UNIVERSITY OF WAH

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Mechanical Engineering Department)

Open Ended Lab

Course Title: Mechanics of Machines Course Code: ME-213

Semester & Section: 4th Faculty: Mr. Faisal Mukhtar
Maximum Marks: 40 Date: 10th June 2020
Student Name: Shehryar Akhtar Bhatti Reg. # UW-18-ME-BSc-005

PLO-2: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PLO-4: Investigation: An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical way including literature
survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis, and interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to
derive valid conclusions.
PLO-10: Communication: An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
CLO-1: Understand position, velocity and acceleration analysis of motion transfer mechanisms.
CLO-3: Analyze the results of the experiment performed and the working of each component involved in the apparatus.
CLO-5: Summarize all the procedures, results and conclusions in the form of written report for Open Ended Lab.

Attribute 2: Range of Sources: Involve the use of diverse resources (and for this purpose, resources include people, money,
equipment, materials, information and technologies).
Attribute 6: Familiarity: Can extend beyond previous experiences by applying principles-based approaches.

Course Learning Program Learning Learning Range of Complex Problem

Outcome Outcome Domain Solving
CLO-1 PLO-2 Cognitive 2 Attribute 2, Attribute 6
CLO-3 PLO-4 Cognitive-4 Attribute 6
CLO-5 PLO-10 Cognitive-2 Attribute 6

Problem Statement

In gasoline engine, there exists a cylinder where the fuel gets combusted with ignition from spark plug and pressurizes the
piston down in the cylinder. This reciprocating motion of the piston is converted to a rotary motion of crank via a connecting
rod. Hence it becomes a 4-bar mechanism with piston as a reciprocating input link and crank as a rotating output link. This
crank is also connected to a cam which is responsible for timely opening and closing of the input and exhaust ports through a
follower. The working model of a such an assembly is available in the thermodynamics lab at Mechanical Engineering
Department, WEC. You are required to carry out the following tasks on this apparatus keeping in view the previous practices
in the lab.

a) Explain the mechanism involved in given assembly with a schematic diagram.

b) Conduct displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of the crank-slider and cam-follower mechansism.
c) Summarize all the results and conclusions in the form of report for this OEL.

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Assessment Criteria

The assessment of the OEL will be according to the rubrics defined for this OEL. There are three CLOs mapped with this
OEL.

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Assessment Rubrics for OEL

ASSESSMENT RUBRIC AND GRADING OF LAB PERFORMANCE

Program Insufficient Below Average Average Above Average

Learning Attributes
Outcome 0 1-3 4-7 8-10
Cognitive-4CLO-3, PLO-4 Cognitive-2CLO-1, PLO-2

Understands the
Understands the
components roles
components roles involved
Partially understands involved in motion
Explain various in motion transfer
Does not the components roles transfer equipment but
components of equipment considering the
understand. involved in motion unable to establish the
mechanism relation of input
transfer equipment. relation of input
link/component with the
link/component with the
output link/ component.
output link/ component.

Hardly analyze the Can analyze the effect of

different parameters of Can analyze the effect of
effect of different
experimental data in different parameters of
Data Analysis parameters of
tabulated or graphical experimental data in
(Derived / experimental data in
No progress form but some minor tabulated or graphical form
Tabulated & tabulated or graphical
aspects are missing. covering all aspects.
Graphical) form. Hence cannot
Hence some minor Thereby derive a valid
derive valid
details are missing in conclusions.
conclusions.
conclusions derived.
Most of the
discussion is
PLO-10

irrelevant. Discussion is relevant,

Discussion and graphs /
Completeness Graphs/tables are not graphs are well prepared
Not written tables are there with
of Lab Report complete missing with proper title, units,
some minor mistakes.
some important scale, axes, analysis etc.
Cognitive-2CLO-5,

experimental details All required data is written.

e.g. conclusion.
Contains grammatical
Contains some grammatical
errors, generally
errors, generally readable Grammatically correct,
readable with rough
Paraphrasing & with minor mistakes while section are in order, well-
No Progress spots in writing style
Formatting paraphrasing. Sections are formatted, well written and
during paraphrasing.
in order but not well- proficiently paraphrased.
Sections are not in
formatted.
order / poor formatting.

