba“ da Tvli-
da, rom yvela adamians unda miscemoda es SesaZ-
lebloba. es gulisxmobs cxovrebis rogorc
sulier, ise materialur aspeqtebs. ganviTarebis
procesSi mukti ali socialur samarTlianobas
ekonomikur keTildReobaze win ayenebda. is yvela
religiaSi xedavda samarTlianobisaken mowodebis
aspeqtebs.

mukti ali Tvlida, rom yvela adamiani Tavisu-

fali unda iyos religiuri uflebebisa da
movaleobebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad _ harmo-
niuli TanacxovrebisaTvis, roca erTi sazogado-
ebis wevrebi gansxvavebuli rwmenis mimdevrebi
arian.

igi werda: ”religiuri cxovrebis harmonia mxo-

lod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, Tuki TiToeuli re-
ligiuri jgufi erTmaneTs guls gauxsnis, amisa-
Tvis Tavidanve unda SevTanxmdeT, rom zog rameSi
ver movrigdebiT.“

muktisaTvis harmoniis miRweva umTavresi zrunvis

sagani iyo. is mouwodebda gansxvavebuli sarwmuno-
ebis Seswavlas Sida perspeqtividan. amisaTvis mu-

89
kti ali awyobda religiuri liderebis Sexve-
drebsa da axalgazrdul banakebs, sadac maT erT-
maneTis Seswavla urTierTobiT SeeZloT. am
yvelaferSi monawileobdnen rogorc muslimebi,
ise kaTolike da protestanti qristianebi, induis-
tebi da budistebi, konfucianelebi da javanis
aborigeni mistikosebi. monawileebi ayalibebdnen
urTierTobebs da saerTo saWiroebebze saub-
robdnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am programebma misi ocnebebi

srulad ver ganaxorciela, muktim Tavisi saqmiT
interreligiur dialogs safuZveli Cauyara. am
safuZvelze momaval liderebs SeeZlebaT daaSenon
is, razec mukti ali ocnebobda.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• odesme Tu yofilxarT iseT banakSi, sadac sxva-

dasxva sarwmunoebis adamianebi iRebdnen monawileobas?
Tu aseTi gamocdileba gaqvT, gviTxariT, ra gavlena
iqonia aman Tqvenze? Tu ar yofilxarT, maSin rogori
banakiT dainteresdebodiT?
• mutki ali sakuTar Tavs gansxvavebulad warmoaCenda
sxvebis winaSe. rogor gaacnobdiT Tqvens sarwmunoebas,
rasas an eTnikurobas sxva adamianebs? sakuTari Tavis
daxasiaTebisas gamoyenebuli sityvebi ramdenad gamoxa-
tavs Tqveni cxovrebis prioritetebs?
• mukti ali interreligiuri dialogisaTvis iyenebda
sakuTar saxls, sadac Tavs iyridnen gansxvavebuli
tradiciis adamianebi. SegiZliaT msgavs dialogs
umaspinZloT sakuTar saxlSi? rogor moemzadebodiT
aseTi SexvedrisaTvis? vis moiwvevdiT?

90
Tavi ocdameeqvse

imam musa al-sadri

(1928-1978)

imam musa al-sadri wamyvani Siiti moRvawe iyo

samxreT libanSi meoce saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi.
is gansakuTrebiT zrunavda siRaribis aRmofxvrasa
da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobis Seqmnaze libanis
socialur da politikur sistemaSi yvelaze
uuflebo kategoriisaTvis. man daaarsa mravali
socialuri samsaxuri, sakvirao skolebi, sabavSvo
baRebi, jandacvisa da wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebe-
li centrebi.

al-sadri iyo wamyvani politikuri figurac. man

Camoayaliba moZraoba maroniti qristianebis
politikuri dominirebis Sesawyvetad da mTavrobis
im gadawyvetilebebis gasaprotesteblad, romlebic
saerTod ar uwevda angariSs soflis Rarib
mosaxleobas. rodesac samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, man

91
daaarsa amalis moZraoba, rogorc CagrulTa
moZraobis samxedro frTa.

miuxedavad misi Rvawlisa amalis gasamxedroebuli

moZraobis SeqmnaSi, igi samoqalaqo omis periodSi
aseve aqtiurad iyo CarTuli mSvidobis Senebis
saqmeSi. misi piradi iniciativa iyo SimSiloba
mSvidobisaTvis da saxalxo demonstracia ori
qristianuli soflis _ kahis da dar al-ahmaris
alyis mosaxsnelad. man safas meCeTi gadaaqcia
sazogadoebrivi da religiuri liderebis Sex-
vedris centrad, sadac maT SeeZloT xma aemaR-
lebinaT samoqalaqo omis winaaRmdeg. sabolood
man datova amali, radgan surda, Tavisi protesti
gamoexata mzardi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg.

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi imam al-sadri reli-

giuri erTobis misaRwevad gansakuTrebul mgrZno-
belobasa da SeTanxmebis unars iCenda, im dros,
rodesac qveyanaSi religiaTaSorisi daZabuloba
kulminacias aRwevda. mas sjeroda, rom mSvido-
biani TanamSromloba religiebs Soris yvelaze
Zlieri argumentia Siiti umciresobebis CasarTa-
vad libanis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi mravali
islamur-qristianuli dialogis monawile iyo da
sabolood, kaTolike arqiepiskoposTan erTad
daaarsa religiaTaSorisi socialuri moZraoba
Ratakebisa da gariyulebis dasaxmareblad. al-
sadri saTaveSi Caudga samxreT libanis qristiani
da muslimi sulieri liderebis komitets, raTa
mas emuSava orive jgufis mier gaziarebul
politikur da socialur problemebze.

imam al-sadri dialogiT rodi Semoifargla: mas

ar akmayofilebda mxolod TvalsaCino roli. man
mravali gadamwyveti xasiaTis da riskiani qmedebac
ganaxorciela. magaliTad, rodesac tiris muslimi

92
mosaxleoba boikots uwyobda sanayines mxolod
misi mepatronis religiuri kuTvnilebis gamo, imam
al-sadrim Tavisi paraskevis locva am maRaziisken
msvlelobiT daamTavra. xalxi mas brmad gahyva.
rodesac imami sanayineSi Sevida, man nayini
SeukveTa da religiuri boikotic dasrulda.

1978 wlis agvistoSi imam al-sadri da misi ori

Tanmxlebi piri libiaSi gauCinardnen. isini
gaemgzavrnen axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, raTa
moepovebinaT daxmareba libanSi samoqalaqo omis
dasamTavreblad. amis Semdeg maT Sesaxeb aRaravis
smenia.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• sanayinisken msvleloba arCveulebrivi magaliTia

adgilobriv doneze martivi, pirdapiri da warmatebuli
aqciisa. CvenTanac xom ar vicnobT sazogadoebriv
adgilebs, sadac Cagvrasa da ormagi standartiT
mopyrobas vxvdebiT? ras moimoqmedebT am dros?
• gawuxebT Tu ara, rodesac Tqvens salocav adgilas
(mag. eklesiaSi) omisa da mSvidobis Temebze saubroben?
• imam al-sadrim icoda, rom ganaTleba upirvelesia
sxvadasxva religiuri jgufis harmoniuli
TanaarsebobisaTvis. Tqvens qveyanaSi arsebobs raime
saganmanaTleblo programa, romelic sxva religiuri
tradiciebis Sesaxeb gaavrcelebda codnas?

