BRITISH STANDARD Implementation of ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears Part 2. Calculation of surface durability (pitting) BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Incorporating Corrigendum. No. 1 res21200 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW CUE edn ay tiBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Issue 2, May 1999 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee MCEV5, Gears, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Engineering Cutting Tools Association British Gear Association British Horological Federation British Horological Institute Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment and Cranes Gauge and Too! Makers’ Association Institution of Mechanical Engineers Lloyds Register of Shipping London Underground Lid. Ministry of Defence Power Generation Contractors’ Association (PGCA (BEAMA Ltd.) @ ap Amendments issued since publication Amd.No. | Date ‘Text affected 10405, May 1999 | indicated by a sideline ‘The folowing BSI references relate tothe work on this ‘Sandert. ‘Commitee reference MCES Draft for comment 89775653 DC ISBN 0580 26750 4Issue 2, May 1999 National foreword ‘This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 63362 : 1996 and implements it as the UK national standard. ‘This British Standard is published under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board i responsibility to: ‘whose Technical Committee MCE has the ~ aid enquirers to understand the text; = present to the responsible ‘enquiries on i ‘or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; ~ monitor related international and ‘and promulgate them inthe UK [NOTE International and 1 well as overseas standards, are available from, European Standards, Castomer Services, BS, 289 Chiswick High Road, Landon WA AA. ‘A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of iteelf confer immanity from legal obligations. © Bst 06.1900a”Issue 1, May 1999 BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Summary of pages ‘The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced for the first time by amendment. Subsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion). Page Tssue Page Tasue Front cover 2 10 cover page original Inside front cover 2 ito iv original a 1 11022 d blank 23 i 2 24 to BL original ii original Back cover 2 © BSI 06-1900qvBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 ‘ INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 6336-2 Sa REEeeeeeee Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting) Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages cylindriques & dentures droite et hélicoidale — Partie 2: Calcul de la résistance a la pression superficielle (piquage) Reference number 'S0 63362:1996(E)BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Contents “Page 1 Seopa 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Pitting damage and safety factors 2 4 Basic formut 3 5 Zone factor, Z,,, and single pair tooth contact factors, Zy and Zp 9 6 Elasticity factor, Z— 15 7 Contact ratio factor, Z, 16 8 Helix angle factor, Z, 18 9 Strength for contact stress 18 10 Life factor, Zy (for flanks) 19 14 Influences of the tubricant fllm, factors Z,, Z, 2 12 Work hardening factor, Zy 29 13 Size factor, Z, 30 Annex ry Bibliography at® BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of Preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liason with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the Technical Committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard 6336-2 was prepared by Technical Committee 1SO/TC60, Gears, Subcommittee SC2, Gear capacity calculation. 180 6336 consists of the following parts, under the general title Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears: = Part 1: Basic principles, introduction and general influence factors Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting) ~ Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending strength Part: Strength and quality of materials Annex A is for information only.BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Introduction Hertzian pressure, which serves as a basis for the calculation of contact stress, is the basic principle used in this part of ISO 6336 for the assesomont of surface durabilty of cylindrical gears.” It iz. a significant - indicator of the stress generated during tooth flank engagement. is not the sole cause of piting, nor are the corresponding subsurface shear stresses. There are other contributory influences; for exampie, coefficient of friction, direction and magnitude ot sliding and the fluence of lubricant on distribution of pressure. Development has not yet advanced to the stage of directly including these in calculations of load-bearing capacity; however, allowance is made for them to some degree in the derating factors and choice of material property values. In spite of shortcomings, Hertzian pressure is useful as a working hypothesis. This is attributable to the fact that, for a given material, limiting values of Hertzian pressure are preferably derived from fatigue tests on gear-specimens; thus additional relevant influences are included in the values. Therefore, if the reference datum is located in the application range, Hertzian pressure is acceptable as a design basis for extrapolating from experimental data to values for gears of different dimensions. Several methods have been approved for the calculation of the permissible contact stress and the determination of a number of factors (see ISO 6336-1).. BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting) 1 Scope This part of {SO 6336 specifies the fundamental formulae for use in the determination of the surface © toad capacity of cylindrical gears with involute internal or external teeth. It includes formutae for all influences on surface durability for which quantitative assessments can be made. It applies Primarily to oil-ubricated transmissions, but may also be used to obtain approximate values for (slow-running) grease-lubricated transmissions, as long as sufficient lubricant is present in the mesh at all times. The given formulae are valid for cylindrical gears with tooth profiles in accordance with the basic rack standardized in ISO 53. They may be used for teeth where the actual transverse contact ratio = is less than « gy = 2,6. The results are in good agreement with other methods for the range as = _ indicated in wie scope of ISO 6396-1. The user of this part of ISO 6336 is cautioned that when the method specified is used for large helix : angles and large pressure angles, the calculated results should be confirmed by experience as by ’ method A. These formulae cannot be directly applied for the assessment of types of gear tooth surface damage such as plastic yielding, scratching, scuffing or any other than that described In clause 3. The load capacity determined by way of the permissible contact stress is called the ‘surface load capacity’ or “surface durability’, 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute Provisions of this part of ISO 6336. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 6336 are ‘encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 'SO 53: 1974, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering - Basic rack. 1SO 6336-1: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical cylindrical gears - Part 1: Basic Principles, introduction and general influence factors. 180 6336-5: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of cylindrical gears - Part 5: Strength and quality of materials.BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 3 _Pitting damage and safety factors If limits of the surface durability of the meshing flanks are exceeded, particles will break out.of the flanks, leaving pits. The extent to which such pits can be tolerated (in size and number) varies within wide limits, depending largely on the field of application, In some fields, extensive pitting can be accepted; in other fields any appreciable pitting is to be avoided. The following definitions, relevant to average working conditions help in distinguishing between initial pitting and destructive pitting, Linear or progressive increase of the total area of pits is unacceptable, however the effective tooth bear a may be pitting, and the rate of generation of pits may subsequently reduce (degressive pitting), or cease (arrested pitting). Such pitting is considered tolerable. In the ‘event of dispute, the following rule is determinant. | Pitting involving the formation of pits which increase linearly or progressively with time under | unchanged service conditions (linear or progressive pitting) is not acceptable. Damage assessment shall include the entire active area of all the tooth flanks. The number and size of newly developed {_.) pits in unhardened tooth flanks shall be taken into consideration. itis a frequent occurrence that. pits are formed on just one or only a few of the surface hardened gear tooth flanks. In such circumstances, assessment shall be centred on the flanks actually pitted. Teeth suspected of being especially at risk should be marked for critical examination if a quantitative evaluation is required. In special cases, a first rough assessment can be based on considerations of the entire quantity of wear debris. In critical cases, the condition of the flanks should be examined at least three times, i The first ‘examination should, however, only take place after at least 10° cycles of load. Further examination should take place after a period of service depending on the results of the previous ‘examination, Hf the deterioration by pitting is such that it puts human life in danger, or there is a risk of leading to ‘some grave consequences, then pitting is not tolerable. Due to stress concentration effects, a pit of a diameter of 1 mm near the fillet of a through-hardened or case-hardened tooth of a gear may become the origin of a crack which could lead to tooth breakage; for this reason, such a pit shall be considered as intolerable (e.g. in aerospace transmissions). ‘Similar considerations are true for turbine gears. In general, during the long life (10"° to 10"? eycles) which is demanded of these gears, neither pitting nor unduly severe wear is tolerable. Such @ damage could lead to unacceptable vibrations and excessive dynamic loads. Appropriately generous safety factors should be included in the calculation, i.e. only a low probability of fai can be tolerated, in contrast, pitting over 100 % of the working tanks can be tolerated for some slow-speed industrial gears with large teeth (e.g. module 25) made from low hardness steet where they will safely transmit the rated power for 10 to 20 years. Individual pits may be up to 20 mm in diameter and 8 mm deep. The apparently *destructive" pitting which occurs during the first two or three years of service Normally slows down. The tooth flanks become smoothed and work hardened to the extent of increasing the surface Brinell hardness number by 50 % or more. For such conditions, relatively low safety factors (in some cases less than one) can be chosen, with a correspondingly higher probability of tooth surface damage. A high factor of safety against tooth breakage is necessary. ‘Comments on the choice of safety factor Sj, can be found in ISO 6336-1, subciause 4.1.3. It is recommended that the manufacturer and customer agree on the values of theBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 4 Basic formulae Fe defined in ISO 6396-1 NOTE 1 ~ Allsymbols, terms and uni [The calculation of surface durability is based on the contact stress, o, at the pitch point or at the inner point of single pair tooth contact. The higher of the two values obtained is used to determine FaPacly (determinant). ,, and the permissible contact stress, oyp, shall be calculated separately for whee! and pinion. 2, Shall be less than ep, Three categories are recognized in the calculstion Of 0} as follows. 9) Spur gears 2) Spur pinion: ‘for a pinion, o,, is usually calculated at the inner point of single pair tooth contact. In special cases,-,, at the pitch point is greater and thus determinant. 2) Spur wheel: in the case of external teeth, is usually calculated at the pitch point. In Special cases, particularly in the case of small transmission ratios (see 5.2), ¢, Is greater at the inner point of single pair tooth contact of the wheel and is thus determinant. or internal teeth, 2,18 always calculated at the pitch point. b) Helical gearing with overlap ratio «gz 1 ¢1 18 always calculated at the pitch point for pinion and wheel, ©) Helical gearing with overtap ratio eg < 4 {n.inis case oy Is determined by linear interpolation between the two limit values, i.e. ¢4 for spur gears and ¢,, for helical gears with «g = 1 in which the determination of ¢,, for each is'o be based on the numbers of teeth on the actual gears. 41 Contact stress oy, ‘AS stated, the contact stress is to be calculated on the basis of Hertzian pressure (see introduction). 