ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

ASSIGN BY : SIR JUNAID BALOCH

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

TOPIC : 1
MORAL DILEMMA
What is dilemma?
Dilemma is a situation in whic a person has two option and is urged to select one of these two options.Either of
these two options can be good or bad now its up to the person to decide how to solve his problem. When dilemma
involves human actions whic have moral suggestions , then they are known as ethical or moral dilemmas.

1- Something morally Right → Bad Outcome

2- Something morally Wrong → Good or better outcome

DILEMMMA (senario)

There is a women who is on the verge of death. This woman has cancer and the medicine is very
expensive. Suppose the cost of medicine is RS: 50000 per dose. the sick women’s husband went to
everyone and asked for help.he also made legal efforts to borrow the money. But, he could only get to
about 20000.He asked the doctors and scientists who made the drug and he told them to give me this
drug at a discount or i would pay later. But the scientist & doctors refused him.

Now this man has two options

1- This men goes to the laboratory and steals the drugs and saves his wife’s life.(why or why not)?
2- Or he may be silent and leave his wife to die.
Now it’s upto this man to decide what should he do?

MORAL STAGES:

Level 1: Pre- Conventional Level 2: Conventional Level Level 3: Post-Conventional

Level 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL

At this level people, directly decide on ethical molarity

STAGE 1: Obidence & Punishment

STAGE 2: Self-Interest

STAGCE 1: “OBIDENCE & PUNISHMENT”

A woman’s husband should not steal medicines. If he does,he will be imprisoned. Individuals focus on the
direct consequences that their deed will be for themselves.This stage show us that a womanhsould not be
die because....

STAGE 2: “SELF-INTEREST”
The man should steal the money because the man will be very happy that he saved his wife’s life. Even if
he did, he would have to faced imprisonment. What’s in it for me? Right behavior is defined by Someone's
own interest should be appreciated.

Level 2: CONENTIONAL
Those who judge by the arguments & actions of the workers they compare the workers with ethics and
social rules and then decide.

STAGE 3: interpersonal & conformity

STAGE 4: code & maintaining social orders

STAGE 3: INTERPERSONAL & CONFORMITY

A woman’s husband should steal medicine because his wife has hope.Individual seek approval from
other people decide through the ethics orf the process evaluate the consequences of these actions for a
person’s relationships.

STAGE 4: CODE & MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDERS

He should not steal the money because theft is prohibited by law.In stage four, people think it is
important that we should obey the law and orders of our society.The man also had in his mind but not
understanding what to do and not what to do?
 LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL
Many peolpe do not reach this level of molarity reasoning.and those who reached this stage of
development belong to the individual rights of the people and make their own rules and follow them.
And he thinks it is acceptable to save someone’s life by stealing at this stage.

STAGE 5: Human rights

STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles

STAGE 5: HUMAN RIGHTS

He should steal medicines because his wife is more important than obeying any law.He did all this because
She was his wifeand he thought of doing it to save her life for the sake of humanity and, if there was any
Human being on his place,may be he would do the same,even if he had to break the law and go to jail.
 People have certain rules that they follow more than the law , such as relations with your
wife,brothers,husand,father or any relation.
 If this actions violates any ethical principles, then it is wrong.
 Laws that do not promote general social welfare should be changed

STAGE 6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

He should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than
Than respecting the poverty of another person.ethical reasoning is based on the principle of
abstraction.he did what he thought was right,whether it was good or bad in the eyes o f law.

DECISION:
The man then stole the medicines from laboratory to save his wife’s life and gave it to his wife,he was
very happy that his wife survived and what else did he need? If he hadn’t stolen, his wife would have died.
He would have done all this for the sake of humanity.he knew that he would go to jail for doing all this. He
would be punished,but what else could he do? People could not lend him money even doctors and
scientists forbade him to give medicines at a discount. There was no other way to save his wife’s life.
He loved is his wife very much,so he did it. There are certain stages in life that make a person helpless.he
will be imprisoned but he was very happy that his wife survived but some people consider him immoral
but some people consiered him good because of humanity.that is why he broke the law and committed
immoral acts which will lead to his imprisonment.
 CONCLUSION:
Peolpe need some sort of moral guide through life. Some people think that they can do this without any
help or guidence. Such people are egostics.they have there own rules that they fiollow.but there was
people who need some guidence,we should tell them what is good or bad ,but we are living in a society
where we don’t pay attention to them. We don’t think about them, we only think about our own benifits
we don’t think about these poor people, such people left alone they no one to tell them.there are so
many situations comes in our life and we don’t understand what we choose and then in a hurry we
sometimes take wrong decisions.we don’t know what the consequences of this decisons will be.
And then we have have to suffer as happened to this man.it’s up to you to decide which principles guide
You.other people can advice you but it’s up to you to decide what to do so make a goo d decisions.