93
Tavi ocdameSvide
kristian de SerJe
(1937-1096)

kristian de SerJe, kaTolike mRvdeli da

alJirSi trapistebis monastris winamZRvari iyo.
axalgazrdobaSi, 1958 wels, igi msaxurobda saf-
rangeTis armiaSi, romelic alJiris ganmaTavisu-
flebeli omis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. es omi gan-
sakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. erT-erTi
samxedro operaciis dros misi sicocxle ixsna
mohamadma, misma muslimma megobarma da policiis
oficerma. igi Tavisi sxeuliT gadaefara SerJes.
im momentSi orive gadarCa, Tumca meore dRes
mohamadi mokles. am TviTSewirvis aqtma morwmune
muslimis mxridan gamoiwvia is, rom de SerJem
sekularuli cxovrebis wesi Secvala da morwmune
qristiani gaxda. mravalma frangma misionerma da
religiurma moRvawem datova qveyana alJiris
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg 1962 wels.
mxolod trapistebis qristianuli misia darCa
qveynis gajansaRebaSi monawileobis misaRebad.
de SerJe romSi mRvdlobisTvis emzadeboda da

94
rodesac swavla daasrula, gaamweses atlasis
RvTismSoblis monasterSi alJirSi. samonastro
ganawesis Sesrulebasa da locvasTan erTad be-
rebma qristianebs da muslimebs erToblivi
locvisTvis dauTmes monastris sivrce. monastris
Sida Senoba meCeTs daeTmo da zarebis rekva da
muslimTa salocavad moxmoba erTmaneTSi ireoda.
de SerJes swamda, rom Cvens RmerTs sxva adamianis
TvalebSi vxedavT da dasZina, rom man qriste
Tavisi muslimi megobrebisa da mezoblebis
saxeebSi amoicno.

1993 wels alJiri ajanyebam moicva. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mezoblad mcxovrebi mosaxleoba
trapist berebs sando adamianebadD aRiqvamda,
zogierTi eqstremistisTvis isini “ucxoel
urjuloebad” rCebodnen. ajanyebulebma yvela
ucxoels ultimatumi wauyenes, rom daetovebinaT
qveyana, magram trapistebi darCnen da uari Tqves
samxedro dacvaze. mama de SarJe werda: “CvenTvis
es aris rwmenis mogzauroba momavalSi da RvTis
saCuqris gaziareba Cvens mezoblebTan, romlebic
yovelTvis axlo kavSirSi iyvnen CvenTan”. man Sin
werili gagzavna, rom mzad yofiliyvnen misi
sikvdilisTvisac.

1996 wels ajanyebulebma daikaves monasteri da

Seipyres de SarJe da misi berebi. erTi kviris
Semdeg maT Tavebi mohkveTes. mogvianebiT de SerJes
ojaxma gaxsna da farTo sazogadoebas gaacno misi
werili, sadac igi loculobs da patiebas iTxovs
Tavisi mkvlelebisaTvis im imediT, rom maTi qceva
ar gaxdeba alJireli islamistebis mimarT
uaryofiTi stereotipis Seqmnis safuZveli. man
daamTavra imediT, rom im samyaroSi Seurigda mis
mier patiebul mkvlelebs: “iqneba neba RvTisa da
Cven isev SevxvdebiT erTmaneTs bednieri, keTili

95
qurdebi samoTxeSi, yvela Cvenganis mamis, RvTis
winaSe. amin! alahi iyos Cveni mfarveli”.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisTvis

• gecnobaT “keTili qurdebis” xseneba werilSi?

SegiZliaT gaixsenoT sxva magaliTi religiuri
tradiciebidan, sadac adamianebi TavdaviwyebiT
patiobdnen sxvebs?

• romelime sxva jgufis wevrs xom ar

gaukvirvebixarT gansakuTrebuli sikeTiT? xom ar
gagCeniaT survili, aseTi sikeTe Tqvenc CagedinaT?

• garkveuli signalebi (zarebis rekva, molas xma)

CvenTvis locvis drosTan asocirdeba. ra aris is, rac
locvisken mogiwodebT?

96
Tavi ocdamerve
satguru sivaia subramuniasvami
(1927-2001)

satguru sivaia subramuniasvami, romelsac si-

yvaruliT moixsenieბdnen, rogorc gurudevas, iyo
XX saukunis ukanaskneli 5 dekadis ganmavlobaSi
induizmis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino maswavle-
beli. man havaize daaarsa induisturi komuna _
misi ZiriTadi baza, rodesac igi induizmis sai-
vitur tradicias avrcelebda msoflioSi mogzau-
robis dros. misi swavleba exeboda Sinagan su-
lier gzas, iogas praqtikisa da pirovnuli tran-
sformaciis gavliT.

gurudeva gansakuTrebiT zrunavda imaze, rom

Tavisi moZRvreba miewvdina induisturi dias-
porebisTvis, amitom mogzaurobis dros exmareboda
imigrantebs axali taZrebis daarsebaSi. igi 30-ze
meti wignis avtoria da damfuZnebeli Zalze

97
gavleniani Jurnalis _ “induizmi dRes”. Jurnali
axleburi midgomaa religiaTaSoris urTierTo-
baSi, radgan misi Sinaarsic da formac induizmis
principebsa da tradiciebs metad martivi da misaw-
vdomi formiT warmoadgens, riTac arainduist
mkiTxvelsac izidavs. Tavisi swavlebiT da media-
moRvaweobiT gurudevam XX saukunis dasasruls
didi roli iTamaSa induizmis ganviTarebaSi.

Tumca gurudeva induizmis ganviTarebas emsa-

xureboda, misi moRvaweoba aseve mniSvnelovania
globaluri religiaTaSorisi urTierTobebis sa-
qmeSic. is iyo induizmis warmomadgeneli sulieri
da saparlamento liderebis globalur forumSi
adamianTa gadasarCenad. gurudeva SeuerTda sxva
religiur, mecnierebisa da politikur liderebs,
raTa erToblivad emuSavaT kacobriobis momava-
lze, rogorc isini amas uwodebdnen. es erT-erTi
gza iyo misi msoflmxedvelobis ganxorcielebisa,
romlis Tanaxmad adamianebma yoveldRiurad harmo-
niasa da erTmaneTis siyvarulSi unda icxovron.
igi imdenad mniSvnelovani moRvawe iyo, rom 1993
wels arCeuli iqna msoflio religiaTa aswliani
parlamentis samidan erT-erT prezidentad.

gurudeva sxva religiebis warmomadgenlebsac

mouwodebda, mieRoT monawileoba axali induis-
turi taZrebis daarsebis kampaniaSi. man alaskaze
induisturi taZris daarsebis aRsaniSnav ceremoni-
alze adgilobrivi mosaxleobac miiwvia.

politikosebi afasebdnen mis Rvawls mSvidobis

Senebis saqmeSi msoflio masStabiT. 2000 wels igi
dajildovda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
mSvidobis premiiT.
gurudeva 2001 wels gardaicvala da Tavis
berebs da mimdevrebs memkvidreobis saxiT didi

98
saqme dautova gasagrZeleblad.

kiTxevbi gaazrebisTvis

• gurudeva kargad gaformebuli da kargad

dawerili Jurnalis saSualebiT sxvadasxva denominaciis
adami-anebs aerTianebda Semecnebis saxaliso gamoc-
dilebiT. romeli Jurnalia, romelic Tqven mogwonT da
romelic sxvadasxva religiis adamianebisaTvis erT-
nairad misaRebia?

• SegiZliaT gaixsenoT magaliTi, rodesac media

cdilobs, gamijnos adamianebi religiuri kuTvnilebis
mixedviT? Tu es problema gawuxebT, miiCnevT Tu ara
SesaZleblad, SeatyobinoT amis Sesaxeb gamomcemels?

• romeli religiis mimdevarTa taZrebi arsebobs

Tqvens raionSi? xom ar gifiqriaT, rom SesuliyaviT
sxva religiis taZarSi da gagegoT, rogor loculoben
Tqveni mezoblebi?

