MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

SIMPLE STRESS

Prepared by:
ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO
 SIMPLE STRESS
The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform is known as simple stress.

The unit strength of a material is usually defined as the stress in

the material. Stress is expressed symbolically as
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
where: 𝜎 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝐴 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
SIMPLE STRESS

The maximum stress in tension or compression

occurs over a section normal to the load.
Normal stress is either tensile stress or
compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress,
while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive force.
Compressive force will tend to shorten
the member. Tension force on the other hand, will
tend to lengthen the member.
UNITS
SI Units English Units
STRESS 𝑀𝑁 𝑁 𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2 = = 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑚 𝑚𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑁 𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑃𝑎 = 2 = 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑚 𝑖𝑛2
AREA 𝑚𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
FORCE 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑏 = 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑘𝑁 = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
1 𝑘𝑁 = 1000 𝑁 1 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 1000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑘𝑔 = 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1 𝑘𝑔 = 1000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑀𝑔 = 𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1𝑀𝑔 = 1000 𝑘𝑔
Problem 104: : Reference: Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside
𝑀𝑁
diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 𝑚2 .

Given:
𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑁
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 120 𝑚2 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑑 = 100𝑚𝑚 (𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
Required:
𝐷 (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
Solution:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
𝜋 𝐷 2− 𝑑 2
let: 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 =
4
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑃
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜋 𝐷 2− 𝑑 2
4
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠:
𝑁 400 1000 𝑁
120 = 𝜋 𝐷 2 − 100𝑚𝑚 2
𝑚𝑚2
4
 400000𝑁 𝜋 100𝑚𝑚 2 4
𝐷= +
𝑁 4 𝜋
120 2
𝑚𝑚

𝐷 = 119.35 𝑚𝑚
Problem 105: : Reference: Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in the figure.
Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120
MPa in steel.
Given:
𝜎𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (allowable stress in the bronze)
𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (allowable stress I the steel)
Required:
𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Solution:
1. Determine the internal forces in each cable.

𝐴 𝐵

𝑊 = 800𝑘𝑔 9.81 𝑚 𝑠 2 = 7848𝑁

𝐹𝐵𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝐵
2. Solve for 𝑃𝑏𝑟 and 𝑃𝑠𝑡 applying equilibrium condition.
+ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑃𝑏𝑟 10𝑚 − 7848𝑁 5𝑚 = 0
7848𝑁 5𝑚
𝑃𝑏𝑟 =
10𝑚
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 3924𝑁
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑃𝑏𝑟 and 𝑃𝑠𝑡 are loacated at both ends of the bar and w is
at the midspan we can say;
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 3924𝑁
3. Solve for the smallest area for each cable.
For Bronze:
𝑃𝑏𝑟
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = (to attain smallest area; 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
𝐴𝑏𝑟
𝑁 3924𝑁
90 =
𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑏𝑟
3924𝑁
𝐴𝑏𝑟 = 𝑁 = 43.6 𝑚𝑚2
90 2
𝑚𝑚

For Steel:
𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = (to attain smallest area; 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 )
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑁 3924𝑁
120 =
𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠𝑡
3924𝑁 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑁 = 32.7 𝑚𝑚
120 2
𝑚𝑚
 Problem 107: Reference: Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze sections, as
shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the position indicated. If 𝑃 = 3000 𝑙𝑏 and the cross
sectional area of the rod is 0.5 𝑖𝑛2 , determine the stress in each section.

𝟒𝑷 𝑷

2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 2.5 𝑓𝑡
1. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝐵𝐷:
𝟒𝑷 𝑷𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒𝑷

𝟒𝑷 𝑷𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝑷

𝟒𝑷 𝑷 𝑷𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝑷 − 𝐏 = 𝟑𝐏
2. Solve for the stress in each section:
For steel:
𝑃𝑠𝑡 4𝑃
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡

4 3000𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 24,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 24 𝑘𝑠𝑖
0.5𝑖𝑛2
For Aluminum:
𝑃𝑎𝑙 4𝑃
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = =
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙

4 3000𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 24,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 24 𝑘𝑠𝑖
0.5𝑖𝑛2
For Bronze:
𝑃𝑏𝑟 3𝑃
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = =
𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟

3 3000𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = 18,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 18 𝑘𝑠𝑖
0.5𝑖𝑛2
Problem 1.17: Reference: Strength of Materials by Pytel and Kiusalaas
The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is 1.8𝑖𝑛2 . Calculate the stresses in members
𝐶𝐸, 𝐷𝐸, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝐹. Indicate tension or compression.
Solution:
1. Solve for the external reactions at the hinge support at A and roller support at F
a

𝐴𝑦 = 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐹
a

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

Applying equilibrium condition using the FBD of the entire truss

+ 𝑀𝐹 = 0

𝑅𝐴 24 𝑓𝑡 − 30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 8 𝑓𝑡 = 0
30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 8 𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝐴 = = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
24 𝑓𝑡

+ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 16 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑅𝐹 24 𝑓𝑡 = 0
30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 16 𝑓𝑡
𝑅𝐹 = = 20 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
24 𝑓𝑡

Check:

𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐹 = 30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 + 20 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 30 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 therefore OK

2. Determine the internal force in member CE using method of section.
Consider FBD of the left part of section a-a of the truss.
𝑃𝐵𝐷 Applying equilibrium condition:

+ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑃𝐵𝐸
𝑅𝐴 8𝑓𝑡 − 𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑥 6𝑓𝑡 = 0
𝑃𝐶𝐸 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑦
5
𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑥 4
3 =
𝑃𝐶𝐸 5
𝑅𝐴 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 4
𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑥 4
𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑥 = 𝑃𝐶𝐸
5
4
10𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 8𝑓𝑡 − 𝑃𝐶𝐸 6𝑓𝑡 = 0
5
10𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 8𝑓𝑡 5
𝑃𝐶𝐸 = = 16.67 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (𝑇)
6𝑓𝑡 4
3. Solve for the stress in member CE:
𝑃𝐶𝐸 16.67𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜎𝐶𝐸 = =
𝐴𝐶𝐸 1.8𝑖𝑛2
𝜎𝐶𝐸 = 9.26 𝑘𝑠𝑖
4. Determine the internal force in member DE using method of joint.
Consider joint E
Applying equilibrium condition:
𝑃𝐷𝐸
𝐹𝑦 = 0 +

𝑃𝐷𝐸 − 30𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑃𝐶𝐸𝑦 = 0

𝑃𝐵𝐸 𝑃𝐸𝐹
5 3 3
𝑃𝐷𝐸 = 30𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 + 16.67𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
4 5
𝑃𝐶𝐸 = 16.67 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝐷𝐸 = 40 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
 5. Solve for the stress in member DE:
𝑃 40 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜎𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐷𝐸 =
𝐷𝐸 1.8𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝐷𝐸 = 22.22 𝑘𝑠𝑖

6. Determine the internal force in member DF using method of joint.
Consider joint F
𝑃𝐷𝐹
Applying equilibrium condition:
5
3
4 𝐹𝑦 = 0 +
𝑃𝐸𝐹
20𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑃𝐷𝐹𝑦 = 0
3
20𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑃 =0
𝑅𝐹 = 20 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 5 𝐷𝐹
5
𝑃𝐷𝐹 = 20𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 33.33 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (𝐶)
7. Solve for the stress in member DF: 3
𝑃 33.33 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 𝐴𝐷𝐹 =
𝐷𝐹 1.8𝑖𝑛2

𝜎𝐷𝐹 = 18.52 𝑘𝑠𝑖