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ზურაბ კიკნაძე - ქართული ფოლკლორი
ზურაბ კიკნაძე - ქართული ფოლკლორი
ზურაბ კიკნაძე - ქართული ფოლკლორი
qarTuli folklori
Zurab Kiknadze
GEORGIAN FOLKLORE
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
zurab kiknaZe
qarTuli folklori
winasityva
naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic
sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda
filologiis fakultetis studentebs
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.
unda iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea, –
SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, – wlidan wlamde
ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe,
maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.
ISBN 978-9941-13-002-1
sarCevi
winasityvaoba............................................................................. 7
Sesavali ....................................................................................... 11
folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika ......................... 19
gavrcelebis zepiri forma .......................................... 21
anonimuroba ......................................................................... 23
variantuloba ...................................................................... 25
koleqtiuroba .................................................................... 27
tradiciuloba .................................................................... 28
improvizacia ....................................................................... 29
yofiToba ............................................................................... 31
sinkretizmi .......................................................................... 32
`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ ............................ 37
zepirsityvieri Janrebi ....................................................... 41
miTosi .......................................................................................... 53
miTologema ........................................................................... 56
kosmogoniuri miTosi ......................................................... 60
maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi ........................................ 61
farnavazis sizmari .............................................................. 66
kultis daarsebis miTosi .................................................. 69
RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi ........................ 71
eposi ............................................................................................. 73
esqatologiuri zRapari ................................................... 77
cxovelTa zRapari ............................................................... 92
sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela ..................... 102
zRapris universaloba ....................................................... 111
tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~ ....................................... 116
samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~ .......................................... 152
socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –
`arsenas leqsi~ ...................................................................... 176
poezia .......................................................................................... 203
sakulto poezia .................................................................... 205
5
magiuri poezia (Selocva) .................................................. 216
Sromis poezia ........................................................................ 236
sagmiro poezia ...................................................................... 259
satrfialo poezia ............................................................... 288
samgloviaro poezia ............................................................ 306
sibrZnis poezia – andaza .................................................... 324
folkloristikis istoriidan ........................................... 331
folkloris bedi TanamedroveobaSi .............................. 343
avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli ............................... 348
6
winasityvaoba
10
Sesavali
im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic folklo-
ris saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoi-
xateba: folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori
wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli
kavSiriT arian Sekrulni da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misi
Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic,
is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT folkloris-
tika, Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr,
xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia
folkloristikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero discip-
linis, moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba
Seicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis
folk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayo-
velTao terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba
ori sityvisagan – `xalxi~ da `sibrZne~, terminiT aRniSnuli sa-
gani Tavisi interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas:
is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli er-
Tobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore
mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cno-
bierebaSi. folkloristma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobiere-
bis struqtura, cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams
yofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT.
cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia folkloristikis
momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro
axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yo-
faSi udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiT
niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelic
mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.
folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTi-
erTkavSirSi, maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare-
obaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSn-
ebi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes
gansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gav-
13
rcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, ar-
sebiTad, arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazR-
vreli niSnebia, riTac folklori literaturas upirispirde-
ba, Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebu-
li motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur Semoqmedebasac
axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqneba
dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimuro-
basa da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs ano-
nimurobas erT SemTxvevaSi da ra – meoreSi.
problema ganzogadebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdeg-
nairad: erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura – zepiri (udamwer-
lobo), smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze
dafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niS-
nebia, romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es prob-
lema gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. fol-
klorul SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorc
folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis po-
tenciur avtorTan.
termin `folklors~ folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi ma-
sala – zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna – Tavisi arsiT anoni-
muria da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi
Seqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca
uiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal `aTeneumis~ (The
Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT
`folklore~, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic man
ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan – folk (xalxi) da lore
(sibrZne, codna) – monetasaviT `moWra~. statia daviwyebas mie-
ca, magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisuna-
riani aRmoCnda. ori welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali ukve
aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebis
gamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igi gascilda inglisis sazR-
vrebs da SeaRwia kontinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveyneb-
Si. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde ar-
sebuli saxelwodebani: `xalxuri siZveleni~ an erTgvarad wi-
naaRmdegobrivi `xalxuri literatura~ da mtkiced daimkvid-
ra adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs
Soris.
misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro
farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sity-
viT lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, rome-
14
lic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvas-
Tan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore `sibrZne~ misTvis moicavda
yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, Seuqmnia
Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu rac homo sapiensi da
homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi – bu-
merangidan (Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sity-
vier teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, ro-
goricaa andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali na-
kadia am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xal-
xur kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini Tan-
daTan viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxo-
lod zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi
farTo mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris `mu-
sikaluri folklori~, romelic `xalxuri musikis~ tolfar-
di cnebaa. am azriT folkloria xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri sa-
xioba, xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSeneb-
loba, xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani,
xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwere-
li saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac, usityvod – qceviT Tu
moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.
