Inorganic Chemistry: Chemical Bonding

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BY PRINCE SIR
CHEMICAL BONDING
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY BY PRINCE SIR
TARGET JEETARGET JEE (MAINS/ADVANCED)
Chemical Bonding [2]

KEY CONCEPT
Reasons for Bond formation:
 Lowerisation of energy due to attractions.

 Attainment of Octet [ns2 np6], assumed to be most stable.
Types of bonds : Ionic, covalent, co-ordinate
IONIC BOND [ELECTROVALENT]

 Complete loss of e– to form ions.
 Electrostatic attraction between ions.
 Elements of ‘p’ & ‘d’ block may show variable electrovalency due to
(a) Inert Pair effect (for p block): The reluctance of ‘s’ electron pair to take part in bond formation on
moving down a group in ‘P’ block elements.
Finds application in
 Stability of oxidation state of a particular metal atom.

 Oxidizing & reducing power of compounds.
(b) Unstability of core: For ‘d’ block elements the core may either have pseudo inert configuration (having
18 electrons in outermost shell )or any other.
Properties of Ionic compounds
 Ionic bonds are Non directional in nature
 High Melting points / Boiling points.
 In solid state they are conductor ( due to absence of charge carrier) while in aqueous & molten state they
are good conductor of electricity.
 Soluble in Polar solvents
 Show isomorphism.
No sp. theories to understand bond formation.
characteristics like various crystal lattices to be done in solid state.
COVALENT BOND
 Sharing of electrons
 Overlapping of orbitals
 Types : single, double, triple, polar, nonpolar bonds.
 Variable covalency : Shown by elements having vacant ‘d’ orbitals (caused due to excitation of the
electron.)
Properties:
 Covalent bonds are directional in nature
 Low melting point & boiling point. (except Diamond / Graphite, due to their peculiear structure)
 Electrical conductivity due to auto-protolysis or self ionisation.
 Show isomerism.

CO-ORDINATE BOND
Bonding between lewis acid & lewis base or electron deficient & electron rich species.
Lewis base: Species with lone pair on ‘central atom’ available for donation. eg. NH3, H2O
ch arg e
Lewis acid: Electron deficient due to incomplete octal, vacant p or d orbital & high + ve ratio.
size
Lewis Dot structures:
 Arrangement of various atoms & types of bonding present but no idea of geometry.
 Selection of central atom [least E.N. of all elements excluding hydrogen]
 In hydrogen containing proton donor oxy acids all ‘H’ atoms are attached to oxygen as –OH groups
except in H3PO3(dibasic), H3PO2(monobasic) & H4P2O5 (dibasic).
Applications:
 To know various linkages present
 To calculate O.S. of various elements.
Various Theories For Explaining Bonding
 Electronic theory of valency (Kossel, Lewis) ;Singlat linkages

 Valence bond theory (Heitler, London, Pauling, Slater).
 M.O.T. (Hund , Mulliken). (will be discussed in class XII th)
DIPOLE MOMENT
Dipole moment is a vector quantity =  = q × d. Units = col m (S.I.) or esu cm(cgs) or Debey(common
unit) 1 D = 10–18 esu cm = 3.33 × 10–30 col. m
observedD.M.
% ionic character = × 100 %
calculated D.M.for100%ionic
% ionic character = [ 16 (XA  XB) + 3.5 (XA  XB)2 ] % [Hanny & Smyth equation]
Dipole moment depends on
 Electronegativity difference between atoms  Direction of bond dipole moment
 Angle between various bonds  Influence of unshared e– pairs
 Magnetic of polarity of the molecule  Symmetrical / Unsymmetrical shape.
Bond Moments:
H–F (1.9 D) H–O (1.5 D) C – C (0 D) C–F (1.4 D)
H–Cl (1.1 D) H–N (1.3 D) C = O (2.3 D) C–Cl (1.5 D)
H – Br (0.8 D) H– C (0.4 D) C – Br (1.4 D)
H – I (0.4 D) C – I (1.2 D)

SHAPES OF MOLECULES BASED ON VSEPR THEORY
Total no. No. of b.p. No. of General Type of Stereo Shape Exam.
of hybrid (bond pairs) unshared formula hybridisations chemical
orbitals pair i.e. lp formula
2 2 0 AB2 sp B–A–B linear BeCl2
3 3 0 AB3 sp2 Trigonal BCl3,

planar GaF3
3 2 1 AB2 sp2 Bent or GeF2,

angular O3
4 4 0 AB4 sp3 Tetrahedral CH4
4 3 1 AB3 sp3 Trigonal NH3

pyramid
4 2 2 AB2 sp3 Bent or H2 O

angular
4 1 3 AB sp3 linear HF
5 5 0 AB5 sp3 d Trigonal PF5 ,

bipyramidal NbBr5
5 4 1 AB4 sp3 d Seesaw SF4
5 3 2 AB3 sp3 d T-shaped ClF3,

BrF3
5 2 3 AB2 sp3 d Linear ICI2–

XeF2
6 6 0 AB6 sp3d2 Octahedral SF6
6 5 1 AB5 sp3d2 Square IF5

pyramidal

6 4 2 AB4 sp3d2 Square IF4

planar XeF4
7 7 0 AB7 sp3d3 Pentagonal IF7

bipyramidal
HOW TO DECIDE THE TYPE OF HYBRIDISATION :

Type of hybridisation = (number of  bonds + number of lone pairs)
RESONANCE
 Delocalisations of  electron cloud in between orbitals of various atoms in a molecule (provided all the
atoms are in the same plane)
 Exists where more than one Lewis dot structure are possible for a molecule.
 Resonance causes stablisation of the molecule & difference in the energies of hybrid & other structure is
termed as Resonance energy.
 R.E.  Experimental heat of formation-Theoretical heat of formation.
 The properties of the actual structure (Resonance hybrid) are decided by the weighed average (depending
on stability) of the contributing molecule.
 More the resonating structure more stable the molecule becomes.
FORCES OF ATTRACTION (WEAKER BONDS)
 Hydrogen bonding: When a hydrogen atom is linked to a highly electronegative atom (like F, O or N)
comes under the influence of another strongly electronegative atom, then a weak bond is developed
between them, which is called as hydrogen bond.
Types of H-bonding:
 Intermolecular
 Intramolecular
Applications in:
(a) Abnormal behaviour of water.
(b) Association of a molecule as in carboxylic acid.
(c) Dissociation of a polar species.
(d) Abnormal melting point & boiling point.
(e) Enhanced solubility in water.
 Ion dipole attraction
 Dipole-dipole attraction
 Ion-induced dipole attraction
 Dipole-Induced Dipole attraction
 Induced -dipole Induced Dipole attraction
 Metallic bonds: Electron gas model or sea model, with metal atom existing as kernels along with less
firmly held valence e–s & bonds between various kernels ( at the lattice site) & valence e–s is known as
metallic bonds.
SOME TYPICAL BOND
1. Back bonding:
 If among the bonded atoms, one atom has a vacant orbital & another has excess of
e–s then a sort of  bonding takes place between he two. If this is between ‘P’ orbitals of the two, this is
known as p-p back bonding.
 Most efficient when the atoms are very small & the orbitals involved of the two are of same energy level.
2. Banana bond:
 This type of bonding is present in B2H6.
 This structure shows that there are two types of
hydrogen atom-Terminals and bridging.
MISCELLANEOUS CONCEPT
1. Comparison of bond angles.

(a) In case central atoms are having different hybridisation then it can be compared.
(b) If same hybridisation but different central atom then bond angle would be more of the molecule in which
C.A. is more E.N. eg. H2S & H2O.
(c) If C.A. is same & bonded atoms different then bond angle increases as the attached atom size increases.
2. Bond strength , Bond length & Paramagnetic nature
(a) Using concepts of resonance.
(b) Use of Lewis dot structure for the rest.

EXERCISE - I
IONIC BOND
Q.1 The combination of atoms take place so that
(A) They can gain two electrons in the outermost shell
(B) They get eight electrons in the outermost shell
(C) They acquire stability by lowering of energy
(D) They get eighteen electrons in the outermost shell.
Q.2 An ionic bond A B  is most likely to be formed when :

(A) the ionization energy of A is high and the electron affinity of B is low
(B) the ionization energy of A is low and the electron affinity of B is high
(C) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity of B is high
(D) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity of B is low
Q.3 Which of the following compounds of elements in group IV is expected to be most ionic ?
(A) PbCl 2 (B) PbCl 4 (C) CCl 4 (D) SiCl4
Q.4 The compound which contains ionic as well as covalent bonds is
(A) C2H4Cl2 (B) CH3I (C) KCN (D) H2O2
Q.5 The hydration of ionic compounds involves :

(A) Evolution of heat (B) Weakening of attractive forces
(C) Dissociation into ions (D) All of these
Q.6 In which of the following species the bonds are Non-directional ?
(A) NCl3 (B) RbCl (C) BeCl2 (D) BCl3
Q.7 Which has the lowest anion to cation size ratio :
(A) LiF (B) NaF (C) CsI (D) CsF
Q.8 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding ionic compounds?
(A) They are good conductors at room temperature in aqueous solution.
(B) They are generally soluble in polar solvents.
(C) They consist of ions.
(D) They generally have high melting and boiling points.
Q.9 Which of the following compounds contain/s both ionic and covalent bonds?
(A) NH4Cl (B) KCN (C) CuSO4·5H2O (D) NaOH
Q.10 Among the following isostructural compounds, identify the compound, which has the highest Lattice
energy
(A) LiF (B) LiCl (C) NaCl (D) MgO
Q.11 A bond formed between two like atoms cannot be
(A) ionic (B) covalent (C) coordinate (D) metallic
Q.12 Which of the following, when dissolved in water forms a solution, which is Non-conductivity?
(A) Green Vitriol (B) Indian salt Petre
(C) Alcohol (D) Potash alum
Q.13 Most ionic compounds have :

(A) high melting points and low boiling points
(B) high melting points and nondirectional bonds
(C) high solubilities in polar solvents and low solubilities in nonpolar solvents
(D) three-dimensional network structures, and are good conductors of electricity in the molten state

Q.14 An electrovalent compound does not exhibit space isomerism because of
(A) Presence of oppositively charged ions
(B) High melting points
(C) Non-directional nature of the bond
(D) Crystalline nature
Q.15 Which of the following have an (18 + 2) electron configuration ?