4.1.1 Contact stress for the pinion he {otal tangential load in the case of gear trains with muttiple transmission paths, planetary gear systems, or split-path gear trains is not quite evenly distributed over the individual meshes (Cepending on design, tangential speed and manufacturing accuracy). This is to be taken into Consideration by inserting a distribution factor K, to follow K, in equation (1), to adjust the average tangential load per mesh as necessary. on = 2a ono (Ka Ky Kup Ki £ onp - Proust ees ee ee ~ 2) 4262625 |e oH where 2+ _ [Is the nominal contact stress at the pitch point; this is the stress induced in flawless (error free) gearing by application of static nominal torque. Z_ _ is the pinion single pair tooth contact factor (see 5.2). This converts contact stress at the pitch point to the contact stress at the inner point of single pair tooth contact on the Pinion.BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Is the application factor (see ISO 6396-1). It takes into account the load increment due to externally influenced variations of input or output torque. K, is the dynamic factor (see ISO 6336-1). It takes'into account load increments due to internal dynamic effects. (i _ #8 the face load factor for contact stress (see ISO 6336-1). It takes into account uneven distribution of load over the facewidth, due to mesh misalignment caused by inaccuracies in manufacture, elastic deformations, etc. Kg _ is the transverse load factor for contact stress (see ISO 6336-1). It takes into account uneven Icad distributinn in the transverse direction. resulting, for example, from pitch deviation, NOTE 2 ~ S00 180 6396-1, subclause 4.1.10 fr the sequence in which factors Ky, Ky, Ku Kyg are calculated. cup _ is the permissible contact stress (see 4.2). 24 is the zone factor (see clause 5). It takes into account the flank curvatures at the pitch Point and transforms tangential load at the reference cylinder to tangential load at the pitch cylinder, Zg _ Is the elasticity factor (see clause 6). It takes into account specific properties of the material, moduli of elasticity E,, E, and Poisson's ratios v,, vz. Z, is the contact ratio factor (see clause 7). It takes into account the influence of the effective length of the lines of contact. is the helix angle factor (see clause 8). it takes into account influences of the helix angle, such as the variation of the load along the lines of contact. F, __ Is the nominal tangential load, the transverse load tangential to the reference cylinder. The total tangential load per mesh shall be introduced for F, in every case (even with “an > 2). See ISO 6336-1, subclause 4.2, for the definition of F, and comments on Particular characteristics of double-helical gearing. bs the facewidth (for a double helix gear b = 2 bg). The value b of mating gears is the smaller of the facewidths at the root circles of pi transverse chamfers or tooth-end rounding. Neither unhardened portions of surface- hardened gear tooth flanks nor the transition zones shall be included, d, is the reference diameter of pinion. 4 isthe gf = zp/2,. For external gears u is positive, and for internal gears u is negative. 4.1.2 Contact stress for the wheel on = 2 eH0 Ka Ky Kup Kia < one @ where arn Zp _ is the single pair tooth contact factor of the wheel (see 5.2). This transforms contact stress at the pitch point to contact stress at the inner point of single pair tooth contact of the wheel. ‘See 4.1.1 for explanations of other symbols. es OBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 ) 42 Permissible contact stress, oyp The limit values of contact stresses (see clause 9) should preferably be derived from material tests .- using meshing gears as test pieces (see introduction). The more closely test gears and test conditions resemble the service gears and service conditions, the more relevant to the calculations the derived values will be. 4.2.1 Determination of the permissible contact stress, c44p, principles, assumptions and ‘application a) Method.A In method A the permissible contact stress ¢ 4p (or the pitting stress limit, « ya) for reference stress, long and limited lite and static stresses are calculated using equation (2) or (8) from the S-N curve OF damage curve derived from tests of actual gear pair duplicates under appropriate service conditions. The cost required for this method is in general only justifiable for the development of new products, {allure of which would have serious consequences (e.g. for manned space flight). Similarly, the permissible stress values may be derived from consideration of dimensions, service conditions and performance of carefully monitored reference gears. The more closely the dimensions and service conditions of the actual gears resemble those of the reference gears, the more effective will be the application of such values for purposes of design ratings or calculation checks. b) Method B Damage curves, characterized by the allowable stress number values o4 ym and the limited life factors Zyjy have been determined for a number of common gear materials and heat treatments trom results of gear loading tests with standard reference test gears. a These test gear values are converted to suit the dimensions and service conditions of the actual gear pair using the (relative) influence factors for lubricant, Z,, pitch line velocity 2,. flank surface roughness, Zp, work hardening, Zy, and size, Zy. Method B is recommended for reasonably accurate calculation whenever pitting resistance values are available from gear tests, from special tests or, if the material is similar, from ISO 6336-5 (see @ _ introduction). ©) Methods C and D Up.tnese methods which are derived from method B, the influence factors. Z,, Zy, Zy Zy and 2, are d) Method By Material characteristic values are determined by rolling pairs of disks in loaded contact. The magnitude and direction of the sliding speed in these tests should be adjusted to represent the in- service slide and roll conditions of the tooth flanks in the areas at risk from pitting. Method B, may be used when stress values derived from gear tests are not available. The method is particularly suitable for the determination of the surface durability of various materials relative to ‘one another.4.2.2 Permissible contact stress, cp, Method B oH tim 2) «1 cup = HMO ZNT 7 7, 25 Zy dy = oO ~ @) | Si min Si min | 11m | the allowable stress number (contact) (see clause 9 and ISO 6336-5). It accounts for the influence of material, heat treatment and surface roughness of the standard reference test gears. Is the lite fector for contact stress (eee clause 10). It accounts for higher load capacity for a limited number of load cycles. where | Zwr | ana 18 the pitting stress limit (= up $1 min) | Simin #8 the minimum required safety factor for surface durability. Factors Z,, Zp and Z, together cover the influence of the oil film on tooth contact stress. 2, _ Is the lubricant factor (see clause 11). It accounts for the influence of the lubricant viscosity, Zp _ is the roughness factor (see clause 11). It accounts for the influence of surface roughness. is the velocity factor (see clause 11). It accounts for the influence of pitch line velocity, Zw is the work hardening factor (see clause 12). It accounts for the effect of meshing with a surface hardened or similarly hard mating gear. Z Is the size factor for contact stress (see clause 13). It accounts for the influence of the tooth dimensions for the permissible contact stress. 