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Matter and Materials: Natural Science
Matter and Materials: Natural Science
Matter and Materials: Natural Science
NATURAL SCIENCES
GRADE 7 TERM 2
MATTER & MATERIALS
GRADE 7 TERM 2
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Properties of material 4
Matter 4
Types of materials 5
Properties of material in general 6
Homework 4 6
Specific properties of materials 8
Homework 5 9
Electrical conductivity 9
Contents
Heat conductivity 10
Homework 6 11
Impact on the environment 11
Separating mixtures 17
Pure substances and mixtures 17
Homework 7 18
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NATURAL SCIENCES
GRADE 7 TERM 2
MATTER & MATERIALS
Properties of material
Matter
Everything around us is made out of matter.
What is matter?
Matter can exist in three different states.
What are the three states in which matter can exist?
1.
2.
3.
When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, it is
called .
Example: Take a piece of ice out of the freezer. It will
at room temperature to
water.
Example: Put water in a kettle to boil it. The water will out of
the kettle, meaning that the liquid water turns to gas.
Note that water can change from liquid to gas at temperatures below
the boiling point. This is called .
When a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, it is called
.
Example: If you leave a cold glass out on a hot day, the glass will get
water droplets on the outer surface. This is because the water vapour
in the air around us, which is in gas form, hits the cold surface and
into liquid form.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Types of materials
What are materials?
We categorise materials into two types: raw materials and synthetic materials.
What are raw materials?
Raw materials may be:
• Mined or collected from the earth, e.g.
OR
• Found growing naturally, e.g. .
What are synthetic materials?
When a material is man-made, it means that natural materials are exposed to certain
processes that change the material chemically e.g. .
Both raw and synthetic materials go through a manufacturing process to make useful
things for us.
For example:
• Rubber is used in
The things that result from the manufacturing process are known as .
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NATURAL SCIENCES
GRADE 7 TERM 2
MATTER & MATERIALS
Homework 4
1. Which objects in your KITCHEN are made of the following materials? List the items.
Wood
Plastic
Steel
Fabric
Glass
Stone
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
a. Object 1:
What material Object 1 is made of:
Why this material was chosen for Object 1:
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
b. Object 2:
What material Object 2 is made of:
Why this material was chosen for Object 2:
c. Object 3:
What material Object 3 is made of:
Why this material was chosen for Object 3:
Strength is .
For example, concrete is strong. It doesn’t change shape easily and it is not easy to crush.
Flexibility
Flexibility is .
For example, a rubber hose is flexible. We can therefore easily water the garden with a
rubber hose. If a hosepipe was made of steel it would not be as easy to water the garden.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Homework 5
How does the melting point of candle wax make it useful for us?
How does the melting point of a steel pot make it useful for us?
Electrical conductivity
Some materials allow electricity to move through them easily. Such materials are known
as .
Materials that don’t allow electricity to move through them easily are known as
.
Materials such as copper and aluminium are electrical conductors. We
therefore use them in electrical wiring.
However, we need to protect ourselves from electricity, as it is
dangerous. We therefore cover our electrical wiring in an electrical
insulator such as plastic.
An electric plug with the electric wires covered in plastic. The plastic plug cover also pro-
tects us.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Heat conductivity
Heat conductivity is .
Pots that we cook in may be made of different types of metals, such as copper or
aluminium. Because the pot material is a good conductor of heat, the heat is transferred
to the food.
Heat insulator
Heat conductor
Homework 6
Study the materials below:
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NATURAL SCIENCES
GRADE 7 TERM 2
MATTER & MATERIALS
The amount of waste produced per person per day is approximately kg.
Do you think that there is a higher amount of waste produced per person per day in
developed or in developing countries? Explain.
In South Africa, about 70% of metal, 60% of paper, 25% of glass and 17% of plastic used is
recycled.