(A) Pb 2  (B) Cd 2 (C) Bi 3 (D) SO42
Q.16 Which of the following contains (electrovalent) and non-polar (covalent) bonds ?
(A) CH 4 (B) H 2 O2 (C) NH 4 Cl (D) HCN
COVALENT BOND
Q.17 A sigma bond may be formed by the overlap of 2 atomic orbitals of atoms A and B. If the bond is formed
along as the x-axis, which of the following overlaps is acceptable ?
(A) s orbital of A and p z orbital of B (B) px orbital of A and p y orbital of B
(C) p z orbital of A and p x orbital of B (D) p x orbital of A and s orbital of B
Q.18 The maximum covalency is equal to

(A) the number of unpaired p-electrons
(B) the number of paired d-electrons
(C) the number of unpaired s and p-electrons
(D) the actual number of s and p-electrons in the outermost shell.
Q.19 How many bonded electron pairs are present in IF7 molecule :
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 8
Q.20 PCl 5 exists but NCl 5 does not because :

(A) Nitrogen has no vacant 2d-orbitals (B) NCl 5 is unstable
(C) Nitrogen atom is much smaller than P (D) Nitrogen is highly inert
Q.21 Which of the following has/have a strong covalent bond?

(A) Cl-F (B) F-F (C) C-Cl (D) C-F
Q.22 Which of the following statements is/are true?

(A) Covalent bonds are directional
(B) Ionic bonds are nondirectional
(C) A polar bond is formed between two atoms which have the same electronegativity value.
(D) The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule suggests that it has zero dipole moment
Q.23 Rotation around the bond (between the underlined atoms) is restricted in :
(A) C 2 H 4 (B) H 2 O 2 (C) Al 2Cl 6 (D) C 2 H 6
Q.24 The octet rule is not obeyed in :

(A) CO2 (B) BCl3 (C) PCl 5 (D) SiF4
Q.25 Which of the following two substances are expected to be more covalent :
(A) BeCl 2 (B) SnCl 4 (C) ZnS (D) ZnCl 2
Q.26 To which of the following species octet rule is not applicable :

(A) BrF5 (B) SF6 (C) IF7 (D) CO
Q.27 Which of the following species are hypervalent?
1. ClO4–, 2. BF3, 3. SO42– , 4. CO32–
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 3 (C) 3, 4 (D) 1, 2
Q.28 The types of bond present in N2O5 are

(A) only covalent (B) only ionic
(C) ionic and covalent (D) covalent & coordinate
CO-ORDINATE BOND
Q.29 NH 3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation of :
(A) a covalent bond (B) a hydrogen bond (C) a coordinate bond (D) an ionic bond
Q.30 Which of the following species contain covalent coordinate bond :

(A) AlCl3 (B) CO (C) [ Fe (CN ) 6 ]4 (D) N 3
Q.31 Which of the following molecules does not have coordinate bonds?
(A) CH3–NC (B) CO (C) O3 (D) CO 32
LEWIS STRUCTURE
Q.32 Which of the following Lewis diagrams is(are) incorrect ?

Cl  H 
 |  H H
  | |
2-
(A) Na  O  C l  (B) Cl C Cl (C)  H  N  H  [ S] (D) H  N  N  H
   |   
Cl  H 
2
Q.33 The possible structure(s) of monothiocarbonate ion is :

C C S S
(A) S (B) S (C) C (D) C

O O O O O O O O
Q.34 The valency of sulphur in sulphuric acid is :

(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 6
Q.35 The total number of valence electrons in 4.2g of N 3 ion are :

(A) 2.2 N (B) 4.2 N (C) 1.6 N (D) 3.2 N
Q.36 No X  X bond exists in which of the following compounds having general form of X 2 H 6 ?
(A) B2 H 6 (B) C 2 H 6 (C) Al 2 H 6 (D) Si2 H 6
Q.37 Pick out among the following species isoelectronic with CO2 :
(A) N 3 (B) (CNO)  (C) (NCN ) 2 (D) NO2
Q.38 Which of the following have a three dimensional network structure ?

(A) SiO2 (B) ( BN ) x (C) P4 ( white ) (D) CCl 4
Q.39 Which of the following oxyacids of sulphur contain S  S bonds ?

(A) H 2 S 2 O8 (B) H 2 S 2O6 (C) H 2 S 2O4 (D) H 2 S 2 O5
RESONANCE
Q.40 Resonating structures of a molecule should have:
(A) identical bonding (B) identical arrangement of atoms
(C) nearly the same energy content (D) the same number of paired electrons
Q.41 Which of the following conditions apply to resonating structures ?

(A) The contributing structures should have similar energies
(B) The contributing structures should be represented such that unlike formal charges reside on atoms
that are far apart
(C) The more electropositive element should preferably have positive formal charge and the more
electronegative element have negative formal charge
(D) The contributing structures must have the same number of unpaired electrons
Q.42 N 2 O has a linear, unsymmetrical structure that may be thought of as a hybrid of two resonance forms. If
a resonance form must have a satisfactory Lewis structure, which of the five structures shown below are
the resonance forms of N 2 O ?
–   —     –
  

(A) N N  O  (B)  N  N  O (C)  N  N  O (D)  N  N  O (E)  N  N  O 
  
Q.43 Resonance occurs due to the

(A) delocalization of a lone pair of electrons (B) delocalization of sigma electrons
(C) delocalization of pi electrons (D) migration of protons
V.B.T. & HYBRIDISATION

Q.44 The strength of bonds by s  s, p  p, s  p overlap is in the order :
(A) s  s  s  p  p  p (B) s  s  p  p  s  p
(C) s  p  s  s  p  p (D) p  p  s  s  s  p
1 2 3
Q.45 In the following compound C H 2  C H  C CH 2  C  CH , the C 2  C3 bond is of the type :
(A) sp  sp 2 (B) sp 3  sp 3 (C) sp  sp 3 (D) sp 2  sp 3
Q.46 Which of the following has a geometry different from the other three species (having the same geometry)?
(A) BF4 (B) SO42 (C) XeF4 (D) PH 4
Q.47 Maximum bond energy is in :

(A) F2 (B) N 2 (C) O2 (D) equal
Q.48 Among the following species, identify the isostructural pairs : NF3 , NO3 , BF3 , H 3O  , HN 3
(A) [ NF3 , NO3 ] and [ BF3 , H 3O  ] (B) [ NF3 , HN 3 ] and [ NO3 , BF3 ]
(C) [ NF3 , H 3 O  ] and [ NO 3 , BF3 ] (D) [ NF3 , H 3O  ] and [ HN 3 , BF3 ]
Q.49 Number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC 2 are :
(A) one sigma () and one pi () bond (B) one  and two  bonds
(C) one  and one and a half  bond (D) one  bond
Q.50 In C  C bond is C 2 H 6 undergoes heterolytic fission, the hybridisation of two resulting carbon atoms is/are
(A) sp 2 both (B) sp 3 both (C) sp 2 , sp 3 (D) sp, sp 2

Q.51 The hybridisation and geometry of BrF3 molecules are :
(A) sp 3d and T shaped (B) sp 2 d 2 and tetragonal
(C) sp 3d and bent (D) none of these
Q.52 The shape of methyl cation (CH 3 ) is likely to be:

(A) linear (B) pyramidal (C) planar (D) spherical
Q.53 The structure of XeF2 involves hybridization of the type :

(A) sp 3 (B) dsp 2 (C) sp 3d (D) sp 3 d 2
Q.54 In the XeF4 molecule, the Xe atom is in the

(A) sp2-hybridized state (B) sp3-hybridised state (C) sp2d-hybridized state (D) sp3d2-hybridized state
Q.55 How many - and - bonds are there in salicyclic acid?

(A) 10, 4 (B) 16, 4 (C) 18, 2 (D) 16, 2
Q.56 Which of the following statements are not correct?

(A) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals of large energy difference.
(B) sp 2  hybrid orbitals are formed from two p - atomic orbitals and one s- atomic orbitals
(C) dsp 2  hybrid orbitals are all at 90º to one another
(D) d 2 sp 3  hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
Q.57 Which of the following has been arranged in increasing order of size of the hybrid orbitals ?
(A) sp  sp 2  sp 3 (B) sp 3  sp 2  sp (C) sp 2  sp 3  sp (D) sp 2  sp  sp 3
Q.58 In the context of carbon, which of the following is arranged in the correct order of electronegativity :
(A) sp  sp 2  sp 3 (B) sp 3  sp 2  sp (C) sp 2  sp  sp 3 (D) sp 3  sp  sp 2
Q.59 When 2s  2s, 2 p  2 p and 2 p  2s orbitals overlap, the bond strength decreases in the order :
(A) p  p  s  s  p  s (B) p  p  p  s  s  s (C) s  s  p  p  p  s (D) s  s  p  s  p  p
Q.60 The shapes of IF5 and IF7 are respectively :

(A) square pyramidal and pentagonal bipyramidal (B) octahedral and pyramidal
(C) trigonal bipyramidal and square antiprismatic (D) distorted square planar and distorted octahedral
Q.61 Carbon atoms in C 2 (CN ) 4 are :

(A) sp-hybridized (B) sp 2 -hybridized
(C) sp- and sp 2 hybridized (D) sp, sp 2 and sp 3 - hybridized
Q.62 CO2 has the same geometry as :

(I) HgCl 2 (II) NO2 (III) SnCl 4 (IV) C 2 H 2
(A) I and III (B) II and IV (C) I and IV (D) III and IV
Q.63 Strongest bond is formed by the head on overlapping of :

(A) 2s- and 2p- orbitals (B) 2p- and 2p- orbitals
(C) 2s- and 2s- orbitals (D) All

Q.64 The ratio of  and  bonds in benzene is :
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8
Q.65 The bond angle and hybridization in ether (CH 3OCH 3 ) is :

(A) 106º51, sp 3 (B) 104º31, sp 3 (C) 109° 28' sp3 (D) None of these
Q.66 The enolic form of acetone contains :

(A) 9 sigma, 1 pi bond and 2 lone pairs (B) 8 sigma, 2 pi bond and 2 lone pairs
(C) 10 sigma, 1 pi bond and 1 lone pairs (D) 9 sigma, 2 pi bond and 1 lone pairs
Q.67 The shape of a molecule which has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair is :
(A) Octahedral (B) Pyramidal (C) Triangular planar (D) Tetrahedral
Q.68 Which molecule is T shaped :

(A) BeF2 (B) BCl3 (C) NH 3 (D) ClF3
Q.69 Maximum s-character is in bonds formed by () atom:

* *
(A) C H 4 (B) Xe O3 (C) XeO64 (D) SF4
Q.70 Which of the following species is (are) isostructural with XeF4 ?