99
Tavi ocdamecxre

sumartana
(gard. 2002)

sumartana iyo indoneziaSi qristiani protes-

tantebis lideri, romelmac pirvelma miiRo mona-
wileoba konfesiaTaSoris dialogSi ganviTarebis
problemebTan dakavSirebiT. igi kritikulad iyo
ganwyobili viwro gagebiT religiis gamoyenebis
mimarT.

mas miaCnda, rom socialuri samarTlianobis da-

sacavad religiuri liderebi unda iyvnen Tavisu-
falni TavianTi azris gamoxatvisas.

am ZiriTadad mahmadian qveyanaSi sumartana Ca-

erTo dialogSi qristian da mahmadian inteleqtu-
lebTan, raTa aRmoeCinaT is gzebi, romelic gauZ-

100
lierebs adamianebs siRatakis daZlevis rwmenas,
siRatake xom ase Trgunavs adamianebs am qveyanaSi.
1991 wels sumartanam daaarsa konfesiaTaSorisi
dialogis instituti, pirveli konfesiaTaSorisi
organizacia indoneziaSi. am organizacias mxars
uWerdnen rogorc qristiani, ise mahmadiani inte-
leqtuali aqtivistebi. rogorc organizaciis di-
reqtori, sumartana eZebda ufro met gamoxatvas,
vidre ubralod religiur harmonias. misi sabo-
loo mizani aerTianebda religiur jgufebs da
exmareboda indonezias ufro Ria demokratiuli
sazogadoebis SeqmnaSi.

mas surda, rom es instituti pluralizmis ma-

galiTad qceuliyo.Mman dawera: “es pluralistuli
buneba gadaiqceva, Tavis mxriv, yvelaze humanur
gzad Cveni socialuri problemebis mSvidobiani
gziT gadaWris saqmeSi.”

es gaxldaT udidesi gamowveva da zogjer kri-

tikas imsaxurebda, magram sumartana Tavad kri-
tikulad iyo ganwyobili sakuTari qristianuli
sarwmunoebis tradiciebis mimarT. igi Tvlida, rom
qristianoba Tavad unda gaTavisufldes aratole-
rantuli ganwyobisgan islamis mimarT, Tu qris-
tianebs Tavad surT, iyvnen demokratiuli Zala am
mahmadianur qveyanaSi. amave mosazrebiT, sumartana
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom mahmadianoba gansakuT-
rebiT ar emsaxureba demokratiis mSeneblobas.

mas moswonda hans kungis gamoTqma: ”ar arse-

bobs mSvidoba sazogadoebaSi mSvidobiani konfe-
siaTaSorisi damokidebulebis gareSe.”

religiebis mimarT tolerantobisa da demok-

ratiis mxardasaWerad organizacia marTavda semi-
narebs, awyobda treningebs konfliqtis gadaWris

101
sakiTxebze, aqveynebda statiebs, atarebda kvlevebs
da sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebs epatiJeboda,
erTad elocaT mSvidobisTvis.

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasasruls mTel indo-

neziaSi gavrcelda Zaladobis SemTxvevebi sxva-
dasxva konfesiis mqone jgufebs Soris, iwvoda
eklesiebi, xocavdnen adamianebs. kritikulad gan-
wyobilma xmebma brZanes, rom konfesiaTaSorisi
dialogi araefeqturia.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, sumartanas da misi or-

ganizaciis sxva wevrebs kargad esmodaT, rom
pluralizmi da demokratiuli procesi sakmaod
grZeli da rTuli iyo. magram konfesiebs Soris
Zaladobam ar unda Seaferxos da enTuziazmi da-
akarginos adamianebs Soris urTierTobas xidebis
mSeneblobaSi. konfesiaTaSorisi dialogis gziT
dafuZnebulma urTierTobebma da sxvadasxva sarw-
munoebrivma jgufebma daxmareba aRmouCines im di-
alogis dawyebas, romelmac SeZlo, xeli SeeSala
Zaladobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.

sumartana gardaicvala 2002wels, misi cxo-

vreba, rogorc erT-erTi erovnuli konfesia-
TaSorisi pionerisa, mkafio magaliTad iqca indo-
nezielebisTvis,.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• dafiqrdiT hans kungis gamonaTqvamze, romelic

sumartanam gaimeora indoneziaSi. ra aris misi realuri
mniSvneloba? rogor fiqrobT, marTali iyo kungi?

• rogor miiCnevT, konfesiaTaSorisi urTierTobebi

unda iyos fokusirebuli socialur marTlmsajulo-
baze? Tqveni azriT, ra aris is problemebi razec Se-

102
saZloa erTad imuSaon sxvadasxva religiurma jgufebma?

• rodesac kiTxulobT axal istoriebs religiur

Zaladobaze, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens qcevaze, Tqvens
damokidebulebaze, ganeridebiT Tu SeecdebiT, rame
iRonoT mis SesaCereblad?

103
Tavi ocdameaTe

harbhajan singh xalsa iogiji

(1929-2004)

harbhajan singh puri daibada 1929 wels

indoeTis im nawilSi, romelic amJamad pakistanis
teritoriazea. jer kidev mozardi iyo, roca mo-
wodebuli iqna, yofiliyo gmiri, winamZRoli
Tavisi xalxisa.

1947 wels pakistanis indoeTidan gamoyofis

konfliqtis dros singh puri sul raRac 18 wlisa
iyo, magram moaxerxa Tavisi soflidan 7000 kacis
gamoyvana, romlebmac 325 mili fexiT gaiares, raTa
usafrTxo TavSesafari epovaT niu deliSi.

mogvianebiT man ekonomika Seiswavla da saxelm-

104
ifo samsaxuri daiwyo. akademiuri da profesiuli
karieris dros igi aswavlida iogas. 1968 wels man
datova indoeTi, gaemgzavra jer kanadaSi da
Semdeg dasaxlda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
romlis moqalaqeobac 1976 wels miiRo. amis Semdeg
oficialurad Seicvala saxeli da harbhajan singh
iogijs daerqva ufro mokle saxeli _ iogi
bhagani.

saukuneebis manZilze kundalin iogas sistemis

mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, saidumlod inaxavdnen
iogas praqtikis faqts. iogi bhaganma daarRvia es
tradicia, radgan miaCnda, rom farTo
sazogadoebas unda hqonoda saSualeba, esargebla
kundalini iogas sikeTiT. am sistemas man uwoda
3HO

3HO fondis TaosnobiT 35 qveyanaSi 300-mde cen-

tri Seiqmna. iogas filosofiisa da varjiSebis
Seswavlis garda 3HO fondma win wamoswia qalTa,
adamianis uflebebisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebi,
rogorc tradiciuli medicinis alternatiuli
gza. swored misi iniciativiT daiwyo wamalze
damokidebulTaTvis sareabilitacio programebi,
romelsac warmatebiT iyeneben amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi.

iogi bhaganma Tavisi ekonomikuri ganaTleba da

samewarmeo unari gamoiyena jansaRi kvebis biznesis
asaRorZineblad. im produqtebs Soris, romlis
warmoebasac igi uwyobda xels, iyo sasauzmo
burRuli, saxelad “mSvidobis burRuli”. es
inovacia gamoiyena imisaTvis, rom socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis gancda aemaRlebina biznessiv-
rceSi da xeli Seewyo organuli sakvebis warmoe-
bisTvis.
iogi bhagani iyo msoflio mSvidobisa da

105
religiuri erTobis didi qomagi. igi Sexvda reli-
giur liderebs: dalai lamas, romis paps pavle VI,
romis paps ioane pavle II da kenterberiis or
arqiepiskoposs. rogorc wesi, monawileobda iseT
mniSvnelovan interreligiur RonisZiebebSi, rogo-
ricaa msoflio religiaTa parlamentis da
msoflio religiaTa Tanamegobrobis saqmianoba. am
ukanasknelSi igi moRvaweobda, rogorc Tanap-
rezidenti. misi organizebuli iyo “gzaTa Se-
sayari” san-franciskoSi da iyo TanadamfuZnebeli
adamianTa erTobis konferenciis. mSvidobis saa-
batom SebornSi, masaCusetsi, mianiWa mas “sindisis
simamacis jildo” misi RvawlisaTvis interreligi-
uri urTierTobebisa da msoflio mSvidobis
saqmeSi.

1985 wels man daamkvidra mSvidobisaTvis

locvis saerTaSoriso dRe. yovelwliurma musi-
kalurma dResaswaulma da interreligiurma
locvam Zalian bevri qveyana da saerTaSoriso
lideri STaagona. iogi bhaganis cnobili
gamonaTqvamia: “Tu ar SegiZlia RmerTi dainaxo
yvelaferSi, maSin saerTod ver xedav RmerTs.”

kiTxvebi gaazrebisTvis:

• gsurT monawileobdeT iseT RonisZiebaSi, rogorsac

iogi bhagani mouwodebda _ sadac sxvadasxva rwmenis
adamianebi erTad loculoben? am wignis bolos
SegiZliaT naxoT informacia msgavsi Sexvedrebis
Sesaxeb.
• rogor SeiZleba, kvebis racionze zrunvam TemTa
Soris kavSirebis dayarebas Seuwyos xeli?
• ramdenad eTanxmebiT iogi bhagans: “Tu ar SegiZlia
RmerTi dainaxo yvelaferSi, maSin saerTod ver xedav
RmerTs.” SegiZliaT msgavsi gamonaTqvamebi gaixsenoT?
isaubreT megobarTan am ideis Sesaxeb.