TOPIC 2:
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

ORGANIZATION:
Organiztion structure is a system that identifies what kind of of activities or
Instructions are given to achieve an organization’s target.these activites
can includes rules, roles and responsibilties.
The organization structure also determines how information flows
between levels within company.
Keeping the organiztional structurein place allows companies to be efficient
and focused.

UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

All types of business organizations use a wide range of organizational structures. They
appreciate specific ranking within any organzation. A successful organizational structure
identifies an employee’s shortcomings and how well he/she fits into the system. In simple
words, organizational stucture defines that who does what so that company can achieve its
goal.this stucture provides a company optical description of what it looks like. and how it can
best to move forwad to achieve its goals. Some sorts of oragnizational stuctures are often seen
in the from of charts or shapes.with the help of these charts and figures we can easily
understand the organizational stucture of any company.In organiztion the ones with the most
power are at the top and the ones with the least power are at the bottom.

CENTRALIZED VS DECENTRALIZED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

An organizationa structure is either centralized or decentralized.traditionally organization
structure has been formed with a centralized structure with centralized leadership and a chain
of command. In the centralization structure, the day-to-day operations, even the affairs and
processes of the entire company, are usually decided by the company's top-level exectives or
business owners. These policies ensure that the rest of the company's people Follow the
instructions on the exectives.
On the opposite side of the organizational structure you will find a company that operates on
the basis of decentralization organization or a company that operates on decision making
powers and operations of flexibilty processes. While the management gives them complete
freedom to run their departments as they see fit, the chief executive of the company manages
to enforce the rules set by them.so thathis company system runs.

BENIFITS OF CENTRALIZATION:
The benefits of the centralization structure are very clear. What is its position because the
purpose of this model is very clear. There is very little room for error, which means that the
basic processes and detailed actions are in place. People who don't want to change it
appreciate it and want to know where they stand in the company .

BENIFITS OF DECENTRALIZATION:

Benefits of Decentralization can be flexibly and openly changed. The company benefits for any
one part or the whole work. There is a lot of room for individual and innovative thinking. These
people make frequent changes and want a fast-paced environment. Give them input and
feedback.

STUCTURE OF AN ORGANIZTION
 CEO
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

COF CFO
CHIEF OPERATING
CHIEF FINANCIAL
OFFICER
OFFICER

SALES PRODUCT SRA SENIOR SPA SENIOR

MARKETING
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT REVEIVABLERS PAYABLERS
DEPARTMET ACCOUNTANT ACCOUNTANT

E1 E1 E2 E1 PS
PROCURREMENT
SPECIALIST

CEO: He/She is the chief executive officer or CEO of a awesome corp of a company with
numbers of emplyess maybe 35,55
COO: He/She is the chief operating officer of awesome corp he/she is command and reports
directly to her/his oversees awide variety of areas including production and sales marketing.
CFO: He/she is responsible for financial health of the company chief operating officer or CFO
are awesome corpes of executive team but corp has on are employee than just there are lot of
workers are working under the commands of CFO as you know he/she is the CFO of company
and his team is
1- SRA: he/she is the senior receiveables accountant she/he manges accounnt receivables
that the money come in to the company from its customers she/he make sure invoices
get issued the corps gets pai on times.
2- SPA they are likely to receive comparable compensation and they (SRA & SPA) both
report to CFO his works is slightly different from SRA he accounts payable the money
 that the company pays to its suppliers and services providers he/she happens to handle
the company taxses.
It has another worker PS(procurement specialist) he works with company suppliest partners
to make sure that company always has sufficient resources and that services contracts are put
to date he/she frequently scouts new venders in order for corp to get the best price
CFO: chief financial officer is her/his manager a i.e E1 IN financial dept of course there are
more depts togather alll these employee from company corp and the decision making power
flows from the top to bottom with a greater concentration at the top al companiesare slightly
different.
So this is the oganiztional structure of the company with the help of which all the work of the
company is done easily and that too on time.most of the employees work in the c ompany and
the name of the company is brightened by the hard work of al of them. In order to run a
company, there is a need of a better system.

TYPES OF AN ORGANIZATION
There are various types of the organization structure, some of which are mentioned below with
the help of figures.