(A) ICl4 (B) I 5 (C) BrF4 (D) XeO4
Q.71 A hydrazine molecule is split in NH 2 and NH 2 ions. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) NH 2 shows sp 2  hybridisation whereas NH 2 shows sp 3  hybridisation
(B) Al (OH ) 4 has a regular tetrahedral geometry
(C) sp 2  hybridized orbitals have equal s- and p- character
(D) Hybridized orbitals always form  - bonds
Q.72 There is change in the type of hybridisation when:

(A) NH 3 combines with H  (B) AlH 3 combines with H 
(C) NH 3 forms NH 2 (D) SiF4 forms SiF62
Q.73 Which of the following statement is/are correct

(A) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining into molecular orbitals :
(B) sp 3d 2  hybrid orbitals are at 90º to one another
(C) sp 3d  hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron
(D) sp 3d 2  hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
Q.74 A -bond may between two p x orbitals containing one unpaired electron each when they approach
each other appropriately along :
(A) x - axis (B) y - axis (C) z - axis (D) any direction
Q.75 Indicate the wrong statement :

(A) A sigma bond has no free rotation around its axis
(B) p-orbitals always have only sideways overlap
(C) s-orbitals never form  - bonds
(D) There can be more than one sigma bond between two atoms
3
Q.76 sp hybridisation is in :
(A) AlH 4 (B) CH 3 (C) ClO2 (D) NH 2
Q.77 Which of the following pairs is (are) isostructural?

(A) SF4 and SiF4 (B) SF6 and SiF62 (C) SiF62 and SeF62 (D) XeO64 and TeF62
Q.78 Which of the following has (have) octahedral geometry :

(A) SbCl6 (B) SnCl62 (C) XeF6 (D) IO65
Q.79 Shape of NH 3 is very similar to :

(A) SeO32 (B) CH 3 (C) BH 3 (D) CH 3
Q.80 Which of the following have same shape as NH 2 ?

(A) CO2 (B) SnCl 2 (C) SO2 (D) BeCl 2
Q.81 Which of the following is (are) linear ?

(A) I 3 (B) I 3 (C) PbCl 2 (D) XeF2
Q.82 Which of the following species are linear ?

(A) ICl 2  (B) I 3 (C) N 3 (D) ClO2
Q.83 The structure of XeF6 is :

(A) pentagonal bipyramidal (B) distorted octahedral (C) capped octahedral (D) square pyramidal
OTHER FORCES
Q.84 Which of the following models best describes the bonding within a layer of the graphite structure ?
(A) metallic bonding (B) ionic bonding
(C) non-metallic covalent bonding (D) van der Waals forces
Q.85 The critical temperature of water is higher than that of O2 because the H 2 O molecule has :
(A) fewer electrons than O2 (B) two covalent bonds
(C) V - shape (D) dipole moment
Q.86 Ethanol has a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether though they have the same molecular weight. This
is due to :
(A) resonance (B) coordinate bonding (C) hydrogen bonding (D) ionic bonding
Q.87 Arrange the following in order of decreasing boiling point :

(I) n-Butane (II) n-Butanol (III) n-Butyl chloride (IV) Isobutane
(A) IV  III  II  I (B) IV  II  III  I (C) I  II  III  IV (D) II  III  I  IV
Q.88 Which of the following compounds would have significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding ?
HF , CH 3OH , N 2O4 , CH 4
(A) HF , N 2O4 (B) HF , CH 4 , CH 3OH (C) HF , CH 3OH (D) CH 3OH , CH 4
Q.89 For H 2O2 , H 2 S , H 2 O and HF , the correct order of increasing extent of hydrogen bonding is :
(A) H 2O  HF  H 2 O2  H 2 S (B) H 2 O  HF  H 2 S  H 2 O2
(C) HF  H 2 O  H 2 O2  H 2 S (D) H 2O2  H 2 O  HF  H 2 S
Q.90 Iron is harder than sodium because
(A) iron atoms are smaller (B) iron atoms are more closely packed
(C) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium (D) metallic bonds are stronger in iron
Q.91 Which one of the following does not have intermolecular H-bonding?
(A) H2O (B) o-nitro phenol (C) HF (D) CH3COOH
Q.92 The order of strength of hydrogen bonds is:

(A) ClH ...Cl  NH ... N  OH ...O  FH ... F (B) ClH ...Cl  NH ... N  OH ...O  FH ...F
(C) ClH ...Cl  NH ...N  OH ...O  FH ...F (D) ClH ...Cl  NH ...N  OH ...O  FH ...F
Q.93 Which of the following exhibit/s H-bonding?

(A) CH4 (B) H2Se (C) N2H4 (D) H2S
Q.94 Among the following, van der Waals forces are maximum in
(A) HBr (B) LiBr (C) LiCl (D) AgBr
Q.95 The H bond in solid HF can be best represented as:

H H H H
(A) H  F ....H  F .... H  F (B)
F F F
F F H H
(C) H H H H (D) F F F F
F
H
Q.96 The volatility of HF is low because of :

(A) its low polarizability (B) the weak dispersion interaction between the molecules
(C) its small molecular mass (D) its strong hydrogen bonding
Q.97 The melting point of AlF3 is 104º C and that of SiF4 is - 77º C (it sublimes) because :
(A) there is a very large difference in the ionic character of the Al  F and Si  F bonds
(B) in AlF3 , Al 3 interacts very strongly with the neighbouring F  ions to give a three dimensional
structure but in SiF4 no interaction is possible
(C) the silicon ion in the tetrahedral SiF4 molecule is not shielded effectively from the fluoride ions
whereas in AlF3 , the Al 3 ion is shielded on all sides
(D) the attractive forces between the SiF4 molecules are strong whereas those between the AlF3 molecules
are weak
Q.98 Two ice cubes are pressed over each other and unite to form one cube. Which force is responsible for
holding them together :
(A) van der Waal’s forces (B) Covalent attraction
(C) Hydrogen bond formation (D) Dipole-dipole attraction
Q.99 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is found in :

(A) Salicylaldehyde (B) Water (C) Acetaldehyde (D) Phenol
Q.100 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by :

(A) Hydrogen bonds (B) Ionic bonds (C) Phosphate groups (D) Deoxyribose groups
Q.101 In dry ice there are :

(A) Ionic bond (B) Covalent bond (C) Hydrogen bond (D) None of these

Q.102
(A) has intermolecular H - bonding (B) has intramolecular H- bonding

(C) has low boiling point (D) is steam-volatile
Q.103 Which of the following bonds/forces is/are weakest?

(A) covalent bond (B) vander Waals force (C) hydrogen bond (D) london force
Q.104 Compare O–O bond energy among O2, H2O2 and O3 with reasons.
Q.105 Which of the following is/are observed in metallic bonds ?

(A) Mobile valence electrons (B) Overlapping valence orbitals
(C) Highly directed bond (D) Delocalized electrons
Q.106 Which of the following factors are responsible for van der Waals forces ?
(A) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
(B) Dipole-induced dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(C) Dipole-dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(D) Small size of molecule
Q.107 Which of the following are true ?

(A) Van der Waals forces are responsible for the formation of molecular crystals
(B) Branching lowers the boiling points of isomeric organic compounds due to van der Waals forces of attraction
(C) In graphite, van der Waals forces act between the carbon layers
(D) In diamond, van der Waals forces act between the carbon layers
Q.108 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases the enthalpy of vapourization of a liquid due to the:
(A) decrease in the attraction between molecules
(B) increase in the attraction between molecules
(C) decrease in the molar mass of unassociated liquid molecules
(D) increase in the effective molar mass of hydrogen - bonded molecules
Q.109 Which of the following molecules have intermolecular hydrogen bonds ?

(A) KH 2 PO4 (B) H 3 BO3 (C) C 6 H 5CO2 H (D) CH 3OH
Q.110 Which of the following have dipole moment ?

(A) nitrobenzene (B) p-chloronitrobenzene
(C) m-dichlorobenzene (D) o-dichlorobenzene
Q.111 In which of the following compounds, breaking of covalent bond takes place?
(A) Boiling of H2O (B) Melting of KCN (C) Boiling of CF4 (D) Melting of SiO2
MISCELLEANEOUS
Q.112 Among KO2 , AlO2 , BaO2 and NO2 unpaired electron is present in :
(A) KO2 only (B) NO2 and BaO2 (C) KO2 and AlO2 (D) BaO2 only
Q.113 Cyanogen, (CN ) 2 , has a ____ shape/structure :

(A) Linear (B) Zig-zag (C) Square (D) Cyclic

Q.114 In which of the following sovents, KI has highest solubility? The dielectric constant ( ) of each liquid is
given in parentheses.
(A) C6H6(= 0) (B) (CH3)2CO (=2) (C) CH3OH (=32) (D) CCl4(=0)
Q.115 The formal charges on the three O-atoms in O3 molecule are

(A) 0, 0, 0 (B) 0, 0, –1 (C) 0, 0, +1 (D) 0, +1, –1
Q.116 The types of bonds present in CuSO4·5H2O are

(A) electrovalent and covalent (B) electrovalent and coordinate covalent
(C) covalent and coordinate covalent (D) electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent
Q.117 For which of the following crystalline substances does the solubility in water increase upto 32º C and
then decrease rapidly ?
(A) CaCl2 .2H 2O (B) Na 2SO 4 .10H 2O (C) FeSO4 .7 H 2O (D) Alums
Q.118 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing dipole moment ?
(A) CH 3Cl  CH 3 F  CH 3 Br  CH 3 I (B) CH 3 F  CH 3Cl  CH 3 Br  CH 3 I
(C) CH 3Cl  CH 3 Br  CH 3 I  CH 3 F (D) CH 3 F  CH 3Cl  CH 3 I  CH 3 Br
Q.119 Which of the following has the least dipole moment

(A) NF3 (B) CO2 (C) SO2 (D) NH 3
Q.120 The experimental value of the dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D. The length of the H  Cl bond is
1.275 Å . The percentage of ionic character in HCl is :
(A) 43 (B) 21 (C) 17 (D) 7
Cl
Q.121 The dipole moment of is 1.5 D. The dipole moment of is :
(A) 0 D (B) 1.5 D (C) 2.86 D (D) 2.25 D
Q.122 In the cyanide ion the formal negative charge is on

(A) C (B) N
(C) Both C and N (D) Resonate between C and N
Q.123 Which has (have) zero value of dipole moment?