106
Tavi ocdameTerTmete

kardinali aaron Jan-mari lustigeri

(1926-2007)

aaron lustigeri daibada parizSi 1926 wels

ebraeli mSoblebis ojaxSi, romlebic polo-
neTidan iyvnen emigrirebulni. rodesac II msoflio
omi daiwyo, ojaxi orleanSi gaiqca. bibliis
wakiTxvis Semdeg mozard lustigers Zalian izi-
davda eklesia, orleanis kaTedraluri taZari.
mSoblebis Cumi ukmayofilebis miuxedavad, lusti-
germa gadawyvita, mieRo kaTolicizmi da Tavisi
naTlobis saxels Jan-mari miumata.

lustigeris deda gizela dabrunda parizSi,

raTa maTi ojaxuri saqme _ maRazia ar daxuru-
liyo. igi daapatimres sxva parizel ebraelebTan
erTad nacistebis mier ganxorcielebuli maso-

107
brivi dapatimrebebis dros 1942 wels. gizela
lustigeri gardaicvala auSvicSi 1943 wels.
amasobaSi Jan-mari seminariaSi swavlobda da iqve
imaleboda. mogvianebiT igi Cavida Tavis mamasa da
dasTan, ro-mlebic omis dasrulebamde samxreT
safrangeTSi imalebodnen.

omis Semdeg lustigeri gaxda mRvdeli, ramac

mamasTan sruli ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia. 1954 wels,
kurTxevis Semdeg, igi msaxurobda kapelanad
sorbonaSi, amis mere igi gaxda parizis univer-
sitetebis generaluri kapelani. 1969 wels lus-
tigeri mRvdelmsaxurebas iwyebs da did aRi-
arebasac aRwevs, rogorc gulaxdili, iumorisa da
sxarti inteleqtis mqone moZRvari. igi arCeuli
iqna orleanis episkoposad da parizis arqiepi-
skoposad. 1983 wels papma ioane pavle II-m kardi-
nalTa kolegiaSi Sesvla SesTavaza. lustigeri
konservatorad iTvleboda _ Tavs igi “Tana-
medrove tradicionalists” uwodebda – kardinali
lustigeri axerxebda kargi urTierTobis Senar-
Cunebas im adamianebTanac ki, visac politikurad
srulebiT ar eTanxmeboda.

yvela mxridan ismoda kritika misi war-

momavlobisa da mowodebis SeuTanxmeblobis gamo.
zogierTi ebraeli, maT Soris mTavari (aSkenazi)
rabini israelSi brals sdebdnen imaSi, rom
qristianobis miRebiT lustigerma sakuTar xalxs
uRalata, Tumca frangi ebraelebi icavdnen mas.
amasobaSi frangi kaTolikeebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen
misi arCeviT, radgan “igi ar iyo namdvili frangi”,
miuxedavad imisa, rom parizSi daibada.

frangul sazogadoebaSi AxSirad adgili hqo-

nda antisemitizmisa da rasizmis Zaladobriv gamo-
xatulebebs da kardinali lustigeri Zlier opo-

108
nirebas uwevda aseT Sexedulebebs. igi ilaSqrebda
qsenofobiiT Sepyrobili politikosebis winaaR-
mdeg da ambobda, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia
Tavisi RirsebiT, radgan isini RvTis saxierebad
Seiqmnen. amgvarad icavda igi, magaliTad, imigranti
muSebis uflebebs.

lustigeri orjer daeswro ausSvicSi daRu-

pulTa xsovnis aRniSvnis dRes. poloneTSi, loZSi
gamarTul mesaze sikvdilis banakebSi 200000 ga-
nadgurebuli ebraelis xsovnisTvis man warmoTqva
aseTi sityvebi: ”borotebis Zalas Cven SegviZlia
vupasuxoT mxolod siyvarulis gaormagebuli
ZaliT”. antisemitizmis momZlavrebis periodSi
lustigerma monawileoba miiRo safrangeTSi ga-
marTul daRupul ebraelTa xsovnis dReebSic. igi
SeuerTda daRupulTa saxelebis CamoTvlis cerem-
onials da rodesac misi dedis saxeli gamoc-
xadda, man acremlebulma Tqva: “Cemi dediko”. aseT-
ma piradulma frazam sazogadoebaSi dammuxtavi da
gadamdebi efeqti gamoiwvia.

2003 wels, rodesac muslimuri Tavsaburavis

tarebasTan dakavSirebulma aurzaurma zogadad
studentobaSi religiuri simbolikis gamoyenebis
akrZalvamde miiyvana diskusia, lustigeri arwmu-
nebda mTavrobas, rom amgvari akrZalvebi daarRvevs
im myife balanss, romelic jer kidev arsebobs
xelisuflebasa da religias Soris.

kardinali lustigeri amayobda imiT, rom iyo

ebraeli. igi Tavisuflad flobda idiSs da mivida
sinagogaSi, raTa waekiTxa Tavisi dedis saxelze
aRvlenili ebraelTa glovis locva _ kadiSi. igi
grZnobda, rom misi, rogorc qristiani mRvdlis
roli, efuZneboda israelis, rogorc naciaTa
Suquris gagebas. man stimuli misca safrangeTis

109
kaTolikuri eklesiis monaniebas Tavisi pasiuri
poziciis gamo, romelic man daikava holokostis
dros da aseve viSis reJimTan kolaboracionis-
tuli urTierTobis damyarebis gamo. igi mxars
uWerda qristianul-ebrauli dialogis gaRrmave-
basa da ganviTarebas da am saqmisTvis dajil-
dovda qristianul-ebrauli urTierTgagebis cen-
tris mier.

igi gardaicvala 2007 wels da misi panaSvidi,

romelic notr-damis kaTedralur taZarSi gai-
marTa, daiwyo misi biZaSvilis mier namReri
kadiSiT.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisTvis

• bevr adamians, Tu davufiqrdebiT, mravlobiTi

identoba aqvs. aris identobebi, romlebic gamom-
dinareobs im rolebidan, romelsac Cvens sa-
zogadoebaSi an ojaxSi vasrulebT. zogierT ada-
mians multierovnuli identoba aqvs. arian iseTe-
bic, romelTa identoba erTze meti rwmenidan
igeba. ra identobebi gaqvT Tqven? hkiTxeT Tqvens
megobrebs igive da gauziareT erTmaneTs.
• Tqveni cxovreba rom ise radikalurad
Seicvalos, rogorc kardinal lustigerisa,
SeinarCunebdiT karg urTierTobas Zvel wresTan
ise, rogorc kardinali cdilobda?
• vis kandidaturas SeitandiT “religiaTaSorisi
gmirebis” Semdeg gamocemaSi?

