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Phil - Lit. During The American Literature
Phil - Lit. During The American Literature
Phil - Lit. During The American Literature
Period
American period is one of the turning points which made our Philippine literary tradition
colorful and interesting. This period saw the addition of a colorful language, the English
language, as an indispensable tool for literature and communication. Indeed, this period
witnessed a dramatic flowering of the Philippine literature considering the sheer volume of
works produced, the ringing of names etched in the Philippine literary pantheon, as well as
the introduction and development of new literary genres as genuine additions to the already
rich Philippine literary tradition. So, brace yourselves and enjoy our literary journey together!
1. Trace the historical events and development of Philippine Literature during the
American Period;
2. Acquaint the three literary strands, the Spanish, Filipino and English literatures, that
prospered during the American period; and
3. Identify the contributions of American period to the Philippine literary tradition.
1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) – established by Sergio Osmena in 1900. American
sensors banned this newspaper and threatened Osmena with banishment.
2. El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) – established by Pascual Poblete in 1900.
3. El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) – founded by Rafael Palma.
Plays staged during the American period
1. Kahapon, Ngayon, Bukas (Yesterday, today and tomorrow) – written by Aurelio
Tolentino
2. Tanikalang Ginto – written by Juan Abad
3. Malaya – written by Tomas Remigio
4. Walang Sugat – written by Severino Reyes
1. Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes.
His poem dedicated to Rizal entitled, “A Rizal” is his masterpiece: “…
que se una bala destrozo tu craneo tambien tu idea destrozo un imperio…”
2. Fernando Ma. Guerrero is a another writer who, together
with Apostol, became Kings of Balagtasan in Spanish. He also wrote a poem to honor
Rizal entitled, “Invocacion a Rizal:” “…
hablar contigo que dejaste escrito, el evangelio libre de tu raza…”
3. Jesus Balmori used the pen name Batikuling. He was elected Poet Laureate in
Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe with his topic Recuerdo: “…Mi tema es el Recuerdo,
mi moto hidalguia, Mi divisa un laurel, mi corazon un penasco!”
4. Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet whose fierceness and nationalistic spirit was
unchanged in any topic. His topic was Olvido: “… Recordar! Ay del
alma que recuerde, la quiebra que ha sufrido la illusion…”
5. Claro M. Recto wrote poems and compiled them under the
title Bajo Los Cocoteros (Under the Coconut Trees).
6. Adelina Guerea was the first woman poet in the Philippines. She obtained the Zobel
Prize in her song El Nido (The Nest).
7. Isidro Marpori became famous for his books entitled Aromas de Ensueno (Scents of
Dreams).
8. Macario Adriatico wrote the legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place
of Origin).
9. Epifanio delos Santos (Don Panyong) was a good leader and biographer in Spanish.
10. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo.
1. Lope K. Santos
2. Patricio Mariano
3. Rosauro Almario
In “Liwayway,” a popular weekly publication who publishes short stories, we find the names:
1. Deogracias Rosario
2. Teodoro Gener
3. Cirio H. Panganiban
In Tagalog drama, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan criticized the Spanish Moro-moro
and showed that dramas can be powerful vehicles for propagation of Filipino values for the
audiences. Aside from these values, these dramas were extensively used as a way to promote
nationalism as well. The popular dramatists during this period include:
1. Severino Reyes was called the “Father of Tagalog Drama.” His immortal play,
“Walang Sugat” was his masterpiece.
2. Aurelio Tolentino was deemed the “Father of Kapampangan Drama.” His work,
“Luhang Tagalog” was his masterpiece and his “Napon, Ngeni at Bukas” was a
translation of his other masterpiece, “Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.”
3. Hermogenes Ilagan was a dramatist who founded the
group Campaña Ilagan, presenting many dramas in Central Luzon.
4. Patricio Mariano wrote the play entitled “Ninay.” His masterpiece was “Anak ng
Dagat.”
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda was a playwright who wrote “Bunganga ng Pating.”
Vernacular poetry
Aside from the flowering of Spanish, Filipino and English languages as literary media,
several vernaculars writers and poets gained popularity in their respective localities. Let us
take a look at some of them.
Ilokano Poetry
1. Pedro Bukaneg was deemed as the “Father of Ilocano Literature.” The
Ilocano Bukanegan was the Ilokano form of Balagtasan which was periodically held to
honor his name.
2. Claro Caluya was the “Prince of Ilocano Poets.”
3. Leon Pichay was crowned as the “Best Bukanegero.” He was also a poet, novelist,
short story writer, dramatist and essayist.
Kapampangan Poetry
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto was called the “Father of Kapampangan Literature.”
The Crisotan was the Kapampangan form of Balagtasan held in his honor.
2. Aurelio Tolentino was a dramatist and his “Napon, Ngeni at Bukas” was a translation
of his masterpiece “Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.”