4) Permissible contact strese (reference) ‘The permissible contact stress (reference), oyp ,et iS derived from equation (4), with Zy; = 1 and the influence factors 04 time Zi» 2yr Zev Zw: Zev Zx ANG Sy min Calculated following method B. | b) Permissible contact stress (static) The permissible contact stress (static), 4p star 1S determined in accordance with equation (4) with all method B influence factors (for static stress). 4.2.3 Permlasible contact atreas for limited and long life, Method B In method B, provision is made for determination of «4p by graphical or computed interpolation between the value obtained for reference in accordance with 4.2.2 a) and the value obtained for static stress in accordance with 4.2.2 b). Values appropriate to the relevant number of load cycles ‘N, are indicated by the S-N curve. See clause 10. 2.3.1 Grophicel velues Calculate op for reference stress and static stress in accordance with 4.2.2 and plot the S-N curve corresponding to the life factor Zyr. See figure 1 for the principle. o 4p for the relevant number of load cycles N, may be read from this graph.° BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 limited life ‘ong life (log) g Hp Example Permissible contact stress, Sup. for 10? load cycles Permissible contact stress Q 104 10° 108 107 108 10° Number of load cycles, N, (log) Figure 1 - Graphic determination of the permissible contact stress for a limited Iie, In accordance with method B 1.2 Determination by calculation Caleulate o 11p rat fOr reference and cp stat for static strength in accordance with 4.2.2 and, using these results, determine op, in accordance with method B for limited life and the number of load cycles N, in the range as follows. ) Stuctural and through-hardened steels, periitic or bainitic spheroidal graphite cast iron, perltic ‘malleable cast iron, case or surface hardened steel, if a certain number of pits is permissible: For the limited life stress range, 6 x 10° < N, s 107 in accordance with figure 8: sot oe sent 2H * thet M ow where oHPetat 6) CHProf exp = 0,9705 logBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 For the limited life stress range, 10” < N, < 10° in accordance with figure 8: eat ~ @) exp = 02791 log HPref ) fal and through-hardened steel, porlitic or bainitic nodular cast iron, perlitic malleable cast iron, case or surface hardened steel, when no pits are permissible: For the limited life stress range, 10° < N, < 5 x 107 in accordance with figure 8: ‘Bx or" “8 OX oH ™ oy 2y =o where exp is as in equation (6) ©) Through-hardening or nitriding steel; gas nitrided, through-hardeneg, nitro-carburized; ferritic Nodular cast iron, grey cast iron: For the limited life stress range, 10° < N, < 2 x 10° in accordance with figure 8: xp w= (10) where chee a (M1) exp = 0,7686 log Corresponding calculations may be determined for the range of long life, 4.2.4 Permissible contact stress for reference and static strength, Methods C and D The provisions of 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 are applicable to these methods with the influence factors Z,, Zy Zp, Zx and Zy, being determined in accordance with method C or D.BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 4.3 Safety factor for surface durability (against pitting), S,, Calculate S,, separately for pinion and wheel: Sy = 24S > Simin on (12) oH 8) Method B Calculate 14g for long fife and static stress limits in accordance with equation (4) and clauses 4.2.2 8) and b). For limited life ayq is in accordance with equation (4) and clause 4.2.8. Take «+, in accordance with equation (1) for the pinion and in accordance with equation (3) for the wheel (see introduction to clause 4), - b) Methods C and D Calculate 2,44 be in accordance with equation (4) and clause 4.2.4, and ¢, as in 4.3 a). NOTE 3 - This is the calculated safety factor with rogard to contact strase (Hertzian pressure). ‘The correspon: factor relative to torque capacity is equal to the equare of S,. For notes on minimum safety factor and probability of failure, see clause 3 and ISO 6336-1, subclause 4.1.3, 5 Zone factor, Z, and single pair tooth contact factors, Z, and Zp ‘These factors account for the influence of tooth flank curvature on contact stress. 5.1 Zone factor, Z4 The zone factor, Z,,, accounts for the influence on Hertzian pressure of tooth flank curvature at the pitch point and transforms the tangential force at the reference cylinder to normal force at the pitch cylinder. §.1.1 Graphical values 2,4 can be taken from figures 2 to 4 as a function of (x, + x2) / (Z, + z,) and p for external and internal gears having normal pressure angles «, = 20°, 22,5° or 25°,BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 10 Zone factor, Coes 3,0 T 2,9 9 2.8 O07 \ 2,7 2,6 Fran _ 2,5 24-09 2,3 2,2 21 2.0 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 15 0 10” 20 30" 40" helix angle at reference circle 6 —= Figure 2 - Zone factor, Z, for o, = 20° esBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 3,0 3 29 ie Fo, 2.8 4 & 3, y/ C05 By 2,6 . ~07 4 2,5 ot ~0,00: 2.4 + “0s, N x eae 23 poe] © 2 207 8 2? Fr goss @ 21 FPoo255 5 0,03 —-~ 8 2,0 +0044 Let90s I~ NN 1,9 06 ; § = I E88, 1,8 2.09 = a on S858 . 1,7 Sy 1,6 SS 1.5 o flO aaaee 20; eeeme Osean Oy @ helix angle at reference circle @ —m Figure 3 - Zone factor, 2, for a, = 22,5"BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 3,0 2,9 2,8 2,7 2,6 2,5 t 2,4 — 2,3 2,2 21 2,0 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 ° 0,00: gt 5 zone factor, 2, g loo 06 9 ecc)o. ISoOb 0 Sc0)0 OID) o o 10°20" 30" 40" helix angle at reference circle @ —= Figure 4 - Zone factor, Z,, for a, = 25° 2BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 5.1.2 Determination by calculation 2 cose, co: wu (13) 52 Single pair tooth contact factors, Z, and Zp, for <, s 2 The single pair tooth contact factors, Z, and Zp, are used to transform the contact stress at the pitch point of spur gears to the contact stress at the inner point B of single pair tooth contact of the Phiion or at the inner point D of single pair tooth contact of the wheel if Z, > 1 or Zp > 1. See figure 5 and the introduction to clause 4. external gearing internal gearing Figure 5 - Radil of curvature at the pitch point C and at the single pair tooth contact point B of the pinion and D of the wheel for determination of the pinion single pair tooth contact factor Zy In accordance with equation (14), and of the wheel single pair tooth contact factor Zp In | ‘accordance with equation (15) (only for external spur gears) In general, Zp should only be determined for gears when u < 1,5. When u > 1,5, M, is usually less than 1,0 in which case Z, is made equal to 1,0 in equation (15). For internal gears, Z, shall be taken as equal to 4,0. 13BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Determination by calculation: tang , = [Porter we Par Paz w= (14) a, a fet |] foe yey 2 a 2e/] | 22 (eg - 1) a ZY az, % Poi Po2 r Tr on lag og ° ese ae’ "=i ‘See subclause 7.2.1 for calculations of the profile contact ratio « .- a) Spur gears: b) Helical gears with « , ©) Helical gears with ¢, < for WZ, 1 Zy = 1 ifMys 1 . iM, Zy = My, 18M, > 1; Zp = Mz, it Mz >1 1: Zg=Zp=1 : Zp and Zp are determined by linear interpolation between the values spur and helical gearing with eg = 1: 2, =M,~ 25M, — Nand Z5> 4 Zp = Mz ~ €g (Mz — 1) and Zyz 1 'g Of Zp are made equal to 1, the contact stresses calculated using equation (1) or (3) are the values for the contact stress at the pitch cylinder. 4) Methods a), b) and c) apply to the calculation of contact stress when the pitch point pat the 6 Outside the path of contact, then Zg th of contact. If the pitch point C is determinant and and/or Zp are determined for contact at the adjacent tip circle. For helical gearing when ¢, is less than 1,0, Zg and Zp are determined by linear interpolation between the values (determined at the pitch point or at the adjacent tip circle as appropriate) for spur years and those helical gears with eget 5.3 Single pair tooth contact factors, Z, and Zp, for <, > Z In the case of meshing gear pairs of high precision with 2 < ¢, = 3, the entire tangential load in any transverse plane is supported by two pairs, or three pairs, of teeth in continued succession. For ‘such gears, the calculation of contact stress is based on the outer point of two pair tooth contact. The equations (14) and (15) in 5.2 are therefore suitable without modification, for the calculation of a ‘and M, respectively. However, in such circumstances, oy4, shall be calculated using equation with substitution of the total tangential load for F,. As a result of this, stress values are ‘overestimated, thus erring on the side of safety. 14ATT The elasticity factor, Z, takes into account the inf Elasticity factor, Z, elasticity) and v (Poisson's ratio) on the contact sti BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Table 1 - Elasticity factor, Z,, for some material combinations luences of the material properties E (modulus of Wheel 2 Modulus of | Poisson's | Material Modulus ot | Poisson's | 2, leat, E | ratio, v laaticty, € | ratios» Niet Nim? [irom Geo | a8 000 1088 Costco! [a2 000 Noduler cast con | 178 000 Stoo! +206 000 Gest bronze [108 000 1550 Tin bronze 113 000 1598 ameter graphite | 126 000 1684 ‘est Iron ns (arey cast tony | 118000 1620 Cast stool 202 000 188, 5 [ 0s a : Nodular east iron | 179 000 1808 Cast stool ‘202 000 ‘Lamellar graphite eet iron 118 000 to. (arey cast iron) [easter castiren | 173 000 1738 Nedutar castiron | 179.000 Lamelar graphite ‘eet iron 118.000 1866 (orey cast ron) Lamellar graphite | 126 000 ‘Lamellar graphite 146.0 castiron (grey cast | to cast fon 118.000 to itor 118000 eet ron 1437 ” (arey J _| Ze i 1 - v3] . z When E, = E, = E and vy, = vy =v: Zee es 2a (1 ~ v4) For steel and aluminum v = 0,3 and therefor Ze VOI7EE (16) (17) -- (18) 15BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 elasticity E, and E,, the equivalent modulus: For mating gears in material having different moduli 2 BFFs 19) Eve may be used, For some material combinations Z, can be taken from table 1. 7 Contact ratio factor, Z, tact ratio factor, Z., accounts for the influence of the transverse contact and overlap ratios cn the surface load capadiy of cylindrical gears. Calculation of the contact stress Is based on a virtual facewidth o,;, instead of the actual facewidth b: The average length of the line of contact calculated on a simplified basis is used as the appropriate value for helical gearing with e, > 1. 7.1 Determination of contact ratio factor, Z, 7.4.1 Graphical values Z, for known contact and overlap ratio factors may be read from figure 6. 7.4.2 Betermination by calculation a) Spur gears: 1) 1,0 may be chosen for spur gears having a contact ratio less than 16 @)8 BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 1,00 0,95 {| ' Co 0.90 4 Nv | 08s So} T 2 0. > 0.80 Cr K 8 XN B 075 2 8 0,70 ass I 1.0 15 2.0 25 transverse contact ratio, ¢¢ —oe Figure 6 - Contact ratlo factor Z, 7.2 Calculation of transverse contact ratio c, and overlap ratlo « 7.21 Transverse contact ratio, ¢, «a7 9a! Pop = (@) Transverse base pitch Pot = M+ COSe, Length of path of contact tlle =e = [ea |-asine,, ~ (26) The positive sign is used for external gears, the negative for internal gears. £ Equation (26) is only valid if the path of contact is effectively limited by the tip circle of the pinion and the wheel and not, for example, by undercut tooth profiles. 17BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 7.2.2 Overlap ratio, ¢g eee «y= ing = @ See equation (2) for definition of facewidth. 8 Helix angle factor, Z, Independent of the influence of the helix angle on the length of path of contact, the helix angle factor, Z,, accounts for the influence of the helix angle on surface toad capacity, allowing for such variableS as the distribution of load along the lines of contact. , is dependent only on the helix angle, 8. For all practical purposes the following empirical relationship is in sufficiently good agreement with experimental and service experience: 2p - (oor w= 28) where # is the reference helix angle. oO Z,, can also be read from figure 7. ' 1,0 al 0,95 8 3 0,90 > 2 5 0,85 2 ® 0.80,- 10° 20° 30" 40° Helix angle at reference circle @ —= Figure 7 - Helix angle factor, Z, 9 Strength for contact stress ‘See 4.2 for general notes on the determi determination of pitting stress limit values. n of limit values for contact stress; see 4.2.14) for the 9.1 Allowable stress numbers (contact), 04 ym, for Methods B, C and D Refer to 4.2.1b) and c) for details relevant to the following. For a demonstration of the use of o, ‘see equation (4). The value 044 jm for a given material, is considered as the highest value of contact stress, calculated in accordance with this part of ISO 6336, which the material will endure for at least 2 x 10° to 5 x 10” load cycles, see figure 8 for start. H iow 18q BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 '$08396-5 provides information on commonly used gear materials, methods of heat treatment, and the niftuence of gear quality on values for allowable stress numbers, oy, jy, derived from test results of Sandard reference test gears. ‘Alscssee ISO 6336-5 for requirements concerning material and heat treatment for qualities ML, MQ, ME und MX. Material quality MQ is generally selected unless otherwise agreed. 