110
Tavi ocdameTormete

grigol feraZe

(1899-1942)

wm. grigol feraZe iyo qarTveli marTl-

madidebeli sasuliero piri, Teologi da fi-
lologi, romelic saeklesio da samecniero
moRvaweobas evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweoda.
grigol feraZe daupirispirda sabWoTa totali-
tarizmsa da germanul nacizms, rasac Seewira ki-
dec; gaxda holokostis (ebraelTa genocidis)
msxverpli. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma ekle-
siam grigol feraZe wminda mowamed gamoacxada da
xsenebis dRed 6 dekemberi, misi mowamebrivad aR-

111
srulebis dRe, daawesa. mas wmindanad poloneTSi
ara marto marTlmadideblebi, aramed kaTolike
Teologebic aRiareben da miiCneven, rom igi aris
erT-erTi xidi dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
eklesiebs Soris.

grigol feraZe marTlmadidebeli mRvdlis

ojaxSi daibada da gaizarda; daamTavra Tbilisis
sasuliero seminaria da saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis, wm. ambrosi xelaias locva-kurTxeviT
saRvTismetyvelo codnis gasaRrmaveblad dasav-
leT evropaSi gaemgzavra. germaneli mwerlisa da
politikosis, artur laistis daxmarebiT igi ger-
maniaSi Cavida, sadac sauniversiteto ganaTleba
miiRo da Teologiis doqtoris xarisxi moipova.
radgan sabWoTa reJimma grigol feraZes samSob-
loSi dabrunebis ufleba ar misca, igi darCa ev-
ropaSi; moRvaweobda germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, ing-
lissa da poloneTSi rogorc samecniero-
pedagogiur, ise saeklesio sarbielze. 1931 wels
grigol feraZe aRikveca berad, ekurTxa mRvdlad.
1933 wels igi varSavis universitetis profesorad
airCies da Caabares marTlmadidebluri RvTismety-
velebis kaTedra, romelsac dapatimrebamde (1942
wlis maisi) xelmZRvanelobda da parizis qarTuli
samrevlos winamZRvris movaleobasac asrulebda.

grigol feraZis xanmokle, magram nayofier

moRvaweobaSi didi adgili uWiravs religiur
niadagze xalxebis dapirispirebis aRmofxvraze
zrunvas, rom sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis warmo-
madgenlebi erTsa da imave sociumSi (sazo-
gadoebaSi) mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen da Sro-
mobdnen. aseTma poziciam da miswrafebam grigol
feraZe sarwmunoebaTaSoris dialogis aucileblo-
bis aRiarebamde miiyvana. igi aqtiurad CaerTo
ekumenur moZraobaSi; monawileobda 1926-1927

112
wlebSi venisa da lozanis msoflio konferencie-
bSi. lozanis konferenciaze man, rogorc saqarT-
velos eklesiis warmomadgenelma, sityva warmoTqva
da siyvarulis safuZvelze qristianuli konfesie-
bis gaerTianebis idea ganaviTara.

grigol feraZem dawera da gamoaqveyna statiebi

aRniSnuli forumebis Sesaxeb, sadac werda:
”erTxelac iqneba da gaerTiandebian sarwmunoebani.
dadgeba didebuli dRe Cveni uflis meored
mosvlis win... es samecniero kvlevis sfero ki ar
aris, aramed yoveli cocxali qristianis movaleo-
baa, Cveni uflis romel mrevlsac ar unda
ekuTvnodes igi. vinc qristes sasufevels seriozu-
lad uyurebs, is dainaxavs, rom qristianobis arsi
mtrobaSi, SurSi, eWvsa da avazakobaSi rodia".

grigol feraZem xma aimaRla rogorc saero,

ise saeklesio nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg. man gaak-
ritika sakuTar qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli tenden-
cia, romlis Tanaxmad qarTveli eri da saqarT-
velos eklesia erTi da igivea, rasac uaryofiTi
Sedegi moaqvs rogorc eklesiisaTvis, ise erisaT-
vis: ”Cven ara gvaqvs ufleba, rogorc qristianebs,
samSoblo gavixadoT da davisvaT kerpad".

grigol feraZem sicocxle mowamebrivad aRas-

rula osvencimis sakoncentracio banakSi. igi ne-
bayoflobiT Sevida gazis kameraSi, raTa erTi
mravalSviliani ebraeli patimari gadaerCina. amis
gamo misi saxeli oqros asoebiTaa amokveTili
rogorc poloneTSi, ise israelSi.

113
kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis

• wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe sxva

rwmenis adamianTa gverdiT cxovrobda da Sro-
mobda. SegiZliaT, Tqvenc aseve icxovroT da
iTanamSromloT gansxvavebuli rwmenis pirovne-
bebTan?

• SeiniSneba Tu ara Cvens saxelmwifosa da sa-

zogadoebaSi religiur da erovnul niadagze
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva da SegiZliaT Tu
ara, wm. grigolis magaliTs mibaZoT?
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara grigol feraZes saeklesio
nacionalizmis SefasebaSi; ramdenad aqtualuria
es problema dRes da moaqvs Tu ara mas uary-
ofiTi Sedegebi rogorc eklesiisaTvis, ise sax-
elmwifosaTvis?

114
Tavi ocdamecamete

wm. mariam skobcova

(1891-1945)

“me yovelTvis vicodi, _ werda deda mariami, _

rom qriste yvela gaubedurebul adamiansa da sa-
kuTar Tavs Soris tolobis niSans svamda, magram
axla am azrma ara mxolod goneba, aramed mTeli
Cemi arseba gamsWvala”.

igi emigranti iyo sabWoTa ruseTidan da kar-

gad hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom qristianebisTvis
mSvidi da “komfortuli” cxovrebis dro warsuls
115
Cabarda, arc marto grZnobebsa da maRal ide-
alebze saubari kmaroda. am daskvnamde igi mxo-
lod Teoriuli gziT ar misula... mitropoliti
anton suroJeli, romelic eriskacobisas parizSi
medicinas swavlobda, erT SemTxvevas igonebda
deda mariamis cxovrebidan: “erTxel deda mariami
mivida rusi ltolvilebis dasaxlebaSi, sadac is-
ini saSinel pirobebSi muSaobdnen da cxovrobdnen.
igi maTTvis leqciebis kursis wakiTxvas apirebda
dostoevskis qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze. ma-
gram man msmenelTa mxridan arcTu megobruli gan-
wyoba igrZno. erT-erTma maTganma ki mkvaxed miax-
ala mas: “raSi gvWirdeba dostoevski? magas jobia,
am uzarmazari iatakis gasufTavebaSi mogvexmaro”.
deda mariamma Tqva: “keTili, ar gvinda dosto-
evski”, mSvidad aiRo wyliani qvabi da iatakis
fxekasa da wmendas Seudga. ltolvilebi gakvirve-
bulni misCerebodnen mas. male iman, vinc deda
mariams cota xnis win iatakis morecxvisken mou-
woda, qurTuki gaixada da miawoda: “moixureT,
dedao, Torem sul dasveldiT, gacivdebiT”.
samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg igi vaxSamze miiwvies
da sTxoves, dostoevskize moeTxro”.

Tumca deda mariami emigrant TanamemamuleTa

Soris sayovelTao mowonebiT ar sargeblobda.
magaliTad, dekanozi aleqsandre Smemani aRniSnavs:
“bevri marTlmadidebeli mas undoblobiT da eW-
viT (dacinviTac ki) epyroboda. yofili emigran-
tebi miyvebodnen, rom bevri mas SeSlilad Tvlida.
adanaSaulebdnen monazvnuri saxis SebRalvaSi,
radgan saeWvo da sazogadoebisgan gariyul ada-
mianebTan urTierTobas arasodes erideboda.
erTxel erTma gogom deda mariams misi monazvnuri
Sesamoseli sTxova. man siciliT gaixada samosi da
misca. orive kmayofili iyo... magram amis Semy-
ureebi ambobdnen: rogor SeuZlia amis gakeTeba!

116
farisevlebi mis amgvar saqciels ver inelebdnen”.

yovelive is, riTic cxovrobda, suldgmulobda

da razec werda deda mariami, saboloo jamSi erT
mTavar sakiTxs eZRvneba: arCevanis Temas. sasworis
erT mxares qristes jvaria, meore mxares ki – am-
qveyniuri komforti, keTildReoba, sulieri da
fizikuri usafrTxoeba. mariam skobcovam mZime da
cecxlovani jvari airCia. mas mxolod saero tani-
samosi ar Seucvlia monazvnuri SesamoseliT
(bevri Tanamedrove berisa da monazvnis msgavsad),
aramed realur morCilebaSi iyo, magaliTad, ba-
zarSi morCenili bostneuliT, TevziTa da sxva
sakvebiT savse mZime tomara zurgiT mohqonda
umuSevarTaTvis.

mariamma sakuTari monazvnoba am tanjuli

samyaros dedobad aRiqva. es sityvebi abstraqtu-
lad JRers da, SesaZloa, ironiasac iwvevs, magram
saqme martivadaa: sanam Svilebi mSivrebi arian,
dedas ar SeuZlia sakvebs gaekaros, sanam Svilebi
SiSvlebi arian, deda ver Seimoseba Tbili tan-
sacmliT da roca Svilebi gazis kameraSi ixoce-
bian, dedas ar SeuZlia uvnebeli darCes.