(A) [Ni(CN)4]2- square planner (B) CHCl3
(C) CO2 (D) Cl Cl
Q.124 Which of the following compounds possesses zero dipole moment?

(A) Water (B) Benzene (C) Carbon tetrachloride (D) Boron trifluoride
Q.125 Hypervalent compound is (are) :

(A) SO32 (B) PO43 (C) SO42 (D) ClO4

Q.126 Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) The crystal lattice of ice is mostly formed by covalent as well as hydrogen bonds
(B) The density of water increases when heated from 0º C to 4º C due to the change in the structure of
the cluster of water molecules
(C) Above 4º C the thermal agitation of water molecules increases. Therefore, intermolecular distance
increases and water starts expanding
(D) The density of water increases from 0º C to a maximum at 4º C because the entropy of the system increases
BONDS ANGLES & BOND LENGTH

Q.127 The correct order of increasing X  O  X bond angle is ( X  H , F or Cl ) :
(A) H 2O  Cl 2O  F2 O (B) Cl 2O  H 2O  F2 O
(C) F2 O  Cl2 O  H 2 O (D) F2 O  H 2 O  Cl2O
Q.128 Which of the following is true ?

1 1
(A) Bond order  bond length  bond energy (B) Bond order  bond length  bond energy
1 1
(C) Bond order  bond length  bond energy (D) Bond order  bond length  bond energy
Q.129 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing bond length ?
(A) P  O  Cl  O  S  O (B) P  O  S  O  Cl  O
(C) S  O  Cl  O  P  O (D) Cl  O  S  O  P  O
Q.130 If a molecule MX 3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma bonding orbitals used by M (atm. no. < 21) are :
(A) pure p (B) sp hybrid (C) sp 2 hybrid (D) sp 3 hybrid
Q.131 How many sigma and pi bonds are present in tetracyanoethylene ?

(A) Nine  and nine  (B) Five  and nine  (C) Nine  and seven  (D) Eight  and eight 
Q.132 Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length ?
(A) B2 (B) C 2 (C) F2 (D) O2
Q.133 Which has higher bond energy :

(A) F2 (B) Cl 2 (C) Br2 (D) I 2
Q.134 The bond angle in PH 3 is :

(A) Much lesser than NH 3 (B) Equal to that in NH 3
(C) Much greater than in NH 3 (D) Slightly more than in NH 3
Q.135 H  B  H bond angle in BH 4 is :

(A) 180º (B) 120º (C) 109º (D) 90º
Q.136 In the series ethane, ethylene and acetylene, the C  H bond energy is :
(A) The same in all the three compounds (B) Greatest in ethane
(C) Greatest in ethylene (D) Greatest in acetylene
Q.137 Which one of the following compounds has bond angle as nearly 90º ?
(A) NH 3 (B) H 2 S (C) H 2 O (D) SF6

Q.138 State whether each statement is true or false. If false, write the correct statement.
(i) The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its charge.
(ii) The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its size.
(iii) The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its charge.
(iv) The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its size.
(v) For a given anion, greater the polarising power of the cation, more the ionic character.
(vi) For a given cation, greater the polarisability of the anion, more the covalent character.
(vii) An element with low ionization potential is most likely to form a covalent bond with an other element
having a high electron affinity.
(viii) Ionic interactions are stronger than covalent bonds.
(ix) Two non-metal atoms are likely to form covalent bonds on combination.
(x) Ionic interactions are directional.
Q.139 State whether each statements is T or F, if F rectify.

(i) All diatomic molecules are non-polar.
(ii) All molecules having polar bonds are polar (i.e., have a net dipole)
(iii) The lone pairs of electrons do not contribute to the net dipole of a molecule.
(iv) The CH2Cl2 molecule may be polar or nonpolar depending on its geometry.
(v) The net dipole in the water molecule is the resultant of its bond dipoles.
(vi) SO2 is polar whereas CO2 is non-polar.
(vii) NH3 is less polar than NF3
(viii) If all bonds in a molecule are polar, the molecule as a whole must be polar.
Q.140 Fill in the blanks.

(i) bonds are formed by the lateral overlap of a p-orbital with another ____ orbital.
(ii) Free rotation is possible if two atoms are bonded together only by a_________ bond.
(iii) The maximum number of  bonds that can be formed between two atoms is_______.
(iv) The repulsion between ____ is greater than the repulsion between two bonded pairs
(v) A lone pair is ____________ polarisable compared to a  bonded pair which in turn is _____________
polarisable compared to a - bonded pair.
(vi) In nitro benzene the total number of bonded electrons equals ___________________.
Q.141 AgNO3 gives a white precipitate with NaCl but not with CCl 4 . Why ?
Q.142 Using VSEPR theory identify the type of hybridisation and draw the structure of OF2 .
Q.143 What should be the structure of the following as per VSEPR theory ?
(a) XeF2 (b) XeF4 (c) PBr5 (d) OF2 (e) I 3 and (f) I 3
Q.144 The percent ionic character in HCl is 18.08. The observed dipole moment is 1.08 D. Find the inter-nuclear
distance in HCl.
Q.145 In the hydrides of group VI elements the central atoms involve sp 3 hybridisation but the bond angles
decrease in the order, H 2 O, H 2 S , H 2 Si , H 2Te . How would you account for this ?

Q.146 Assuming that all the four valency of carbon atom in propane pointing towards the corners of a regular
tetrahedron. Calculate the distance between the terminal carbon atoms in propane. Given, C  C single
bond length is 1.54 Å.
Q.147 The dipole moment of HBr is 7.95 debye and the intermolecular separation is 1.94  10 10 m Find the %
ionic character in HBr molecule.
Q.148 HBr has dipole moment 2 . 6  10  30 cm . If the ionic character of the bond is 11.5 %, calculate the
interatomic spacing.
Q.149 Dipole moment of LiF was experimentally determined and was found to be 6.32 D. Calculate percentage
ionic character in LiF molecule Li  F bond length is 0.156 pm.
Q.150 A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If bond length is 1.0 Å, what percentage of an
electronic charge exists on each atom.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
JEE MAINS
1. In XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 the number of lone pair on Xe are respectively [AIEEE 2002]
(1) 2,3,1 (2) 1,2,3 (3) 4,1,2 (4) 3,2,1
Ans. (4)
2. The number of sigma bond in P4O10 [AIEEE 2002]
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 17 (4) 16
Ans. (4)
3. In which of the following species the inter atomic bond angle is 109°28’ ? [AIEEE 2002]
(1) NH3 & BF4–1 (2) NH4+ & BF4–1 (3) NH3 & BF3–1 (4) NH2–1 & BF3
Ans. (2)
4. Which of the following is arranged in an increasing order of their bond strength ? [AIEEE 2002]
(1) O2– < O2 < O2+ < O22– (2) O22– < O2– < O2 < O2+
(3) O2– < O22– < O2 < O2+ (4) O2+ < O2 < O2– < O22–
Ans. (2)
5. The hybridisation of the underline atom changes in [AIEEE 2002]
– +
(1) AlH3 changes to AlH 4
(2) H2O changes to H3O
(3) NH3 changes to NH4– (4) All of these
Ans. (1)
6. In which of the following species is the underlined carbon having sp3 - hybridisation ? [AIEEE 2002]
(1) CH3–COOH (2) CH3CH2OH (3) CH3COCH3 (4) CH2=CH–CH3
Ans. (2)
7. A square planar complex is formed by hybridisation of which atomic orbital ? [AIEEE 2002]
(1) s, px, py, dyz (2) s, p x , p y , d x2  y2 (3) s, px, py, d z2 (4) s, px py, dxy
Ans. (2)
8. An ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the same molecular formula. This is because of [AIEEE 03]
(1) dipolar character of ether
(2) alcohols having resonance structure
(3) inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in ether
(4) inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols
Ans. (4)
9. In the anion HCOO– the two carbon–oxygen bonds are found to be of equal length. What is the reason for it?
(1) Electronic orbitals of carbon atom are hybridised [AIEEE 03]
(2) The C= O bond is weaker than the C – O bond
(3) The anion HCOO– has two resonating structures
(4) The anion is obtained by removal of a proton from the acid molecule
Ans. (2)
10. Which one of the following compounds has the smallest bond angle in the molecule : [AIEEE 03]
(1) H2O (2) SH2 (3) NH3 (4) SO2

Ans. (2)
11. The reason for double helical structure of DNA is operation of : [AIEEE 03]
(1) Dipole-dipole interaction (2) Hydrogen bonding
(3) Electrostatic attractions (4) van der Waal’s forces
Ans. (2)
12. Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have permanent dipole moments for both members [AIEEE 03]
(1) NO2 and CO2 (2) NO2 and O3 (3) SiF4 and CO2 (4) SiF4 and NO2
Ans. (2)
13. The pair of species having identical shapes for molecules of both species is [AIEEE 03]
(1) XeF2, CO2 (2) BF3, PCl3 (3) PF5, IF5 (4) CF4, SF4
Ans. (1)
14. The correct order of bond angles (smallest first) in H2S, NH3, BF3 and SiH4 is :– [AIEEE–2004]
(1) H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3 (2) NH3 < H2S < SiH4 < BF3
(3) H2S < SiH4 < NH3 < BF3 (4) H2S < NH3 < BF3 < SiH4
Ans. (1)
15. The bond order in NO is 2.5 while that in NO+ is 3. Which of the following statements is true for these two species ?
[AIEEE–2004]
(1) Bond length in NO+ is equal to that in NO (2) Bond length in NO is greater than in NO+
(3) Bond length in NO+ is greater than in NO (4) Bond length is unpredictable
Ans. (2)
16. The states of hybridization of boron and oxygen atoms in boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively [AIEEE–2004]
3
(1) sp and sp 2 2
(2) sp and sp 3 2
(3) sp and sp 2 (4) sp and sp3
3
Ans. (2)
17. Which one of the following has the regular tetrahedral structure ? [AIEEE–2004]
(1) BF4– (2) SF4 (3) XeF4 (4) [Ni(CN)4]2–
(Atomic nos.: B = 5, S = 16, Ni = 28, Xe = 54)
Ans. (1)
18. The maximum number of 90° angles between bond pair-bond pair of electrons is observed in :- [AIEEE–2004]
(1) dsp2 hybridization (2) sp3d hybridization
(3) dsp3 hybridization (4) sp3d2 hybridization
Ans. (4)
19. Which one of the following species is diamagnetic in nature ? [AIEEE-2005]