9.2 Allowable stress number valu , Method By See 4.2.14) for detailed information. The allowable stress number values roay be determined by ‘meais of roller tests or can be taken from the literature. 10 Life factor, Zyy (for flanks) The Ife factor, Zy7, accounts for the higher contact stress, MCluding static stress, which may be tolerable for a limited life (number of load cycles), as compared with the allowable stress at the pointer *knee* on the curves of figure 8 where Zyy, = 1,0. Zyy applies for standard reference use. ‘The jrincipal influences are: j material and heat treatment (see ISO 6336-5); {number of load cycles (servicer sfe) Ny; lubrication regime; 4 failure criteria; smoothness of operation required; 1) pitchline velocity; @ cleanness of gear material; h) material ductility and fracture toughness; }) residual stress. For the purposes of this part of ISO 6336, the number of load cycles, N,, is defined as the number ‘of mesh contacts, under load, of the gear tooth being analysed. 10.1 Life factor, Zp, Method A The S-N curve or damage curve derived from examples of the actual gear pair is determinant for load capacity at limited service life and is thus also determinant for the materials of both mating gears, the heat treatment, the relevant diameter, module, surface roughness of tooth flanks, pitch line velocity and the lubricant used. Since the S-N curve or damage curve is directly valid for the conditions mentioned, the influences represented by the factors Zp. Z,. Z,, Zy and Zy are included in the curve and should therefore be assigned the value 1,0 in the calculation formulae, 10.2 Life factor, 2y,, Method B The permissible stress at limited service life or the safety factor in the limited life stress range is determined using the life factor Zyy for the standard reference test gear (see 4.2). Zyr for static and reference stresses can be taken from figure 8 or table 2. 19BS ISO 6336-2: 1996 The factor Zy for limited life stress can be obtained by interpolation between the values for the reference stress and the static stress as specified in 4.2.2. implied inaz.a,in © This approach Which the determination of permissible stresses for limited life is discussed. - 7 6 1.5 St, V, EH, IF + ~1GGG (perl., bai.) 5 IGTS (perl) N14 a ‘2 13 NV (nitr.), 5 GGG (ferr.), <1, 24GG, NT (nitr.) if wat =m ) = nitrocar 41.0 0.8 0.7 104 10° 10° 107 10° 10° One NUMBER OF LOAD CYCLES. N, &: ‘tect (og < 800 Nim) v through-hardening stool, through-hardened (ag 2 800 N/mm") eo: ey east ron 206 (pert, ba, foe): nodular cast iron (pri, ban, ete eructure ts (pen): black malleable cst iron (pert structure) En: case-hardening steel, case hardening ® iF stool and 0, flame or Induction hardened NT (ote: ilding soo, nitrides NV (ote through-nardening and ease-nardening stl nitided NV (ntrooes) ‘through-hardening and case-hardoring steel, ntrocarburzed St, V, GGG (per!,, bai.) GTS (perl.), Eh, IF, when limited pitting is permitted Figure 8 - Life factor, Zy,, for standard reference test gearsTable 2 - Life factor, Zyy BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Material") Number of load cycles Life factor Zy7 sy, N, s 6x 105, static 16 GGG (perl. bain), GTS (pert,), Eh, IF; 13 Only when a certain 1.0 degree of pitting is permissible 0.85, Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience 1.0 [m= 108, static 1,6 StL, = GGG (perl. bain.), NL = 8x10 1,0 GTS (pert), Eh, IF N= 10'° 0.85 Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience 1.0 1, = 10°, static 13 GG, GGG (fer), N= 2x 10° 4,0 NT (nite), a NV (nite) N, = 101 0.85 Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience 1,0 NV (nitrocar) N, = 108, static 14 MN, = 10° Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience 1.0 1) See figure 8 for explanation of abbreviations used. W Influences of the lubricant film, factors 2, Z, and Zp The lubricant film between the tooth flanks influer significant influence: ) viscosity of the lubricant in the mesh; 5) sum of the instantaneous velocities of the two tooth surfaces; ©) loading; @) radius of relative curvature; Nees surface durability. The following have aBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 €) relationship between the combined values of the surface roughnesses of the tooth flanks, and the minimum thickness of the lubricant film, has considerable influence on surface durability. - According to EHD (elasto hydrodynamic theory concerning the characteristics of lubricant films in zones of elastic sliding/rolling contact), parameters a) to d) influence the film dimensions and Pressures. Furthermore, the nature of the lubricant (mineral oil, synthetic oil), its origin, its age, etc, will also have an effect on surface durability. NOTE 4 - information and recommendations concerning the choles of lubricent type and viscosity can be found in other publications. 11.1 Influence of the lubricant film, Method A By method A the influence of the lubricant film on surface durability is determined on the basis of reliable service experience or tests on geared transmissions having comparable dimensions, materials, lubricants and operating conditions. The provisions of ISO 6336-1, subclause 4.1.8, are relevant. 11.2 Influence of the lubricant film, factors Z,, Z, and Zp, Method B The information provided is based on tests using standard reference test gears. The hatched fields in figures 9 to 11 show the tendency of the three factors which are included in the calculation Procedure according to method B: 2, for the influence of the nominal lubricant viscosity (as a characteristic value of the influence of the lubricant) on the effect of the tubricart fl Z,, for the influence of the pitch line velocity on the effact of the lubricant film; Z, for the influence of surface roughness of the flanks after running-in (as a manufacturing Process) on the effect of the lubricant film. ‘The considerable scatter (width of the hatched field) indicates that there are influences other than those mentioned above, also involved in the lubricant film, which are not included in the calculation procedure. ‘These omissions were taken into consideration when plotting the curves in figures 9 to 11. Clearly, ‘they cannot be considered as representing physical laws. They are, of course, empirical, The influence factors are presented as independent of one another, but in reality cannot be completely separated. For this reason test results which wero obtained by varying a single variable, while others were heid constant, were adjusted to take into account field experiences with gears of Gitferent sizes and operating conditions. Thus some of the recorded values do not correlate directly with test results. In general, through-hardened gears are more sensitive than case