“Analytical Major”

Topic:
“Basic principle of IR absorption”
Submitted by:
           Name:
“Tanveer Hussain”
           Roll no:
“04”
Submitted to:
“Sir Muhammad sher”

“Lahore Campus”
Overview:
 Basic and principle:

 Stretching

 Bending

 Symmetrical stretching

 Asymmetrical stretching

 Scissoring vibration

 Rocking vibration

 Wagging vibration

 Twisting vibration
Basic principle of IR spectroscopy or IR absorption
spectroscopy:
Basic and principle:
 It is a type of absorption spectroscopy used to determined
the functional group e.g cationic group, aldehyde group
and are alcoholic group
 Infrared radiations are used and vibrational spectra occur
Major requirement of IR:
Compounds or sample
 These sample or compounds should have dipole moment
it is essential for IR
 Which compounds or sample have not dipole moment
that is IR inactive compounds
 Two compounds will never shows similar IR spectra if they
are enatiomers
Designation abbreviation wavelength
Near-Infrared NIR (0.7-1) to 5 μm
Mid-Infrared MIR 5 to (25-40) μm
Far-Infrared FIR (25-40) to 200-350
μm
 Principle:
The IR spectroscopy theory utilizes the concept that molecules
tend to absorb specific frequencies of light that are characteristic
of the corresponding structure of the molecules.
The energies are reliant on the shape of molecular surfaces the
associated vibration coupling the mass corresponding to the
atoms.
For instance, the molecule can absorb the energy contained in
the incident light and the result is faster rotation or more
pronounced vibration

IR active compounds will get IR spectra gets excited and shows

vibrational rotational spectra, which is characteristics for
functional groups and fingerprinting.
Types:
So, there are two types of fundamental vibrations in IR
spectroscopy
1. Stretching
2. Bending
This graph which marked the blue line shows that stretching
vibrations and green lines shows the bending vibrations.
 1. Stretching:
In chemical compound: Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. These
movements are termed stretching vibrations.
In addition, the bond axis (defined as the line directly joining two
bonded atoms) of one bond may rock back and forth within the
plane it shares with another bond or bend back and forth outside
that plane
There are two types of stretching vibrations.

1.  Symmetrical stretching:

Both atoms are going away from the central atom and
simultaneously they are going to central atom it means that they
change the bonds length.
Example:

Let's take a {CH2} group as an example.

If the two hydrogen atoms connected to the carbon move in the

same direction.

During stretching, it's a symmetric stretch, if they are going

in opposite directions, the stretch is asymmetric

2.  Asymmetrical stretching:

One atom going towards the central atom and one is going
away from the central atom and the vice versa.

Other is going towards the central atom and first one move
away from the central atom it mean that the again change the
bond length.

Some bonds are getting shorter at the same time as others are
getting longer

.
Bending Vibrations:

In chemical compound: 

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. These movements are

called bending vibrations. Both stretching and bending
vibrations represent different energy levels of a molecule.

Bending vibrations change the angle between two bonds so

There are four types of bending vibrations.

Scissoring vibration:

Is a plane vibrational here both the atoms are coming towards the
central atom and simultaneously away from the central atoms.

But both central atoms remain in a same plane

So, that’s why scissoring vibrational is plane vibrational

Vibration Scissoring is movement of two atoms toward and

away from each others.

Rocking:
Again this is plane vibration both the atoms vibrating in same
plane we can see it is in clock wise direction as well as anti clock
wise directions.

But important part is both these vibrations are in a plane

vibrations where we comparing both these vibrations with
wagging

Wagging:

Both the atoms coming towards the central atoms and

simultaneously away from the central atoms.

Mean they are not in one plane so, that wagging vibrations is out
of the plane it shows that they disturbance of the plane so, the
atoms are not remain in the plane.

Example:
Twisting:

Twisting vibration is again out of plane vibrations one atom

coming towards the central atom and one going away from the
central atoms.

That again twisting vibrations and due all six vibrations molecules
yet vibrations and yet absorbed.

Example:
2. Each type of vibration contributes to infrared spectrum. For
example, here is the spectrum of formaldehyde, H₂C=O.