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Indones. J. Chem., 2019, 19 (4), 1000 - 1007: Abstract
Indones. J. Chem., 2019, 19 (4), 1000 - 1007: Abstract
Thien Hien Tran1, Duy Chinh Nguyen1, Thuong Nhan Nguyen Phu1, Van Thi Thanh Ho2,
Dai Viet Nguyen Vo3, Long Giang Bach1, and Trinh Duy Nguyen1,*
1
NTT Hi-Technology Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 755000, Vietnam
2
Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Resources and Environment (HCMUNRE), Vietnam
3
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
compounds that are blended and have a characteristic higher the yield of the product [22], thus the size of
odor. At room temperatures, most essential oils in liquid lemongrass leaves in this study was investigated.
form have a density of less than 1 (except for some
Reagents
essential oils more substantial than water such as Anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), purchased
cinnamon, lilac, etc.), and are insoluble or partially from Sigma Aldrich (US), was used to remove water
soluble in water and sweet, hot and strong antiseptic. The from essential oils and purchased from Sigma Aldrich
chemical composition of the essential oils consists of (US). Deionized water by Milli-Q purification system
terpenes and oxygen derivatives of terpenes (such as (Millipore) (Massachusetts, USA) was used as a solvent
alcohols, aldehydes or ketones). Although there are many in the extraction process.
such constituents, usually, it is a few significant
constituents that contribute to the value and smell Procedure
characteristics of the essential oil. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation
Lemongrass is a tropical plant that produces The lemongrass oil extraction process was carried
aromatic oils [17]. One genus of lemongrass is out in a domestic microwave oven (Samsung MW71E)
Cymbopogon which consists of about 55 species and are connected to the clevenger apparatus for MAHD
native to the tropical and warm climate of Asia, Africa and operation. Experimental set up for the extraction stage is
America [18]. Lemongrass oil is an essential oil extracted depicted in Fig. 1(a). The Samsung MW71E has an
from parts of lemongrass such as lemongrass leaf, bulb of operating power of 100-800 W with a 250v-50Hz power
lemongrass. Lemongrass oil, as well as lemongrass, has source. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation were
been used in many fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, conducted at water to raw material ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3,
and industry [19-20]. Because of its Citral composition, 1:4, and 1:5 (g/mL) at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min and
the oil has a light yellow color and the smell of lemon operating microwave power of 150, 300, 450, 600 and
flavor. The utility of lemongrass oil is expressed through 750 W. The flask containing 100 g of lemongrass
its main components. To be specific, lemongrass oil is (Cymbopogon citratus) and deionized water was placed
commonly used in traditional medicine and is applied in in the microwave oven cavity. For collection of extracted
the production of perfumes and cosmetics [19]. Herein, essential oils, a clevenger apparatus was set on the top,
the study was to determine the optimum conditions for outside the oven.
lemongrass oil extraction by MAHD method then Hydrodistillation
compares the yield and composition of the extract In the MAHD process, 100 g of partially dried
obtained with the HD method. lemongrass leaves were placed into a 1000 mL volume
■ EXPERIMENTAL SECTION flask connected directly to the clevenger apparatus and
heated with Heating Mantle User Manual heater
Materials
(1000.EU.05, 300 W, Glassco Laboratory Equipment
Plant samples Pvt. Ltd. India). Experimental set up for the extraction
Collected from the Mekong Delta provinces of stage is illustrated in Fig. 1(b). The HD method added
Vietnam, the leaves of lemongrass are washed. According 400 mL of deionized water along with sample material.
to Madivoli et al. [21], partially dried lemongrass leaves Both methods were carried out at the same duration of
give yield higher essential oils than fresh lemongrass 360 min.
leaves, hence, once collected, the leaves will be dried at
Analysis of sample
70 ℃ for 5 h and kept in a moisture-free environment.
Different extracts were compared using their yields
Regarding the size of the material, previous studies
of essential oil, and the results were presented as a mean
indicated that the smaller the size of the material, the
value of each experiment. The yield of essential oil was
Fig 1. Lemongrass oil extraction system in this study (a) Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method,
(b) Hydrodistillation method
Fig 3. The effect of raw material to water ratio on the Fig 4. The effect of microwave power on the lemongrass
lemongrass oil extraction process (g/mL) oil extraction process (W)
Effect of water to raw material ratio on yield Effect of microwave power on yield
Fig. 3 demonstrated the effect of various raw Microwave power is one of the factors that affect
material to water ratio on lemongrass oil yield with the the lemongrass extraction process. Experimental
size material of 20 mm, microwave power level of 500 W investigations at different power levels such as 150, 300,
and at 90 min for extraction time. The mass of lemongrass 450, 600 and 750 W with the size lemongrass leaves is
leaves for all experiments in this survey is 100 g. By 20 mm in length and 90 min for time, and the raw
increasing the raw material to water ratio from 1:2 to 1:3, material to water is 1:3. In Fig. 4, the obtained yields were
the extracted oil yield increased from 0.25% to 0.35%. 0.1, 0.2, 0.35, 0.375 and 0.4% at 150, 300, 450, 600 and
From the ratio of 1:3 to 1:4 and from 1:4 to 1:5, the 750 W power, respectively. Clearly, high microwave
extracted oil yield decreased to 0.3% and 0.25% power led to a better yield of the oil but only to a certain
respectively. During an extraction by MAHD, the heat of limit of power level. It is because higher the temperature,
the microwave will osmose from within the material, caused by increased microwave power, incites the
break up the bag of essential oils and entrain the oils by movement of the constituents, subsequently raising the
steam. If the amount of water is insufficient to dissolve the velocity of chaotic movement of components in the
mixture of colloids and salt-wrapped bags of essential oil, mixture. This facilitates the diffusion process and allows
the essential oil cannot escape from the oil or a fire can greater water penetration into the material layer. The
break out (as raw material to water ratio = 1:1). Using surface contact area between the material and water also
more water to extract, the greater the diffusion of oil into gets enlarged, thus increasing the efficiency of
the water. Water is easily absorbed into the material, and extraction. However, excessive heat could generate cost
soluble components should be extracted, so the yield of inefficiency and cause temperature-sensitive substances
extracting essential oils increase. However, excessive in the oil to decompose, affecting the yield of extraction
water will dissolve or emulsify the oil, reducing the and the quality of the essential oil adversely. Therefore,
amount of oil obtained and in turn the economic microwave power of 450 W is selected to use for
efficiency of the extraction process due to increased subsequent experiments.
