c j



   



  Ú


 1. Where is English used in your country?
‰
2. What language do mast people learn as a second
language?
3. Why do so many people learn to speak English?
............................................

More than 6,000 languages are spoken in the world today, Of course, many
of these languages are spoken by small groups of. In fact, some languages are
spoken by only a few hundred people. On the other land, more than 200
languages are spoken by groups of one million or more people. Of these
languages, 24 have more than 50 million speakers each. Many people all over
the world use one international language to communicate with each other.
That languages is English.

More than 400 million people speak English as their first, or native,
languages. Yet there are now even more speakers of English as a second
language than there are speakers of English as a first language! The number
of people who speak English is growing quickly. Because of the huge
population of china²more than one billion people²Chinese is the only
language with more speaker than English. English is the native of official
language of one-fifth of the land area of the world. It is spoken in Australia,
Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United
States. It is also one of the official languages in India.
 More people study English than any other language. In many countries,
the textbooks in universities are in English. Furthermore, many university
classes are taught in English even though English is not the native language
of the student.
English is the language of international communication. It is the language
of international business, research, and science. More than three-fourths of
the world¶s mail is written in English. Three-fifths of the world¶s radio
stations use English. More than half of the world¶ scientific and research
journals are in English. Most other languages have borrowed many English
words.
Why did English become the international language? In the middle of the
nineteenth century, French was the international language? Than England
become very powerful in the world. England started colonies in North
America and India and, later, in Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific. The
people in those colonies had to use English. Slowly, it became more useful
and important internationally than French. After the Second World War, the
United States became very powerful, and even more people began to learn
English.
Is English a good international language? It is probably the world¶s largest
language with more than million words! The grammar is simple than in the
other major languages. However, English spelling is difficult, especially for
nonnative speakers of English. The major reason the spelling in English is
difficult is that Modern English spelling represents Old English
pronunciation. The We use today is written almost the same as it was
hundreds and hundreds of years ago, but the way people pronounce the words
has changed a lot. Therefore, many words in English are not pronounced the
way they are spelled.
People have often tries to create new languages for communication.
Hundreds of artificial languages have been invented since 1880. Esperanto is
The most well-known of these ³universal´ languages. No one speaks these
languages as a native language. People try to use them to communicate in the
world. However, none of them has ever become popular. English is the only
true international language.


CHAPTER 1 The Principle of Economics

1.Introduction: esckþIepþIm

c Economy? The source from § eTs§kic r s;

§ eTs§kic.
c esdækic©manny½faGñk§
;§
pÞHs
ME 
 GñkEfrkSa§TBü ni
cMnUleGay)an good.
c e§ I§)as;FnFank§mredim,IeqøIyt
eTAt§mÚvkar esckþI§)afña
ni snSMsMéc.
 c Scare resource in the world always an damage and
destroy.
The man principle of economic.

-mnusS§ m ni karlH ;.

2. The man principle of Economic 10.

c mnusS§ m ni karlH ;.

c mnusSlH ;GImYy TTYl)anGImYy.
ex uluykak;edIm,IcMeNHdw.
nisSitlH ; u
menasej©tnaedim,IGna
t;.
ulH ;kmøaMkay
jØaedIm,Ikarar.
c mnusSsmEhtupl
i
BIkarlMeGoËMagin).
ex.1$edIm,I)aysac;man;mYycan;.

1$edIm,I)ay§tIeotBIrcan;.

kareBjcitþ + cMNUl§ caMéf¶.

c People responded to incentive.
 ex.edIm,IeCa
Cy½kñúkarsikSa,PPIU,HOME,offe
ring the gift.

;edIm,IkñúGaCIvkmµ,sh§
aselIkTwkcitþ
u
lik
c Trade can made everyone better off.
ex.m;:asuIn§cÚt)anCYysMrYlkMlaMBllmµ
§sþI.
Gac§ k kararepS.
+CMnYyCaEpñkmYyénBaNiC¢kmµ
BaNiC¢kmµmanmuxarFMCamuxcMnYj.
sru mkBaNiC¢kmµeFVIeGayGñkral;
ña)anpl.
+GñkCMnYjBi)akeFVICaGñkBaNikmµNas;
EtGñkBaNikmµGaceFVICaGñkCMnYj)an.
CaFmµtaTIpSar
CameFüa)ayedIm,Iero cM
sßanPaBesdækic©.
+GñkCMnYjBi)akeFVICaGñkBaNikmµNas;
EtGñkBaNikmµGaceFVICaGñkCMnYj)an.
c
 +karBarTIpSarmanskmµPaB
CMrujeGayesdækic©
ImansßanPaBEdlta
mry:cMNUlcMNay.
+EdlehAfaTIpSar
ICakEnøEdlGñklk;
ni
GñkTijCY
ñaehIymantémøCak;EsþedI
m,IedaHdUr
ña
c Government sometime can improve Market Outcome.
+rdæaPi)aleBlxøHGaceFVIeGayTIpSarman
PaB§ esIeLI.
+ TGnþra
mn¾eTAPaBdYlrlMTIpSar.
ex.rdæeGayluy
µankar§)ak;.