Do you think that there is a higher amount of waste recycled in developed or in
developing countries? Explain.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Assessment rubric
Excellent Good Satisfactory Partially Poor Not
achieved achieved
Q1 is answered in full 5 4 3 2 1 0
Q2 is answered in full 5 4 3 2 1 0
Q3 is answered in full 5 4 3 2 1 0
Q4 is answered in full 5 4 3 2 1 0
Q5 is answered in full 5 4 3 2 1 0
The work is neat 5 4 3 2 1 0
Total: 30 marks
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Separating mixtures
Pure substances and mixtures
We previously learnt that:
• Material is matter that we use to make or do something useful for us.
• We choose a material for a certain task because of the properties of that material.
Matter and material may be made of pure substances or mixtures of substances.
What is a pure substance?
A copper bracelet that is made of only copper is a pure substance. A glass of water that
contains only water is a pure substance.
Homework 7
1. Suggest some tools that may be used in the kitchen to separate mixtures and explain
what they separate.
2. Decide whether each of the following are mixtures or pure substances:
a. Pure water
b. Tap water
c. Salt water
d. Cake batter
e. Air
f. Gold
g. Salt
3. For the following diagrams, decide which are mixtures and which are pure substances.
Provide an explanation for each.
Substance Pure substance or mixture Explanation
Sugar cubes
Fruit salad
Steel rods
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Mixed herbs
Copper sulphate
Cup of coffee
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MATTER & MATERIALS
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Filtration
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Homework 8
Read the following and answer the questions that follow:
H armful substances are often introduced into water bodies like streams,
rivers, ponds, and lakes. Factories may dump toxic chemicals, or
rainwater may carry harmful pesticides or animal waste from farms. Such
harmful substances can have negative impacts on the wildlife that live in
these water bodies. These substances may also enter the groundwater, which
is where people get their water to drink!
So how do wetlands help? Wetlands reduce the amount of these harmful
substances that enter a stream, river, pond, or lake by acting like a filter
to filter out the bad stuff. When these substances enter a wetland, before
reaching the water body, wetland plants will take many of the harmful
substances into their roots and change the harmful substances into less
harmful ones before they are released to the water body. Harmful substances
may also be buried in wetland soil, where bacteria and other microorganisms
break the substances down so they are no longer harmful.
So, let’s say there are two farms, each one is next to a lake. On one of the
farms, there is a wetland next to the lake. On the other farm, there is not.
Which farm do you think is going to release more harmful substances into
the lake - the one with the wetland, or the one without the wetland?
REMEMBER!! Wetlands can only handle so many harmful substances and they
can only make certain substances less harmful. It is therefore important to
remember that even though wetlands filter harmful substances very well,
we still must be careful and allow very little of these substances to enter a
wetland or any other ecosystem.
Source: https://goo.gl/KQ5PZZ
1. Explain in your own words how wetlands act as natural filters.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Magnetism
We can use magnetism to separate a magnetic
substance from a non-magnetic substance. A magnet
can attract iron, cobalt and nickel. This is because iron,
cobalt and nickel are magnetic elements.
• At a mining site, polluted water is sent to a special dam. The water evaporates from the
dam and the bad chemicals are left behind.
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Distillation
Distillation process
We may also use distillation to separate a solution of two liquids. However, the liquids
need to have different .
For example, take a mixture of ethanol and water. The boiling point of water is 100 °C. The
boiling point of ethanol is 78 °C. How would the distillation process work to separate the
two?
Examples of distillation in real life:
• Salt water is turned into fresh water through distillation.
• When oil is mined from the ground it is known as crude oil. Various forms of fuel, such
as petrol and diesel, are separated from crude oil by distillation.
• Alcoholic drinks are made through distillation. The alcohol is boiled off from the rest of
the mixture and collected in a concentrated format.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
Homework 9
Which method would you use to separate the following mixtures into pure substances?
Explain why you chose the method. Then explain the method itself.
1. Sand in water
Method:
Method:
Method:
Method:
Method:
Method:
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Tastes of substances
Taste helps us in our survival. For example, in the past, people
were able to distinguish between fruit that are edible and fruit
that are not based on the way that they tasted.
Our tongue has the ability to taste saltiness, sourness, bitterness
and sweetness. There are different areas on our tongue that taste
each of these tastes more strongly
Acids
Acids taste . Acids make our skin feel .
Fruit such as oranges and lemons contain acid. This is why they are
called citrus fruit.