energy consumption and prolonged time of heat
Effect of extraction time on yield
extraction. As shown in Fig. 3, the ratio of raw materials The effect of the time in the extraction of
to water of 1:3 (g/mL) gives the best result of 0.35% yield lemongrass oil is shown in Fig. 5. The extraction time
for subsequent experiments. depends on the following factors: raw materials, solvent
ratio, and temperature. Visually, from 30 to 90 min, the and water can diffuse and exchange more effectively and
extraction time is proportional to oil yield. However, with quickly during microwave radiation so that essential oil
the extraction time being extended beyond 90 min, the can be extracted quickly and completely [7]. This is the
percentages of recovered oil seem to be static at 0.35%. In advantage of using the microwave in the extraction
addition, prolonged exposure with heat may cause some process. This method will help us save a large amount of
substances to be denatured which could in turn impair the time with large amounts of material on the industrial scale.
quality of the produced oil. The longer the extraction The results of GC-MS analyses of the essential oils
time, the more oil is obtained. However, when extending were given in Table 2 and GC-MS chromatogram
the extraction time to a certain limit, the amount of obtained for a sample of lemongrass oil in Fig. 6. Citral
recovered oil does not increase further and may affect the (neral and geranial) is the highest content in all two
quality of the product because some substances can be methods. However, the MAHD method was the highest
denatured due to prolonged exposure with temperature. at 93.28%, while the HD was 83.85%. In addition, the
It is also crucial to determine the optimal extraction time composition of myrcene, eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol, nerol
since it concerns energy consumption and production was also compared between the two extraction methods.
cost. With the survey period ranging from 0.15% yield at However, the GC-MS chromatogram of the HD oil
30 min to 0.35% at 150 min, we chose 90 min for method has many other impurities compared to the oil
lemongrass oil extraction process by microwave. obtained by the MAHD method, so the oil from the
MAHD method has a higher purity than the HD oil. This
Comparison of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)
Oil Obtained by Conventional Hydrodistillation difference can be explained because of the radiation of the
Method
The essential oils from lemongrass leaves are
extracted by MAHD, and traditional hydrodistillation
method has obtained yield of 0.35%S (v/w) in the MAHD
and 0.15% (v/w) in the HD. MAHD condition was
optimized regarding delivering the size material, raw
material to water ratio, microwave power and extraction
time. Table 1 shows the oil yields of extraction at different
conditions. Time extraction lemongrass oil of MAHD
method was four times shorter than that of HD procedure.
HD method takes 360 min to complete the extraction
process, whereas 90 min is sufficient for a complete Fig 5. The effect of time on lemongrass oil extraction
extraction by the MAHD method because raw material process (min)
Table 1. Comparison of factors of different methods Table 2. Component of lemongrass oil obtained by
Method MAHD HD MAHD, HD method
Material to water 1:3 1:4 Component MAHD (%) HD (%)
ratio (g/mL) Neral 34.11 35.13
Time extraction 90 360 Myrcene 0.91 3.61
(min) Geranial 59.17 48.72
Yields (%, v/w) 0.35 0.15 Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol 2.20 5.03
Fig 6. GC-MS chromatogram obtained for a sample of lemongrass oil by (a) HD, (b) MAHD
MAHD and those obtained by the traditional extraction traditional hydrodistillation method in the
method. All two methods use lemongrass leaves size of extraction of essential oils from dwarfed
20 mm in length. In MAHD, the raw material to water is Cinnamomum camphora var. Linaolifera Fujita
1:3 (g/mL), at 90 min, and microwave power is 450 W. leaves and twigs, Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol., 5 (11),
Meanwhile, the traditional method uses a ratio of 1436–1442.
1:4 (g/mL) and extraction time in 360 min. The yields of [6] Karakaya, S., El, S.N., Karagozlu, N., Sahin, S.,
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■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
assisted hydrodistillation for extraction of essential
This research is funded by the NTTU Foundation oil from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) leaves,
for Science and Technology Development. Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng., 61 (2), 82–92.
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