+ TGnþra
mn¾eTAéføTMnij.
c § eTsmYyman TdæanCIvPaBrs;enAGa§
sy½elIsmtßPaBpliit.
uCMrujsmtßPaBplit
uCMrujkarvinieya

CMkar NþúH NþalFnFanmnS.
c Price when government printed more Monitory.
 ex: Mr. B, Mr. C, Mr. D, mñak;²manluy§
;
ña.
c;)anrfynþEtmYyEdlmanrfynþEtmYy.
rfynþeLIéfø.
c sm§ mnikarlH ;ry:eBlxøIBIGtipnaËInf
lation).
EX uFmµCati
eBlmane§
aHfñak; uTwkCmnn;
r t;neya)ay.


-EconomicEckecjCa2
w Microeconomic and Macroeconomic.

-Microeconomic
wsikSaGMBI
esdækic©§
Úsar, u
lËGtþcrikGaCIvkmµxña
ttUc,mFüm)
-
Macroecromic
wsikSaGMBIesdækic©TaMmUl§
caMqñaMnUmYy² uGDP plitplsru kñú§suk

unikmµPaB?
Economic
Production
w§tÚvkarËland)TItaMËCopital)edImTunË abol
)kmøaMBlkmµ
ËEnterpreneoship)PaBCash§
In manDusIu.
kkþaTaMeFVIeGaymanËProfit)plcMenjnaMeG
aymanËIncentive)TkcitþnimankþIsm.
snñidæan Made Economic is CharacterisficËcriklkçN ) as
following.

uPaBCakmµsiT§ÉkCn.
uCMerIs.
Profit an Incentive

-køahan

usµartIemaHmut
uhanlH ;
umanTMnak;TMn;l¥.
Production has to Responding
toËktþaplitkmµeqøIyt eTAni).
-What?
-How?
-When?
-Where?
-Who?

+§ Bn½ñesdækic©EckecjCA5Epñk
w
 u§ Bn½ñesdækic©§ éBNI
u§ Bn½ñesdækic©TIpSar
u§ Bnñ½kic©kmµúrnIs
u§ Bnñ½esdækic©c§muH
u§ Bnñ½esdækic©smniym.

General Economic Systems

1-
2.Market Economic System

-pl§ eyaC_ + kar§ kYt§ EC

uPromotion
-Price
-Supply Demand
+ Main point in Market Economic, We have to how to price of product.
-Total Cost

-MaterialËvtßúFatuedIm)

-Amount of Profit abillity.

+Supply, Demand, Impact on Price.

PriceËS)

15 ......A
10 ................A1 Demand curveËD)
5 ...........................B
o 10 20 30 Q Ëquantity)

P QD QS
P Q QS
CostËc) Supply Curve Ës)
10.............................E
8 ......................D
6 ...............C
4 ...........B
2 .....A
0 | | | | | Q
5 10 15 20 25
+tYnaTIr s;rdæaPi)alenAkñúesdækic©TIpSar
ukarFanadl;kar§ kYt§ ECËEnsuring Competition)
-karkarBardl;pl§ eyaCn_saFarN ËProtecting the public
Interest)

-karrkSarlMnwesdækic©Ëstabilizing the Economy)

ukarE EckePa
§TBüedaysmFm×ËEqualizing the

distribution of wealth)

esrIniymCamUlFnniym Ëliberalisms Capitalism

c Economic follow by liberation.

-Unemployed Insurances

-Minimum- wage cawsËkMNt;§)ak;ñÜlG ,rima)

-old- age pensionËesaFncas;Cra §)ak;GaE§tt)
-Health insuraceËkarFanasuvtþPaB)

-Civil rights legislationËnitikmµsiT§Blrdæ)

-Anti-poverty measuresËviFankar§ qaMPaB§kI§k)

emeronTI3
1-Indroduc
Supply? what, when, where, how, who
Demand? good price.

Elasticity? PaBE§ § Yl
w supply, demand,

price=production market
2-Tradition Science
 price is the key GtiprNa
Qs C QD GtiprNasac;R)ak;
QD>QS P
3-Model Economic

rU .2
4-
Quantity of p.c

300

220 ...........................c

200 ..................................A

D 600 700 100 Quantity of cars

krNI Firm products PC.3000 Car:0

krNI Firm products Car.1000 PC:0 productivity of product

krNI FirmA products PC.2000 Car:700

krNI FirmA products PC.2200 Car:600

xJúMxMsikSaedIm,IGna
t;r s;xJúM