(1) He2+ (2) H2 (3) H2+ (4) H2–
Ans. (2)
20. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon [AIEEE-2005]

(1) charge on the ion only (2) size of the ion only
(3) packing of the ion only (4) charge and size of the ion
Ans. (4)
21. The molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are
(1) the same with 2, 0 and 1 lone pair of electrons on the central atom, respectively [AIEEE-2005]
(2) the same with 1, 1 and 1 lone pair of electrons on the central atoms, respectively
(3) different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pair of electrons on the central atoms, respectively
(4) different with 1, 0 and 2 lone pair of electrons on the central atoms, respectively
Ans. (4)
22. Of the following sets which one does not contain isoelectronic species ? [AIEEE-2005]
3– 2– – – 2–
(1) PO4 , SO4 , ClO4 (2) CN , N2, C2
2– 2– – 3– 2– –
(3) SO3 , CO3 , NO3 (4) BO3 , CO3 , NO3
Ans. (3)
23. The decreasing values of bond angles from NH3 (106°) to SbH3 (91°) down group 15 of the periodic table is due to
[AIEEE-2006]
(1) Decreasing lp – bp repulsion (2) Decreasing electronegativity
(3) Increasing bp – bp repulsion (4) Increasing p-orbital character in sp3
Ans. (2)
24. Which of the following molecules/ions does not contain unpaired electrons? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) N 2 (2) O2 (3) O 22  (4) B2
Ans. (3)
25. Among the following mixtures, dipole-dipole as the major interaction, is present in [AIEEE-2006]
(1) KCl and water (2) benzene and carbon tetrachloride
(3) benzene and ethanol (4) acetonitrile and acetone

Ans. (4)
26. A metal, M forms chlorides in its +2 and +4 oxidation states. Which of the following statements about these chlorides
is correct? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) MCl2 is more ionic than MCl4 (2) MCl2 is more easily hydrolysed than MCl4
(3) MCl2 is more volatile than MCl4 (4) MCl2 is more soluble in anhydrous ethanol than MCl4
Ans. (1)
27. In which of the following molecules/ions are all the bonds not equal? [AIEEE-2006]
(1) XeF4 (2) BF4– (3) SF4 (4) SiF4
Ans. (3)
28. In which of the following ionizion processes, the bond order has increased and the magnetic behaviour has changed

[AIEEE-2007]
(1) NO NO+ (2) O2  O 2 (3) N2 N 2 (4) C2  C 2
Ans. (1)
29. Which of the following hydrogen bonds is the strongest [AIEEE-2007]
(1) F–H.....F (2) O–H.....O (3) O–H.....F (4) O–H.....N
Ans. (1)
30. Which of the following species exhibits the diamagnetic behaviour [AIEEE-2007]
(1) O 2 (2) O2 (3) NO (4) O 22 
Ans. (4)
31. The charge/size ratio of a cation determines its polarizing power. Which one of the following sequences represents the
increasing order of the polarizing power of the cationic species, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Be+2 [AIEEE-2007]
(1) Be+2 < K+ < Ca+2 < Mg+2 (2) K+ <Ca+2 < Mg+2 < Be+2
(3) Ca+2 < Mg+2 < Be+2 < K+ (4) Mg+2 < Be+2 <K+ <Ca+2
Ans. (2)
32. Which one of the following pairs of species have the same bond order? [AIEEE-2008]
(1) CN- and NO+ (2) CN- and CN+ (3) O2- and CN- (4) NO+ and CN+
Ans. (1)
33. The bond dissociation energy of B–F in BF3 is 646 kJ mol–1 whereas that of C–F in CF4 is 515 kJ mol–1. The correct
reason for higher B–F bond dissociation energy as compared to that of C–F is [AIEEE-2008]
(1) lower degree of p – pinteraction between B and F in BF3 than that between C and F in CF4.
(2) smaller size of B atoms as compared to that of C atom.
(3) stronger  bond between B and F in BF3 as compared to that between C and F in CF4
(4) significant p – p interaction between B and F in BF3 whereas there is no possibility of such interaction between
C and F in CF4
Ans. (4)
34. Using MO theory predict which of the following species has the shortest bond length? [AIEEE-2009]
(1) O2 (2) O 22 (3) O 22 (4) O2
Ans. (3)
– + +
35. The hybridisation of orbitals of N atom in NO3 , NO2 and NH4 are respectively:- [AIEEE-2011]
3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
(1) sp, sp , sp (2) sp , sp , sp (3) sp, sp , sp (4) sp , sp, sp
Ans. (4)
36. The structure of IF7 is :- [AIEEE-2011]

(1) Octahedral (2) Pentagonal bipyramid
(3) Square pyramid (4) Trigonal bipyramid
Ans. (2)
37. Among the following the maximum covalent character is shown by the compound :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) AlCl3 (2) MgCl2 (3) FeCl2 (4) SnCl2

Ans. (1)
38. Which of the following has maximum number of lone pairs associated with Xe ? [AIEEE-2011]
(1) XeO3 (2) XeF4 (3) XeF6 (4) XeF2
Ans. (4)
39. The number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in calcium carbide are: [AIEEE-2011]
(1) one  and one  bonds
(2) two  and one  bonds
(3) two  and two  bonds
(4) one  and two  bonds
Ans. (4)
40. Ortho-Nitrophenol is less soluble in water than p- and m-Nitrophenols because:
(1) o-Nitrophenol is more volatile in steam than those of m-and p-isomers
(2) o-Nitrophenol shows Intramolecular H-bonding
(3) o-Nitrophenol shows Intermolecular H-bonding
(4) melting point of o-Nitrophenol is lower than those of m-and p-isomers
Ans. (2)
41. The molecule having smallest bond angle is :- [AIEEE-2012]
(1) PCl3 (2) NCl3 (3) AsCl3 (4) SbCl3
Ans. (4)
42. In which of the following pairs the two species are not isostructural ? [AIEEE-2012]
3– 2– – +
(1) AlF and SF6
6 (2) CO and NO
3 3 (3) PCl and SiCl4
4 (4) PF5 and BrF5
Ans. (4)
43. Which one of the following molecules is expected to exhibit dimagnetic behaviour [AIEEE-2013]
(1) C2 (2) N2 (3) O2 (4) S2
Ans.
44. Which of the following is the wrong statement ? [AIEEE-2013](1) ONCl and
ONO– are not isoelectronic
(2) O3 molecule is bent
(3) Ozone is violet - black in solid state
(4) Ozone is diamagnetic gas.
Ans. (1)
45. For which of the following molecule µ  0 [JEE (Main) - 2013]
Cl Cl OH OH
; ; ;
Cl CN OH
(I) (II) (III) SH
(IV)
(1) Only I (2) I and II (3) Only III (4) III and IV
Ans. (4)

46. Which is the correct statement for the molecule, CsI3 ? [JEE MAIN-2014]
(1) It is a covalent molecule
(2) It contain Cs+ & I3-
(3) It contains Cs3+ & I- ions
(4) It contains Cs+, I- & lattice I2 molecule
Ans. (2)
47. Which one of the following properties is not shown by NO? [JEE MAIN-2014]
(1) It combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
(2) It’s bond order is 2.5
(3) It is diamagnetic in gaseous state
(4) It is a neutral oxide
Ans. (3)
48. The number and type of bonds in C22– ion in CaC2 are : [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) Two  bonds and one  - bond (2) Two  bonds and two  - bonds
(3) One  bond and two  - bonds (4) One  bond and one  - bond
Ans. (3)
49. For the compounds [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I and CH3F,
the correct order of increasing C-halogen bond length is :
(1) CH3F < CH3Br < CH3Cl < CH3I (2) CH3F < CH3Cl < CH3Br < CH3I
(3) CH3Cl < CH3Br < CH3F < CH3I (4) CH3F < CH3I < CH3Br < CH3Cl
Ans. (2)
50. Chloro compound of Vanadium has only spin magnetic moment of 1.73 BM. This Vanadium chloride has the formula:
(at. no. of V = 23) [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) VCl4 (2) VCl3 (3) VCl2 (4) VCl5
Ans. (1)
51. Which of the following has unpaired electron(s) ? [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
– 2+ 2–
(1) O 2
(2) N2 (3) O2 (4) N2
Ans. (1)
52. Which one of the following does not have a pyramidal shape ? [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) P(CH3)3 (2) (SiH3)3 N (3) (CH3)3 N (4) P(SiH3)3
Ans. (2)
53. Shape of certain interhalogen compounds are stated below. Which one of them is not correctly stated ?
[JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) IF7 : Pentagonal bipyramid (2) BrF5 : Trigonal bipyramid
(3) ICl3 : Planar dimeric (4) BrF3 : Planar T - shaped
Ans. (2)
54. The correct order of bond dissociation energy among N2, O2, O2– is shown in which ofthe following arrangements ?
(1) N2 > O2 > O2– (2) O2 > O2– > N2 (3) N2 > O2– > O2 (4) O2– > O2 > N2
Ans. (1)
55. Which of the following molecules has two sigma() and two pi () bonds :- [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) HCN (2) C2H2Cl2 (3) N2F2 (4) C2H4
Ans. (1)
56. The reason for double helical structure of DNA is the operation of : [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) Electrostatic attractions (2) Hydrogen bonding
(3) Dipole - Dipole interactions (4) van der Waals forces
Ans. (2)
57. Which one of the following molecule is paramagnetic [JEE Main (Online) 2014]
(1) NO (2) O3 (3) N2 (4) CO
Ans. (1)
58. Which among the following is the most reactive ? [JEE MAIN-2015]
(1) I2 (2) ICl (3) Cl2 (4) Br2
Ans. (2)
59. Which one has the highest boiling point? [JEE MAIN-2015]
(1) Kr (2) Xe (3) He (4) Ne
Ans. (2)
60. After understanding the assertion and reason, choose the correct option : [JEE Main (Online) 2015]
Assertion : In the bonding molecular orbital (MO) of H2, electron density is increased between the nuclei.
Reason : The bonding MO is A + B which shows destructive interference of the combining electron waves.
(1) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.
(2) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.
(3) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
Ans. (3)
61. The geometry of XeOF4 by VSEPR theory is [JEE Main (Online) 2015]
(1) Trigonal bipyramidal (2) Square pyramidal
(3) Octahedral (4) Pentagonal planar
Ans. (2)
62. Choose the incorrect formula out of the four compounds for an element X below : [JEE Main (Online) 2015]
(1) X2Cl3 (2) X2O3 (3) X2(SO4)3 (4) XPO4
Ans. (1)
63. Molecule AB has a bond length of 1.617 Å and a dipole moment of 0.38 D. The fractional charge on each atom
(absolute magnitude) is : (e0 = 4.802 × 10–10 esu) [JEE Main (Online) 2015]
(1) 0 (2) 0.05 (3) 0.5 (4) 1.0
Ans. (2)
64. The intermolecular interaction that is independent on the inverse cube of distance between the molecules is :
[JEE Main 2015]
(1) ion-ion interaction (2) ion - dipole interaction (3) London force (4) Hydrogen bond
Ans. (2)