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ANSWERS:

a) The mechanism given to us in the above mentioned passage is the Slider-Crank mechanism. This
mechanism is widely seen in automobile engines involving the reciprocating piston and the rotating
crank.This mechanism was designed and made for the sole purpose of the conversion of the straight-line
motion into the rotary motion.
The basic nature of this mechanism and the relative motion of the parts can be described from the
schematic diagram as follows:

As it can be seen from the above image, the moving parts are lightly shaded. The darkly shaded part 1,
the fixed frame or block of the pump or engine, contains a cylinder, depicted in cross section by its
walls DE and FG, in which the piston, part 4, slides back and forth. The small circle at A represents the
main crankshaft bearing, which is also in part 1. The crankshaft, part 2, is shown as a straight member
extending from the main bearing at A to the crankpin bearing at B, which connects it to the connecting
rod, part 3. The connecting rod is shown as a straight member extending from the crankpin bearing
at B to the wristpin bearing at C, which connects it to the piston, part 4, which is shown as a rectangle.
The three bearings shown as circles at A, B, and C permit the connected members to rotate freely with
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respect to one another. The path of B is a circle of radius AB; when B is at point h the piston will be in
position H, and when B is at point j the piston will be in position J. On a gasoline engine, the head end
of the cylinder (where the explosion of the gasoline-air mixture takes place) is at EG; the pressure
produced by the explosion will push the piston from position H to position J; return motion
from J to H will require the rotational energy of a flywheel attached to the crankshaft and rotating about
a bearing collinear with bearing A.

So, these are the details for the above mentioned mechanism, along with its schematic diagram.

b) The calculations can be described as follows:

First, we should know what the diagram for the crank-slider mechanism looks like, which is as follows:

From the above figure we can see the crank-slider mechanism. Before we get into the analysis, we
should get to know the nomenclature, which is as follows:

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The analysis is as follows:

Now, the velocities at points A, B and C are:

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So, this is the analysis of the crank-slider mechanism.
Now, as far as the cam-follower mechanism is concerned, we have:

Now as far as the anakysis is concerned, we have the following:

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So, this is the analysis.

c) In order to summarize it all, and from the observation of the data (of the lab) that during the intake
stroke, when the crank angle goes from 180° to 240°, the follower goes from 0.15 cm to 0.3 cm. But as
soon as the angle increases beyond 240° and goes to 300°, the follower goes from 0.3 cm back to 0.15
cm. And similar results can be observed from the exhaust stroke, as the crank angle goes from 570° to
630°, follower goes from 0.15 to 0.3 cm. Then from 630° to 690°, follower than goes back to 0.15 cm.
And during all this, the cam angle during the intake stroke is from 90° to 150°. And during the exhaust
stroke, it goes from 285° to 345°. dat isas follows:

Crank Angle Distance (cm) Cam Angle Follower (cm)

0 5.3 0 0
30 5 15 0
60 4 30 0
90 2.6 45 0
120 1.3 60 0
150 0.35 75 0
180 0 90 0.15
210 0.5 105 0.25
240 1.4 120 0.3

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 270 2.6 135 0.25
300 4 150 0.15
330 4.8 165 0
360 5.3 180 0
390 5 195 0
420 4 210 0
450 2.6 225 0
480 1.3 240 0
510 0.35 255 0
540 0 270 0
570 0.5 285 0.15
600 1.4 300 0.25
630 2.6 315 0.3
660 4 330 0.25
690 4.8 345 0.15
720 (0) 5.3 (0) 360 (0) 0

A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element
known as follower. The cam converts rotary motion of one element into reciprocating (linear) motion or
into oscillatory motion. The cam is the driver member and the follower is the driven member.
A cam and follower mechanism is a profiled shape mounted on a shaft that causes a lever or follower to
move. Cams are used to convert rotary to linear (reciprocating) motion. As the cam rotates, the follower
rises and falls in a process known as reciprocating motion.
In the form of a graph, the above calculations can be shown as follows:

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From the graph, we can see that at some angles, the graph rises up and after some angle, it goes down
and it goes back up again at another angle, only to come back down again at another specific angle. And
the displacement for the cam and follower can also be exhibited as follows:

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So, we can say that the slider-crank mechanism is utilized in automobile engines, and the same could be
said about the mechanism regarding the cam and follower.

THE END

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