raki termini `folklori~ kompozitia da ori cnebisagan
Sedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobi-
sadmi ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk ~xalxi~ da ras gu-
lisxmobs lore `sibrZne~, `codna~? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras war-
moadgens is `xalxi~, romelic atarebs am `sibrZnes~? am kompo-
zitSi sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi `xalxi~ gulisxmobs ada-
mianTa imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTob-
liobiT aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganic-
dis am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT
erad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqne-
ba ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis,
rom xalxi `sibrZnis~ matarebeli `folki~ gaxdes, aucilebe-
lia, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT
cxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi
atarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasax-
lebulia saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze mo-
laparake xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTia-
nebs, didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am
miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi
15
inaxavs `codnas~ am miwa-wyalze, mis `sibrZnes~, romelic Tqmu-
lebis, legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi.
xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, ro-
melsac aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvag-
varad gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, ara-
med erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia
erTi keriis (`Suacecxlis~) garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsov-
nas da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es
cecxli saerTo `Suacecxlis~ nawilia. is ritualebi, romle-
bic sruldeba am keriasTan, sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis,
is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri li-
fanalis dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi – cocx-
lebi gardasul TaobebTan erTad, yvelaferi riTac cocxlebi
umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es aris `sibrZne~ da
`codna~, romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma. mxolod Suagu-
lis mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZs
Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavde-
ba, aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas `sibrZne~, rad-
gan mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is ver
inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi `qmnis~.
`xalxad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, ro-
melTa saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es
erToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan
`raRac~, Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli
naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da `legendaSi~, iqneb `miTosSic~
gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gav-
rcelebuli iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZes
marjvena fexi hqonda `dabeWdili~. es, namdvilad, SavguliZis
miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bav-
SvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da
kudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, sam-
xedro qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da,
Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamiane-
bisgan Sedgebodes, mas saerTo folklori eqneba da es misi `omisa da
mSvidobis~ folklori iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT sas-
wavlebeli (saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universite-
ti, calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wye-
ba, romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa uc-
naurobaTa anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinalur saqcielT
16
da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas.
aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris amqa-
ri Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT
da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT Tu
vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara
mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZeben
xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebs
aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da
saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gan-
sacdelisa, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamar-
jvebisa da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTia-
nobas aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi `sibrZne~ anu Tavisi sakuTari fol-
klori. mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT
Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansac
ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvs
sakuTari folklori, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imi-
sa, rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT
aqvT TavianTi sakuTari `ena~, sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi
niSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.
magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTia-
nobis ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi,
aramed mxolod da mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic war-
moadgens xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT.
Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis folklori anu, rac igivea,
qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi,
`xalxi~ gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, uf-
ro mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris
sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Sead-
gens folklors. germaneli romantikosi filosofosi iohan
gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebri-
vi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnu-
li sulis gamosaxatavad~. amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris
birTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Se-
moqmedebis misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac folkloris saxel-
wodebiT aris cnobili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uax-
lovdeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mi-
xedviTac is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863),
folkloristikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,
germanel poets arnims: `Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia
17
RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmo-
Sobac aseve saswaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamia-
nis gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poe-
ziasac igive warmoSoba aqvs~. es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias
upirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturis
wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi folkloristebi (da pirveli
folkloristebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen,
rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poezia
aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. `igi SiSvelia da atarebs
Tavis TavSi RvTis xats~, werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movle-
nis warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTi-
uri myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqme-
debis dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba
homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi (`risxvaze mimRere,
qalRmerTo...~, `kacze miambe, muzav...~). rogor unda gavigoT
xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli ro-
mantikosebi, cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze,
TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan
aris nakarnaxevi. `RvTiuri~ maT naazrevSi niSnavda `zeindivi-
dualurs~, `zepirovnuls~, rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri
Semoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze ma-
Rals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba
warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, rome-
lic erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, `RvTiurad~ miiCnios, meorem
– saerTo-saxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT `xalxi~ vu-
wodeT. rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cno-
bierebis safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli
qmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari
pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, anonimurobis saz-
risi.
Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens `xalxi~, romlis cno-
bierebaSi daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zoga-
dad, ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgen-
lobaze qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT ar-
sebobs igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da ratom icvleba, Tu
icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risi
ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.
18
folkloruli
Semoqmedebis specifika
zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis niSnebi romlebic
qvemoT aris ganxiluli, erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu
TiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic
unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmari
da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs folkloris gansazR-
vraSi, ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis
bunebis mTeli sisavse.
anonimuroba
variantuloba
koleqtiuroba
tradiciuloba
improvizacia
sinkretizmi
40
zepirsityvieri
Janrebi
erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis qarTuli Targmani
ioane petriws ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravle
eziarebis ra¡Tame (rogorme) erTsa~. marTalia, es sityve-
bi mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini SeiZleba
sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. folkloris
sinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTis-
gan mravalgvarad gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magram
yvela maT, mTels am simravles erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maT
folkloris saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT da, imavdro-
ulad, ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTx-
ze nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niS-
nebi mijnavs zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visa-
ubroT imaze, Tu ra niSnebi mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsity-
vier teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan.