hardened gears to the influences of viscosity, pitch line velocity and surface roughness. This is reflected in the empirical curves drawn in the scatter bands in figures 9 to 11 inclusive. When a gear pair consists of one which is of hard and one which is of soft material, the factors Z,, Z, and Zq shall be determined for the softer of the materials. See ISO 6336-5 f0F o 4 iq values of common gear materials, The influence of the tubricant film is only fully effective at the long life stress level. The influence is low at higher limited-tife stress levels (see clause 10 and 4.2). The lubricant factor Z, was derived from tests using mineral cil {with and without EP additives). By comparison, when testing certain synthetic lubricants in combination with case hardened test gears, 22Issue 2, May 1999 BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 values of Z, up to 1,1 times higher and with through-hardened test gears up to 1,4 times higher were ties saan cas we bu uct ie ed coe (ets oe curves similar to those Provided for mineral oils should be prepared for synthetic ois) 11.2.1 Factore Z,, Zy, Zp for the reference stress 11.2.1.1 Lubricant factor 2, The factor Z, for mineral oils (with or without extreme pressure, EP, additives) can be determined as a function of nominal viscosity at 40 °C (or 50 °C) and the value 2 im of the softer of the materials of the ‘mating gear pair, by following the directions in the following clauses a) and b). The values for vss apply for the viscosity index VI = 95 and viscosities up to 500 cSt at 40 °C; for higher viscosity, use the value obtained at 500 cSt at 40 °C or 300 eSt at 50 °C to determine the valve of K, 11.2.1.1.1 Graphical values 2, can be read from figure 9 as a function of the nominal viscosity of the lubricant at 40°C (or 50 °C) and the 044 4m Value. nominal viscosity at 40°C, v4q, mm?/s —e lubrication factor, Z, nominal viscosity at 50°C, ¥sg, mm?/s —= Figure 9 - Lubricant factor, 2, © 6105-1999BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 11.2.1.1.2 Determination by calculation a) Z, can be calculated using equations (29) to (32) which are consistent with the curves in figure 9: 4(1,0 - Cy) 4(1,0 - Cy) %, = Gy + = Cy —_ be. %] pet 0 Ye In the range 850 N/mm? s 04 jim < 1200 N/mm? In the range 044 j—, < 850 N/mm? Cz, = 0,83 In the range o44 ji > 1200 N/mm? Cy, = 091 b) Alternatively, Z, can be calculated from equation (33): = (80) o» @1) 2 = Cy + 4(1,0 - Cy) vy w« (83) where v; = 1/(1,2 + 80/vs0)* using viscosity parameters from table 3. Table 3 — Viscosity parameters 180 viscosity class vas2” | vaas” | va6s” | vat00 | ve 150 [vo 220 va 320 woinmmife | 92 “ oo too | 150 | 20 | so Nominal viscosity vin mnie | 21 30 «a 6 so | 12s | 100 Viscosity parameter ooo | oosr | osor | osse | ozer | 0205 | 0370 11.2.1.2 Velocity factor, 2, The velocity factor, Z,, can, as a function of pitch line velocity and the allowable stress number 214 1im Of the softer of the materials of the mating gear pair, be determined in accordance with 14.21.21 oF 11.2.1.2.2, 11.2.1.2.1 Graphical values Z, can be taken from figure 10 as a function of the pitch line velocity and the 044 jm Value. 24Sites 850 N/mm? = 900 N/mm? = 1000 N/mm? os a 1.0 & 3 2 | : i 3 8 ge 094 | 1H] t - + T Os 1 2 3 456810 20° 40 60 100 Pitch line velocity, v, m/s § ——= Figure 10 - Velocity factor, Z, 11.2.1.2.2 Determination by calculation @) 2, can be calculated using equations (34) and (35). They reproduce the curves in figure 10. 2(1,0 - Cz,) 2y= Cy, + ue a) where Cyy = Cy + 0,02 + (85) {s00 equations (30) to (82) for values of Cz,). b) Alternatively, Z, can be calculated from equation (36): Zy, = Cy + 2(1,0 - Cy) vy ++ (86) 10,8 + S2/v)* , where the velocity parameter v,,BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 | 11.2.1.3 Roughness factor, Zp, ie) The roughness factor Z, can be determined in accordance with the following, as a function of the | surface condition (roughness) of the tooth flanks, the dimensions (radius of relative curvature, | Prod”): ANd the 04, jiq Value for the softer material of the mating gear pair, Z, can be read from curves or calculated as a function of the ‘mean relative roughness' (relative to radius of relative curvature at the pitch point p,q = 10 mm). rp, = Fatt Raa po - 67) ‘The peak-to-valley roughness determined for the pinion, R,,, and for the wheel, R,», are mean | Mean peak-to-valley roughness of the gear pair | values for the peak-to-valiey roughness A, measured on several tooth flanks”). ‘The mean roughness R,, (pinion flank) and A,, (wheel flank) shall be determined for their surface condition after manufacture, including any running-in treatment, planned as a manufacturing, ~ commissioning or in-service process, when it is safe to assume that it will take place, ? ‘Mean relative peak-to-valley roughness for the gear pair”) | 3 Arson h, | (98) | Pre | | Radius of relative curvature Pa = ete 9) where: P12. = 08 dyy,o tana! = (40) For external gearing, d, has a positive sign, for internal gearing, 0, has a negative sign. @ 11.2.1.3.1 Graphical values Zp may be taken from figure 11 as a function of Ryo (in accordance with equation (38)) and the 2 fin ValUC. 1) byt defined hore asthe radius of relative curvatute atthe pitch point. The also applies for internal gear pars. For pinion - rack contact Pied = Pr 2 Frroughness stated is an A, value (= CLA value) (= AA value), the folowing approximation may be used for conversion: = CLA = AA= RUG 26~ BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Cutim $ 850 N/mm? I { wi pu 2 900°N/mm?2, = 1000 N/mm = = 1100 N/mm; N10 > 1200 N/mm2, iS ! 8 09h 3 =e 3 7 £ 08 & | 2 t 125°45 67 8 8 10 12 15 14 7 mean relative peak—to-volley roughness, Ryiq, um —o Oo Figure 11 - Roughness factor, Zy 11.21.3.2 Determination by calculation a) Z, can be calculated using the following equations which are consistent with the curves in figure 11: « 3 ” ww (41) ala] “ In the range 850 N/mm? < 04 jim, s 1200 N/mm? Cyq = 0:92 ~ 0,00026 4 ji w= (42) In the range o44 jm < 850 N/mm? P cy -o18 = (43) In the range 6 4 jim > 1200 N/mm? Czpq = 0,08 on (44) b) Alternatively, Z, can be calculated from equation (45): Cn, (129 a )om Zp = Pa = G2%) (48) in > Fee 27BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 , 11.2.2 Factors Z,, Z, and Zp for static stres The relationships in equation (46) are valid for the static and upper limited life stress ranges (characterized by the upper horizontal branches of S-N curves). eZ a (48) r ~ 1.0 11.2.3 Factors Z,, 2, and Z, for limited life Z,, Z, and Zp are obtained by linear interpolation between the values for endurance strength as spocified in 11.2.1 and the value for the static strength ac determined in accordance with 11.2.2. This procedure is similar to that described in 4.2.3, for the determination of permissible stress for 11.3 Influence of the lubrication film, tactors Z,, Z, and Zp, Method C Method C is derived from method B given in 11.2; the introduction given for method B is thus valid for method C. oO a) Method C basic principles: if the nominal viscosity of the lubricant is chosen to suit the pitch line velocity, the product Z, Z, will be approximately 1,0. Depending on the flank associated with the manufacturing process used, it is assumed that the rem: almost constant value. 