65. The species in which the N atom is in a state of sp hybridization is: [JEE MAIN-2016]
(1) NO–2 (2) NO–3 (3) NO2 (4) NO2

Ans. (4)
66. The group of molecules having identical shape is : [JEE Main (Online) 2016]
(1) SF4, XeF4, CCl4 (2) ClF3, XeOF2, XeF3+ (3) BF3, PCl3, XeO3 (4) PCl5, IF5, XeO2F2
Ans. (2)
67. The bond angle H–X–H is the greatest in the compound : [JEE Main (Online) 2016]
(1) CH4 (2) NH3 (3) H2O (4) PH3
Ans. (1)
68. Which of the following species is not paramagnetic :- [JEE MAIN-2017]
(1) NO (2) CO (3) O2 (4) B2
Ans. (2)
69. The group having triangular planar structure is : [JEE Main (Online) 2017]
2– 2– – 2–
(1) BF3, NF3, CO3 (2) CO3 , NO SO3 3 ,
(3) NH3, SO3, CO3 (4) NCl3, BCl3, SO3
Ans. (2)
70. The correct sequence of decreasing number of -bonds in the structure of H2SO3, H2SO4 and H2S2O7 is
(1) H2S2O7 > H2SO3 > H2SO4 (2) H2S2O7 > H2SO4 > H2SO3
(3) H2SO4 > H2S2O7 > H2SO3 (4) H2SO3 > H2SO4 > H2S2O7
Ans. (2)
71. Which of the following is paramagnetic ? [JEE Main (Online) 2017]
(1) CO (2) NO+ (3) O22– (4) B2
Ans. (4)
72. sp3d2 hybridization is not displayed by : [JEE Main (Online) 2017]
(1) SF6 (2) BrF5 (3) PF5 (4) [CrF6]3–
Ans. (3)
JEEADVANCED
Subjective Type Questions
1. State four major physical properties that can be used to distinguish between covalent and ionic compounds. Mention
the distinguish features in each case. [JEE 1978]
Ans. Melting Point, Boiling Point, Solubility, Conductivity in aqueous solution
2. Write the Lewis dot structural formula for each of the following. Give also, the formula of a neutral molecule, which
has the same geometry and the same arrangement of the bonding electrons as in each of the following. An example
is given below in the case of H3O+ and NH3. [JEE 1983]
+
H H
... ..H
H .O
. .... H
H.N
.. ..
Lewis dot Neutral
structure Molecule
(i) O22– (ii) CO32– (iii) CN– (iv) NCS–

3. What effect should the following resonance of vinyl chloride have on its dipole moment ? [JEE 1987]
 CH 2  C  HCl
CH 2  CH  Cl 
Ans. Resonance in vinyl chloride increases polar character of the molecules.

4. Give reason carbon oxygen bond lengths in formic acid are 1.23Å & 1.36 Å and both the carbon oxygen bonds in
sodium formate have the same value i.e. 1.27Å. [JEE '88]
5. Arrange the following as stated. [JEE 1991]
“Increasing strength of hydrogen bonding (X–H–X).”
O, S, F, Cl, N
Ans. S < Cl < N < O < F
6. Give reason in two or three sentences only for the following : [JEE 1992]
“Hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidising as well as a reducing agent.”
7. The dipole moment of KCl is 3.336 × 10–29 C-m which indicates that it is a highly polar molecule. The interatomic distance
between K+ and Cl– in this molecule is 2.6 × 10–10 m. Calculate the dipole moment of KCl molecule if there were opposite
charges of one fundamental unit located at each nucleus. Calculate the percentage ionic character of KCl.
[JEE 1993]
Ans. 80.2 %
8. The experimentally determined N–F bond length in NF3 is greater than the sum of single bond covalent radii of N
& F. Explain. [JEE 1995]
9. Explain why the dipole moment of NH3 is more than that of NF3. [JEE 1995]
10. Explain the difference in the nature of bonding in LiF & LiI. [JEE 1996]
11. In the reaction, I– + I2  I3–, which is the Lewis acid ? [JEE 1997]
Ans. I2
12. Between Na+ and Ag+, which is stronger Lewis acid and why ? [JEE 1997]
+
Ans. Ag
13. Arrange the following ions in order of their increasing radii : Li+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+ [JEE 1997]
Ans. Al3+ < Mg2+ < Li+ < K+
14. Using the VSEPR theory, identify the type of hybridisation and draw the structure of OF2. What are the oxidation
states of O and F ? [JEE 1997]
+2
O
×
××
×
×
× ×
×F O × F× -1F F -1
×
×
×
×
V-shaped
Ans.
Electron pair = P = 2 + 2 = 4
Hybridisation = sp3
15. Interpret the non-linear shape of H2S molecule and non-planar shape of PCl3 using valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory. (Atomic number : H = 1, P = 15, S =16, Cl = 17) [JEE 1998]
Ans. In H2S, S is sp3 -hybridised with two lone pairs of electrons on it giving V-shaped (water like) shape. In PCl 3, P is
sp3 -hybridised with one lone pair.
16. Write the MO electron distribution of O2. Specify its bond order and magnetic property. [JEE 2000]

Ans. Bond order = 2, Paramagnetic
17. Draw the molecular structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeO2F2, indicating the location of lone pair(s) of electrons.
[JEE 2000]
18. Using VSEPR theory, draw the shape of PCl5 and BrF5. [JEE 2003]
19. Draw the shape of XeF4 and OSF4 according to VSEPR theory. Show the lone pair of electrons on the central atom.
[JEE 2004]
20. On the basis of ground state electronic configuration, arrange the following molecules in increasing O–O bond
length order, O2, KO2 and O2 [AsF6] [JEE 2004]
Ans. Bond order = O2– = 1.5, O2 = 2, O2+ = 2.5
Bond length = O2+ < O2 > O2–
21. Predict whether the following molecules are isostructural or not. Justify your answer. [JEE 2005]
(i) NMe3 (ii) N(SiMe3)3
Ans. No, (i) NMe3 is pyramidal while (ii) nN(SiMe3)3 is planar. In the latter case, p-d back bonding between N and Si
makes N sp2 -hybridised.
22. Based on VSEPR theory, the number of 90° F–Br–F angles in BrF5 is [JEE 2010]
Ans. 4
23. The total number of lone-pair of electrons in melamine is [JEE 2013]
Ans. 6
24. A list of species having the formula XZ4 is given below : [JEE 2014]
– – 2+ 2– 2– 2–
XeF4, SF4, SiF4, BF4 , BrF , [Cu(NH3)4] , [FeCl4] , [CoCl4] and [PtCl4]
4
Defining shape on the basis of the location of X and Z atoms, the total number of species having a square planar
shape is
Ans. 4
25. The total number of lone pairs of electrons in N2O3 is. [JEE 2015]
Ans. 8
26. Among the triatomic molecules/ions, BeCl2 , N3– , N2O, NO2+ .O3, SCl2, ICl2–, I3–, and XeF2, the total number of linear
molecule(s)/ion(s) where the hybridization of the central atom does not have contribution from the
d-orbital(s) is
[Atomic number: S = 16, Cl = 17, I = 53 and Xe = 54] [JEE 2015]
Ans. 4
27. The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each central atom in the following species is – [JEE 2017]
[TeBr6]2–, [BrF2]+, SNF3, and [XeF3]–
(Atomic numbers : N = 7, F = 9, S = 16, Br = 35, Te = 52, Xe = 54)
Ans. 6
28. Among H2, He2+, Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2, O2– and F2, the number of diamagnetic species is [JEE 2017]
(Atomic numbers : H = 1, He = 2, Li = 3, Be = 4, B = 5, C = 6, N = 7, O = 8, F = 9)
Ans. 6
Objective Type Questions

29. The compound which contains both ionic and covalent bonds is [JEE 1979]
(A) CH4 (B) H2 (C) KCN (D) KCl
Ans. (C)
30. The total number of electrons that take part in forming the bonds in N2 is [JEE 1980]
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 10
Ans. (C)
31. Which of the following compound is covalent ? [JEE 1980]
(A) H2 (B) CaO (C) KCl (D) Na2S
Ans. (A)
32. Element X is strongly electropositive and element Y is strongly electronegative. Both are univalent. The compound
formed would be [JEE 1980]
(A) X+Y– (B) X–Y+ (C) X – Y (D) X  Y
Ans. (A)
33. If a molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma bonding orbitals used by M (atomic number < 21) are
[JEE 1981]
(A) pure p (B) sp-hybridised (C) sp2-hybridised (D) sp3-hybridised
Ans. (C)
34. Among the following, the linear molecules is [JEE 1982]
(A) CO2 (B) NO2 (C) SO2 (D)ClO2
Ans. (A)
35. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is [JEE 1982]
(A) CN– (B) O2+ (C) O2– (D) N2+
Ans. (A)
36. Carbon tetrachloride has no net dipole moment because of [JEE 1983]
(A) its planar structure
(B) its regular tetrahedral structure
(C) similar sizes of carbon and chlorine atoms
(D) similar electron affinities of carbon and chlorine
Ans. (B)
37. Which one among the following does not have the hydrogen bond ? [JEE 1983]
(A) Phenol (B) Liquid NH3 (C) Water (D) HCl
Ans. (D)
38. On hybridisation of one s and one p-orbital we get [JEE 1984]
(A) two mutually perpendicular orbitals (B) two orbitals at 180°C
(C) four orbitals directed tetrahedrally (D three orbitals in a plane
Ans. (B)
39. The bond between two identical non-metal atoms has a pair of electrons [JEE 1986]

