Available online on www.ijbar.impactfactor.

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International Journal of Basic And Advanced Research, 2012; 1(2); 34-39

ISSN: 2278-7143

Research Article

Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule: A Forgotten Liberator

*Rajni Bala1, Navjoti2

1
Ramgarhia College of Education, Phagwara, Punjab
2
Deptt. of Education, NIMS University, Jaipur

ABSTRACT
The objectives of this research paper were to 1. Study the life of Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule and to study his works in the
light of the thoughts generated and practices developed by him. The work of Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule was treated to be
the unit for this research paper. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. This research paper concluded
that Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule was a great revolutionary. At the time he was born India was divided into different
castes. Shudras were treated like animals. He himself belonged to a lower caste. He also faced caste discrimination. So he
sacrificed his life for the upliftment of the untouchables , peasants and women. For this purpose he formed institution i.e.
satya shodhak samaj. He wanted to create a new social system in India based upon equality,justice, liberty and fraternity.
He was the pioneer of women education in India. In the history of India he was the first person who spread women
education by opening girl schools and opened orphanages for widow women and their children. He was the first Indian
who was honoured by British Govt for his noble work. He taught his wife and made her the first trained lady of India. He
was a great revolutionary writer. He was severely criticized by Brahmin samaj for his noble work and attacked by them.
But he continued with his movement. He sacrificed his life for the upliftment of untouchables, peasants and women.

Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule was an activist, thinker, social
reformer, writer, philosopher, theologist, scholar, editor
and revolutionary from Maharashtra, India in the
nineteenth century. He was born on April 11, 1827 in
Satara district of Maharashtra. His family belonged to a
mali caste. His father and uncle served as florists. His
family came to be known as Phule. His mother passed
away when he was nine months old. His caste perceived
to be inferior caste by certain sections of the society. His
mother’s name was Mata Bimla Bai Phule. Their
ancestors used to serve the upper castes. After completing
school he had to leave school and helped his father by
working on the family’s farm. A Brahmin clerk of his
father also advised his father to stop his son from going to
school by saying that there was no use of education. His
father Baba Gobind Rao Phule stopped his education.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule Ji was married at the age of 13.
His wife Mata Savitri Rao Phule was 8 years old at the
time of her marriage. But his intelligence was recognized
by a Muslim and Christian neighbourers who persuaded
his father to send him to the local Scottish Missions High
School which he completed in 1847. At the time when he
was born India was divided into different castes. Chatur
Varna system (Caste System) was prevalent in India.
Original inhabitants of India belonged to lower castes.
They were called Shudras, Untouchables etc. They were
treated like animals. This had been prevalent for the
centuries. They were not allowed to get education. They
were to serve the upper Castes i.e. Brahmins, Kshatryas
and Vashyas. They were badly treated by the upper
castes. They were deprived of every kind of right. They
were even deprived of human rights and when anyone of
them tried to get education he was mercilessly punished.
The condition of women belonging to any caste was very
pathetic and miserable in this respect.
That’s why even Dr. Iqbal had to say: “Ah Shudra ke liye
Hindustan gem khana hai, dard-e-insan se is basti ka dil
begana hai”.
Mahamanav Budha to Dr. Ambedkar, King Ashoka,
Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Kabir, Guru Ravidass Ji, Guru
Namdev, Guru Sadna Ji, Guru Sain Ji and many other
unknown revolutionaries and saints led movement against
casteism and untouchability and with the impact of a very
long battle fought by the revolutionaries and social
reformers in different parts of the country, Mahatama
Jyoti Rao continued with the same mission.
