Experiment # 1

)Tensile Test(
• Goal of the Experiment:-

1 -To study the relationship between force and elongation.

2- To study and verify the relationship between stress and strain
3 -To obtain the modulus of elasticity experimentally.

• Equipments:-

1- Tensile testing machine: to measure the amount of elongation with 0.01 mm

accuracy when a force is applied.
2- Specimens made of steel.
3- caliper: to measure the dimension of the specimen

• Theory:-
To achieve the goals of this experiment, tensile testing experiment on specimens with
known dimensions are conducted. The relationship between the force and
corresponding elongation, and the relationship between the stress and strain are
dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the specimens.

• Relationship between force and elongation:-

The amount of elongation that occurs in a specimen under axial tensile loading can be
calculated by:-

P  L
• ΔL = ………………………………………………………………..(1)
E  A

From Eq. (1)

ΔL  E  A 
• P= ……………………………………………………………(2)
L

Where:-
Lo: Original length of the specimen before tensile testing in (mm)
Ao: Cross sectional area before tensile testing in (mm²)
E: Modulus of elasticity (or Young 's modulus) ( N/mm²)
P: Applied force (N)
ΔL: Amount of elongation (mm)

• Relationship between stress and strain:

According to Hook's law, the stress is proportional to strain with proportional
coefficient called modulus of elasticity
σ
• Ε = = Tanθ ……………………………………………………………….(3)
ε

Ρ
• σ= ……………………………………………………………………..(4)
Α

(for circular cross section) π  d2

A=
ΔL 4
• ε= ……………………………………………………………………..(5)
L

• The effect of tension on ductile materials

In the tensile testing experiment, the axial force is increased gradually starting from
zero N force until the material fracture. The stress-strain curve for such testing can be
represented as shown in the figure below.

σ E
(N/mm²(
C
B F
A D

O ε
From the figure:-
• The stress-strain curve in the (O-A) part is linear. Point A is called proportional
limit.
• At point B, the end of the elastic region is reached and the plastic region starts.
• Point C is called the upper yielding point.
• Point D is called the lower yielding point.
• Point E is the maximum stress can be reached where necking starts.
• Point F is called the fracture point.
To calculate the elongation percentage:-
L − L0
Elongation percentage = f  100% ………………………………………(7)
L0
Where:-
L f : is the final length of the specimen after fracture.
L 0 : is the original length of the specimen.

To calculate the reduction of area percentage:-

A − Af
Reduction of area percentage = 0  100% ……………………………….(8)
A0
Where:
A f : is the cross sectional area after fracture at necking point.
A 0 : is the cross sectional area before tension.

• Experiment procedure
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen using caliper.

2. Rest the elongation gauge, start the machine and increase the force gradually.

3. Take the ( ΔL) reading and P at the same time and fill the table below.

4. As we increase the force, we should notice important points such as yielding point,
necking and type of fracture.

5. After fracture, we join the two fractured parts and measure df and Lf at nicking.

6. Finish the required calculation and fill the table below.

7. Calculate the modulus of elasticity from the stress-strain curve.

8. Calculate the area reduction and elongation reduction percentage.

 modulus of
Force (P) Elongation )σ(Stress )ε(Strain
No elasticity
kN ΔL(mm) )N/mm²) E(N/mm²)
1 4 0.04
2 6 0.06
3 8 0.08
4 10 0.1
5 12 0.13
6 14 0.15
7 18 0.25
8 20 0.32
9 23 0.5
10 27 0.82
11 32 1.2
12 30 1.5
13 34 2.2
14 36 2.8
15 40 3.05
16 43 3.95
17 45 4.32
18 42 5.74
19 40 6.12
20 38 6.58
21 36 6.84
22 34 7.02
23 30 8.15
24 28 9.71
25 25 10.02

Where:-
D0 = 9.75 mm , L0 = 172 mm
Af = 72.5 mm2 , Lf = 182.02 mm
Discussion:
1. What is the type of fracture that you have seen after tension experiment?
2. What is the max stress reached in this experiment?
3. What is the average for the values of modulus of elasticity?
4. Discuss the experiment results?
5. Describe at least four errors occurred during the experiment and how to avoid?