Heaven’s light is out guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Experiment No: 05
Name of Experiment: Determination of pressure flow characteristics for a
Convergent Divergent Duct / Nozzle, Diffuser Efficiency and γ for Air.

Subject: Fluid mechanics sessional – II

Course no: Me 3232 Name: Rafat Safayet
Date of exp: 01.12.20 Class: 3rd year 2nd semester
Date of sub: Roll No: 1602099
Group: B2 Session: 2016-17

November 2020
Name of the experiment:

Determination of pressure flow characteristics for a Convergent Divergent Duct /

Nozzle, Diffuser Efficiency and γ for Air.

Objectives:

 To observe the phenomenon of Choking

 To investigate the Pressure recovery along a divergent duct, diffuser.

 To deduce a value of γ for air.

Apparatus:

Two mercury manometers and one inclined tube manometer all are attached to the
experimental set-up.

Introduction:

A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream of fluid.
Many engineering applications require a set of high velocity and this objective is
efficiently achieved with a nozzle. In turbomachines (Stream and gas turbines) the
high-speed stream of fluid is directed on the curved blades and the kinetic energy is
transformed into mechanical work. In rocket motors and jet propulsion, the thrust
produced by the get provides the Propulsion effort. In flow measurement, the
differential pressure drop is co-related to velocity to find discharge. Other
applications of nozzles are the injectors for pumping feed Water into the boiler and
ejectors for removing air from the condenser.

The Cross & section of the nozzle may be either circular, elliptical, square and
rectangular with rounded corners.

Convergent -divergent nozzle / duct is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making
carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape. It is used to accelerate a hot,
pressurized gas passing through it to a supersonic speed and upon expansion, to
shape the exhaust flow so that the heat energy propelling the flow is converted into
directed kinetic energy. Because of this, the nozzle is widely used in some types of
stream turbine and is used as a Rocket engine nozzle. It is also used in supersonic Jet
engine

Convergent - divergent nozzle will only choke of the throat it the pressure and mass
flow through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speed, otherwise no supersonic
flow is achieved and it will act as a venturi meter, this requires the entry pressure to
the nozzle to be significantly above ambient all the times.

The conditions Relative to the throat of a convergent divergent nozzle for isentropic
flow of an ideal gas are stated as follows:

I. The maximum velocity at the throat equals sonic velocity

II. The maximum pressure at the throat is the critical pressure

III. Maximum mass flow rate occurs when the throat pressure equals the critical
pressure.

IV. Decreasing the back pressure below the critical Pressure does not change the
velocity or pressure at the throat or mass flow rate.

V. When the back pressure is lowered below the critical value, the gas expands
in the divergent part of the nozzle and the velocity becomes supersonic.

Mass flow rate through the convergent - divergent nozzle can be calculated by the
following formula:

ṁ= A 2 {( 2 γ ρ0 P0 ) / ( γ −1 ) } [ ( P1 / P2 )2/ 8−( P2 ¿ P0 )(γ +1 )/ γ ]

√
Critical pressure ratio,
γ /(γ−1)
ra={ 2/( γ + 1) }

For air γ=1.4 and hence rc=0.528

Diffuser efficiency:

η=(P3-P2)/(P1-P2)
From the theory:

dA
= AlV ( M 2−1 ) dV /dx
dx

From the equation we get,

I. M can be unity only where dA/dx =0 i.e. at a throat or in a cylindrical duct.

II. If M<1 (Subsonic flow) the sign of dV/dx is opposite to that of dA/dx i.e. low
velocity rises along a convergent duct, as for a liquid.

III. If M>1 (supersonic flow) dV/dx has the sign dA/dx i.e. How velocity rises
along a divergent duct.

Figure: Convergent-Divergent Nozzle.

Working procedure:

I. The manometer about both horizontal areas by adjusting the two foot screws
were leveled
 II. The meniscus was brought to the zero mark by adjusting the diaphragm
screw below the inclined tube.

III. The inclined tube manometer was connected to road P 0-P1, using the 50 mm of
water range and mercury manometers P0-P2 and P0-P3 was measured.

IV. Motor was started.

V. The flow rate was adjusted to vary P0-P1, in approximately equal steps. For
each flow rate all manometers were read.
Data Table:

No. of Inclined tube manometer Mercury Another mercury

Observations reading(P0-P1) manometer manometer
,n (mm of water) reading(P0-P2) reading(P0-P3)
(mm of Hg) (mm of Hg)
1 10 7 32
2 20 11 42
3 30 14 52
4 40 19 71
5 50 23 84
6 60 28 103
7 70 33 117
8 80 39 139

Calculation:

Here, P0 = atmospheric pressure

= 101.325 KN\m2

P0 -P1 = hsinθ ; where θ= 30°

For observation 01:

P0 -P1 =10sin30° = 5 mm kerosene.