Works of Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule: From the following
points we can understand the works done by Mahatama
Jyoti Rao Phule.
a) Formation of Satya Shodhak Samaj: He wanted to
disclose the true history of India. He said that every one
should be eager to search for the truth. He said,
“Bhartye logon mein satya ki khoj ki jageyasa nahi hai. Is
ka karan yeh hai ke husankhye logon ko sikhsha se
vanchit rakha geya hai. Yeh bat phule ne jaan li
thi………..siksha na hone se bhartiye samaj ka kitna
nuksan hua hai ise beh mehsoos karte the………… Jyoti
Rao Phule sahi arthon mein satye ki khoj karne wale ek
mahan vicharak the. Pratek veyakti ko satye ki khoj karke
usi ke anusar aacharn kiya, to samsat manavsamaj sukhi
hoga, esa unka vishvash tha…………..jo bat manav
samaj ke kalian ki drishti se galat hai uska unhone khub

Author for correspondence: E-mail: rb_rce@yahoo.com

 Rajni Bala , Navjoti et.al./ Mahatama Jyoti Rao…
virod kiya. (4) (The Indian people don’t have the curiosity
to know the truth. It is so because a large number of
people have been kept devoid of education. Phule came to
know this……….he used to feel the damage occurred to
the Indian society because of the unavailability of
education………..Jyoti Rao Phule was in the real sense a
great thinker finder of truth. He was of the view that
every individual should search for the truth and mould
accordingly, only then the human society can remain
happy…………the thing that was wrong from the
perspective of the welfare of the society, he severely
opposed that.”
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule also continued with this
movement. The turning point in Jyotiba’s life was in 1848
when he was insulted by the family members of his
Brahmin friend. Members of the Brahmin family
threatened him against attending the function of
Brahmins. Influenced by Thomas Paine’s book Right of
Man 1791 Phule developed a keen sense of social justice.
On 24 Sep, 1873 Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule formed a
Satya Shodhak Samaj with himself as its first president
and treasurer. The main objectives of this were to liberate
the Shudras and atishudras and to prevent their
exploitation by the upper castes like Brahmins. Satya
Shodhak Samaj was the society of seekers of Truth. For
his fight to attain rights for the peasants and the lower
castes and his contribution to the field of education,
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule is regarded as the most
important figure of social reform movement in India. He
is regarded as the father of Indian social
revolution. Satya Shodhak Samaj was a social movement
and had nothing to do with politics. Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule was its president and Mata Savitri Rao Phule
became head of the women’s section which included 90
female members. She worked tirelessly as school teacher
for girls. She was the first trained lady teacher of India.
Deenbandhu Publication, the mouthpiece of Satya
Shodhak Samaj played an important role in Satya
Shodhak Samaj movements.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule refused to regard Vedas as
sacrosanct. Satya Shodhak Samaj propounded the spread
of rational thinking and rejected the need for a Brahmin
priestly class as educational and religious leaders.
b) Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule: A Great Revolutionary-
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule was hundred years ahead of
his time. The modern world has just experienced the
struggles he undertook in his times for the women
emancipation. In his age Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule had
to face much opposition from the orthodox upper castes
and was also boycotted, but still he was very determined
and unshakable. In this sense, it can be said that he was
also an early feminist. He suffered a lot from upper caste
people. Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule was the victim of that
social system established by Brahmins and all this is still
prevalent at high rate in India. He stood against this
system and gave his and the life of his wife to this noble
cause. Unless philosophy and all efforts made by him are
implemented in India we cannot attain the target of
universalisation of education and we cannot change the
old system into new.
IJBAR,,Vol 1, Issue 2, September-October 2012, 34-39
These were the realities of the times of Mahatama Jyoti
Rao Phule that led him rebellious. He presented very
revolutionary thought about education in the times when
the Indian people were under the spell of the superstitions
and false traditions made by the Brahmins. In those times
education was not meant for all. Moreover education was
related to religion. Today unless we adopt his philosophy
we cannot get rid of all superstitions. Mahatama Jyoti
Rao Phule was a great revolutionary and result oriented
thinker. He did deep study of the Indian social system. He
observed the Indian class and caste system minutely and
produced scientific and revolutionary thoughts. He was of
the view that all the people on this earth are born equal
and they have every right to have the equal opportunities
in every field. Every discrimination and inequality is
manmade and therefore, is not the will of God, Mahatama
Jyoti Rao Phule proved the same. He also emphasized
that the social systems are manmade therefore should not
be accepted when these are unjustified.