amgvari cxovrebis wesiT, anu monazvnobisTvis

mkveTrad gamoxatuli socialuri xasiaTis miniWe-
biT, deda mariamma miznad daisaxa, moewyo iseTi
saxli (TavSesafari), romelic usaxlkaroTaTvis
iqneboda gankuTvnili. Senoba man ijariT aiRo,
Tumca saamisod ar gaaCnda araviTari Tanxa. igi
Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom es RvTis saqme iyo
da mis amgvar Seuryevel rwmenasac ar ganucdia
marcxi. Tavdapirvelad es saxli erTob keTilmou-
wyobeli iyo, masSi ar idga araviTari aveji. ma-
gram deda mariami maSinve gadavida am saxlSi
sacxovreblad, sadac mas iatakze eZina. male

117
TavSesafari imdenad gadaivso, rom misTvisac ki
aRar darCa iq adgili.

rodesac nacistebma evropaSi ebraelebs yvela

ufleba CamoarTves, amcirebdnen da sakoncentra-
cio banakSi uSvebdnen, deda mariami maT sakuTar
TavSesafarSi malavda. paralelurad man urTier-
Toba daamyara frangul winaaRmdegobis moZraobas-
Tan. igi Soulobda yalb dokumentebs ebraelebi-
sTvis da maT neitralur zonebSi agzavnida.
ebraelebis devna sul ufro Zlierdeboda. 1942
wlis 15 ivlisis Rames ebraelTa masobrivi da-
patimreba daiwyes. bevri ebraeli am araadamianuri
represiebis dros daiRupa an fsiqikurad daavadda.
deda mariamma SeZlo maTTan sakoncentracio ba-
nakSi SeRweva. igi kvebavda da anugeSebda bavSvebs.

misi saqmianobiT dainteresda gestapo. 1943

wlis 7 Tebervals deda mariami parizidan qalaqga-
reT moqmed fermaSi gavida sxvadasxva produqtebis
wamosaRebad. zustad am dros faSistebi mis dasa-
patimreblad SeiWrnen TavSesafarSi. gulmodgine
Cxrekis Semdeg monazoni ver ipoves, amitom misi 20
wlis Svili, iuri, daapatimres, mogvianebiT ki –
mRvdeli dimitri klepeninic. faSistebma piroba
dades, rom ymawvils gamouSvebdnen, Tu deda
mariami Tavisi fexiT mividoda maTTan. deda
mariami dauyovnebliv gamocxadda, magram gesta-
poelebma, Cveulebisamebr, sityva gatexes da deda-
Svili tyved daitoves. iuri da mRvdeli dimitri
erTad gaagzavnes kompenies sakoncentracio ba-
nakSi.

deda mariami ravensbrukis banakSi gaamweses. aq

man ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi qristianuli Rvawli.
igi Tavisi rwmeniT, TanagrZnobiTa da sxarti az-
rovnebiT uamrav adamians exmareboda moralurad

118
da fsiqologiurad.

SemorCenilia erT-erTi patimris, s. nosoviCis

saubari mariam skobcovasTan: “erTxel vuTxari,
rom araTu arafris SegrZneba aRar SemeZlo, ara-
med Tavad azric ki meyineboda...”. deda mariamma ki
gadaWriT miTxra: “ara, ara! piriqiT, ganuwyvetliv
ifiqreT. eWvebTan brZolis kvaldakval ifiqreT
ufro farTod da Rrmad; dabla nu dauSvebT
Tqvens azrovnebas, miwier CarCoebsa da pirobiTo-
baze maRla dadeqiT gonebiT...”

meore msoflio omis bolo dReebSi faSistebi

tyveebis ganadgurebas Cqarobdnen. am droisTvis
deda mariams ukve aRar SeeZlo adgoma da miwaze
iwva. 1945 wlis 31 marts igi gazis kameraSi
waaTries...

2004 wlis 18 ianvars msoflio sapatriarqos wm.

sinodma monazoni mariam skobcova wmindanad Se-
racxa. masTan erTad moxda misi Svilis iuris,
mRvdeli dimitri klepeninis da maTi Tanamosangre
ilia fondaminskis kanonizaciac. oTxive maTgani
sakoncentracio banakSi daiRupa.

119
Tavi ocdameToTxmete

merab mamardaSvili

(1930-1990)

filosofos merab mamardaSvils inteleqtualur

wreebSi ”qarTvel sokrated“ moixseniebdnen. igi
gorSi daibada, umaRlesi ganaTleba ruseTSi mi-
iRo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Cexoslovaki-
aSic eweoda akademiur saqmianobas. muSaobda fi-
losofiis samecniero Jurnalebsa da kvleviT in-
stitutebSi. sul male sabWoTa xelisuflebam ax-
algazrda filosofosis naazrevSi antisabWouri
tendenciebi SeniSna da misTvis merab mamardaSvili
saxifaTo personad iqca.

120
filosofosi moskovSi yvela samsaxuridan daiT-
xoves, CamoarTves leqciebis kiTxvis SesaZlebloba
da imperiis sazRvrebis datoveba aukrZales. 1980
wels filosofosebis mfarvelis, niko WavWavaZis
wyalobiT igi saqarTveloSi dabrunda, iyo saqa-
rTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis in-
stitutis ganyofilebis gamge da Tbilisis saxelm-
wifo universitetis profesori. “perestroikis“ Se-
mdeg leqciebis wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba mieca ger-
maniaSi, safrangeTSi, aSS-Si da sxva qveynebSi. ga-
nicdida ganmanaTleblobis filosofiuri tra-
diciis, gansakuTrebiT, emanuil kantis gavlenas.
muSaobda aRqmis racionalistur Teoriaze.

universitetSi mis mier wakiTxuli filosofiis

kursi sajaro leqciebad iqca, TviTon ki axalgaz-
rdebis sayvareli filosofosi gaxda. leqciaze
Sesuls ara mxolod fexze adgomiT, taSiT egebe-
bodnen. msmenelebiT gadaWedili auditoriis magi-
daze uamravi diqtofoni ido. am Canawerebs le-
qciis Semdeg usmendnen, Sifravdnen, akonspeq-
tebdnen. misi leqciebi ar Tavsdeboda tradiciuli
sauniversiteto kursis CarCoebSi, es iyo filo-
sofiuri improvizacia an filosofiurad im-
provizebuli Zebna imisa, Tu ra aris Tavisufali
azrovneba da azrovnebiT mopovebuli Tavisufleba.

mamardaSvili acxadebda, rom igi, rogorc filo-

sofosi, kosmopolitia, radgan SeuZlebelia arse-
bobdes qarTveli, frangi an rusi filosofosi.
rogorc Tavad ambobda, “WeSmaritebaSi Cavardnis“
dros adamiani ar ganisazRvreba ama Tu im nacion-
aluri an religiuri identobiT, magram kiTxvaze,
rogor gadaurCa is totalitarizms, sabWoTa rep-
resiul manqanas, merab mamardaSvili upasuxebda,
rom amaSi mis qarTvelobas, nacionaluri xasiaTis
erT Taviseburebas – mxiarulebas, tragediis

121
msubuqad gadatanis unars miuZRvoda wvlili.