Now,

5× 0.82× 9.8
P0 -P1 = KN/m2 = 0.04 KN/m2
1000

 P1 = (101325-0.04) KN/m2

= 101.325 KN/m2

Again,

7 ×13.6 ×9.8
P0 -P2 = 7mm of Hg = KN/m2 = 0.933 KN/m2
1000

 P2 = (101325-0.933) KN/m2
 = 100.392 KN/m2

32× 1× 9.8
And, P0 -P3 = KN/m2 = 0.314 KN/m2
1000

 P3 = (101325-0.314) KN/m2

= 101.011 KN/m2

For observation 02:

Similarly

P1 =101.245 KN/m2 P2 =99.859 KN/m2 P3 =100.913 KN/m2

For observation 03:

Similarly

P1 =101.204 KN/m2 P2 =99.459 KN/m2 P3 =100.8154 KN/m2

For observation 04:

Similarly

P1 =100.164 KN/m2 P2 =98.793KN/m2 P3 =100.629 KN/m2

For observation 05:

Similarly

P1 =101.124 KN/m2 P2 =98.26 KN/m2 P3 =100.502 KN/m2

For observation 06:

Similarly

P1 =101.084 KN/m2 P2 =97.593 KN/m2 P3 =100.316 KN/m2

For observation 07:

Similarly

P1 =101.044 KN/m2 P2 =96.93 KN/m2 P3 =100.178 KN/m2

For observation 08:

Similarly
P1 =101.004 KN/m2 P2 =96.127 KN/m2 P3 =99.963 KN/m2

Now,

For observation 01:

P 0−P1 0.04
= = 0.043
P 0−P2 0.933

For observation 02:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.055
P 0−P2

For observation 03:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.065
P 0−P2

For observation 04:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.064
P 0−P2

For observation 05:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.066
P 0−P2

For observation 06:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.065
P 0−P2

For observation 07:

P 0−P1
=¿ 0.064
P 0−P2

For observation 08:

P 0−P1
= 0.062
P 0−P2
Again

For observation 01:

P 0−P2 0.933
= = 0.0092
P0 101.325

For observation 02:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.0145
P0

For observation 03:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.0184
P0

For observation 04:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.025
P0

For observation 05:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.0302
P0

For observation 06:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.037
P0

For observation 07:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.043
P0

For observation 08:

P 0−P2
=¿ 0.051
P0

Again,

For observation 01:

P2
=¿ 0.991
P0

For observation 02:

P2
=¿ 0.986
P0

For observation 03:

P2
=¿ 0.982
P0

For observation 04:

P2
=¿ 0.975
P0

For observation 05:

P2
=¿ 0.969
P0

For observation 06:

P2
=¿ 0.963
P0

For observation 07:

P2
=¿ 0.957
P0

For observation 08:

P2
=¿ 0.949
P0

Again,

For observation 01:

P3 – P2 = 0.619 KN\m2

For observation 02:

P3 – P2 = 1.3564 KN\m2
For observation 03:

P3 – P2 = 1.3564 KN\m2

For observation 04:

P3 – P2 = 1.836 KN\m2

For observation 05:

P3 – P2 = 2.242 KN\m2

For observation 06:

P3 – P2 = 2.723 KN\m2

For observation 07:

P3 – P2 = 3.248 KN\m2

For observation 08:

P3 – P2 = 3.836 KN\m2

Again,

For observation 01:

P1 – P2 = 0.893 KN\m2

For observation 02:

P1 – P2 = 1.386 KN\m2

For observation 03:

P1 – P2 = 1.746 KN\m2

For observation 04:

P1 – P2 = 1.371 KN\m2

For observation 05:

P1 – P2 = 2.864 KN\m2

For observation 06:

P1 – P2 = 3.491 KN\m2

For observation 07:

P1 – P2 = 4.114 KN\m2

For observation 08:

P1 – P2 = 4.877 KN\m2

Mass flow rate:

2 γ ρ 0 P0 p2 2γ
m1 = A 2
√{ γ −1 } ×[ ] −¿ ¿
p0

= 3.72× 10-3 m3/s

m2= 4.62 × 10-3 m3/s

m3= 5.23 × 10-3 m3/s

m4= 6.14 × 10-3 m3/s

m5= 6.81 × 10-3 m3/s

m6= 7.42 × 10-3 m3/s

m7= 7.97× 10-3 m3/s

m8= 8.64 × 10-3 m3/s

Diffuser efficiency
p 3− p2
η = p −p
1 2

For observation 01:

0.619
η1 = = 69.32%
0.893

Similarly

η2 = 76.05%
η3 = 77.73%

η 4 = 133.92%

η5 = 78.28%

η6 = 78%

η7 = 78.95%

η8 = 78.65%

m vs P2/P0 graph
10
9
8
7
6
m (m3/s)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 1
P2/P0
 0.07

0.06

0.05
(𝑃0− 𝑃1)/(𝑃0− 𝑃2 )

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06
(𝑃0− 𝑃2)/𝑃0