He revolted against the tyranny of the upper castes. Under
caste system millions of people had suffered for
centuries. He criticized predominant position of
Brahmins. Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule was the prominent
social reformer of the 19th century Indian. He led the
movement against the prevailing caste restrictions in
India. He revolted against the domination of the
Brahmins and for the rights of peasants and low caste
sections and women.
His book Slavery was severely criticized for its venomous
propaganda against the Brahmins. He criticized in it the
cruel and inhuman laws of Brahmins. Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule argued that the shudras were the sons of the soil
and the Brahmins came from outside.
c) Efforts to Create New Social System: Mahatma Jyoti
Rao Phule’s family believed that if he wanted to create a
new social system based on freedom, equality,
brotherhood, human dignity, economic justice, values
devoid of exploitation, he would have to overthrow the
old, unequal and exploitative social system and the values
on which it is based. Knowing this Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule attacked the blind faiths and so called God’s words.
He tore the misleading myths to pieces that were ruling
over the minds of women, shudras and atishudras. He
also led campaign to remove the economic and social
handicaps that breed blind faiths among women, shudras
and atishudras.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule was the only sociologist and
humanist in his time that could put forth such bold ideas.
In his view every religious book is the product of its time
and the truth it contains has no permanent and universal
validity. These books can never be free from the
prejudices and selfishness of the creators of such books.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule believed in overthrowing the
social system in which man has been deliberately made
dependent upon others, illiterate, ignorant and poor, with
a view to exploiting him. To him blind faith eradicating
formed part of a broad socio-economic transformation.
35
This was his strategy for ending exploitation of human
beings. Mere advice, education and alternative ways of
Page
 Rajni Bala , Navjoti et.al./ Mahatama Jyoti Rao…
living are not enough unless the economic framework of
exploitation comes to an end.
(d) Pioneer of Women Education in India: Another
oppressed group in the Indian society was that of women.
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule always mentioned women
along with men. He did not assume that when men are
mentioned, women are automatically included into that
category. He made a special reference to women when he
discussed human rights. Just as Shudras were deprived of
rights by the Brahmins by keeping them ignorant,
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule thought that selfish men had
prohibited women from taking to education in order to
continue male domination.
He was assisted in his work by his wife Mata Savitri Rao
Phule and together they started the first school for girls in
India in 1848. He later on opened two more schools
(1851-52). No teacher dared to teach in the school in
which untouchables were admitted but he taught his wife
and then he asked her to teach. The stones, sticks,
brickbats were thrown at her when she was on her way to
school. But she did not lose her courage. In the
19th century, Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule and his wife Mata
Savitri Rao Phule were also the pioneers of women
education in India. His remarkable influence was
apparent in fields like education, agriculture, caste
system, woman and widow upliftment and removal of
untouchability. He is most known for his efforts to
educate women and the lower castes as well as mass. He
after educating his wife opened the first school for girls.
She was the first trained lady teacher of India.
He started women education from the education of his
wife. All the time he was making people aware about the
education and compelling the British govt to make
arrangement for education of all people of India. He
requested people all the time to send their children in
schools he opened for downtroddens and women.
He stated,
Nar nari sabhi mehnati bano
Parivar ko pale. Anand le
Nit bacho bachi ko padne bheje
d) Opened Orphanages for Widows and Their Children:
For the orphans he opened an orphanage. This was the
first such institution opened by any Indian. He gave
protection to pregnant widows and assured them that the
orphanage would take care of their children. It was in this
orphanage run by Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule that a
Brahmin woman gave birth to a boy in 1873 and
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule adopted him as his son and
made him a doctor. Many young widows from the upper
castes spent their days in the orphanages established by
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule.