(A) unequally shared between the two
(B) transferred fully from one atom to another
(C) with identical spins
(D) equally shared between them
Ans. (D)
40. The hybridisation of sulphur in sulphur dioxide is [JEE 1986]
(A) sp (B) sp3 (C) sp2 (D) dsp2
Ans. (C)
41. Of the following compounds, which will have a zero dipole moment ? [JEE 1987]
(A) 1,1-dichloroethylene (B) cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
(C) trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (D) None of the above
Ans. (C)
42. The species in which the central atom uses sp2 - hybrid orbitals in its bonding is [JEE 1988]
(A) PH3 (B) NH3 (C) CH3+ (D) SbH3
Ans. (C)
43. The molecule that has linear structure is [JEE 1988]
(A) CO2 (B) NO2 (C) SO2 (D) SiO2
Ans. (A)
44. The Cl–C–Cl angle ion 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethene and tetrachloromethane respectively will be about [JEE 1988]
(A) 120° and 109.5° (A) 90° and 109.5° (C) 109.5° and 90° (C) 109.5° and 120°
Ans. (A)
45. Which of the following is paramagnetic ? [JEE 1989]
(A) O2– (B) CN– (C) CO (D) NO+
Ans. (A)
46. The molecule which has pyramidal shape is [JEE 1989]
(A) PCl3 (B) SO3 (C) CO32– (D) NO3–
Ans. (A)
47. The molecule which has zero dipole moment is [JEE 1989]
(A) CH2Cl2 (B) BF3 (C) NF3 (D) ClO2
Ans. (B)
48. The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in ClO2– is [JEE 1992]
3 2
(A) sp (B) sp (C) sp (D) None of these
Ans. (A)
49. The maximum possible number of hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form is [JEE 1992]
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 1
Ans. (B)

50. Which one of the following molecules is planar ? [JEE 1996]
(A) NF3 (B) NCl3 (C) PH3 (D) BF3
Ans. (D)
51. Among the following species, identify the isostructural pairs. [JEE 1996]
– +
NF3, NO3 , BF3, H3O , N3H
(A) [NF3, NO3–] and [BF3, H3O+] (B) [NF3, N3H] and [NO3–, BF3]
(C) [NF3, H3O+] and [NO3–, BF3] (D) [NF3, H3O+] and [N3H, BF3]
Ans. (C)
52. The number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms is CaC2 are [JEE 1996]
(A) one sigma() and one pi() bonds (B) one sigma() and two pi() bonds
(C) one sigma() and one half pi() bonds (D) one sigma() bond
Ans. (B)
53. The cyanide ion CN– and N2 are isoelectronic, but in contrast to CN–, N2 is chemically inert because of [JEE 1997]
(A) low bond energy
(B) absence of bond polarity
(C) unsymmetrical electron distribution
(D) presence of more number of electron in bonding orbitals
Ans. (B)
54. Among KO2, AlO2–, BaO2 and NO2+ , unpaired electron is present in [JEE 1997]
+ –
(A) NO2 and BaO2 (B) KO2 and AlO2 (C) Only KO2 (D) Only BaO2
Ans. (C)
55. Which one of the following compound has sp2 – hybridisation ? [JEE 1997]
(A) CO2 (B) SO2 (C) N2O (D) CO
Ans. (B)
56. Which contains both polar and non-polar bonds ? [JEE 1997]
(A) NH4Cl (B) HCN (C) H2O2 (D) CH4
Ans. (C)
57. The geometry & the type of hybrid orbitals present about the central atom in BF3 is : [JEE 1998]
2 3
(A) linear, sp (B) trigonal planar, sp (C) tetrahedral, sp (D) pyramidal, sp3
Ans. (B)
58. Shape of XeF4 molecule is [Roorkee 1998]
(A) Linear (B) Pyramidal (C) Tetrahedral (D) Square Planar
Ans. (D)
59. The geometry of H2S and its dipole moment are [JEE 1999]
(A) angular & non zero (B) angular & zero (C) linear & non zero (D) linear & zero
Ans. (A)
60. In the compound CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH2 – C  CH, the C2 – C3 bonds is of [JEE-1999]
2 3 3 3 2 3
(A) sp – sp (B) sp – sp (C) sp–sp (D) sp – sp
Ans. (D)
61. The correct order of increasing C–O bond length of CO, CO2–
3
, CO2 is [JEE 1999]
(A) CO2–
3
< CO2 < CO (B) CO2 < CO2–
3
< CO (C) CO < CO2–
3
< CO2 (D) CO < CO2 < CO2–
3

Ans. (A)
62. In compounds type ECl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the angles Cl – E – CI is in the order [JEE 1999]
(A) B > P = As = Bi (B) B > P > As > Bi (C) B < P = As = Bi (D) B < P < As < Bi
Ans. (B)
63. The correct order of dipole moment is [Roorkee 1999]
(A) CH4 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O
(B) NF3 < CH4 < NH3 < H2O
(C) NH3 < NF3 < CH4 < H2O
(D) H2O < NH3 < NF3 < CH4
Ans. (A)
64. The hybridisation of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in NO2+, NO3– and NH4+ are [JEE 2000]
(A) sp, sp3 and sp2 respectively (B) sp, sp2 and sp3 respectively
(C) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively (D) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively
Ans. (B)
65. The common features among the species CN–, CO and NO+ are [JEE 2000]
(A) bond order three and isoelectronic
(B) bond order three and weak field ligands
(C) bond order two and acceptors
(D) isoelectronic and weak field ligands
Ans. (A)
66. Amongst H2O, H2S , H2Se and H2Te, the one with the highest boiling point is [JEE 2000]
(A) H2O because of hydrogen bonding (B) H2Te because of higher molecular weight
(C) H2S because of hydrogen bonding (D) H2Se because of lower molecular weight
Ans. (A)
67. Molecular shape of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are [JEE 2000]
(A) the same, with 2, 0 and 1 lone pair of electrons respectively.
(B) the same, with 1, 1 and 1 lone pair of electrons respectively.
(C) different, with 0, 1 and 2 lone pair of electrons respectively.
(D) different, with 1, 0 and 2 lone pair of electrons respectively.
Ans. (D)
68. Which molecules has zero dipole moment [Roorkee 2000]
(A) H2O (B) CO2 (C) HF (D) HBr
Ans. (B)
69. The correct order of hybridization of the central atom in the following species NH3, [PtCl4]–2, PCl5 and BCl3 is
[JEE 2001]
(A) dsp2, sp3d, sp2 and sp3 (B) sp3, dsp2, sp3d, sp2

(C) dsp2, sp2, sp3, sp3d (D) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
Ans. (B)
70. The number of S–S bonds in sulphur trioxide trimer S3O9 is [JEE 2001]
(A) Three (B) Two (C) One (D) Zero
Ans. (D)
71. Specify the coordination geometry and hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of BF3 and NH3
[JEE 2002]
(A) N : tetrahedral, sp3; B : tetrahedral, sp3 (B) N : pyramidal, sp3; B : pyramidal, sp3
(C) N : pyramidal, sp3; B : planar, sp2 (D) N : pyramidal, sp3; B : tetrahedral, sp3
Ans. (A)
72. Which of the following molecular species has unpaired electron(s) ? [JEE 2002]
(A) N2 (B) F2 (C) O2– (D) O2–
2
Ans. (C)
73. The nodal plane in the -bond of ethene is located in [JEE 2002]
(A) the molecular plane
(B) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
(C) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which bisects, the carbon-carbon  bond at right angle.
(D) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which contains, the carbon-carbon bond.
Ans. (A)
74. Among the following, the molecule with the highest dipole moment is [JEE 2003]
(A) CH3Cl (B) CH2Cl2 (C) CHCl3 (D) CCl4
Ans. (A)
75. Which of the following are isoelectronic and isostructural ? [JEE 2003]
NO3– , CO32–, ClO–3 , SO3
(A) NO3–, CO2–
3
(B) SO3, NO–3 (C) ClO–3, CO2–
3
(D) CO2–
3
, SO3
Ans. (A)
76. Number of lone pair(s) in XeOF4 is/are [JEE 2004]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (B)
77. The acid having O–O bond is : [JEE 2004]
(A) H2S2O3 (B) H2S2O6 (C) H2S2O8 (D) H2S4O6
Ans. (C)
78. According to molecular orbital theory which of the following statement about the magnetic character and bond order
is correct regarding O2+ [JEE 2004]
(A) Paramagnetic and Bond order < O2 (B) Paramagnetic and Bond order > O2
(C) Diamagnetic and Bond order < O2 (D) Diamagnetic and Bond order > O2
Ans. (B)

79. Which species has the maximum number of lone pairs of electrons on the central atom?
(A) ClO–3 (B) XeF4 (C) SF4 (D) I3– [JEE 2005]
Ans. (D)
80. Among the following, the paramagnetic compound is [JEE 2007]
(A) Na2O2 (B) O3 (C) N2O (D) KO2
Ans. (D)
81. The species having bond order different from that in CO is [JEE 2007]
(A) NO– (B) NO+ (C) CN– (D) N2
Ans. (A)
82. The structure of XeO3 is [JEE 2007]
(A) linear (B) planar (C) pyramidal (D) T-shaped
Ans. (D)
83. Hyperconjugation involves overlap of which of the following orbitals ? [JEE 2008]
(A) - (B) - p (C) p - p (D) - 
Ans. (B)
84. The nitrogen oxide(s) that contain(s) N–N bond(s) is (are) [JEE 2009]
(A) N2O (B) N2O3 (C) N2O4 (D) N2O5
Ans. (A,B,C)
85. Assuming that Hund's rule is violated, the bond order and magnetic nature of the diatomic molecule B2 is
(A) 1 and diamagnetic (B) 0 and diamagnetic [JEE 2010]
(C) 1 and paramagnetic (D) 0 and paramagnetic
Ans. (A)
86. The species having pyramidal shape is [JEE 2010]
(A) SO3 (B) BrF3 (C) SiO2–
3
(D) OSF2
Ans. (D)
87. In allene (C3H4), the type(s) of hybridisation of the carbon atoms is (are) [JEE 2012]
(A) sp and sp3 (B) sp and sp2
(C) only sp2 (D) sp2 and sp3
Ans. (B)
88. The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is : [JEE 2012]
(A) Trigonal bipyramidal (B) Square planar (C) Tetrahedral (D) See-saw
Ans. (D)
89. Assuming 2s-2p mixing is NOT operative, the paramagnetic species among the following is : [JEE 2014]
(A) Be2 (B) B2 (C) C2 (D) N2
Ans. (C)
90. The percentage of p-character in the orbitals forming P–P bonds in P4 is

