PAINTING

In the last half of the 19th century, Filipino painters showed enough maturity of concept and
technique to merit critical acclaim. Damian Domingo got recognition as the “father of Filipino
painting.” Towards the end of the Spanish regime, two Filipino painters won recognition in
Europe – Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo and Juan Luna. Hidalgo’s Antigone and Luna’s Spolarium
were both acclaimed in Europe as masterpieces of Filipino painting. In 1884, Luna won the first
Gold Medal at the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes for his Spolarium. This monumental
painting shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an unseen pile of corpses in a chamber beneath
the Roman arena.
 Spoliarium,Art Manila

After World War II, the Neo-Realist school of painting emerged, with such notable members as
Vicente Manansala, Hernando R. Ocampo, Victor Edades, Arturo Rogerio Luz, Jose T. Joya, and
others.

The name of Jose Joya (1931 - 1995) is synonymous to the best in Philippine abstract
expressionist art. He produced an excellent body of bold and lyrical works.

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca
 SCULPTURE
Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of the 19th century. Classical Philippine
sculpture reached its peak in the works of Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976). His best known
masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument, which is a group sculpture composed of numerous
figures massed around a central obelisk. The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the
revolution against Spain in 1896. Behind him stands Emilio Jacinto, the brains of the Katipunan.
The Bonifacio Monumen t - completed in 1933 -- marked the apex of Tolentino'’s career.

Bonifacio Monument

Napoleon Abueva (born 1930), one of Tolentino'’s pupils, is one of the pioneering modernists in
sculpture. He used various media. And his stylization bordered on the abstract as in Allegorical
Harpoon, in which the dominant horizantal thrust of the figure evokes the vitality of primitive
forms.
 Allegorical Harpoon,  Art Philippines

Abueva'’s more famous work is Fredesvinda , which was included in the First ASEAN
Sculpture Symposium held in Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, from March 27 to April 26, 1981.

<br

Fredesvinda, The Asean Sculptures

MUSIC
With the death of Nicanor Abelardo and Francisco Santiago, the two greatest Filipino
composers, Filipino music has been struggling. However, the efforts of such musicians as
Antonio J. Molina, Felipe P. Padilla de Leon, Lucio San Pedro, and others, using folk literature
and folk songs, have contributed to the revival of Filipino music.

The Philippines is rich in sound-producing instruments, such as percussions, flutes and stringed
instruments. Here are some examples:

Gongs – There are two types used in the Philippines. One is the flat gong which is a narrow-
rimmed gong without central protrusion and found exclusively in the north. The other has a boss
or central protrusion with narrow or very wide rim, widely used only in southern Philippines.

Kulintang (gong-chime)

Kutyapi – This is a two-stringed plucked lute, commonly found in Maganoy, Maguindanao. It

is one of the most technically demanding and difficult to master among Filipino traditional
instruments. However, the kutyapi music is rich in melodic and rhythmic sound and is deeply
poetic in inspiration.
 Kutyapi (two-stringed plucked lute)

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca

DANCE
Native dances occur in amazing diversity throughout the Philippines. However, many of them
are of varied origins and functions – Some are part of a tribal rite or sacrifice; others are in native
feasts and festivals to conciliate the spirits, seek deliverance from pestilence or mark births and
deaths; and still others have a lighter burden to carry: flirtation or courtship, or to lighten the
tasks of planting or harvesting.
 Darangan Cultural Troupe Dancers

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca

METAL WORKS
This is generally inlay in silver and gold or black. Brass is much used for the common things,
such as bowls and trays, ladders, weapons, gongs, and other musical instruments.
 Muslim weaponry and household utensils

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca

SARI-MANOK
It is the legendary bird or “artificial cock” that has become an ubiquitous symbol of Maranaw
art. It is depicted as a fowl with wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. The
head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs.
 Sari-manok

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca

MAT (BANIG)
A closer look at some of the mat traditions will show the artistry and the superb skills of the
native weavers. One example is the Samal mat, considered design-wise as one of the most
interesting traditions in the whole country. The Samals are Muslims occupying the bigger islands
in Tawi-Tawi. They are generally engaged in trade and agriculture. The Samal mat uses the
leaves of pandanus plant which grows abundantly in the area. It has four general patterns: 1)
stripes; 2) multicolored squares; 3) a checkered pattern of white and other colors; and 4) a zigzag
pattern.
 Samal mat

For more information, e-mail the secretariat at ncca@mail.pw.net

Source: National Commission for Culture & the Arts

http://www.philserv.com/ncca

Art of the Philippines

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Kut-kut is a technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and
highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by the
indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. Kut-kut is an exotic Philippine
art form based on early century techniques—sgraffito, encaustic and layering. The merging of these
ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines, multi-
layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.

The art of the Philippines refers to the works of art that have developed and accumulated in the
Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present era. It reflects to its
society and non-Filipinos the wide range of cultural influences on the country's culture and how
these influences honed the country's arts. The art of the Philippines can refer to the visual arts,
performing arts, textile art traditions, literature, dance, pottery, and other art forms in the country.

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 the Philippines portal

Contents
 [hide] 

 1 Painting
 2 Dance
 3 Weaving
 4 Pottery
 5 Other art forms
 6 Notable Filipino artists
 7 Museums
 8 See also
 9 References
 10 External links
Painting[edit]

Tampuhan by Juan Luna.

Artistic paintings were introduced to Filipinos in the 16th century when the Spaniards arrived in
the Philippines. During this time, the Spaniards used paintings as visual aid for their religious
propaganda to spread Catholicism throughout the Philippines. These paintings, appearing mostly
on church walls, featured religious figures appearing in Catholic teachings. In short, due to the
Spanish occupation of the Philippines and the Church's supervision of Filipino art, the purpose of
most paintings in the Philippines from the 16th to the 19th century were to aid the Catholic
Church.[1]

In the early 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino art,
causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of watercolour paintings
increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino inhabitants,
Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves,
Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. The subject of landscape paintings featured artists' names
painted ornately as well as day-to-day scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks.
These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals.[1]

During World War II, some painters focused their artwork on the effects of war, including battle
scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people.

Dance[edit]
Main article: Philippine dance

There are numerous types of Filipino dances, varying in influence, from the country's regions.
Types of Filipino dance include Cordillera, Muslim, tribal, rural, and Spanish style dances.