e) Raised Voice for the Upliftment of Poor Peasants:
Another incident also revealed his attachment for the poor
peasants and his courage in drawing the attention of
members of the British royal family to the sufferings of
the farmers of rural areas. On March 2, 1888, Hari Raoji
Chiplunkar a friend of Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule arranged
a function in honour of the Duke and Duchess of
Cannaught. Dressed like a peasant Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule attended the function and made a speech. He
IJBAR,,Vol 1, Issue 2, September-October 2012, 34-39
commented on the rich invitees who displayed their
wealth by wearing diamond studded jewellery and
warned the visiting dignitaries that the people who had
gathered there did not represent India. If the Duke of
Cannaught was really interested in finding out the
condition of the Indian subjects of her majesty the queen
of England. Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule suggested that they
ought to visit some nearby villages as well as the areas in
the city occupied by untouchables. He requested the Duke
of Cannaught who was a grandson of Queen Victoria to
convey his message to her and made a strong plea to
provide education to the poor people. Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule’s speech created quite a stir. He fought for the
emancipation of the down trodden people. He is known
for selfless service. Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule led the
movement against the prevailing caste restrictions in
India. He revolted against the domination of Brahmins
and for the rights of peasants and other low caste fellows.
He believed that enlightenment of the women and other
law caste people was the only solution to combat the
social evils.
f) Attacked by Orthodox Upper Caste People: The
orthodox Brahmins of the society were furious at the
activities of Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule. They blamed him
for vitiating the norms and regulations of the society.
Many accused him of acting on the behalf of the Christian
missionaries. But Jyotiba was firm and decided to
continue the movement interestingly. He attacked
orthodox upper castes and termed them as hypocrites. He
campaigned against the authoritarianism of the upper
castes. He urged the peasants and proletariate to defy the
restrictions imposed upon them. He later opened two
more schools for the girls and an indigenous school for
the lower castes especially the Mahars and Mangs, when
the news of teaching by Mata Savitri Rao Phule reached
his father who threatened to drive him out of his house,
fearing attack from orthodox elements when the choice
before Savitri Rao Phule was either going away with her
husband or staying back with her in laws, she preferred to
be with her husband. After that her husband sent her to
training school. She passed out with flying colours. After
completing her studies she joined the school opened by
proletariate. She used to leave for school early in the
morning. Orthodox society was not prepared for this
misadventure as women’s education was frowned upon.
She continued with teaching the girls despite all
opposition from the society. She was abused by the
orthodox society. But slowly and gradually she
established herself. In Pune proletariat he established a
library for the people belonging to down trodden classes.
With this people became aware about their education,
their rights and about how to protect them. It became very
difficult for the upper castes to tolerate Mahatma Jyoti
Rao Phule. They hired two persons Rode and Dhodi Ram
in Rs. 1000 to kill mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule but when
they came to kill Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule, he woke up
and they were very much impressed by the personality of
36
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule. They felt sorry and decided to
help Jyotiba in his mission. They got admission in his
Page
school. Dhondi Ram progressed so much that he became
 Rajni Bala , Navjoti et.al./ Mahatama Jyoti Rao…
the popular leader of Satya Shodhak Samaj who wrote
many important books to improve the condition of the
untouchables, shudras and the down troddens. This great
social reformer, revolutionary, great thinker and
philosopher passed away on 25 Nov. 1890.
g) Honoured by British Government: Eventually Mata
Savitri Rao Phule was honoured by the British
government for her contribution and educational work.
On 16 Nov. 1852 Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule and Savitri
Rao Phule were felicitated by the government for their
commendable efforts in the field of education. Principal
of the Pune College Mr. Major Cannedy honoured them.
This was the great day in the history of education of girls.
Govt. decided to give dakshing fund. Amount Rs. 3000
was used to be given for good books and prominent
writers. But Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule requested the govt.
to give half amount for books written in Marathi.