1- FUNCTIONAL ORAGANIZATION STRUCTURE

This organization is used in business. It is divided into groups according to the skills of the
workers or the related roles. Businesses are usually run according to functional organization
because it involves people who have the same knowledge and then when they join a team it
helps the companies to achieve the goals.
The functional organization department manages all the business activities and skills around the
areas. For example, there is a marketing department that carries out marketing activities and
work from scratch. The focus of this department is on the sales department. It only engages in
sales activities and is an enginering department that designs only product and manufucturing
facilities. Functional organization is a dominate style of organization in large comapnies because
these organizations deal with such large production and sales volume. No other form of
structure would be so effective.

PRESIDENT
 MARKITING MANUFACTURING
R&D FINANCE
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER

LINE
ACCOUNTING SALES
DESIGN SUPERVISORS

DEVELOPMENT PURCHASING CUSTOMER PRODUCTION

TEAMS
SERVICES

TESTING
 DISTRIBUTION

ADVANTAGES OF FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

Functional organization is very efficient in running any business. Its advantages are:

Increased productivity : People who are capable of functional organization have a special
skill that allows them to work much faster and more efficiently than people who are unfamiliar
with certain subjects which leads to more productivity and profit therefore trust Because they
complete minimal oversight quickly, those who work harder and show higher levels of
productivity often get promoted.

Skill development: Copmanies that follow a business organizational structure consist of a

number of small teams. Each team has the same opportunity to teach their team skills,
resulting in an excellent system for teaching skills to the team members. Both soft and hard
skills develop over time as people work together to find solutions to problems and tackle work-
related challenges.

Clarity: When companies bring together people with the same skills, it creates an atmosphere
of clarity. Whenever someone in a company needs the highest level of marketing, human
resources, customer services or expertise, they know where to go. It is also mandatory for
individuals throughout the company to contact the company with a special request, so the
functional organization represents and defines each individual within the company.

Minimized cost of operation: The functional organization also explains how to save money
for the company, give tasks to everyone individually and work using their skills, then money can
be saved and work can be done. Better employees will perform better. Larger companies work
together for smaller companies. Using the same skills, businees have more time to focus on
bigger goals while the head of the department manages his team's goals. Smaller companies do
not have many employees nor do they have the same skills to form groups for separate
departments.

2- MATRIX ORGANIZATION: Matrix organization which mimics girds, in which employees

to two managers instead of one. For example, employee reports to both functional &
product managers. The job of the functional manager is to provide information about the
 work to the employees and to look at the priorities of the work to be completed while the
job of the product manager is to lead the company in the right direction.so matrix
organization creats cross-functional teams for special projects.

3- FLAT ORGANIZATION: Flat structure is the opposite side of hierarchy. As it is devoid of

seniority,job titles and specific description. Employees in flat structure freely participate in
work as need. It is not uncommon for small companies to work under a flat structure for
their startups.
4- FLATARCHY: Companies that operate under the hybrid flatarchy structure practice
elements of both a hierarchy structure and a flat structure. Although they have linear
authority and specialized teams they are also allowed to come up with innovative ideas
while they also receive guidance from other departments for new products and services for
business development while staying in the organization.while it maintains the hierarchical
structure of the company.
5- DIVISIONAL: Divisional organizations work with large companies spread over a large
geographical area. They divide employees into specific business social services and
product-related segments. Each division has a functional unit consisting of departments
such as marketing. National and Global Institutions Globally China Stores and its
subsidiaries generally operate on a divisional organization.

CEO

DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION

1 2 3

MRKI SALES SERVICIES MARKITI SALES SERVI MARKI SERVI

TING NG CES SALES
TING CES
HIERARCHY OF AN ORGANIZATION:
The hierarchy structure for running a large business is specific. It is a system that combines
many managments within the organization. It also depends on having different levels of
authority with a chain of command. The decision-making process is usually formal. And it
flows from top to bottom. It forms a huge organizational structure where at every height of
management there are clear signs of responsibilities and controls. As the organization gets
bigger, the number of levels increases. The taller you go up and down, the more sticky it is
with the chief executive, followed by the senior management, the middle manager and
finally the workers. The work of the employees is also appreciated and the relationship
between the employees is also given priority.

ADVANTAGES OF HIERARCHY OF AN ORGANIZATION:

 A hierarchical structure can provide benifits to businees.some of them have been
discussed here. For example, it can help establish; It creates a defined stucture for
communication. With in hierarchy structure clear lines of communications are
established for everyone. This simplifies the implementation of business strategies
and plans.
 It offers multiple layers of authority within the company. A hierarchical structure
communicates with both internal and external parties that who has what authority
in the businees. This creates a clear reporting structure that includes the dynamics
of people who want to grow their business. This chart provides a clear path to
follow.
 It establish clear picture of authority there is a clear picture of who has authority
and who does not in the organization.there is no confusion about that who is
incharge and who is not incharge.
 It identifies places where duplications may exist. It's easy to find out which teams
are sharing resources with other companies.It finds places where there may be job
responsibilities which overlap, costing the organization money. 
 DISADVANTAGES OF HIERARCHY OF AN ORGANIZATION

 It may reduce internal innovation.