Visayan Poetry
1. Eriberto Gumban was dubbed as the “Father of Visayan Literature.” He wrote a
number of zarzuela, moro-moro and plays in Visayan language.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni was a notable female novelist who wrote “Ang mga Tunuk
san isa ca Bulaclac.”
They wrote all forms of literature like news, poetry, stories, plays essays, novels which
clearly depicted their love of country and longing for independence. Hence, the spirit of
nationalism of the people remained undaunted.
With the arrival of the English language, a new way of writing literature has emerged. The
Filipinos, being lovers of languages and natural linguists, began using this new medium to
record their thoughts, sentiments, ideas and views, dreams and fears as well as everyday life-
matters. In short, a new weapon was added to their arsenal.
1. Period of Re-orientation
2. Period of Imitation
3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth
The Philippines Free Press founded by R. McCullough Dick & D. Theo Rogers was the first
privately owned publication to publish English works of Filipino writers. They pay the
Filipino writers when their work was chosen to be published.
1. Carlos P. Romulo
2. Jorge C. Bocobo
3. Mauro Mendez
4. Vicente Hilario
Informal essay writers also emerged and they are composed of:
1. Ignacio Manlapaz
2. Godofredo Rivera
3. Federico Mangahas
4. Francisco B. Icasiano
5. Salvador P. Lopez
6. Jose Lansang
7. Amado G. Dayrit
Period of Imitation Short Stories
Short story as a literary genre was brought along by the Americans. Filipinos readily adopted
short story because as a form of relaxation and entertainment, it proved to be worthwhile for
one can read such in just a short while. There were even Filipino (Tagalog) and other
vernacular versions of them. By and large, short stories began to be published in various
school newspapers and periodicals such as:
1. Paz Marquez Benitez who wrote the “Dead Stars” which stand out as model of
perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message. She also became the
editor of Women’s Journal, the first literary magazine in English published in the
Philippines
2. Bernardo P. Garcia wrote the poem “George Washington.”
3. Eulogio B. Rodriguez was a research writer of UP College of Liberal Arts who won
Villamor Prize in the Provincial History Competition
4. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote the award-winning poem “Azucena.”
5. Procopio Solidum wrote “Never mind and Other Poems.”
6. Lorenzo E. Paredes wrote the first poetry anthology “Reminiscenses.”
7. Zoilo Galang published his first volume of essay entitled “Life and Success.”
8. Eliseo Quirino and Vicente Hilario wrote the essay “Thinking for Ourselves.”
9. Zoilo Galang published the first anthology of short stories in “Tales of the
Philippines.”
10. Rodolfo Dato published his anthology “Filipino Poetry.”
11. Carlos P. Romulo published a collection of plays entitled “Daughters for Sale and
other Plays.”
1. Political, social, and reflective essays. These essays were opinions and viewpoints
by the essayists using their newspaper columns which appeared regularly hence, they
were very popular during this time. Some political, social and reflective essayists
include:
A. Federico Mangahas
B. Salvador P. Lopez
C. Pura Santillan Castrence
D. Vicente Albano Pacis
E. Ariston Estrada
F. Jose Lansang
2. Critical essays. These essays were serious treatment of various issues during this
period.As these essayists regularly appear in various newspaper columns, they became
very popular during this time. The critical essayists during this time include:
A. Salvador P. Lopez
B. I.V. Mallari
C. Ignacio Manlapaz
D. Jose Garcia Villa
E. Arturo B. Rotor
F. Leopoldo Y. Yabes
G. Maximo Soliven wrote the prize-winning essay entitled, “They Called it
Brotherhood.”
3. Personal or familiar essays. These essays were casual and light in terms of the mood
they were written. They provided sort of entertainment and relaxation for the readers.
Popular essayists of this kind include:
A. Francisco “Mang Kiko” B. Icasiano
B. Alfredo E. Litiatco
C. Solomon V. Arnaldo
D. Amado G. Dayrit
E. Consuelo Gar Catuca
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Notable Essays
1. “Literature and Society” was written by Salvador P. Lopez. This is a collection of
critical reflections and serious essays. It won first place in the Commonwealth Literary
Contest in essay.
2. “The Filipino Way of Life” was written by Camilo Osias. This is a series of essays
on the Filipino way of life as drawn from history, folkways, philosophy, and psychology
of the Philippines.
3. “Mang Kiko” was a reprint of Francisco B. Icasiano’s essays in the “Sunday Times
Magazine” under the column “From my Nipa Hut.” It is an essay of the common tao and
is written with humor and sympathy.
4. “I am a Filipino” was an editorial essay written by Carlos P. Romulo printed in the
“Philippines Herald” magazine. It was published in his book “My Brother Americans” in
New York by Double Day & Company in 1945.
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Drama
The University of the Philippines introduced playwriting as a course. UP established the UP
Little Theater and provided incentives for playwrights who wrote plays.
Source: https://salirickandres.altervista.org/american-period/