Orthodox Brahmins criticized it but the govt. agreed with
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule and lovers of Marathi
language won this battle.
h) Inspired Indians: Various great personalities were
inspired by the personality of Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule
who brought great changes in social and economic fields
of India. Dr. Babasaheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar, first law
minister of the Republic of India and the architect of
Indian Constitution was inspired by his noble work
towards humanity and he followed the philosophy of
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule based upon justice, equality,
liberty and fraternity. He followed all the suggestions
given by Jyotiba as right to education to all, special
provisions for women, minorities, downtrodden etc.
Telgu actor Chiranjeev who started a political party stated
that he is very much inspired by the works done by
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule especially creating social
harmony. Writer Chandra Mohan is also very much
inspired by the works of Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule.
Shahuji Maharaj ruler of Kohlapur province was a
staunch follower of Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule and
devoted life to the upliftment of the society. He
emphasized the development and welfare of the lower
castes. He always used to contemplate over some serious
issues of the society. He carried out efforts to provide
education and employment to all. Shahuji initiated the
scheme of providing free education to the children of the
down troddens. In order to provide shelter to them and
outstation students Shahuji established hostels. For his
activities he had to face severe criticism from many
corners of the society. He long patronized the Satya
Shodhak Samaj formed by Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule. He
worked more for the women education. Primary
education to all regardless of caste and creed was one of
the significant moves of him which later on after
independence became the fundamental Right to
Education in Indian Constitution.
i) Compulsory primary education to all: Mahatama Jyoti
Rao Phule strived endlessly for the lot of the most
neglected and the down trodden people. He himself
experienced the discrimination and refusal of
fundamental rights at first hand. This is why hatred in his
heart for the upper castes and the false rituals and rites
IJBAR,,Vol 1, Issue 2, September-October 2012, 34-39
was severe. His thinking on all this was concrete one. He
observed and concluded that until the people were not
educated and aware of their human rights they could not
be raised from their situation. Hence he fought for the
right of education equally for all the people regardless of
the caste and class. He knew once the people are educated
they would fight themselves for their rights without any
outside help and support. He said that progress of
individuals was possible only with education. He stated,
Vidya bina mat gayi
Mat bina gati gayi
Gati bina niti gayi
Niti bina sampati gayi
Sampati bina shudra dbast huye
Itna sara anarth ek avidya se huya
He gave new meanings to education: He said, “The
education which does not help the common mass of
people to equip themselves for the struggle for life, which
does not bring out strength of character, a spirit of
philanthropy, and the courage of a lion…..real education
is that which enables one to stand on one’s legs”
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule had also stressed on the
education of the individuals which can enable them to
distinguish right from wrong, to love good and despise
evil.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule had encouraged the individuals
to develop the inventive powers among themselves as by
research only one can achieve something new and
different from others. He said that man is not helpless like
other beings. He had got certain inventive and creative
powers. Through these powers and skills, he can make
change.
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phule stressed on universalisation of
education i.e. education for all irrespective of caste,
colour, creed, sex and poverty. Mahatma Jyoti Rao
Phule had done a lot in his life to reform society, to fight
for establishing equality in society. As he wanted
education for all, same is the motto of present education
system, to provide education to all. Following his
principles Dr. Ambedkar had compiled the constitution in
which we have provision for free and compulsory
education and universalization of education in the
constitution in the art 45 but the target of this article is yet
to be achieved which was to be achieved within 10 years
from the commencement of the constitution.
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule has expressed his views about
primary education and primary teacher in the statement
forwarded to Hunter Commission . He asserted that it was
the need of the day to concentrate more on primary
education than on higher education. The British
Government received more amounts by taxes from the
common masses but in return it does not extent facilities
for spreading primary education to the common masses.
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule severely opposed this practice
of British government. He demanded that the tax
collected from the masses should be spent on their
welfare, more importantly on education. Through
37
education Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule did not want to
raise the temporary standard of living of few persons. He
Page
was in fact thinking of the future of education for
 Rajni Bala , Navjoti et.al./ Mahatama Jyoti Rao…
independent India, therefore he was trying to establish the
permanent value of education to the Indian society with
freedom of mind and liberty in action.