Within the Cordilleras' dances, there are the Banga, Bendayan, Lumagen/Tachok, Manmanok,
Ragragsakan, Salisid, Talip, Tarektek, and Uyaoy/Uyauy. The Banga dance shows the grace and
strength of women in the Kalinga tribe. Women performing the Banga balance heavy pots on
their heads while dancing to beat of wind chimes. This mimics Kalinga women collecting and
transporting water. Another dance, called Lumagen or Tachok, is performed to celebrate happy
occasions. When Lumagen is performed, it is meant to symbolize flying birds and is musically
paired to the beat of gongs. Another cordillera dance, Salisid, is the dance to show courtship. In
the Salisid dance, a male and a female performer represent a rooster attempting to attract a hen.[2]

Tribal dances include Malakas at Maganda, Kadal Blelah, Kadal Tahaw, Binaylan, Bagobo Rice
Cycle, and Dugso. Malakas at Maganda is a national folklore dance. It tells the story of the origin
of the Filipino people on the islands. Another dance, called the Binaylan dance, tells the story of
a hen, the hen's baby, and a hawk. In this dance, the hawk is said to control a tribe's well-being,
and is killed by hunters after attempting to harm the hen's baby.[3]

Two examples of traditional Filipino dances are Tinikling and Binasuan and many more.
Filipinos have unique folk dances like tinikling where assistants take two long bamboo sticks
rapidly and in rhythm, clap sticks for dancers to artistically and daringly try to avoid getting their
feet caught between them. Also in the southern part of the Philippines, there is another dance
called singkil using long bamboo poles found in tinikling; however, it is primarily a dance
showing off lavish Muslim royalty. In this dance, there are four bamboo sticks arranged in a tic-
tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing sticks. Dancers can
be found trying to avoid all 4 bamboo sticks all together in the middle. They can also try to dance
an entire rotation around the middle avoiding all sticks. Usually these stick dances performed in
teamwork fashion not solo. The Singkil dance is identifiable with the use of umbrellas and silk
clothing.[4]

Weaving[edit]

A Filipino loom for weaving rough fabrics of abaka fiber, 1905

Philippine traditional blouse. traditionally made of pineapple fiber or Piña

Philippine weaving involves many threads being measured, cut, and mounted on a wooden
platform. The threads are dyed and weaved on a loom.[5]
Before Spanish colonization, native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton,
and bark cloth. Textiles, clothes, rugs, and hats were weaved. Baskets were also weaved and
used as vessels of transport and storage, and for hunting. These baskets were used to transport
grain, store food, and catching fish.[6] They also used weaving to make just about all of the
clothing that was worn.

They weaved rugs that they used for quilts and bedding. The quality of the quilt/bedding was
based on how soft, how tight together, and the clean pattern. The patterns were usually thick
stripes with different colors and with a nice pattern.

However, during Spanish colonization, Filipinos used fabric called nipis to weave white
clothing. These were weaved with decorative, flower designs.[6]

Pottery[edit]
Main article: Philippine ceramics

Late Neolithic Manunggul Jar used for burial, topped with two figures, Manunggul Cave

Traditional pot-making in certain areas of the Philippines would use clay found near the Sibalom
River. Molding the clay required the use of wooden paddles, and the clay had to be kept away
from sunlight.[7]

Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500 years ago.[7] They used these ceramic jars to hold the
deceased.[8]

Other pottery used to hold remains of the deceased were decorated with anthropomorphic
designs. These anthropomorphic earthenware pots date back to 5 BC. - 225 A.D and had pot
covers shaped like human heads.[8]

Filipino pottery had other uses as well. During the Neolithic period of the Philippines, pottery
was made for water vessels, plates, cups, and for many other uses.[9]
Kalinga Pottery [10]

Ceramic vessels of Kalinga are divided into three types: rice cooking (ittoyom), vegetable/meat
cooking (oppaya), and water storage (immosso) pots. According to Skibo, the rice cooking pots
are usually larger, thinner and have a smaller opening than vegetable/meat pots. On the other
hand, water storage pots have an average and uniform size and a smaller neck size.

Except for water storage pots, which have a uniform size, the other two kinds can come in three
different sizes, large, medium and small. Although this is true in some cases, another larger type
of vegetable/meat pot and smaller water storage pot exists.

• Manufacture of Kalinga potteries

Igorot (1910) 

The first step in the manufacture of pots is the acquisition of the starting material, clay. The clay
is then pounded, added with enough amount of water, to reach the wanted flexibility, and placed
in a rotating plate. Using the hand-modeling and coil-and-scrape techniques, the height,
thickness and shape of the pot is established. After this, the rim is designed by placing a wet rag
on top of it and then rotating it in the other direction. Furthermore, scraping of the walls can also
be done if the walls produced are too thick.

The pot, after the modeling stage, is then dried for a short period of time before the base is
shaped. Also, after additional heating, small amounts of clay are added inside and outside the
clay to maintain the evenness of the surface. A polishing step can also be done through the use of
a polishing stone. In some cases, pots are also painted with red hematite paint for some stylized
design.

Pottery Functions [10]

Pots are ceramic vessels that are made by molding clay into its wanted shape and then leaving it
in an environment with an elevated temperature thereby making it solid and sturdy. It is widely
recognized as one of better tools that humans invented since it managed to store the surplus of
food Neolithic humans gathered.

In the book Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective, the author, James Skibo, reasoned
out why the use of pots is far more advantageous than baskets and other organic containers. He
said that since potteries are commonly made in clay, heat has little to none effect on the
container, and its contents, and that it protects the food from moisture and pests. Furthermore, its
range of storable contents is far wider than baskets and animal skins since it can store both liquid
and dry goods.

Also, Rice, in his book Pottery Analysis, classified ceramic vessels into 17 categories depending
on various factors that concern the use and production of the tool. One of these is the content
wherein he further divided a type of pot into four depending on the state (liquid or solid) and
temperature (hot or cold) of the food inside it. He also said that a ceramic has three main uses.
These three are storage, processing, and transfer.

Based from these three uses that Rice gave, Skibo further characterized the usage of ceramic
vessels by dividing the tool’s function into two, (1) intended use and (2) actual use.

Intended use, as the name implies, is how the tool’s supposed to be used. This is the basis of the
manufacture of the ceramic vessel since the form follows the function. On the other hand, actual
use is how the tool was used. This sometimes disregards the pot’s form as long it can do a
specific function.

Kalinga Pottery and its Uses [10]

In Kalinga, ceramic vessels can be used for two situations: daily life use and ceremonial use.
Daily life uses include the making of rice from the pots and the transfer of water from nearby
water bodies to their homes.

• Determining actual function of Kalinga pots

As said, a pottery sometimes has a different actual use than intended use. This is the reason why
when archaeologists study the function of a pottery, they tend to focus on how the tool was
actually used. They do this by studying the alterations that the pottery has. These alterations,
accretion and attrition, are commonly the abrasions and scratches on the vessel. In Skibo’s study
of Kalinga potteries functions, he relied on three main tests, namely (1) dissolved residue, (2)
surface attrition and (3) carbon deposition.

