Civil Engineering November 2020
Plane Geometry - deals with the properties of plane
figures or geometrical shapes of two dimensions, such as
angles, triangles, square, polygons, conic sections, etc.
Polygon – a plane figure with three or more angles. The
sides of the polygon are straight lines.
Sum of Interior Angles: Si = 1800 (n – 2)
Sum of Exterior Angles: Se = 3600
Number of Diagonals:
n d2
D = (𝑛 − 3)
2 d1
•Regular Polygon – a polygon all of whose angles are
equal and all of whose sides are equal.
•Similar Polygon – two polygons are similar if their
corresponding angles are equal and their corresponding
sides are proportional.
•Convex Polygon – polygon having each interior angle
less than 1800.
•Concave Polygon – polygon having an interior angle
greater than 1800.
Triangles – a polygon with three sides that are contained
in a plane.
•The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two
right angles or 1800.
•The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the
third side, and their difference is less than the third side.
•Pythagorean Theorem – in any Right Triangle, the square
of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides.
c2 = a2 + b2
Quadrilaterals - a portion of a plane bounded by four
straight lines. It is also known as quadrangle or tetragon.
Rectangle – a parallelogram whose angles are right
angles.
Area = LW
W
Perimeter = 2 (L + W)
L R=
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Square – a rectangle with equal sides. Aquad = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
a+b+c+d
a Area = a2 s=
2
Perimeter = 4a
•Circle Inscribed in a Quadrilateral
a a+b+c+d
Aquad = rs Aquad = √abcd s=
2
Parallelogram (Rhomboid) – a quadrilateral whose
opposite sides are parallel.
Sample Problems:
1. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of
its exterior angles. How many diagonals does this
Area = ½ d1d2 sinθ polygon have?
θ b
2. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an
a isosceles right triangle having an area of 162 sq.cm?
Rhombus – a parallelogram with four equal sides.
3. A goat is tied outside a triangular fenced garden at
d2 Area = ½ d1d2 point A. The sides of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9 m,
and CA = 12 m. If the rope with which the goat is tied is
d1 a 14 m, find the area over which the goat can graze outside
the fence.
Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with two and only two of 4. A rectangle with sides AB = CD = 50 m and BC = AD =
whose sides are parallel. 120 m is shown in the figure. It is divided into three parts
by parallel lines AE and FC which are 20 m apart. Find
h the area of AECF.
m Area = (b1 + b2 )
2
L h
m(b1 )2 +n(b2 )2
n L=√
m+n
Cyclic Quadrilateral - is a quadrilateral whose vertices
lie on the circumference of a circle.
•Ptolemy’s Theorem - “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the
product of the diagonals equals the sum of the product of
the opposite side.”
d1d2 = ac + bd
5. The parallel bases of a trapezoid measure 100 cm and
General Quadrilateral: 150 cm respectively and its altitude is 60 cm. It is to be
•Circle Circumscribed about a Quadrilateral divided into two parts whose areas are in the ratio of 2:5
by a line parallel to its bases such that the bigger part is
adjacent to the smaller base. Determine the length of this
√(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc) dividing line, area of the smaller and bigger parts.
4Aquad
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Civil Engineering November 2020
6. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. The
following are the given data: AB=22 m, BC=35 m, CD=24
m, and AC=40 m. Find: (a) AD; (b) BD; (c) the area of the
quadrilateral.
7. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle and its sides
measure 3m, 4m, 4m and 3m. Find the radius of the circle
that can be inscribed in the quadrilateral.
Situation 1:
A square section ABCD has one of its sides equal to “X”.
Point E is inside the square forming an equilateral
triangle BEC having one side equal to the side of the
square.
8. Compute the value of angle DEC.
9. Find the value of angle AED.
10. If the area of triangle BEC is equal to 62.35 m2, find the
area of triangle AED.
Problems for Practice:
1. The interior angle of a regular polygon is 165 o. How
many diagonals does it have?
Answer: 252
2. In the figure shown below, determine the angle . AB
is the diameter of a circle.
Answer: 1050
3. The diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm long
respectively. Determine the length of its sides, the acute
angle between its sides and area.
Answer: 10 cm, 73.740, 96 cm2
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Review Innovations Plane & Solid Geometry 1
4. The sides of a bigger polygon are 4 m, 6 m, 7 m, 13 m,
and 18 m. A similar smaller polygon has a longest edge
of 12 m. What is the perimeter of the smaller polygon?
Answer: 32 m
5. A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel to AD.
AB = 395 m, AD = 530 m and BC = CD. Angle CDA = 860.
Determine the area of the lot.
Answer: 168,571.60 m2
6. A rectangular lot 80 m x 40 m long is divided into two
areas by an arc whose center is at the mid-point of the
shorter side. If the radius of the arc is 30 m, what is the
ratio of the area of the smaller part to the area of the
bigger part?
Answer: 0.53
7. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle such that one of
its sides coincides with the diameter. If the other three
sides measure 2 m, 3 m and 4 m, determine the diameter
of the circle.
A. 5.65 m C. 7.82 m
B. 6.07 m D. 8.01 m
8. Given triangle ABC, point E is along side AC and point
D is along side BC. Line BE and AD are the angle
bisectors of angle B and A respectively. If the angle BEC
= 750 and angle ADC = 840, find the ACB.
Answer: 740
Situation 1:
A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribing a circle
having a center at point O. Angle AOC is 183058’. If AB =
50 m, BC = 90 m and AD = 70 m, determine the following:
9. Angle ABC.
10. distance CD if the area of the quadrilateral is 5046.97
square meter
11. radius of the circle
Answers: (9.) 88001’; (10.) 80 m; (11.) 54.09 m
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