(A) 25 (B) 33 (C) 50 (D) 75
Ans. (D)
One or more than one type questions
91. Dipole moment is shown by [JEE 1986]
(A) 1, 4-dichlorobenzene (B) cis-1,2-dichloroethene
(C) trans-1, 2-dichloroethene (D) trans-1, 2-dichloro-2-pentene
Ans. (B,D)
92. CO2 is isostructural with [JEE 1986]
(A) HgCl2 (B) C2H2 (C) SnCl2 (D) NO2
Ans. (A,B)
93. The linear structure assumed by [JEE 1991]
(A) SnCl2 (B) CS2 (C) NO2+ (D) NCO–
Ans. (B, C, D)
94. Which of the following have isentical bond order ? [JEE 1992]
(A) CN– (B) O2– (C) NO+ (D) CN+
Ans. (A, C)
95. The molecules that will have dipole moment are [JEE 1992]
(A) 2, 2-dimethyl propane (B) trans-2-pentene
(C) cis-3-hexene (D) 2,2,3,3-tetramethyl butane
Ans. (B,C)
96. The correct statement(s) about O3 is(are)
(A) O–O bond lengths are equal. (B) Thermal decomposition of O3 is endothermic.
(C) O3 is diamagnetic in nature. (D) O3 has a bent structure.
Ans. (A, C, D)
97. According to Molecular Orbital Theory [JEE 2016]
(A) C22- is expected to be diamagnetic (B) O22+ expected to have a longer bond length than O2
(C) N2+ and N2– have the same bond order (D) He2+ has the same energy as two isolated He atoms
Ans. (A, C)
98. The compound(s) with TWO lone pairs of electrons on the central atom is(are) [JEE 2016]
(A) BrF5 (B) ClF3 (C) XeF4 (D) SF4
Ans. (B, C)
99. The colour of the X2 molecules of group 17 elements changes gradually from yellow to violet down the group. This is
due to [JEE 2017]
(A) decrease in *-* gap down the group
(B) decrease in ionization energy down the group
(C) the physical state of X2 at room temperature changes from gas to solid down the group
(D) decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap down the group
Ans. (A, D)

Assertion & Reason Type Questions
100. Statement -1 LiCl is predominantly a covalent compound. [JEE 1998]
Statement - 2 Electronegativity difference between Li and Cl is too small.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
Ans. (C)
101. Statement 1 The electronic structure of O3 is [JEE 1998]
+
O
..
..O ..O- ..
.. ..
O
Statement 2 ..O .. O.. structure is not allowed because octet around O cannot be expanded.
.. ..
A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False
Ans. (A)
Match the Column
102. Match each of the diatomic molecules in Column I with its property / properties in Column II. [JEE 2009]
Column I Column II
(A) B2 (P) Paramagnetic
(B) N2 (Q) Undergoes oxidation
–
(C) O 2
(R) Undergoes reduction
(D) O2 (S) Bond order  2
(T) Mixing of 's' and `p' orbitals
Ans. Ap, q, r, t ; B q, r, s, t ; Cp, q, r ; D p, r, s
103. Match the orbital overlap figures shown in Column-I with the description given in Column-II and select the
correct answer using the code given below the Columns. [JEE Advanced 2014]
Column - I Column - II
P. 1. p – d  antibonding

Q. 2. d – d  bonding
R. 3. p – d  bonding
S. 4. d – d  antibonding
Ans. P2 ; Q3 ; R1 ; S4 ;

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - I
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 D

Q.6 B Q.7 D Q.8 A,B,C,D Q.9 A,B,C,D Q.10 D
Q.11 A Q.12 C Q.13 B,C,D Q.14 C Q.15 A,C
Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 D Q.19 B Q.20 A
Q.21 D Q.22 A,B Q.23 A,C Q.24 B,C Q.25 A,B
Q.26 A,B,C Q.27 B Q.28 D Q.29 C Q.30 B,C,D
Q.31 D Q.32 A Q.33 D Q.34 D Q.35 C
Q.36 A,C Q.37 A,B,C Q.38 A,B Q.39 B,C,D Q.40 B,C,D
Q.41 A,B,C,D Q.42 A,E Q.43 A,C Q.44 A Q.45 D
Q.46 C Q.47 B Q.48 C Q.49 B Q.50 C
Q.51 A Q.52 C Q.53 C Q.54 D Q.55 B
Q.56 A Q.57 A Q.58 A Q.59 B Q.60 A
Q.61 C Q.62 C Q.63 B Q.64 C Q.65 C
Q.66 A Q.67 B Q.68 D Q.69 A Q.70 A,C,D
Q.71 A,B,D Q.72 B,D Q.73 A,B Q.74 A Q.75 A,B
Q.76 A,B,C,D Q.77 B Q.78 A,B,D Q.79 A,B Q.80 B,C
Q.81 A,D Q.82 A,B,C Q.83 C Q.84 C Q.85 D
Q.86 C Q.87 D Q.88 C Q.89 C Q.90 D
Q.91 B Q.92 B Q.93 C Q.94 D Q.95 C
Q.96 D Q.97 B Q.98 C Q.99 A Q.100 A
Q.101 B Q.102 B,C,D Q.103 B,D Q.104 O2 >O3 >H2 O2
Q.105 A,D Q.106 A,B,C Q.107 A,B Q.108 B
Q.109 A,B,C,D Q.110 A,B,C,D Q.111 D Q.112 A Q.113 A
Q.114 C Q.115 D Q.116 D Q.117 B Q.118 A
Q.119 B Q.120 C Q.121 A Q.122 D Q.123 A,C,D
Q.124 B,C,D Q.125 B,C,D Q.126 A,B,C,D Q.127 B Q.128 A
Q.129 B Q.130 C Q.131 A Q.132 B Q.133 B
Q.134 A Q.135 C Q.136 D Q.137 B,D
Q.138 T, F, T, T, F, F, F, T, T, F Q.139 F, F, F, F, T, T, F, F
Q.140 (i) p-orbital, (ii) –bond, (iii) 1 , (iv) LP–LP & LP–BP, (v) more, less, (vi) 36
Q.143 (a) Linear, (b) square planar, (c) T.B.P. (d) bent, (e) linear, (f) bent
Q.144 1.2Å Q.146 2.33 Å Q.147 85% Q.148 1.4 Å
Q.149 84.5% Q.150 25%


Inorganic Chemistry: Chemical Bonding

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Inorganic Chemistry: Chemical Bonding

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Chemical Bonding [2]

Reasons for Bond formation:

 Lowerisation of energy due to attractions.

Types of bonds : Ionic, covalent, co-ordinate

IONIC BOND [ELECTROVALENT]

 Stability of oxidation state of a particular metal atom.

characteristics like various crystal lattices to be done in solid state.

Chemical Bonding [3]

Various Theories For Explaining Bonding

 Electronic theory of valency (Kossel, Lewis) ;Singlat linkages

Chemical Bonding [4]

2 2 0 AB2 sp B–A–B linear BeCl2

3 3 0 AB3 sp2 Trigonal BCl3,

3 2 1 AB2 sp2 Bent or GeF2,

4 4 0 AB4 sp3 Tetrahedral CH4

4 3 1 AB3 sp3 Trigonal NH3

4 2 2 AB2 sp3 Bent or H2 O

5 5 0 AB5 sp3 d Trigonal PF5 ,

5 4 1 AB4 sp3 d Seesaw SF4

5 3 2 AB3 sp3 d T-shaped ClF3,

5 2 3 AB2 sp3 d Linear ICI2–

6 6 0 AB6 sp3d2 Octahedral SF6

6 5 1 AB5 sp3d2 Square IF5

Chemical Bonding [5]

6 4 2 AB4 sp3d2 Square IF4

7 7 0 AB7 sp3d3 Pentagonal IF7

HOW TO DECIDE THE TYPE OF HYBRIDISATION :

1. Comparison of bond angles.

Chemical Bonding [7]

Q.2 An ionic bond A B  is most likely to be formed when :

Q.5 The hydration of ionic compounds involves :

Q.13 Most ionic compounds have :

Chemical Bonding [8]

Q.15 Which of the following have an (18 + 2) electron configuration ?

Q.18 The maximum covalency is equal to

Q.20 PCl 5 exists but NCl 5 does not because :

Q.21 Which of the following has/have a strong covalent bond?

Q.22 Which of the following statements is/are true?

Q.24 The octet rule is not obeyed in :

Q.26 To which of the following species octet rule is not applicable :

Q.28 The types of bond present in N2O5 are

Q.30 Which of the following species contain covalent coordinate bond :

Q.33 The possible structure(s) of monothiocarbonate ion is :

(A) S (B) S (C) C (D) C

Q.34 The valency of sulphur in sulphuric acid is :

Q.35 The total number of valence electrons in 4.2g of N 3 ion are :

Q.38 Which of the following have a three dimensional network structure ?

Q.39 Which of the following oxyacids of sulphur contain S  S bonds ?

Q.41 Which of the following conditions apply to resonating structures ?

Q.43 Resonance occurs due to the

V.B.T. & HYBRIDISATION

Q.47 Maximum bond energy is in :

Chemical Bonding [11]

Q.52 The shape of methyl cation (CH 3 ) is likely to be:

Q.53 The structure of XeF2 involves hybridization of the type :

Q.54 In the XeF4 molecule, the Xe atom is in the

Q.55 How many - and - bonds are there in salicyclic acid?

Q.56 Which of the following statements are not correct?

Q.60 The shapes of IF5 and IF7 are respectively :

Q.61 Carbon atoms in C 2 (CN ) 4 are :

Q.62 CO2 has the same geometry as :