1. Dissolved residue – This test was done to determine the organic matters that were once placed
in the vessel. Through the combination of a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrophotometer,
the composition of the fatty acids inside the vessel was determined. Although a complete
identification of the species of plant and animals was not possible, Skibo managed to know
which pots were used for rice and vegetable/ meat cooking.
2. Surface Attrition – Skibo’s study on the attrition of the pots showed how the pot was used. By
looking at the trace attritions inside the vessel, the type, frequency, angle and direction of
stirring for each pot was determined. Furthermore, Skibo also concluded that two pots can be
differentiated from each other, on the basis of what type of food it cooks, from the abrasions.
He said that rice pots will have a little amount of stirring while the vegetable/meat pots will have
numerous marks.
3. Carbon Deposition – This test, as said by Skibo, can determine the type of food cooked, how it
was cooked and how the pot was placed on the flame. From this, another distinction between
rice and vegetable/meat pots was established.

Iron Age pottery [11]

There are three major complexes in Philippine Iron Age according to Solheim, Kalanay,
Novaliches and Bau pottery complexes. Kalanay pottery complex pertains to Beyer’s Early Iron
Age pottery of the Visayan Islands found in Negros and Mindoro; novaliches pottery complex to
Beyer’s Early Iron Age pottery from Rizal province. Bau pottery, on the other hand, does not fit
into the two previous complexes and could correspond instead to the Late Iron Age pottery.

Kalanay Pottery Complex [11]

The type site of the Kalanay pottery complex is the Kalanay Cave found in Masbate. From this
site, the pottery is further subdivided into pottery types Kalanay and Bagupantao.

Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:

 Paired diagonals and borders, with variations including single diagonals or verticals and borders,
or wavy lines and borders
 Curvilinear scrolls and triangles
 Rectangular scroll
 Triangles, with variations including alternating triangles and borders or running triangles
 Rectangles and diagonals
 Zoomorphs
 Punctate fieldwhere areas bonded by incised lines are emphasized by punctuations or dashes
 Diagonals without borders, including a band of horizontal V’s and alternating diagonals off a
center line
 Impressed crenelations
 Impressed or carved scallop design
 Impressed tool
 Carved cutouts in ring stands

Kalanay complex pottery can be divided into 16 groups according to Solheim.

1. Large jars with wide necks

2. Large jars with narrow necks
3. Small jars
4. Deep bowls
5. Shallow bowls
6. Very shallow bowls
7. Lids
8. Shallow bowls with ring stands
9. Tetrapods
10. Jars with angle between side and bottom
11. Spherical jars with small mouths, without angle at rim
12. Angular Vessels

Bau Pottery Complex [11]

It has less variation in both form and decoration compared to the Kalanay pottery complex.

Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:

 Paddle Impressed
  Tool Impressed, including simple-tool and compound-tool impressed
 Stamp Impressed
 Applique ribbons of clay

In terms of forms:

 Small jars with everted rims

 Small jars without everted rim
 Small heavy jars with flat bottom
 Cups with ring feet
 Jars with ring feet

Novaliches Pottery Complex [11]

Most of Novaliches pottery can be distinguished from Bau pottery and Kalanay pottery. While it
shares form and decoration with Kalanay pottery, it contains more variability compared to Bau
pottery. According to Solheim (2002), “it is the most sophisticated pottery that has yet been
found in the Philippines”

Novaliches pottery can be diagnosed by its form being a shallow bowl with a high right-foot.
The shallow bowl is generally plain but the feet are highly decorated. Majority of Novaliches
pottery were well polished. The form is so symmetrical that it looks as if it was made in a potter
wheel, however, examinations showed that it wasn’t.

Specific varieties of decoration are as follows:

 Cutouts
 Narrow vertical elements; carved, tool impressed, or running impressed lines
 Horizontal and diagonal elements, including simple tool impressions, compound tool
impressions and carved elements
 Horizontal broadline impressed lines

Vessel forms are as follows:

 Shallow bowls with high ring stands

 Shallow bowls with low-ring stands
 Jars with low-ring stands
 Angle jars
 Jars with short necks and everted rims

Kalanay Cave Site [11]

The Kalanay cave site is a small burial cave. It is located at the northwest coast of Masbate.

• Kalanay Pottery

 Kalanay Plain
  Majority (80 per cent) of the excavated vessels.
 Variations in size and shape
 Technique used in the manufacture: Paddle-and-anvil technique
 Differences in the base of the vessels (some have rounded bottom while some use a ring foot or
a tetrapod for support).
 Large observable differences in color that is associated with the inability of the potter to control
the fire, causing the uneven distribution of the heat.

• Kalanay Incised

 Incised around the neck, rim of a jar or the outside of a bowl in a band of repeating elements
 Little care was given so the jars appear poorly made despite its well thought out designs. This
can be attributed to the possibility that the certain tradition of this pot was no longer significant
to the manufacturer
 Kalanay-Impressed: simple tool and simple and compound tool
 Simple tool impressing found around the jar or bowl with a flange

• Kalanay slipped

 Forms: jars, large with wide mouth and everted rim, or small with everted rim; bowls, deep with
inslanting sides, or very shallow which turned out lip
 Some were polished, some were not.

Bagupantao Pottery [11]

• Bagupantao Plain

 Majority of the pots’ paste is red-brown in color, with gray or black as the minority. Its texture
ranges from fine to medium and its thickness is usually 5–8 mm in length. The common forms of
the pots are jars with wide to narrow mouths and its normally large (a body diameter of 24 to
35 cm).
 Difference between Kalanay Plain: Evenness of color and cleanness of clay

• Bagupantao Impressed

 The type of paste is the same as Bagupantao plain, red-brown in color. It is also highly decorated
on its rim with circles, punctuations and crenellations.
 Larger (28 –31 cm body diameter) and thicker (9-14 thickness) than Bagupantao plain.

• Bagupantao Painted

 The paste used is the same as Bagupantao impressed and plain but it is covered with heavy red
hematite slip inside and outside of the neck.
 Thinner (2–7 mm) and smaller than Bagupantao plain.

• Extraneous Pottery - Three vessels that did not belong to the Bagupantao and Kalanay style
were also found.
First pot

 Similar clay used as the Bagupantao and Kalanay vessels. The color, red-brown, was also the
same, inside and out.
 Ornamented with small crystals on the paste and black flakes on the surface.
 As thin (3–8 mm) as the Bagupantao painted vessel.

Second pot

 Same size and structure as the Bagupantao pots.

 Used a different paste (fibrous texture and contained mineral inclusions)
 Heavily polished and the surface color ranges from red-brown to light gray.
 As thick as the Bagupantao plain jars (5–12 mm).

Third pot

 The paste used is chocolate-brown in color and its texture is fine.