Janri aris folkloris (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali,
damoukidebeli, TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazR-
vrebi, niSnebi, funqcia da daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Si-
naarsobriv-Tematuri Semcveloba, Tavisi poetika, is Tan
sdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl.
propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: `Janris
specifika is aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da ro-
gori saSualebiT aris asaxuli~. da kidev: misi azriT, for-
mas ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri aris formisa da Sina-
arsis erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa, ro-
ca Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, es
forma amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias
(Sedarebas) mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis ur-
TierToba, roca isini erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisa
da Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.
yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes,
romelime JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe,
eulad arsebuli nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc va-
riantebs moklebuli folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vi-
43
naobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc erT jgufs ar ekuT-
vnis, an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar ganekuT-
vneba. rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia vari-
antebis saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve fokloruli
fondi Sedgeba ara calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgu-
febisgan, romlebSic saerTo niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeu-
lebia gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da moymisa~, SesaZloa,
unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT, magram is,
rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar aris
unikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepir-
sityvierebis fondSi.
ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa
(rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es aris
Janris sakiTxi, romelic folklors saziaro aqvs lite-
raturasTan. magram erTia literaturis Janris amosava-
li da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali.
ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? ar-
sebobs ori kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsobrivi.
formis mixedviT nawarmoebi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozas
an poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas, novelas an romans.
Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs, isini
unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixed-
viT. nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani iqneba an yofiTi, an saTav-
gadasavlo, an istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiu-
ri da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebul
Tematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv isini erT JanrSi
iqnebian moqceulni.
folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT sazia-
ro Janrebi. arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi da
arsebobs lirikuli leqsi folklorSi. arsebobs erTgan
satrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da arsebobs meoregan
amgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic ise-
ve udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebo
sanaxaobebs, rogorc Teatralur speqtaklebs. magram ar-
sebobs Janrebi, romlebic mxolod literaturaSi an mxo-
lod zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul folklorSi
ver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxva
xalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. maga-
liTad, sparsuli dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepiri
sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo (safalavno) romanebi paralelu-
44
ri siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da sxva [gvaxaria].
folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi,
rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida litera-
turuli Janria. axla piruku: ar arsebobs literaturaSi
iseTi wmidawylis folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: an-
daza, Selocva, samgloviaro poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT),
sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi, gamocana...
rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerloba-
Si, is folkloridan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSi-
rad Janruli tradiciis darRveviT.
garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba Tavad
Janris gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Tu
romel SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme – folklorTan Tu
literaturasTan. am gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoT
folkloris erTi niSani, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT iyo sa-
ubari. es aris misi yofiToba.
yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa – mcire leqsi
iqneba is Tu vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris far-
glebSi arsebobs, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis
cxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime sferosTan. da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas mis
sulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis im-
densave Janrs icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amito-
mac folkloruli Janris cneba yofaSi misi funqciiT unda
ganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs amgvarad ver ganv-
sazRvravT, radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT yofasTan.
zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tan sdevs sazogadoebas
da, kerZod, yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misi
dabadebidan sikvdilamde. sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvali
adamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu arnold van xene-
pis (Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT –
`akvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceuli
kavSiri adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepma
am or realobas Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi,
Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT yvela Janrs, romelic qmnis
folkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod raodenobriv,
aramed Tematur simravles.
a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze lapara-
kobs, mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Ta-
visi cxovrebis manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdeba-
45
reba ritualebs, romlebic misi cxovrebis gardamtex
momentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba sociumTan, ro-
ca is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wev-
ri xdeba, qorwineba, romelsac axal socialur safexurze
ahyavs igi da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia
`SefuTuli~.
magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis cxovre-
ba gacilebiT mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexi
ritualebiT ar amoiwureba.
gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmiano-
bas ojaxSi Tu sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu Sin
Tu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali misi cxovrebis gzas, marT-
lac, akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris moqceulia
misi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi mi-
si cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturul
Janrebze.
adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynad
gansakuTrebuli ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac,
cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs. es aris saZeo (Zeobis) sim-
Rerebi. aq sityvieri folklori esazRvreba yofacxovre-
biT folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.
akvanSi mwoliare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRere-
bis smenaSi, romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gau-
gebaria da am gaugebrobis gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aR-
weven Tavis mizans – gamoZerwon bavSvis sulier-sxeuleb-
rivi habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas ara
aqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba – isini mxolod am momen-
tisTvis aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros ma-
Ti Sesruleba.
bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folklo-
ruli teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ram
warmoSva isini, Tu ara zrunvam, rom swori mimarTuleba
mieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi fonetikuri artiku-
lacia sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi Tama-
Sobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals,
masac sityvieri teqsti axlavs.
mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi mi-
si ganuyreli Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseve
aucilebelia, rogorc Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvo-
46
bis asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs xelSi da uZlurebam-
de Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da guTa-
ni simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.
Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve dam-
Svenebulia simRerebiT – isini an sawesCveuleboa an reli-
giuri (sakulto). mTeli weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimo
dReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod suls iTqvams Sromis-
gan, aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis Rirse-
ul daniSnulebas.
yofa – misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Za-
lebis Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili –
Tavis nebismier sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teq-
stebs, romlebic Selocvebis saxeliT aris cnobili. ra-
sac folkloris yofiTobaze vlaparakobT, wmida saxiT,
utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.
adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSi
Sedis: icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovani
dReebis aRniSvnas emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, rom-
lebic ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram arsebobs satrfialo
lirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri, magram
asaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTo-
bas qal-vaJs Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los mTianeTis tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti See-
satyviseba.
mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jami
dgeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSrome-
lia an medResaswaule, aramed is mebrZolic aris – Tavisi
ojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im kuTxeebSi, sadac
mSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mudmiv
molodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTvis
konkretul SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzea
SeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli ganzogadebis xarisxiT kon-
kretuli yofidan aris amozrdili.
adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dRe-
saswaulobs, miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uze-
naes arsebas, romelsac is Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs – es
qmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT, sadac igi pi-
rovnulad monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa.
aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is so-
47
ciumis saxeliT gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damo-
kidebuleba garesamyarosa da adamianisadmi, zogadad, wu-
Tisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am sofelSi (ro-
gorc viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac mas
Tavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, ra-
sac ganicdis igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamo-
xatulebas. wuTisoflis miseuli `analizi~ ganzogadebis
did xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi, romelic sityviere-
bisa da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis feno-
menia, uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi ad-
gili `yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haide-
geri). ena andazis meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTiso-
fels.
rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qro-
nika), aseve arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria.
radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod awmyoTi, am warmava-
li wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT acnobierebs.
warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi dro
SemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodis
da masTan erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZleba
iTqvas, yofiTad xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixesimag-
re, romelic warsulSi aigo, ganagrZobs arsebobas da ina-
xavs mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva epo-
qis mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad aSe-
neben eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba,
miTologiuri teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-aw-
myos xdomilebebs Seicaven.
folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkev-
des aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andreze-
bi, romelTac am sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniS-
vneloba aqvT. isini inaxaven soflis Tu sagvareuloTa da-
arsebis Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa pirvelad SemoRebis
aqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas sazoga-
doeba.
gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris ja-
dosnuri zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrce-
lebis areSi, adgilobrivi warmoSobisa ar aris. TiTqos mas
yvelaze naklebad unda hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magram
rogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia mowmobs, zRapars Se-
uZlia ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag., sva-
48
nuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierT
tradiciaSi misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) an
dRe-Ramis (daRamebisas) garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, Se-
saZloa, misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani iyos.
hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, `amiranianis~, funqcio-
naluri mxare – hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTa
msgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva. TiTqos misi sinkretuli Ses-
rulebis wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas unda mowmobdes.
misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda yo-
filiyo.
tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluf-
lebian wevrs, idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis man-
Zilze Sexeba aqvs Cven mier Janrebad wodebul yvela am
sityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da Senaxvis an aq-
tiuri, an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier Tu
yofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdeba
adamianis cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca mis
Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Seta-
nili. amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra statusic ar unda hqon-
des mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad, sazogado-
ebrivad aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvie-
ri teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorc
misi organuli Semadgeneli nawili.
52
miTosi
sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), lo-
gosi (logos) TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aR-
niSnaven `naTqvam sityvas~, `ambavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a. S.,
yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime informacias,
Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris di-
ferenciacia mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sity-
vam gamoxata adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeo-
ba: miTologiuri, epikuri, logikuri.
epikuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad,
tropis umartives saxeze – Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Se-
dareba xorcieldeba kavSirebiT: `rogorc~, `TiTqos~, `iseve,
rogorc~ da sxva. erTi movlena meoresTan raRac saerTo
niSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi xedavs nam-
gals, an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali~, `mTva-
re xaris rqasaviT~ da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, ro-
gorc rqebaweuli iremi, garbis caze...~
logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zust
codnas da definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedare-
bebi. pirvel wanamZRvars `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ un-
da mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania~, da ara `sokrate adami-
ans hgavs~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas:
`sokrate mokvdavia~. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da mov-
lenaTa igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT~,
`rogorc~ da sxva).
miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelic
gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdena-
dac mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos da
xedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara mxolod hgavs xa-
ris rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da namgalic.
aseve, iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavad
aris mze.
miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, ro-
melic xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale se-
mantikiT aris da dawnexilad gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxeb
ambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT, rom pirvel-
55
Serqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis Se-
saxeb. magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen – `wvimis rkali~,
franguli arc en ciel – `cis rkali~, qarTulad `cisartyela~
– cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis xalxebSi `meliis Sardi~, ro-
melic miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis ambavs inaxavs... zo-
gierT enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi `mze~ da
`rZe~ erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul mi-
Tologiur WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs.
Tu ena, rogorc amboben, samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misi
sityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda gamoxatavdes.
miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavs
fundamentur, arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamian-
ze, samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze Tu movlenebze, maT pir-
velwarmoSobaze an pirvelSeqmnasa da daniSnulebaze.
arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniu-
ri xasiaTisaa: igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis,
an misi romelime nawilis pirvelSeqmnaze.
miTologema
kosmogoniuri miTosi
farnavazis sizmari
li arqivi.
Tsufa-ssn: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fol-
kloruli arqivi, studentTa sadip-
lomo naSromebi.
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poe-
zia, `sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.
oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dRe-
obebis kalendari, VII (saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutis eTnologiis
departamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18).
ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, `sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelo~, Tb., 1989.
sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs., qarTuli xalxuri sais-
torio sityviereba I, sssr mecn. akade-
miis gamomc., Tb., 1961.
qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, `sabWoTa saqar-
Tvelo~, Tb., 1955.
qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelo~, Tb., 1959.
Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb.,
1947.
yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s., vaJa-fSavela, `saxelgami~,
Tb., 1937.