 It centralizes the power structure.
 It may causes managers to becomes territorial.
 It may cause lack of collaboration.
 It may creates communication barriers.

TOPIC 3:

ANATOMY OF SOFTWARE HOUSES

SOFTWARE HOUSE:

Software House is a company that primarily provides software products. These companies
acquire services and expertise as software or customer software. The common definition is
that software companies are primarily software products prepare and distribute. The
purpose of software houses depends on the client and the software products. This means
that the products depend on what the customer needs. Each specific apppraoch requires ts
own design process, set of rules and distribution strategy. For example timezone customer
system requirements and many more have to be taken into account. In addition it gives
needed information for third parties like financing institutions about the future targets of
the company.
 HOD
STRUCTURE HEAD OF
DEVELOPMENT

ASSISTANT
PRODUCT/PROJECT BUSINEES SOFTWARE QUALITY ANALYSIS
ANALYSTS DEVELOPMENT
MANAGERS MANAGER/LEADER
MANAGER/LEADER MANAGER/LEADER

DESIGNERS/PROGRA
ANALYSTS TESTERS
MMERS

All the teams are independent and work seprately on different projects. The structure is simple
and all the employees report to one person.there are many more types of this structure and
many organization run this kind of structure in different departments. In this structure there are
many dedicated mangers/leader for each main specialization

DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF SOFTWARE HOUSES

There are various departments of software companies some of them are mentioned below.
1- Accounts & finance
2- Human resources HR
3- Sales & marketing
4- Infrastructure
5- Research & development
6- IT services
7- Leraning & development
8- Product development
9- Admin department
10- Security & transports

HIERARCHY OF SOFTWARE HOUSES:

There are many software companies that are paying not only good jobs but also good
remuneration. The software organization develops different boundaries to meet
different responsibilities that are involved in software development efforts. Software
company hierarchy reflects the roles, authorities and responsibilities for software
professionals and contribute towards the growth and development of the company.

 SENIOR TOP LEVEL PROFESSION

This senior professional are highly experienced and are responsible for designing, shaping and
maintaining business planes. Overseas at this level basically oversee three types of work which are
software development finance and marketing. They develop plans and strategies for the benefit of
the company and therefore assign responsibilities to individuals in other departments of the
software. The designation are as follows

Board of director
CEO (chief executive officer)
COO (chief operating officer)
CFO (chief financial officer)
CTO (chief technology officer)
CRO (chief revenue officer)
CVO (chief visionary officer)
PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENT

MID LEVEL PROFESSIONALS:

It play the most important role in growth of the company. Tahy have strong impact
on organization and development than other levels professionals of the
organization. These profession use there immense knowledge and years of
experiences to design and implement the business planes.it handle technology and
scientific issues in the organization.
Position in this level are:
Senior project manager
Project director
Project manager
Senior project leader
Project leader
Senior technical head
Technical head
Senior quality analysts
Senior testing officer
Senior resources officer
Human resource manager

ENRTY LEVEL PROFESSIONAL:

Fresher are appointed at this level. This level is considered to be one of the most
important milestone of the field in career. They prepare reports on work
accomplishment & management information and responsible for maintain the
record. They responsible for completing the project on time. For entry level or
lower level professionals many training and learning programs are organized by
senior level professionals and this will help to motivate and encourage them. 

The position in this level are mentioned below:

Senior software engineer
Software developer
Junior developer
Programmer analyst
Software testing officer
Quality testing officer
Team leader

ADVANTAGES OF SOTWARE HOUSES:

 The company has full ownership of the final product as well as its source
code and the knowledge gain from developing it.
 It fits the need of the company perfectly.
 There is a relation b/w the growing team and the customer which helps in
providing favor and expectation delivery.
 It gives you full control over the system & its functionality.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOTWARE HOUSE:

 To meet and maintain business need permanently and to improve is very

expensive.
 It requires a lot of people from IT, and this leads to higher prices.
 And it is more expensive to upgrade to new technology.
 High development and maintenance costs.
 If the company decides to sell the system, it may suffer from a lack of
portability.
 TOPIC 4:

HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK PLACE:

Health and safety rules applies to all self-employees, employees of the company
and to all employees working at the workplace,it includes fixed term employees and
temporary employees.it sets out the rights and responsibilites of both employers
and employees.penalties and fines leviedon those who violate health and safety
laws.