 It is very thick (15–20 mm) when compared to the other pots.
 Poorly made because of the uneven distribution of heat to the pot (pieces break longitudinally).

Other art forms[edit]

The Angono Petroglyphs is the oldest form of art in the country, dated before 2000 BC.

 The term indigenous art is sometimes used to refer to the utility of indigenous materials as a
medium for the creation of different kinds of artworks, as with the paintings by Elito Circa, a
famous folk artist of Pantabangan and a pioneer in using indigenous materials as well as natural
raw materials including human blood.[12] Many Filipino painters and foreign artists were
influenced by Filipino indigenous art and started using these indigenous materials, which include
extracts from onion, tomato, tuba (palm wine), coffee, rust, molasses and other materials
available anywhere to be used as paint.
 Jewelry design. In 2015/16, the Asia Society in New York presented an exhibit called Philippine
Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms. The exhibition presents spectacular works of gold
primarily discovered over the past forty years on the Philippine islands of Luzon, the Visayas,
and Mindanao. The regalia, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, and ritualistic and funerary objects
attest to the recently uncovered evidence of prosperity and achievement of Philippine polities
that flourished between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, long before the Spanish discovered
and colonized the region. Although the forms and styles of the majority of these works
developed locally, some indicate that Philippine craftsmen had been exposed to objects from
 beyond their borders through the robust cultural connections and maritime trade in Southeast
Asia during what was an early Asian economic boom.
 Kut-kut is an art technique used between the 15th and 18th centuries. The technique was a
combination of European and Oriental style and process mastered by indigenous tribes of Samar
island.
 The tanaga is a type of Filipino poetry.
 The batek or batok is a form of indigenous tattooing of the Kalinga people in the Cordilleras. The
most prominent tattoo artist in the country is Whang-od, who has been known as the last
mambabatok until has started mentoring her niece on the art so that the tattoo artistry of the
Kalinga will continue. The art form has been critically acclaimed internationally in the United
States, Germany, France, Canada, and many others.

Notable Filipino artists[edit]

Past notable Filipino artists include Juan Luna, Fernando Amorsolo, Augusto Arbizo, Félix
Hidalgo, Ang Kiukok, Anita Magsaysay-Ho Lito Mayo, Mauro Malang Santos, Santiago Bosé,
Rey Paz Contreras and David Cortés Medalla. Present-day Filipino artists featuring Filipino
culture include Benedicto Cabrera, Elito Circa, Fred DeAsis, Daniel Coquilla, Francisco Viri,
and Nunelucio Alvarado.[13] The art or paintings by Zóbel, Amorsolo and many more could be
seen in most of the art museums in the Philippines. Zobel's paintings can be seen in the Ayala
Museum.

Museums[edit]
Place Museum Description Address

Kaisa Heritage Cente

Manila Bahay Tsinoy A typical Chinese house in the Philippines corner Cabildo Streets
Manila

General Luna Street,

Casa Manila A typical Spanish colonial house in the Philippines
Manila

San Agustín Monaste

A church museum with wide collections of catholic
San Agustín Museum Luna Street Corn
religious items
Intramuros, M

National Museum of Fine Arts The national museum which showcases Philippine Arts P. Burgos Avenue

Malacañang Palace C
Malacañang Museum A museum inside the Presidential Palace complex
Laurel Street, San Mig

Metropolitan Museum of Bangko Sentral ng

A museum of contemporary arts
Manila Complex, Roxas Boule

Museum of Contemporary College of Saint Ben

A museum of contemporary Filipino arts
Arts and Design Ocampo Street, Mala

The Museum A museum of contemporary Filipino arts De La Salle University

 Avenue, Man

The oldest existing museum in the Philippines. UST

University of Santo T
Museum has permanent display on natural history
UST Museum Building, España B
specimens, coins, medals, memorabilia, ethnographic
Sampaloc, Ma
materials and oriental arts objects.

Roxas Boulevard co
Museo Pambata A museum for children
Drive, Ermita, M

CCP Museo ng Kalinangang

Tanghalang Pamba
Pasay Pilipino and Asian Traditional A museum of performing arts.
Complex, Roxas Boule
Musical Instruments

Macapagal Avenue
GSIS Museo ng Sining A museum of Filipino Arts
Center, Pas

Makati Avenue corne

Makati Ayala Museum A museum of Filipino Arts
Street, Greenbelt Pa

RCBC Plaza, Ayala cor

Yuchengco Museum A museum of Filipino and Filipino-Chinese Arts
Gil Puyal Avenue,

Benpres Building, Exc

Pasig Lopez Museum A museum of Filipino Contemporary Arts
corner Meralco Ave

Special Collections
Quezón Ateneo de Manila U
Ateneo Art Gallery A museum of Filipino Contemporary Arts
City Katipunan Avenue, Lo
Quezón Cit

Jorge B. Vargas Museum and The only museum in the Philippines with wide range of Roxas Avenue, Unive
Filipiniana Research Center Philippine Arts from 1880 to 1960 Philippines, Dilimán, Q

J.Y. Campos Park, 3r

Taguig The Mind Museum A science museum
Bonifacio Global Ci

Paulina Constancia Museum

Cebu A museum of Native Art, Poetry, & Sustainability 110 Gorordo Ave.,
of Native Art [MoNA]

Aurora Baler Museum A museum of Native Art and culture Baler, Auro

Nueva
Provincial Capitol Museum A museum of Novo Esijano's Arts and Culture Palayan Cit
Ecija

Fred's Arts Gallery A museum of Novo Esijano's Artist Cabanatuan C

Benguet BenCab Museum A museum of BenCab Arts Baguio Cit

See also[edit]

 National Arts Center in Los Baños, Laguna

 Architecture of the Philippines
 Cinema of the Philippines
 Philippine comics
 Filipino cartoon and animation
 Literature of the Philippines
 Music of the Philippines
 Filipino martial arts
 Culture of the Philippines

Culture of the Philippines

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Culture of the Philippines

History[show]

People
Languages

Traditions

Mythology and folklore[show]

Cuisine
 Festivals

Religion

Art

Literature

Music and performing arts[show]

Media[show]

Sport[show]

Monuments[show]

Symbols[show]


 the Philippines portal

Kalesa, a traditional Philippine urban transportation

The culture of the Philippines is a combination of cultures of the East and West.[1] The
Philippines was first settled by Negritos; today, although few in numbers, they preserve a very
traditional way of life and culture. After them, the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago.
Today, the Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnicities, languages, cuisine, music,
dance and almost every aspect of the culture. These Austronesians engaged in trading with other
Austronesians, particularly in the neighbouring nations of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. They
also traded with the mainland Southeast Asia, as well as Japan, Korea, China, the Indian
subcontinent and Arabia. As a result, some of these cultures marked their influences on
Philippine culture.[2][3]