80-iani wlebis miwuruls, rodesac sabWourma “per-

estroikam“ biZgi misca saqarTveloSi nacionaliz-
mis gaZlierebas, saxalxo frontis erT-erT Sex-
vedraze mamardaSvilma ganacxada: “me mzad var,
aqtiuri monawileoba miviRo gamaTavisuflebel
moZraobaSi, radgan mesmis, rom vidre damoukide-
blobas ar mivaRwevT, ver davinaxavT, ver gavigebT
Cvens Tavs, magram ar SeiZleba arsebobdes erov-
nuli ideali, Tu mas konkretuli adamianis
Tavisufleba ar udevs safuZvlad.“

mamardaSvili mouwodebda oponentebs, gaTavisu-

flebuliyvnen nacionaluri stereotipebisagan,
sabWouri inerciisagan, crurwmenebisagan. magram
nacionaluri fsiqoziTa da sxvagvarad moazrov-
neTa siZulviliT Sepyrobil politikur jgufebs
ar esmodaT misi naTqvami. mamardaSvils jer metis-
met sifrTxileSi dasdes brali, Semdeg – arapa-
triotobaSi. am braldebas man ase upasuxa:
“bevrjer vyofilvar mowme, Zlierni ama soflisani
– saxelmwifos, naciisa da sazogadoebis saxeliT
– rogor Trgunaven azrovnebas. somxebis, osebisa
da afxazebis Rirsebis dacva – Seni, qarTvelis
Rirsebis dacvaa. me maTTan vcxovrobdi da vcxov-
rob, aravis aqvs ufleba, amiT CemSi qarTvelobis
gradusi gazomos.“

mamardaSvils surda, gonieri sawyisi Seetana erov-

nul moZraobaSi. adamians, romelic jer sabWoTa
imperiaSi, Semdeg ki londonsa da venaSi, romsa da
niu-iorkSi, eris Rirsebas icavda, samSobloSi xmis
amoRebis neba ar misces. 1989 wlis zafxulSi, sax-
alxo frontis yrilobaze, nacionalist radi-
kalebs gansakuTrebiT ar moewonaT mamardaSvilis
Sefaruli braldeba: fronti komunisturi partiis

122
ki ara, “sxva Zalebis“ saTamaSo xdebao. “sxva
ZalebSi“ ultranacionalistebi igulisxmebodnen.
amave yrilobaze warmoTqva merab mamardaSvilma
fraza – WeSmariteba samSobloze maRla dgas! dis-
identi filosofosi stveniT gaaciles darbazidan.
magram igi jiutad imeorebda: “Tavisufleba – esaa,
rodesac erTis Tavisufleba ar eRobeba meoris
Tavisuflebas da es ukanaskneli aqvs pirobad aRe-
buli”.

“gamoRviZebul“ saqarTveloSi CaTvales, rom maTi

erovnuli Tavisufleba ufro mniSvnelovania sxve-
bis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze. mamardaSvilis
bolo mcdeloba, xma miewvdina umravlesobisTvis,
ganwiruli iyo: “Tuki Cemi xalxi airCevs zviad
gamsaxurdias (ultranacionalistebis liders), me
waval Cemi xalxis winaaRmdeg”. am gamosvlis gamo
filosofosi “patriotulma“ umravlesobam eris
moRalated, “mtrad“, “sukis agentad“ gamoacxada.

aRmoCnda, rom samyaros im nawilSi, romlis gare-

Sec Tavi ver warmoedgina, misTvis miwieri sadguri
ar arsebobda. safrangeTidan TbilisSi momavali
60 wlis merab mamardaSvili gzaSi, moskovis aero-
portSi gardaicvala.

amis Semdeg drom da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

tragikulma istoriam merab mamardaSvilis
poziciis simarTle daadastura. nacionalizmma da
Seuwynareblobam, adamianis pirovnuli Tavisu-
flebis ignorirebam saqarTvelo samoqalaqo omsa
da eTnikur konfliqtebSi Caaba.

123
Tavi ocdameTxuTTmete
qeTevan wamebuli

(1570-1624)

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis im wmin-

danTa Soris, romelTa saxeli gascda samSoblos
farglebs, TiTqmis mTeli msoflio Semoiara da
sayovelTao pativiscema daimsaxura, pirvel ad-
gilze wm. qeTevani dgas. qarTul, laTinur da sxva
enebze arsebobs mdidari agiografiuli litera-
tura, aseve sityvakazmuli mwerlobisa da saxviTi
xelovnebis nimuSebi, romelSic srulyofiladaa
asaxuli misi sarwmunoebrivi Rvawli da mowame-
brivi aRsasruli.

124
qeTevani iyo kaxeTis dedofali. am samefos im
dros misi Svili, Teimurazi, marTavda. igi, ise,
rogorc misi mama da papa, iranis qveSevrdomi iyo,
magram man politikuri kursi erTmorwmune ruseTi-
saken aiRo, rac iranis mefes, Sah-abass, Seum-
Cneveli ar darCenia. man Teimurazs mZevlebad deda
da Svilebi mosTxova. ase rom, Sah-abasma qeTevani
politikuri motiviT daatyveva da 1614 wels
iranSi, SirazSi, gadaasaxla. Teimurazma ruseTTan
urTierTobis gaRrmavebaze uari ar Tqva, ramac
Sahi ganarisxa da man mZevlebis dasja gadawyvita.
qeTevans da mis Tanmxleb marTlmadidebel
mRvdels islamze gadasvla mosTxoves. qarTul
wyaroSi aRniSnulia, rom mRvdelma ver gauZlo
gansacdels da qristes sarwmunoeba uaryo. dedo-
falma ki sakuTar mrwamsze mtkiced dadgoma
gadawyvita da sulieri nugeSisaTvis kaTolike
mRvdlebs mimarTa.

rodesac qeTevan dedofals mTeli simkacriT mo-

sTxoves, an gamoicvale rjuli, an koconisa da
SanTebisaTvis moemzadeo, kaxeTis dedofalma
meore gza airCia. man gansasvenebeli ziareba kaTo-
like mRvdlis xeliT miiRo. amis Semdeg mas war-
moudgeneli sisastikiT amoxades suli. Semonax-
ulia Canaxati warweriT: ”qeTevan dedofali mama
ambrozio duS anJuSisTan aRsarebaze”. qarTuli
wyaroebic adasturebs, rom wm. mowamis gaupatios-
neblad damarxuli gvami ”frangma mRvdlebma” moi-
pares da “erTob didi krZalulebiT waasvenes. igi
Caasvenes Zvirfas kuboSi, romelic sxvadasxva da
erTob keTili surnelebiT iyo gaJRenTili. maT
cxedari sakurTxevelze daasvenes”. amis Semdeg igi
avgustinelma berebma daanawiles: Tavi da marjvena
fexi saqarTveloSi wamoasvenes da mefe Teimurazs,
mowamis Zes, gadasces; nawili indoeTSi, goaSi,

125
waasvenes, nawili _ romSi da dasavleT evropis
sxva wminda adgilebSi.

dedoflis tanjvisa da wamebis TviTmxilvelma be-

rebma romis papis winaSe dasves sakiTxi, rom is
kaTolikuri eklesiis wmindanad Seracxuliyo. wa-
moiWra aseTi kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara dokumenti,
romlis Tanaxmad qristesTvis wamebulma qarT-
velma qalma kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba aRiara da
kaTolikur eklesias SeuerTda? aseTi dokumenti
ar aRmoCnda da es verc wm. mowamis kaTolike
moZRvarma ambroziom daadastura. Sedga komisia,
romelmac aseTi daskvna gamoitana: is faqti, rom
morwmune marTlmadidebelma gaWirvebis gamo kaTo-
likur eklesias miakiTxa da wm. saidumlo kaTo-
like mRvdlisagan miiRo, misi kaTolike wmindanad
gamocxadebis sakmarisi sabuTi ar aris.

dedofal qeTevanis sulieri simtkicisa da kacT-

moyvareobis Sesaxeb cnobebi mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelda. gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiCines
evropelebma. isini aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen im
faqtiT, rom qarTvelma mowamem erovnuli da re-
ligiuri karCaketiloba daZlia da zogadsakaco-
brio Rirebulebebs eziara. igi ar daeTanxma im
marTlmadideblebs, romlebic kaTolikur ekle-
sias madlisagan daclilad miiCnevdnen da kaTo-
likeebTan sarwmunoebriv urTierTobaze uars am-
bobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT wminda mowame qeTevani
ekumenur poziciaze dgas. is imaze ki ar ocnebob-
da, rom marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs So-
ris meti da meti gansxvavebebi dadasturebuliyo,
aramed romisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebis daax-
loebisaTvis, Catexili xidis gamrTelebisaTvis
iRvwoda. aseT pozicias misi marTlmadidebluri
idealebisaTvis araferi dauklia. piriqiT: sakuTar
sarwmunoebaSi igi kidev ufro ganmtkicda da gasx-

126
ivosnda.