 RULES FOR HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORKPLACE:

 EMPLOYER’S DUTIES:
Employer’s should ensure and adhere to the health and safety in the
workplace and make the best arrangements to avoid minor injuries and
poor health in the workplace so that no one is harmed.
The duties of employer’s at workplace includes:
 Take care of your own and safety of others in the workplace.
 Avoid that any thing that could endanger yourself or others.
 Don’t use alcohol & other drugs at workplace.
 If any employee request and report a malfuntion in the workplace that could
be a health hazard, get a responsible medical and other diagonsis.

 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY:

 Identify hazard in the workplace.

 Also look at the risk posed by these types of hazards.
 Identify the steps to be taken to deal with any kind of threats.

Employer’s must also prepare a sfety statement in such situation, which

includes a risk assessment. This ststement should include details of the
manpower and people involved who are responsible for the absolute rules
of safety and should be reviewedregularly by the employee.

 INDIVIUAL QUALITIES:
 People's behavior can also lead to accidents in the workplace and can lead
to environmental degradation.
They are anxious and worried that no accident will happen to them.
Employees who are under more pressure are more likely to have accidents
than those who are under less pressure.

 HEALTH & SAFETY AND YOUNG PEOPLE:

If an employee is thinking of hiring a 19-year-old man, he should do his best

because it can lead to a diagnosis or risks. For example, the young man has
risks and he can recognize him. But he can't avoid it because he has less
experience. In the case of young people, The new young man who is new to
the company got a job a few days ago, so he will have to face many dangers
around him .

 BULLYING AT WORKPLACE:
According to the law, if an employee engages in unfair treatment or
behavior, he or she must stop himself/herself. This ill-treatment includes
bullying. If an employee is bullied in the workplace, he or she must clarify his
or her case and procedures to deal with it, and he or she must make such
complaints and deal with them immediately.If the employee feels that he or
she is being bullied, he or she can refer his or her case to the workplace
comission. Guide and follow the best laws and regulations for dealing with
bullying or bullying in the workplace.

 VIOLENCE AT WORKPLACE:
Many people see violence as a physical attack. Workplace violence is a big
issue. Employees are threatened and harassed. Rumours, swearing, verbal
abuse, murder, punish, theft, physical assaults, anger realted incidents,
rapes these all are the examples of workplace violence.policeies apply to all
employers, employees, managers, staff, everyone, including the employees
they are working with. We cannot always know and predict acts of violence
but we should alert company managers and employees and alert them and
report violence to the HRO as soon as possible. It is the responsibilty of all its
employees and managers to maintain the workplace.if the company is free
from violence & initmidation, it is a safe place for employees and visitors,
and the company makes it a safe place.
  IMPORTANCE OF WORKPLACE HEALTH &
SAFETY:
Workplace safety is very important for all emoloyees in the industry b/c it is
the desire of all employees to work in the safe place and the enviorment of
the comapny should be protected. it is responsibilty of the company to take
care of the health and safety of its employees and workers & make the best
law. There are many risk to all industries and it is the responsibility of the
industry to think about these things and come up with the best strategy. To
ensure that their employees are fairly secure.

 AWARENESS ABOUT THE SURROUNDING:

Many employees do not care about the dangers around them but it
is important to assess the risks to your partner once you know the
dangers around you to help you deal with them. You will also have
the opportunity to take precautionary measures, so employees
should be aware of accidents at their workplace and find immediate
solutions.

 REDUCE WORKPLACE STRESS:

Many employees are stressed because of their work schedule and do

not take care of their health.Too much work in the office day and
night promises irritability and then conflicts with workers and
bosses.Employees should take care of their health and manage their
work schedule. Companies should not put too much work on their
workers and employees. They should take care of their health and
safety.

 BENIFITS OF HEALTH & SFETY POLICIES AT

WORKPLACES:

o These policies help keep each record safe.

o It mention al lthe risk an dpossible challanges and employees are
aware of all these challanges and policies.
o When these securities and policies are cleared, they help the
company as an important documents. Employees are wll
acquainted with the team and can deal with many of the
challanges.
o These policies also ressure employees and workers of the health
and safety rules that company provides to the workers.
o If someone claims that the company is committing fraud, then
the company is weel protectd from such fradulent claims
because the comapny has all the evidence from safety cameras
and safety management which protects them from any legal
ability.
o And the workers believe that it will protect them from any injury
if the company is harmed because they are offered this in the
policies.
o Once you have made and implement all the policies, you get the
support from your workers and employees and then this mutual
understanding and professional bond makes you company
stronger and more prosperous.