The Spanish Empire then gradually colonized the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries
(Batanes being one of the last places to be colonized in the mid-1800s), after more than three
centuries of colonization, Roman Catholicism spread throughout the archipelago and Hispanic
influence heavily impacted the country's culture. The Philippines, then being governed from both
Mexico and Spain, received a fair bit of Hispanic influence from the regions. For instance,
Mexican and Spanish cultural influences can be sensed in the country's music, dance and major
religion as well as many other aspects of its culture. Then, after being colonized by Spain, the
Philippines became a U.S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the United States is
manifested in the wide use of the English language, media and in the modern culture and
clothing of present-day Philippines.[4]

Contents
 [hide] 

 1 Architecture
 2 Religion
 3 Visual arts
o 3.1 Painting
o 3.2 Indigenous art
o 3.3 Islamic art
 4 Performing arts
o 4.1 Dancing
o 4.2 Music
 5 Literature
 6 Cinema and media
 7 Cuisine
 8 Education
 9 Sports
o 9.1 Martial arts
o 9.2 Traditional Filipino games
 10 Indigenous groups
o 10.1 Indigenous religions or shamanism
 11 Philippine diaspora
 12 Festivals
 13 Holidays
o 13.1 Regular holidays
o 13.2 Special holidays
 14 See also
 15 Further reading
 16 References
 17 External links

Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of the Philippines

See also: Nipa hut, Ancestral houses of the Philippines, and Earthquake Baroque
Bahay na bato is a traditional Filipino colonial house.

Being a colony of the Spanish Empire for almost 300 years, the Spaniards introduced European
colonial architecture to the Philippines. The introduction of Christianity brought European
churches and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the
nation. The Spaniards also introduced stones and rocks as housing and building materials and the
Filipinos merged it with their existing architecture and forms a hybrid mix-architecture only
exclusive to the Philippines. Filipino-Spanish colonial architecture can still be seen in centuries-
old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences around the nation. The
best collection of Spanish colonial architecture can be found in the walled city of Intramuros in
Manila and in the historic town of Vigan. Colonial-era churches are also on the best examples
and legacies of Spanish Baroque architecture called Earthquake Baroque which are only found in
the Philippines. Historic provinces such as Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Pampanga,
Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Iloilo, Negros, Cebu, Bohol and Zamboanga
del Sur also boasts colonial-era buildings.

In the past, before the Spanish colonization, the Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo) was the common form of
housing among the native Filipinos. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as
bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut
fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent
flooding during the rainy seasons. Regional variations include the use of thicker, and denser roof
thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built
over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular
wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings.

The University of Santo Tomas Main Building in Manila is an example of Renaissance Revival
architecture. The building was built on 1924 and was completed at 1927. The building, designed
by Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P., is the first earthquake-resistant building in the Philippines that is not
a church [citation needed].[5] Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings
such as mosques and temples. Pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas.
Contemporary-style housing subdivisions and suburban-gated communities are popular in
urbanized places such as Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Metro Bacolod and other prosperous
regions.

Architecture of the Philippines

 

Vigan City in Ilocos Sur

 Aguinaldo Shrine in Cavite

Loboc Church in Bohol

Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte

Liliw Church in Laguna

Tanghalang Pambansa in Manila

Religion[edit]

The Philippines is one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic (80.58%) nations in Asia-
Pacific, the other being East Timor. From the census in 2014, Christianity consisted of about
90.07% of the population and is largely present throughout the nation, while Islam is comprised
for about 5.57% of the total population and is mostly concentrated in southwestern Mindanao,
the Sulu Archipelago and southwestern Palawan. Those who reported others or none composed
4.37% of the total population of the nation.

Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism and Western
culture in the 16th century, the indigenous Austronesian peoples of what is now called the
Philippines were adherents of a syncretic religion composed of shamanistic Animism,
Polytheism, Islam, Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism.[6]

Visual arts[edit]

Painting[edit]

Tampuhan by Juan Luna.

Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished
on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of
Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-Sanga Cave, Sulu
and Cagayan's Laurente Cave. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was
practiced throughout the archipelago. Early Austronesian peoples, especially in the Philippines,
started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors, and at about the same time as the
Thais and Laotians as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery
technology.

Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the
Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the 'Painted People' of the Visayas.[7][8] Various
designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored
pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive
to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranaos who are
well known for the Nāga dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful
Panolong of their Torogan or King's House.
Antipolo by Fernando Amorsolo.

Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th-century Spanish period.
The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as
well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility.
Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of
religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.

Early modernist painters such as Haagen Hansen was associated with religious and secular
paintings. The art of Lorenzo Miguelito and Alleya Espanol showed a trend for political
statement. The first American national artist Jhurgen D. C. Pascua used post-modernism to
produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artists such
as Bea Querol used realities and abstract on his work. In the 1980s, Odd Arthur Hansen,
popularly known as ama ng makabayan pintor or father of patriotic paint, gained recognition. He
uses his own white hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood
on the right side corner. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance
from professionals.

Indigenous art[edit]

The Kutkut Art

The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics. The binakol is a blanket which
features designs that incorporate optical illusions.Other parts of Highlands in the Cordillera
Region or in local term " KaIgorotan" displays their art in tattoing, weaving bags like the "sangi"
a traditional backpack and carving woods. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have
bright red tones. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. Other peoples
such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl, red hornbill beaks, plants, and metals. Some
indigenous materials are also used as a medium in different kinds of art works especially in
painting by Elito Circa, a folk artist of Pantabangan and a pioneer for using indigenous materials,
natural raw materials including human blood. Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and
started using materials such as extract from onion, tomato, tuba, coffee, rust, molasses and other
materials available anywhere as paint. The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan,
Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Abaca is a plant
closely related to bananas, and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. The
fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns
depicting human, animal and plant themes.

A technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and highly
collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by
the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. Kut-kut is an
exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques: sgraffito, encaustic and layering.
The merging of the ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling
interwoven lines, multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.

Islamic art[edit]

Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved-line woodcarving and
metalworking called okir, similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with
men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and
Sama–Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. The Marananaos
make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as
the kampilan are skillfully carved.

Performing arts[edit]

Dancing[edit]

Main article: Philippine Dance

Panderetas dance

Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao,
Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo
poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these
clashing poles.[9][10]

Music[edit]

Main article: Music in the Philippines

The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of
Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and
20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including
flutes, guitar, ukulele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate
festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact
throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the
Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups
associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have
risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P.
de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes.

Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such
as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino
folk music.

Literature[edit]

Ibong Adarna is a 15th-century Filipino epic poem.