72
eposi
eposs, farTo azriT, mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiT
Janrs, romelic ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuri
ganmartebiT, eposi upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tum-
ca ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sityvi-
erebis am saxeobebs.
arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi mo-
nawileoben. is mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxo-
velTa Seqmnis, bunebis movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianuri
sazogadoebis, kacobriuli civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayo-
facxovrebo kulturis warmoSobis ambavs. maTi mTavari
personaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w. `kul-
turuli gmirebi~ arian.
arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raime
istoriuli ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi gan-
zogadebulia im zomamde, rom mTeli xalxis warsulis, aw-
myos da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi istoriis cen-
traluri xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTa
da irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espa-
nuri poema `Cems sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, so-
mexTa `daviT sasuneli~ da mravali sxva.
aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriul
drosa da sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sag-
miro saqmeT. es sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo anu safalavno
eposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi (romlebmac CvenSi
`yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT pova gamoZaxili, wignuri
`amirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).
arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasi-
kuri nimuSia Sua saukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmu-
leba tristanisa da izoldas tragikuli siyvarulis Sesa-
xeb. amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino urTierTo-
baze agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudru-
ni~. romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviT-
kmar Rirebulebas iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.
75
ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da ro-
meli saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?
mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul
xalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metad
mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli
xasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmoce-
muli xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am Janris
eposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli, romlis gar-
Semo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro
ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos is-
toria arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da,
Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.
Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba
gulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabe-
diswero Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia
qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes ar
aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan qveynis gamox-
snis) analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapala-
tisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac qarTuli mi-
webis kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi
sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqne-
boda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an mas-
ze adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati weri-
lobiT matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT
ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa,
romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefo-
bis da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasa-
bamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xal-
xis xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia:
vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da
dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi mo-
icvas mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, er-
Tdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepir-
sityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleo-
basTan erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis ze-
pirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali
mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben `odi-
seaSi~ Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da
is Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sa-
wieridan, Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo da-
76
viwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebuli
xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze
ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna
`simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis
xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariy-
vas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epiku-
ri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina
rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi
wlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.
dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis
qveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xal-
xuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi ar-
sebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadastu-
roT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qar-
Tuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, `dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqon-
da mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis
samudamod ucnobi rCeba.
eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narati-
vis unikalur saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi ti-
piT, romelsac pirobiTad `jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT.
misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris SemozRuduli romelime
xalxis folkloriT: arsebobs qarTuli zRaprebi, arse-
bobs rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia yvel-
gan, yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.
winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipis
eposi, romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovre-
bas misi Sinidan gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.
daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT.
ratom? am kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.
esqatologiuri zRapari
cxovelTa zRapari
101
sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela
110
zRapris universaloba
115
tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~
151
samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~
teqstis morfologia
nawili 1. eqspozicia
(ambavi qorwilamde)
ZiriTadi epizodebi
I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mas
hyavs antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, ro-
melic misi sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipo-
dia. igi mxolod pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaR-
mdeg. zog variantSi dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobs
TxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa, romlis saSualebiTac dedis su-
li Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams.
II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rom
beds ewios, romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvali
mas samwyesurSi gzavnis, magram am gastumrebas gagdebis
saxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos agzavnis tra-
diciuli Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSve-
obiT asrulebs.
III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebe-
lic da mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlis
Semdeg eTeri feriscvalebas ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma,
romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs, misi momavali di-
debulebis pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver uZlebs
am gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es mo-
tivi dadasturebulia msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qur-
dovaniZe 2000: 480].
IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyaloba
mohyveba. furi, romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, da-
ikvlis, misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba saidumlo adgilas, sadac
eTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi da raSi
[qurdovaniZe 2000: 510A].
V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxo
asulad gamoCndeba xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalic
aris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.
157
VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSi
uvardeba.
VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.
VIII. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos
abesaloms.
IX. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris
mxileba. am dros xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomi
da eTeri [erT mesxur variantSi es epizodi retardaciu-
lia: rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs sadedof-
lod gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels,
moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abe-
salomisTvis, eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanad
ukan mobrunebuli abesalomi Tonidan amoiyvans eTers,
kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].
X. fici abesalomisa.
XI. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapa-
ri mTavrdeba, iq iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qor-
wilis dros Semodis axali personaJi – murmani. droebiT
SevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am epizodze da vnaxoT,
ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.
II. eTeri-tyiuri
movdivarT, mogvixaria,
mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...
abesalomi
im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesa-
lomma eTerze moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazesa da
miuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers brolis koSkSi daubrunda Ta-
visi silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze mjdomares
fetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesa-
lomi sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sa-
nadirod gasuls, eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven,
asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT metrfe Cemi, ras etyviT
mas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~, vkiTxulobT
solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans am-
bavs eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axla
is sneulia mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasur-
velis `ver-mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna,
gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am dros tradiciuli eposi da
cxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs, sasurvelis mo-
tacebaa. magram `eTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi sabolo-
od emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs mey-
seulad evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, ro-
melic mas moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.
wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma pova Tavisi cali – anima, mag-
ram dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda,
yvelaferi sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs anima-
dakarguli adamianis saxes. is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolod
da, rogorc mxolod cali, ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarie-
lis mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis, rom arsebobs satrfo, mag-
ram ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi mopovebis gzebi da itan-
jeba. abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli, magram mas ara
aqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri – ori-
170
veni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni.