wm. qeTevanis sulieri moZRvris, kaTolike

mRvdlis, mama ambrozios mier 1640 wels warmoT-
qmulma sityvebma dasavleT evropis qristianebi
moxibla. swored am wels gadawyda romSi uary-
ofiTad dedofal qeTevanis kaTolike wmindanad
gamocxadebis sakiTxi, ris gamoc mis sulier mamas
guli etkina da es tkivili ase gamoxata: ”savarau-
dod, dedofali zecaSia da RvTis didebiT xarobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnul wes-Cveulebas mis-
devda, igi didi siyvaruliT ekideboda wm. kaToli-
kur eklesias da yvela laTinels; mxurvaled uy-
varda isini da riTac SeeZlo, exmareboda. garda
amisa, CvenTan imdenad kargi urTierToba hqonda,
rom SeuZlebelia, wm. kaTolikuri eklesiis mowi-
naaRmdege yofiliyo”. wm. qeTevans meore kaTolike
moZRvaric hyavda, pedro santuSi, romelic aseve
exmareboda da anugeSebda kaxeTis dedofals,
aziarebda mas da yovelives akeTebda misi sulis
simtkicisa da mxneobisaTvis.

kiTxvebi gaazrebisaTvis:

• * ra iyo mTavari mizezi imisa, rom kaxeTis dedo-

falma sarwmunoebis Secvlaze uari Tqva? saqarTvelos
istoria xom icnobs bevr iseT qristian moRvawes, ro-
melTac sarwmunoeba mxolod formalurad Seicvales?

• * raze metyvelebs da ras gvaswavlis is faqti, rom

marTlmadidebelma mowame qeTevanma kaTolike moZRvreb-
Tan sulier Tanaziarebaze uari ar Tqva?

• * Tqven rom kaTolike iyoT da monawileobdeT im

komisiaSi, romelmac qeTevan wamebulis wmindanobis sa-
kiTxi ganixila, ra pozicias daiWerdiT?

127
rogor gamoviyenoT wigni?

imeds vitovebT, rom Tqven ar iqnebiT wignis

mxolod pasiuri mkiTxveli, romelic aiRebs in-
formacias da Semdeg gonebaSi Rrmad Seinaxavs
mas; Cven imedi gvaqvs, rom gamonaxavT am wignis ga-
moyenebis gzas, rogorc pirovnuli zrdis saSu-
alebas da piradad miiRebT monawileobas
sxvadasxva rwmenis adamianebs Soris imedis xide-
bis SenebaSi. ase rom, CauRrmavdiT wigns, gaecaniT
masSi moTxrobil ambebs, gauziareT wakiTxuli
Tqvens garSemo myof adamianebs, ase SevZlebT
ufro mSvidobiani da tolerantuli garemos Seqm-
nas.

individualuri moxmarebisaTvis

TiToeuli gmiris istoriis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven

naxavT “kiTxvebs gaazrebisaTvis”. Tqven SegiZliaT
gaakeToT Canawerebi yvela im SekiTxvisa da azris
Sesaxeb, romelic gagiCndebaT kiTxvisas. war-
moidgineT, rom wakiTxuli istoriis gmiri Tqven
winaSea. ras etyodiT? ra kiTxvebs dasvamdiT? ra
rCevas sTxovdiT? riTi gaamxnevebdiT an ra gamow-
vevebis winaSe daayenebdiT? CaiwereT yvelaferi,
rac ki azrad mogivaT. erTi dRis Semdeg gadai-
kiTxeT Tqveni Canawerebi da daakvirdiT, ra axal
siRrmeebs dainaxavT.

kidev erTi rCeva, yuri daugdeT yvela adamians,

visTanac gaqvT Sexeba cxovrebis gzaze. aris vinme
sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevari Tqven garSemo? aR-
moaCineT gansxvavebebi da msgavseba Tqvensa da maT
Soris. ra mogcaT wignma am TvalsazrisiT axali?

yvela SemTxvevaSi, gaxsovdeT, gamocdilebis ga-

ziareba saCuqaria.

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gamoyeneba jgufSi

wignSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis

gmirebi sifrTxiliT da maTi religiuri warmomav-
lobis mixedviT dabalansebulad unda iyvnen Ser-
Ceulni eTnikurad an religiurad mravalferovan
jgufSi muSaobisaTvis. mniSvnelovania jgufis
yvela wevrma Tavi komfortulad igrZnos Tavisi
azris gaziarebisas.

jgufSi SegiZliaT gamarToT diskusia, gamoiyenoT

yoveli istoriis bolos warmodgenili SekiTxvebi.
aseve mcire jgufebSi misceT gmirebi gansaxilve-
lad, an SeadareT istoriebi erTmaneTs.

Tu eZebT damatebiT wignebs jgufuri diskusie-

bisaTvis, ewvieT saits www.ReadTheSpirit.com., ro-
melic damatebiT wyaroebs sTavazobs mkiTxvels.

jgufs SeuZlia airCios gmirebi im mimdevrobiT,

rogoric aris wignSi an maTi dajgufebiT Seiswav-
los sxvadasxva istoriuli periodebi, magaliTad
Zveli drois gmirebi (nigusi, maimonidi, al-kamili,
rumi, aqbari da mendelsoni, qeTevan wamebuli) ko-
lonializmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli gmirebi
(Tagori, gandi, gafar xani, lesteri), holokostis
droindeli gmirebi (hilesumi, albaneli mus-
limebi, buberi, trokme, mariteni, feraZe), ada-
mianTa uflebebis dacvisaTvis mebrZolebi
(viliamsi, debi grimkeebi, turmani, kingi, heskeli),
gmirebi sayovelTao uflebebisaTvis (montefiore,
buberi, ali, al-sadri, sumartana, lustigeri, mama-
rdaSvili) da araZaladobisa da siyvaruli ideebis
gamavrceleblebi (zoldi, del vasto, eixenbergi,
de Cerge, xalsa).

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 ganmartebebi
Tabrizi – qalaqi iranis teritoriaze.

algonqvinuri – Crdilo amirekel indielTa

enobrivi jgufi

eqskomunikacia - igive eklesiidan gankveTa

kvakerebi – religiuri Temi, romelsac

“megobrebis religiur sazogadoebasac” uwodeben.
kvakerebi gasnsakuTrebiT aqtiurebi iyvnen so-
cialur saq-mianobasa da adamianis uflebebis
dacvaSi. iseTi didi saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi,
rogoricaa Oxfam, Amnesty International maTi uSualo
monawileobiTaa daarsebuli.

abolicionizmi – (sityvidan abolishment –rac gau-

qmebas niSnavs) moZraoba evropasa da amerikaSi
monebiT vaWrobis gauqmebisaTvis

brahmani – induizmis yvelaze maRali wodebis –

varnis warmomadgeneli, qurumi, inteleqtuali.
brahmanis umTavresi movaleobaa vedebis Seswavla
da WeSmaritebis daufleba. amitomac sityva
“brahmani” “swavlulis” mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba.

aSrami - umweoTa TavSesafari, unduisti moZRvris

sacxovrebeli adgili.

upaniSadebi _ sanskritze dawerili induizmis

wmida werili.

gariyulTa (miukarebelTa) kasta – “daliTebi”,

adanianebi, romlebic ritualurad arawmindebad

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iTvlebodnen da asrulebdnen yvelaze binZur
saqmes.

Carlz endriusi - 1871-1940, britaneli

RvTismsaxuri, ganmanaTlebeli, indoeTis gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobaSi mahaTma gandis
TanamebrZoli

kapelani - sasuliero piri, romelic moRvaweobs

sekularul organizaciebSi. arsebobs saswavle-
blebSi, samedicino dawesebulebebSi da agreTve
samxedro nawilebSi

mahatma - sanskritze niSnavs `didebul suls`

qristianul tradiciaSi `wmindanis` Tanafardi pi-
rovnebaa

trapistebi – kaTalikuri ordeni, benediktelTa

erT-erTi mimdinareoba

kundalini ioga – iogas fizikur meditaciuri

disciplina. mas sxvagvarad “Semecnebis iogasac”
uwodeben, radgan igi exmareba “kundalinis” –
yvela adamianSi arsebuli usazRvro SesaZleblo-
bebis gamoRviZebas.

3HO – sami H, rac H-iT dawyebuli sami

inglisuri sityvis erTobliobaa (Healthy -jansaRi,
Happy - bednieri, Holy - wmida).

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