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule thought over the need of
Primary education, the essential qualities of Primary
education. Through his wide experience in the field of
primary education, Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule expressed
these views with profound foresight. Primary teacher
plays a pivotal role in educative process. According to
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule, Primary teacher should be a
trained person and sufficient salary should be paid to
him/her . In order to safeguard the interest of teacher and
the so called lower castes of the community, teachers
from these castes should be provided opportunities for the
employment. Efficient Primary teacher should be paid
more salary than the usual teachers. In the curriculum of
primary education, preliminary knowledge about
agriculture and health should be included. The curriculum
of primary education should be reoriented to provide the
demands of rural areas. There should be clear
demarcation between the curriculum of rural and urban
area. Education should be utilitarian and practical so as to
cover the needs of the society. A scheme of ideal farming
should be implemented on a small scale. Practical
knowledge is superior to bookish knowledge hence
primary knowledge in Modi (a special Marathi
script)(regional languages were supported ) , accounts,
History, Grammar, Agriculture, Ethics and Health should
be imparted. Quantitative growth in Primary school is no
doubt important but it should not be considered at the cost
of qualitative one. He further said that British government
should introduce the scheme of grant in aid properly for
the growth of primary schools run by private
management. The local self government should be
entrusted with responsibility of primary schools with the
increased need of society. The amount collected through
local taxes should be invested rear about 50% for the
spread of education. The payment of grant to schools
should not be released on the basis of the results of
examinations. He further stated that the British
government should discharge its duty to establish
government primary schools parallel to schools run by
private management. He advised govt to open new govt.
private schools advocating that
I) Govt schools were less in number taking into
consideration the needs of growing population.
II) Many government schools were sub-standard schools
and sufficient staff preferably trained staff, are some of
the main deficiencies of the schools. Therefore the
reconstruction of government primary schools is urgently
needed.
The British government should make compulsory primary
education available up to age of 12 years so that all castes
but especially Muslims, Mahar, Mangs and backward
classes may be benefited. The British government should
put into practice the facilities of education for these
backward classes as has been assured as in Queen’s
Proclamation.
For growing interest in education, the British government
should formulate the scheme of scholarships and rewards
IJBAR,,Vol 1, Issue 2, September-October 2012, 34-39
for the needy and deserving students. Thus opportunities
for education should be made available. Phule criticized
the existing scheme of scholarships in his times. The
award of scholarships was centred in a particular circle
and the other backward classes were not included in this
circle. Therefore he suggested reorientation in the scheme
of scholarship. The scholarships were awarded on the
basis of competitive examinations but the principle of
equality was not considered. The result was that the
benefits of scholarships could not reach up to the
backward classes.
Such were the views of Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule on
education and education system. His very revolutionary
views which attracted the attention of the government.
His views compelled the government to keep his
philosophy in mind while policy making. By doing so
Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule has done an unforgettable
service to the down trodden people who could have
remained enslaved and down trodden for many more
years.
(j) Mahatama Jyoti Rao Phule: A Great Revolutionary
Writer: He wrote many books and his famous published
works are as follows:
Tritiya Ratna, 1855
Brahmananche Kasab, 1869
Powada : Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha, [English:
Life Of Shivaji, In Poetical Metre],June 1869
Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji, June 1869
Manav Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
Gulamgiri [full name in English: Slavery: In The
Civilized British Government Under The Clock Of
Brahmanism],1873
Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator's Whipcord), July 1881
Satsar Ank 1, June 1885
Satsar Ank 2, October 1885
Ishara, October 1885
Gramjoshya Sambhandi jahir kabhar, (1886)
Satyashodhak Samajokt Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-
vidhi, 1887
Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak, April 1889
Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak, 1891
Akhandadi Kavyarachana, 1893
Asprashyanchi Kaifiyat , 1893
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IJBAR,,Vol 1, Issue 2, September-October 2012, 34-39