The scientific name for vinegar is acid. When milk goes sour, it
produces acid. Fizzy drinks contain acid.
Acids improve the flavour of the drinks, because they balance the sweetness of the drinks
and make them taste tangy.
Bases
Bases taste . Bases feel .
We use in our baking to make cakes rise. If you taste it, you will find
that it is bitter. The caffeine in coffee is a base, which gives coffee its bitter taste. Cleaning
agents such as oven cleaners, drain cleaners and furniture polishes are all bases.
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You must never taste a strong acid. You must not even smell a strong acid because it can
damage the membranes that line the inside of your nose. You must always wear safety
glasses when you work with acids. If you spill acid on your skin, immediately rinse your
skin with water under a running tap.
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Bases
What is a base?
Bases are the opposite of acids, in that they stop an acid from doing its job. For example,
what causes indigestion or heartburn?
Based on the answer above, how can it be treated?
Here is a list of some common bases in our lives:
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Neutrals
Some substances are neither acidic nor basic. Such substances are known as .
Examples of neutral substances include water, salt solutions, sugar solutions and cooking
oil.
Neutral substances are not dangerous. We can eat and drink neutral substances.
How can we make a neutral substance?
Here are some examples of where acids and bases cancel each other out to make
something that is neutral:
• We take an antacid when we experience indigestion.
• Toothpaste contains a base that neutralises the acids in our mouth (caused by eating
sugars).
• The sting of a bee is acidic. We can make the sting neutral by using bicarbonate of
soda, which is a base.
Acid–base indicators
Some substances contain dyes that can change colour when they mix with other
chemicals. These substances are called .
The dyes in indicators change colour when they mix with acids or bases. They change to a
different colour in an acid and in a base.
We can use these indicators to identify acids and bases. This is a safer way than identifying
acids and bases by taste.
One example of an indicator is litmus paper, which can be dyed with a red dye or with a
blue dye. Litmus paper turns RED in an ACID and BLUE in a BASE. Litmus stays the same
colour in a neutral.
Indicator Colour in an acid, e.g. Colour in a base, e.g.
hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
Litmus paper Red Blue
Why do we need to use both red and blue litmus paper?
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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Homework 10
1. Classify each of the following as an acid, a base or a neutral:
a. Water
b. Salt
c. Vinegar
d. Soap
e. Washing powder
f. Lemon juice
g. Sugar
h. Toothpaste
2. What is an indicator?
3. What colour would blue litmus paper turn in the following substances?
a. Fizzy drink
b. Water
c. Sugar solution
d. Soap
e. Orange juice
f. Bicarbonate of soda
g. Salt solution
4. Explain why it is necessary to test an unknown substance with both blue and red
litmus paper.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
There are over a hundred different types of atoms. Different types of atoms are known
as .
We know what the properties of each element are, and we can use the elements to make
different materials. We are going to learn how the elements are arranged in the periodic
table.
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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MATTER & MATERIALS
The periodic table contains over a hundred elements, but there are millions of different
substances on earth. How is it possible?
Substances that are made of more than one element are known as .
For example, the element oxygen and the element hydrogen react to form the compound
water.
No two elements are the same, and each element has its own properties.
For example, this is sodium.
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Mass number
The atomic number helps us to find the element because it increases from left to right
across each row in the periodic table.
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Homework 11
Look at the symbol below and use the periodic table to answer the following questions:
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Homework 12
1. Write down the symbol for the element sodium.
a. Oxygen
b. Copper
c. Silicon
d. Phosphorus
e. Calcium
f. Helium
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State of matter
Electricity conduction
Heat conduction
Magnetism
Malleability (can be
hammered into shape
without cracking)
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Metalloids
Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. They resemble metals more
than they resemble non-metals. Some are dull and some are shiny, some are brittle, while
others are malleable and ductile.
Characteristics of metalloids:
• Silver grey in colour.
• Solid at room temperature.
• Not good conductors of electricity at room temperature.
• Good conductors of heat (but not as good as metals).
Metalloids are good conductors of electricity at high temperatures and are therefore
considered semi-conductors.
Silicon Boron
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