'b) Hence the precondition: the lubricant viscosity is to be chosen to suit the operating conditions (pitch line velocity, loading, size). 11.3.1 Product Z, Z, Zp for the reference stress a} Foi 2, 2 Zq = 0,85 just generated, such as hobbed, shaped, or planed: w= 42) ) For gearing having lapped, ground or shaved teeth where the flank roughness R49 > 4 um and gear pairs in which one gear is hobbed, shaped or planed and the mating gear is ground or shaved, with Rayo = 4 um: 2, Z, Zp = 0,92 = 48) ©) For ground or shaved gearing with Rzyg = 4 um: 2,2, Za= 1.0 ~- (49) ‘Also see information regarding equation (37). 11.3.2 Product Z, 2, Zp for static stress The relationship applicable for method B, equation (46), i.e. Z, Z, Za = 1,0, applies in this case, 11.3.3 Product Z, Z, Zp for limited lite The product Z, Zy Zp is obtained by linear interpolation between the values for the allowable stress number in accordance with 11.3.1 and the value for the static stress in accordance with 11.3.2. This procedure is used in the determination of the permissible stress for the limited life as specified in 4.2.3. 282 BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 11.4 Influence of the lubricant flim, factors Z,, Z,, Zp, Method D The product Z, Z, Zp is determined for limited life, long life and static strength using equations (47) 1049). Values calculated using this procedure, for long lif, limited life and static strength, tend to be conservative. 12 Work hardening factor, Zw ‘The work hardening factor, Zy, takes account of the increase in the surtace durability due to meshing a steel wheel (structural steel, through-hardened steel) with a hardened or substantially harder pinion with smooth tooth flanks (R, < 6 ym 7), The increase in the surface durability of the soft wheel depends not only on any work hardening of {this wheel, but also on other influences such as, for instance, polishing (lubricant), alloying element and internal stresses in the soft material, surface roughness of the hard pinion, contact stress, hardening processes, etc. 121 Work hardening factor, Zy, Method A The increase in load-bearing capacity as a result of the influences listed above is to be determined in accordance with reliable operating experience or tests on geared transmissions of comparable dimensions, materials, lubricants and operating conditions. The provisions in ISO 6336-1, subclause 4.18, are relevant. 12.2 Work hardening factor, Zy, Method B The data provided are based on tests of different materials, using standard reference test gears, as well as production gedting field experience. The extent of scatter (width of shaded area) indicates that there are other influences as mentioned above, which are not included in the calculation process. Although the curve in figure 12 was carefully chosen, it cannot be interpreted as a physical law for the reasons mentioned above. It is, of course, like equation (50), empirical. ‘The value of Zy is the same for limited life, tong life and static stress. 12.21 Graphical values Zy can be taken from figure 12 for the conditions listed in 12.2 as a function of the flank hardness of the softer wheel, 12.2.2 Determination by calculation Zw can be calculated using equation (50), which is consistent with the curves in figure 12. HB - 130 Zy = 12 ~ HB-130 eat w 1700 69) where HB is the Brinell hardness of the tooth flanks of the softer gear of the pair; to be 1,2 for HB < 130, and 1,0 for HB > 470. LyBS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 c ++ B 3 [po 130 200 300 400 470 work hardening factor, Zy = —am tooth flank hardness of the softer wheel, HB_ —= Figure 12 - Work hardening factor, 2y 1233 Work hardening factor, Zy, Method C Any potential increase in load capacity because of work hardening is to be ignored; thus for method the value of Zw is fixed at 1,0. Because of this, calculated load capacities tend to be conservative, | 13 Size factor, Zx By means of Z,, account is taken of statistical evidence indicating that the stress levels at which fatigue damage occurs decrease with an increase of component size (larger number of weak points in structure), as a consequence of the influence on subsurface defects of the smaller stress gradients which occur (theoretical stress analysis) and the influence of size on material quality (effect on forging process, variations in structure, etc.). Important influence parameters are: a) material quality (furnace charge, cleanliness, forgi ) heat treatment, depth of hardening, distribution of hardening; ©) radius of flank curvature; 4) module: in the case of surface hardening; depth of hardened layer relative to the size of teeth (core supporting-effect). In this part of ISO 6336, the size factor, Z,, is taken to be 1,0. 30(1) [2] (3) (4) [5] (6) 7 [8] (9) {10} BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 1SO 54; 1977, Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering - Modules and diametral pitches 180 1122-1: 1983, Glossary of gear terms - Part 1: Geometrical definitions ISO 6396-3: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of cylindrical gears — Part 3: Calculation of tooth bending strength DIN 3990: Tragfahigkeitsberechnung von Stinradern. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Dezember 1987 ANSI/AGMA 2001-888: Fundamental rating factors and calculation methods for involute spur and helical gears, May 1988 GL 10545: Tragféhigkeitsberechnung von auBenverzahnten Stimradern. November 1988 Niemann, G.; Winter, H.: Maschinenelemente, Band 2, Getriebe. Springer, Berlin 1983 Oster, P:: Beanspruchung der Zahnflanken unter Bedingungen der Elastohydrodynamik. Doctorate dissertation, Technische Universitat MOnchen, 1982 Joachim, F.~J.: Untersuchungen zur Grobchenbildung an vergiteten und normalisierten Zahnrédern (EinfluB von Werkstoffpaarung, Oberfléchen- und Eigenspannungszustand). Doctorate dissertation, Technische Universitat Manchen, 1984, Simon, M.: Messung von elasto-hydrodynamischen Parametern und ihre Auswirkung auf die Grabchentragtahigkeit vergateter Scheiben und Zahnréder. Doctorate dissertation, Technische Universitat Manchen, 1984. 3BS ISO 6336-2 : 1996 BSI 889 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. 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