Main article: Literature of the Philippines

The Philippine literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved throughout the
centuries. It had started with traditional folktales and legends made by the ancient Filipinos
before Spanish colonization. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-
colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary
traditions. The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial
legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the
traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period.
Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, or any indigenous Philippine languages.

Some of the well known work of literature were created from the 17th to 19th century. The Ibong
Adarna is a famous epic about an magical bird which was claimed to be written by José de la
Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw".[11] Francisco Balagtas is one of the country's prominent Filipino poets,
he is named as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his contributions in Philippine
literature. His greatest work, the Florante at Laura is considered as his greatest work and one of
the masterpieces of Philippine literature. Balagtas wrote the epic during his imprisonment.[12]José
Rizal, the national hero of the country, wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El
Filibusterismo (The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed).

Cinema and media[edit]

Main article: Cinema of the Philippines

Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, Ang makapal na mukha (1939), along with
Fernando Poe, Sr..

The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1870s, were a time of discovery of
film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from
popular theater shows and Philippine literature.

The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in
1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures.

In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry.
Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism
and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences.

The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[13][14] with the emergence of more artistic
and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The
studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made
annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers
and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio
system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the
artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant
commercialism in films.

The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing
both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics
following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films
developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of
alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines.

The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy
and action films.[14]

The Philippines, being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in
terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine
film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63
million in 2004.[15][16] From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films
a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007.[15]
[16]
The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital
technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.

With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over
100+ roles in Philippine Cinema[17] and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers.

Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Philippine cuisine

La Paz Batchoy is a noodle soup made with pork organs, crushed pork cracklings, chicken stock and beef
loin.

Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by Western, Pacific Islander, and Asian cuisine.
Philippine cuisine is considered as a melting pot of Indian, Chinese, Spanish and American
influences inline with indigenous ingredients.[18]

The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the
Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method of sautéing with garlic
and onions. Eating out is a favorite Filipino pastime. A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six
meals a day; breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks, dinner, and again a midnight snack before going to
sleep. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet, and is usually eaten together with other dishes.
Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives. Some also eat with their hands,
especially in informal settings, and when eating seafood. Rice, corn, and popular dishes such as
adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), lumpia (meat or vegetable rolls), pancit
(a noodle dish), and lechón baboy (roasted pig) are served on plates.

Other popular dishes brought from Southeast Asian, and Spanish influences include afritada,
asado, chorizo, empanadas, mani (roasted peanuts), paksiw (fish or pork, cooked in vinegar and
water with some spices like garlic and pepper), pan de sal (bread of salt), pescado frito (fried or
grilled fish), sisig, torta (omelette), kare-kare (ox-tail stew), kilawen, pinakbet (vegetable stew),
pinapaitan, and sinigang (tamarind soup with a variety of pork, fish, or prawns). Some delicacies
eaten by some Filipinos may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include balut (boiled egg
with a fertilized duckling inside), longanisa (sweet sausage), and dinuguan (soup made from
pork blood).

A Filipino Lechon.

Popular snacks and desserts such as chicharon (deep fried pork or chicken skin), halo-halo
(crushed ice with evaporated milk, flan, sliced tropical fruit, and sweet beans), puto (white rice
cakes), bibingka (rice cake with butter or margarine and salted eggs), ensaymada (sweet roll with
grated cheese on top), polvoron (powder candy), and tsokolate (chocolate) are usually eaten
outside the three main meals. Popular Philippine beverages include San Miguel Beer, Tanduay
Rhum, coconut arrack, and tuba.

Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region. In Bicol, for example, foods
are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines. Patis (fish sauce), suka (vinegar), toyo
(soy sauce), bagoong, and banana ketchup are the most common condiments found in Filipino
homes and restaurants.

Western fast food chains such as McDonald's, Wendy's, KFC, and Pizza Hut are a common sight
in the country. Local food chains such as Jollibee, Goldilocks Bakeshop, Mang Inasal and
Chowking are also popular and have successfully competed against international fast food
chains.[19][20]

Education[edit]
Main articles: Education in the Philippines and Higher education in the Philippines
The University of Santo Tomas, located in Manila, was established in 1611.

Education in the Philippines has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and
philosophy from the United States, Spain, and its neighbouring Asian countries. Philippine
students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to kindergarten.
At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school (6 to 9 years) this include Grade 7
to Grade 10 as junior high school, then after, they graduate. Since the Philippines has already
implemented the K-12 system, students will enter SHS or senior high school, a 2-year course, to
be able to prepare college life with their chosen track such as ABM (Accountancy Business
Management), STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) and HUMSS
(Humanities and Social Sciences) other tracks are included like TECH-VOC (Technical
Vocational). Students can make a choice if they will take the college entrance examinations
(CEE) for which they enter college or university (3 to 5 years) or find a work after they graduate
on senior high school.

Other types of schools in the country include private schools, preparatory schools, international
schools, laboratory high schools, and science high schools. Of these schools, private Catholic
schools are the most famous. Catholic schools are preferred in the Philippines due to their
religious beliefs. Most Catholic schools are co-ed. The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have
an emblem along with the school colors.

The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March, with a two-month summer
break from April to May, two-week semestral break in October and Christmas and New Year's
holidays. Changes are currently being made to the system and some universities have copied the
Westernized academic calendar and now start the school year in August.

In 2005, the Philippines spent about US$138 per pupil compared to US$1,582 in Singapore,
US$3,728 in Japan, and US$852 in Thailand.[21][22]

Sports[edit]
Main article: Sports in the Philippines

Manny Pacquiao is the first and only eight-division world champion in boxing.

Arnis, a form of martial arts, is the national sport in the Philippines.[23] Among the most popular
sports include basketball, boxing, football, billiards, chess, ten-pin bowling, volleyball, horse
racing, Sepak Takraw and cockfighting. Dodgeball, badminton and Tennis are also popular.
Filipinos have gained international success in sports. These are boxing, football, billiards, ten-pin
bowling, and chess. Popular sport stars include Manny Pacquiao, Flash Elorde, and Francisco
Guilledo in boxing, Paulino Alcántara in football, Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski, and Ramon
Fernandez in basketball, Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards, Rafael Nepomuceno
in ten-pin bowling, Eugene Torre and Renato Naranja in chess, and Mark Munoz in MMA. The
Philippine National Basketball Team is a powerhouse in Asia and has the best performance of all
Asian teams in the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup.

The Palarong Pambansa, a national sports festival, has its origin in an annual sporting meet of
public schools that started in 1948. Private schools and universities eventually joined the national
event, which became known as the "Palarong Pambansa" in 1976. It serves as a national Olympic
Games for students, competing at school and national level contests. The year 2002 event
included football, golf, archery, badminton, baseball, chess, gymnastics, tennis, softball,
swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, track and field, and volleyball.