oriveni moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba,
rom mas imedi ara aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa,
magram eposis logikiT, igi tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSia
Cawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri? eTeric elis mxsnels, mag-
ram mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi gamoxsna `garda-
qajuli~ murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs sadRac da-
sakargavSi, aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es me-
zobloba, es siaxlovea swored rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwu-
xarebas, TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.
aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli ar
uCanda mis urvas. is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi.
am udabnom, am kideganobam, am sulierma depresiam – mis
yoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi wesi cxovrebisa,
romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar moeswro.
tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvlad
eZebs mis dakargul satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTe-
bac tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi ar SeuZlia.
erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakar-
guli eTeris dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qa-
jebs hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tu
ara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri. vezirma
unda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli da
yvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Ze-
oba), saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maR-
la dgas veziris piradul bednierebaze.
magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro.
Tu zRapris eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTvis
crugmiria, romelic itacebs mTavari gmiris monapovars
da surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani antigmiria:
tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels,
is sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadio-
des. gmiri unda aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs,
murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve moelis mxsnels da mxsnelic
Tavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali wesia. magram
`eTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs am
wess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: is
namdvilad ar moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mur-
manma eSmakis SemweobiT ara mxolod eTeri daaziana, ara-
med abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms waerTva mxne-
171
obac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uye-
nebs WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa
mZleoba~. abesalomi aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsac
siyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro aqtis Cadenis stimuls.
is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es siZabune, Se-
iZleba vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.
ratom moxda ase?
ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda unebu-
rad, eSmakis nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misi
jojoxeTuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. `vis gindaT qali eTe-
ri?~ – swored am sityvebs, romlebic abaTileben tyeSi mice-
mul saSinel fics, moeloda misgan eSmaki. abesalomi ar aris
eSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is dasjilia imisaTvis,
rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es iyo Cavar-
dna abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli abe-
salomisTvis. gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, ro-
melsac, rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uari
eTqva eSmakis rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve Se-
eZlo ar daeTmo eTeri. magram abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansac-
delSi marcxdeba igi da amis gamo tyeSi warmoTqmuli is fici
damokles maxviliviT daRerebulia mis Tavze. abesaloms ara
hyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic asmaTobas
uwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve uZ-
luria marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. ra
SeuZlia marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesa-
lomisTvis: mas mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan.
marexi Suamavalia animussa da animas Soris.
esqatologiuri Sexvedra
abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sex-
vedra ar hgavs samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwiru-
lia, eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxo-
lod imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao, movida eTeri, Tu-
Ra gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides, Tu-
Ra movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954: 5). Cans,
eTeris Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda,
ver ixsna igi. isic Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, ara
eTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am damasrulebel epizodze?
eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi kvdeba. si-
cocxleSi Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ra-
172
tom xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebam
adamianis yofaSi, rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis wi-
naSe da ver mkvidrdeba wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec unda
momxdariyo – radgan `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~
(1 ioan. 5: 19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis sazRvrebSi. eTeris
dabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa, ara-
fers cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar unda
dabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCe-
niliyo gmiri, pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daam-
xobda borotebas, rogorc naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZlia
keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod es aqti xsnisa, ne-
belobiTi aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da ga-
iyvanda yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatolo-
giuri Jamis gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolod
wuTisoflis tyve eTeri, aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia
`eTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es amocana, sneulia da mi-
si sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna ar arse-
bobs Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTan-
dilod ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZlu-
ri iqneboda, rom ara tarielis neba, gaTavisuflebuliyo
satanis sakrvelTagan. amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis pro-
logSi: `Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa,
momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~. avTan-
dils ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, es
ar iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xe-
li aucilebeli iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna er-
Tdroulad unda momxdariyo. isini paraleluri aqtebia.
TiTqos `eTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaru-
li amqveynad marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs am
wuTisoflis miRma, sadac xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amis
niSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da vardia. amodis maT So-
ris ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram gaivlis vin-
me gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas,
rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, ro-
melic `eTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moq-
medeba im zRurblamde midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axali
era, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan zRapris gmirma ar dato-
va pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa asaRorZi-
neblad. gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSive
xdeba zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.
173
xolo rac xdeba `eTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZ-
leba gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. `eTerianis~ sakuT-
rivi ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia.
magram rac zRapris dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelic
mTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wu-
Tisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba `eTerianis~ qorwilze,
romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis yofiTi saxea?
murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos sasjelidan
da kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq imarjvebs,
magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorc
antigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadge-
ba mefesa da sZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevs
aSenebuls isev da isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRapris
bolos da ukan daatrialebs yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili,
sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs gmiris gasvlas saxli-
dan, mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is kvlav am
wuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTa-
nac murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilis
mteria. is xels uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surs
samaradisod gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wu-
TisofelSi is udarajebs yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams,
rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. eSmaks surs ada-
mianis sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro metad mas surs, rom
CaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros erTmaneTs
mefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man mxo-
lod murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qor-
wili dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadac
eSmaks aRar ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxva-
dasxva Jamis yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni
(ekali maT Soris efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gam-
vleli), da wyaro oqros TasiTurT – simbolo maTi Sendobisa.
RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZ-
levs vadas am gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi ne-
biT Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor iqceva is? mas kvlav mikit-
nebTan vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli sirinozebiviT
ityueben:
daskvna
arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. es
mxolod zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli mo-
tivebi aqvs.
misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTa-
vari. is mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pi-
rovnuli egzistencialuri tragizmiT.
193
siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis im
wres, saidanac gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo.
ver mivida im wremde, romelsac daupirispirda. erTs ga-
eqca, meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki imgvarad, rogorc ma-
Rali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo hyavs,
arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria katego-
riuloba adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlens
gardauval nebas. gana yma-glexis arCevania mowoneba da am
grZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?
is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanons
ar dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara –
ise. es TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, ro-
gorc socialurad misi tolebi iqcevian. `arsena gamonak-
lisia. mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess Rrmad damCnevia er-
TaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani: 77]. Cven SegviZlia vilapara-
koT realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestvi-
ris Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevri
moaruli ambavi mis `originalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1).
mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva misi saqcieli da qceva mar-
tyofis dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis masalad,
radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianis-
Tvis. misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavi-
suflebas da Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms:
sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas da, roca dambaCis patroni mi-
marTavs misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad uaxlovdeba damiznebul
lulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis Semdeg,
sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is sik-
vdilisgan ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvi-
oT~ (damateba 1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTa
Tema. aseTi arsena ar aris maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire ma-
inc grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac iseTi, rac ganasxva-
vebs mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.
es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebze
sufris gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani: 77] da sxva qcevebSi vlinde-
ba, anomaliad Cans yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli gle-
xobis wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan, vinai-
dan Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umrav-
lesobisagan: arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani: 77]. es nam-
dvili rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowode-
194
bebs uxsnis gzas. `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusT-
veluri `Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa.
arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamo-
Wedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs.
Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebian
cruarsenebi da misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.
Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qar-
Tul mwerlobasa da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da per-
sonaJi, rogoric arsena iyo da aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sis-
xliT da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da sivrceSi da aris
samudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs si-
namdvilesa da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinam-
dvilidan, masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragi-
kul gmirad aqcevda. Tu elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZra-
vebeli zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT `arsenas leqsze~
da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityva-cnebas
silaRes. `arsena laRi iyo. silaRe siampartavne ar aris.
arsenas kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe: 6]. kargi
naTqvamia. magram silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris am-
partavnoba, axlavs ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSi
gadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli gza Tavisi aRsasruliT
amas emowmeba.
damateba I
epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan
damateba II
arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi
damateba III
oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli
damateba IV
Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.
damateba V
(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)
201
fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institu-
tis folkloruli arqivi, p. umikaSvi-
lis fondi.
WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiu-
ri masalebi, t. 2-3, 1924.
xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsena
oZelaSvilze, Tb., 1968.
haksthauzeni: Ãàêñòãàóçåí Àâãóñò, ôîí, Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé, ÷.
1, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1857.
202
poezia
sakulto poezia
`gexvewebio miqielio,
apativeo, autieo,
uti asa da umecario,
Sen gexveweba £orcielio,
Sen apative umecarsao,
me gamoviTxov buRaursao,
Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,
nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao,
ros dagWirdebis miqielio,
rosac Sav£debiT xTis karzedao,
iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio,
iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio~.
[sadideblebi: 181].
215
magiuri poezia
(Selocva)
an aseTi daboloebiT:
235
Sromis poezia
gunduri
xelxvavi
samkali
kalouri
venaxis simRerebi
Tibvis leqs-simRerebi
257
literatura akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X.
biuxeri 1923: Áþõåð Ê. Ðàáîòà è ðèòì, «Íîâàÿ Ìîñêâà», 1923.
zurabiSvili: zurabiSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, `xe-
lovneba~, Tb., 1949.
kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi
(mgzavris SeniSvnebi), Jurn. `moambe~,
1898, 6, gv. 94.
lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, fe-
deracia, Tb., 1938.
lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature,
Oxford, 1960.
sargoni 1912: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une relation de la huitième cam-
pagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.), Paris, 1912.
qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqar-
Tvelo~, Tb., 1959.
qxp V: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, `mecniere-
ba~, Tb., 1976.
qxp X: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, `mecniere-
ba~, Tb., 1983.
258
sagmiro poezia
`Siola da mTrexeli~
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan,
Tumca ar SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiro
xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas or-
TabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema ar aris. balada mra-
valmxriv aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is istoriuli
dokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT
(xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil si-
tuacias zurab erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebu-
li gvaris warmomadgeneli, aragvis erisTavis partikula-
ristuli mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi. hubrisi, ro-
gorc wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulic
amgvaria. tragediis arsia moulodneloba, mowinaaRmdege
Zalis gauTvaliswinebloba. Siola im mxridan nasroli is-
ris msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRu-
peba gabudayebuli TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iT-
qva, es motivi aq ar aris mTavari. mTavari Tema TiTqos im
samiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic erTgvari eq-
strabaladuri sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT agvir-
gvinebs baladis teqsts:
`TorRva Zagani~
cocxali gmiri
monadire
286
literatura
baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n., masalebi aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos mTielTa sameur-
neo yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~,
Tb., 1989.
gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (qarTu-
li saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis we-
liwdeuli I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi).
gureviCi: Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß., “Ýääà è ñàãà”, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979.
virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e., qarTuli samonadiro epo-
si, daRupuli monadiris cikli, `mec-
niereba~, Tb., 1964.
Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloru-
li arqivi.
kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqar-
Tvelos Sesaxeb, `mecniereba~, Tb.,
1976.
maxauri: maxauri t., qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada,
`lomisi~, Tb., 2003.
svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes da
qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. To-
furiam, m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939.
qxp III: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, `mecniere-
ba~, Tb., 1974.
qxp IV: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, `mecnie-
reba~, Tb., 1975.
qxp VII: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, `mecnie-
reba~, Tb., 1979.
SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsuru-
li, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf.
[1931].
judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqar-
Tveloze, XVI saukune, `sabWoTa saqar-
Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.
xalxuri poezia 1992: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, qresto-
maTia Seadgines zurab kiknaZem da
tristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992.
287
satrfialo poezia
an es fragmenti
xvaramze
– vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa?
Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?
vaJika
– is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi!
Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi,
kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi.
ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode.
Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode,
pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.
xvaramze
vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi.
daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi.
ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi.
ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi.
an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi.
an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi.
ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi.
ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi.
an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi.
an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi.
Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi
[qxp VI: 217].
305
samgloviaro poezia
dalai
xmiT natirali
am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT
fSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT natirlis saxeliT cnobi-
li leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise tradiciuli
tropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavis
mxriv, ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTis-
gan xevsuruli da fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.
termini xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu
ara sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma~ aq sityvis sino-
nimia, rogorc gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anu
samgloviaro Janris am saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carie-
li bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis warmoTqma. radgan ar-
sebobs sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo tirili, ro-
goric aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia,
`xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac ar-
sebobs sxvagvari tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic re-
CitativiT sruldeba, anu melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ war-
moiTqmis.
xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, rom-
lis yoveli striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Ti
bolovdeba. motirali amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (To-
To bavSvze natirali):
struqtura
miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mize-
ziT), xmiT natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struq-
tura. misi arqiteqtonikis agebaSi xmiT motirali sruli-
ad Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos micvalebulis pirov-
nebis dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis xsenebiT,
sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde~) an micvale-
bulisadmi mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi
mxoceli jixvebisao~), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`ge-
uben, guros nu mixolao~) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sa-
genacvleo, me imas raad matyuebdio: magiol giorgioba-
sao~), momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex abrupto baladise-
burad da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi xmiT
natirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavi-
sebur aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. am
mxriv, xmiT natirali Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia.
magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis srul gaqanebas am Se-
moqmedebiT procesSi.
datirebis wesi
ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkac-
rad aris reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motirali
SeiZleba iyos. rogori wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda ar
SeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT motirali, arc coli – qmrisa.
`Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars, Svilebi anda
erTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili: 80]. ra Tqma unda,
dedas an cols ar SeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalos
Svilze an qmarze tirili – es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea,
magram is mainc moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yve-
las gasagonad uaxloesi adamianis datirebas. principi
aseTia: rac ufro axlobelia gardacvlili, miT ufro me-
ti TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli Svili da in-
timuri qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)
axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT da-
tireba dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datire-
bas wesis darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis.
fSauri
`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio,
Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.
miwis samoseli SeukereTo,
sarCulad tiril daudeviTo.
Rilad cremlebi daukereTo,
samares pirio gaukereTo
Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~
[qxp V: 64].
xevsuruli
`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao,
axal talavar Caicvidio,
e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio,
suleT bibiniT iaridio,
oblis oboli gazardidio,
dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio,
ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~
[qxp V: 222].
`Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,
mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo?
mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao
dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?
bevrais ji£vis gamgoresao
Tofsa £irimsa zidavRaeo?
mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao
welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?
stumris bevrisa masaxursao
tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?
bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesao
enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?
[qxp V: 149].
323
sibrZnis poezia – andaza
347
avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli
n t
nati alfred 119 `tarieliani~ 155, 218
naumani hans 39 `tristan da izolda~ 75
o u
ovidiusi 217 uTer hans iorg 111
orbeliani grigol 336 umikaSvili petre 35, 36, 157,
osiani 333 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 192, 338
oqroSiZe Tamar 341
f
p
`fedrosi~ 9
`panCatantra~ 113 frizi ian de 119
349
q W
`qebaTa qeba~ 168,172, 300 WavWavaZe aleqsandre 336
`qilila da damana~ 113 WavWavaZe ilia 338
R j
Rlonti aleqsandre 341 jagodniSvili Teimuraz 337
jambakur-orbeliani
y aleqsandre 49, 337
`yaramaniani~ 75
x
yifiani nikoloz 176
xaxanaSvili aleqsandre 339
S xenepi arnold van 39, 121
SaniZe akaki 271, 339 xinTibiZe anton 179
SaraSiZe JorJ (giorgi) 137
h
`SuSanikis martviloba~ 304
hani georg fon 119
C haqsthauzeni avgust fon 176
`Cemi sidi~ 76 herderi iohan gotfrid 17
Ciqovani mixeil 116, 156, 340 homerosi 18, 22, 55, 167, 334
hofman-kraieri eduard 38
w
wiklauri ivane 345
350
gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani
maketi, dizaini da garekani Tina CirinaSvili
komp. uzrunvelyofa lali kurdRelaSvili