Martial arts[edit]

A grandmaster of Arnis.

Main article: Filipino martial arts

There are several forms of Filipino martial arts that originated in the Philippines (similar to how
Silat is the martial arts practiced in Asia) including Eskrima (weapon-based fighting, also known
as Arnis and in the West sometimes as Kali), Panantukan (empty-handed techniques), and
Pananjakman (the boxing component of Filipino martial arts).

Traditional Filipino games[edit]

Main article: List of traditional Filipino games

One Traditional Filipino game is luksong tinik. A very popular game to Filipino children where
one has to jump over the tinik and cross to the other side unscathed.[24] Other traditional Filipino
games include yo-yo, piko, patintero, bahay kubo, pusoy, and sungka. Tong-its is a popular
gambling game. Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker
hands wisely. Sungka is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to
take all shells. The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small
pits become empty.[25] Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string,
and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound. The "Salagubang gong" is a toy
described by Charles Brtjes, an American entomologist, who traveled to Negros and discovered a
toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the
contraption.[26] Piko is a Philippine version of the game hopscotch. Children will draw a sequence
rectangles using chalk on the ground. With various level of obstacle on each rectangle, children
will compete against one another or in a team. Players use pamato; usually a flat stone, slipper or
anything that could be toss easily.

Indigenous groups[edit]
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines

An Ivatan woman in Batanes.

The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of Austronesian ethnic
groups. They are the descendants of the original Austronesian inhabitants of the Philippines, that
settled in the islands thousands of years ago, and in the process have retained their Indigenous
customs and traditions.[27]

In 1990, more than 100 highland peoples constituted approximately three percent of the
Philippine population. Over the centuries, the isolated highland peoples have retained their
Indigenous cultures. The folk arts of these groups were, in a sense, the last remnants of
Indigenous traditions that flourished throughout the Philippines before the Islamic and Spanish
contacts.

The highland peoples are a primitive ethnic group like other Filipinos, although they did not, as a
group, have as much contact with the outside world. These peoples displayed a variety of native
cultural expressions and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity such as the
production of bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. These peoples ranged from various
groups of Igorot people, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and
Kankana-ey, who built the Rice Terraces thousands of years ago. They have also covered a wide
spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with Christian Filipinos. Other
Indigenous peoples include the Lumad peoples of the highlands of Mindanao. These groups have
remained isolated from Western and Eastern influences.

Indigenous religions or shamanism[edit]

Due to the influx of Christianity, Islam, and other world religions in traditional communities, the
indigenous practices, rituals, and spiritual performances and knowledge of indigenous Filipinos
are fast disappearing. Cultural workers in the country suggest the Paiwan Model, which was
made by the Taiwanese government to preserve indigenous religions, to save the Philippines'
own indigenous religions. The indigenous practices and shamanism of the Paiwan people of
Taiwan was the fastest declining religion in the country. This prompted the Taiwanense
government to preserve the religion and to push for the establishment of the Paiwan School of
Shamanism where religious leaders teach their apprentices the native religion so that it will never
be lost. It became an effective medium in preserving, and even uplifting the Paiwan people's
indigenous religion. In the Philippines, shaminism is referred as dayawism, meaning 'gallant
religions that give thanks to all living and non-living things'. As of 2018, there is no established
school of dayawism in the Philippines, making the hundreds of indigenous religions in the
country in great peril from extinction due to the influx of colonial-era religions. Each indigenous
religion in the Philippines is distinct from each other, possessing unique epics, pantheons, belief
systems, and other intangible heritage pertaining to religious beliefs. Due to this immense
diversity in indigenous religions, a singular school of dayawism is not feasible. Rather, hundreds
of schools of dayawism pertaining to an ethno-linguistic tribe is a better supplement to the
current religious landscape in the Philippines.[28]

Philippine diaspora[edit]
Main article: Overseas Filipino

An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin, who lives outside of the Philippines. This
term is applied to people of Filipino ancestry, who are citizens or residents of a different country.
Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers.

There are about 11 million overseas Filipinos living worldwide, equivalent to about 11 percent of
the total population of the Philippines.[29]

Each year, thousands of Filipinos migrate to work abroad through overseas employment agencies
and other programs. Other individuals emigrate and become permanent residents of other
nations. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, nurses, accountants, IT professionals,
engineers, architects,[30] entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, students,
caregivers, domestic helpers, and household maids.

International employment includes an increasing number of skilled Filipino workers taking on

unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as brain drain, particularly in the
health and education sectors. Also, the employment can result in underemployment, for example,
in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses and other employment programs.

Festivals[edit]
Main article: Festivals of the Philippines

The MassKara Festival of Bacolod.

The Sinulog Festival is held to commemorate the Santo Niño

Pahiyas Festival in Lucban Quezon

Festivals in the Philippines, locally known as fiestas, originated dating back to the Spanish
colonial period when the Spaniards introduced Christianity to the country. Most Philippine towns
and cities has a patron saint assigned to each of them. Fiestas in the Philippines serve as either
religious, cultural, or both. These festivals are held to honor the patron saint or to commemorate
history and culture, such as promoting local products and celebrate a bountiful harvest. Fiestas
can be categorized by Holy Masses, processions, parades, theatrical play and reenactments,
religious or cultural rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts, pageants and various games and
contests.

Month Festival Place

January Ati-Atihan Kalibo, Aklan

Sinulog Cebu

Dinagyang Iloilo

Dinagsa Cadiz, Negros Occidental

Coconut San Pablo, Laguna

Hinugyaw Koronadal, South Cotabato

February Panagbenga Baguio

Kaamulan Bukidnon

Paraw Regatta Iloilo and Guimaras

Pamulinawen ilocos

March Pintados de Passi Passi, Iloilo

Araw ng Dabaw Davao

Kariton Licab, Nueva Ecija

April Moriones Marinduque

Sinuam San Jose, Batangas

Pana-ad Negros Occidental

Aliwan Pasay

May Magayon Albay

Pahiyas Lucban, Quezon

Sanduguan Calapan, Oriental Mindoro

Butwaan Butuan

June Baragatan Palawan

Sangyaw Tacloban

Pista Y Ang Kagueban Puerto Princesa, Palawan

July T'nalak Koronadal, South Cotabato

August Kadayawan Davao

Pavvu-rulun Tuguegarao
 September Peñafrancia Naga City

Padul-ong Borongan, Eastern Samar

Bonok-Bonok Surigao City

Banigan Basey, Samar

Diyandi Iligan City

October Fiesta Pilar Zamboanga City

Masskara Bacolod

Buglasan Negros Oriental

November Itik Victoria, Laguna

December Paru-Paru Dasmariñas, Cavite

Holidays[edit]
Main article: Public holidays in the Philippines

Parol (Christmas lanterns) being sold during the Christmas season

Good Friday observance in Pampanga

Regular holidays[edit]

Date (Gregorian
Filipino language English language
Calendar)
January 1 Araw ng Bagong Taon New Year's Day

Mahal na Araw including Biyernes Santo Holy Week including Good Friday and
March–April
and Huwebes Santo Maundy Thursday

April 9 Araw ng Kagitingan Day of Valour

May 1 Araw ng Manggagawa Labour Day

June 12 Araw ng Kalayaan Independence Day

August 27 Araw ng mga Bayani National Heroes' Day

November 30 Araw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio Day

December 24 Bisperás ng Pasko Christmas Eve

December 25 Araw ng Pasko Christmas

December 30 Araw ni Rizal Rizal Day

Special holidays[edit]

Date (Gregorian
Filipino language English language
Calendar)

January–February Bagong Taong Pang Tsino Chinese New Year

Anibersaryo ng Rebolusyon ng Lakas ng People Power Revolution

February 25
mga Tao Anniversary

August 21 Araw ni Ninoy Aquino Ninoy Aquino Day

November 1 Araw ng mga Santo All Saints Day

November 2 Araw ng mga Kaluluwa All Souls' Day

December 31 Bisperás ng Bagong Taón New Year's Eve

Category:Organizations based in the

Philippines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

 Philippines portal
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organizations of the Philippines.

Subcategories

This category has the following 38 subcategories, out of 38 total.

 ► Lists of organizations based in the Philippines (3 C, 4 P)

 ► Organizations based in the Philippines by province (9 C)
 ► Organizations based in Metro Manila (5 C, 23 P)

 ► Advertising agencies of the Philippines (1 P)

 ► Animal welfare organizations based in the Philippines (2 C, 5 P)

 ► Business organizations based in the Philippines (3 C, 2 P)

 ► Child-related organizations in the Philippines (2 C, 4 P)

 ► Clubs and societies in the Philippines (3 P)
 ► Companies of the Philippines (11 C, 55 P)
 ► Cooperatives in the Philippines (2 P)
 ► Cultural organizations based in the Philippines (2 C, 2 P)

 ► Defunct organizations based in the Philippines (4 C, 7 P)

 ► Disability organizations based in the Philippines (1 C, 3 P)

 ► Educational organizations in the Philippines (2 C, 7 P)

 ► Environmental organizations based in the Philippines (5 P)

 ► Freemasonry in the Philippines (1 C, 3 P)

G
  ► Government agencies of the Philippines (3 C, 10 P)

 ► History organizations based in the Philippines (2 C)

 ► Human rights organizations based in the Philippines (7 P)

 ► Law enforcement agencies of the Philippines (2 C, 7 P)

 ► LGBT organizations in the Philippines (3 P)

 ► Philippine martial arts organizations (2 P)

 ► Medical and health organizations based in the Philippines (6 C, 10 P)

 ► Non-profit organizations based in the Philippines (1 C, 31 P)

 ► Political organizations in the Philippines (4 C, 3 P)

 ► Professional associations based in the Philippines (18 P)

 ► Religious organizations based in the Philippines (1 C, 9 P)

 ► Research institutes in the Philippines (2 C, 11 P)

 ► Skeptic organizations in the Philippines (2 P)

 ► Sports organizations of the Philippines (3 C, 5 P)

 ► Television organizations in the Philippines (1 C)

 ► Think tanks based in the Philippines (1 P)
 ► Trade associations based in the Philippines (1 P)
 ► Trade unions in the Philippines (1 C, 14 P)
 ► Transportation organizations based in the Philippines (2 C)

W
  ► Women's organizations based in the Philippines (1 C, 2 P)

 ► Youth organizations based in the Philippines (2 C, 13 P)

 ► Wikipedia categories named after organizations based in the Philippines (27 C)

Pages in category "Organizations based in the Philippines"

The following 27 pages are in this category, out of 27 total. This list may not reflect recent
changes (learn more).

 ABS-CBN Lingkod Kapamilya Foundation

 Action For Economic Reforms
 AFPMBAI
 Animation Council of the Philippines

 Bantay Dagat
 Basilan Jaycees

 Carousel Productions
 Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility
 Children's Shelter of Cebu
 Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society

 Foundation for Media Alternatives

 Gawad Kalinga
 GMA Kapuso Foundation

I
  Inaro Kababali / Inaro Youth Organization Incorporated
 Ing Makababaying Aksyon

 Karapatan
 Knights of Rizal

 Labor Education and Research Network

 National Confederation of Cooperatives

 National Economic Protectionism Association

 Philippine Children's Fund of America

 Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement

 Springboard Foundation

 Teatro Tomasino
 Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women
 Tuloy Foundation

 United Architects of the Philippines

Philippine Culture
This is the one thing that separates us from the rest of the world - our colorful and lively culture
that makes us distinctly Filipino. This includes traditions, language, arts, etc. which are found in
museums, churches and galleries, found within the heart of the key cities.

Most provinces have their own identifying folk dances too wherein they showcase the elegance
and beauty of the way we do things, the way we dress, the way we see things as shown in
different paintings, as we have been influenced by events that happened in our history.

That’s not all. When you have lived in the Philippines long enough, you’ll know that it’s not an
exaggeration to say there is a town that’s celebrating its fiesta every single day.

Filipino Heritage: Kasaysayan ng Lahing Pilipino

www.filipinoheritage.com/about_us.htm
This site has sections about Philippine arts, costumes, traditions and customs, food, history and
religion. It also features an essay about indigenous music that is uniquely Filipino.

Bansa.Org
www.bansa.org/
Bansa.org is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to improve the understanding and
appreciation of Philippine history, culture, dialects, arts and geography.

Aklatang Pambata Online

www.aklatangpambata.org
Aklatang Pambata is a non-stock, non-profit volunteer organization composed of faculty, staff
and alumni volunteers of UP-Diliman. It has been designed to inculcate the values of reading at
an early age irrespective of social class, essentially.

The Philippine Comics Art Museum

www.komikero.com/museum/
This web site is a database of Filipino artists, comics and artworks

Komikero Comics Journal

www.alanguilan.com/sanpablo/wbnormal.html
An online journal of a Filipino comics writer and artist. It also contains news and updates on the
Philippine Comics Art Museum

Philippines Business Culture Guide

www.executiveplanet.com/business-etiquette/Philippines.html
Enumerates tips on what to expect and how to conduct yourself when meeting people in the
Philippines, especially for business purposes. It also lists tips on how to behave in social
gatherings.

Hiraya Gallery
www.hiraya.com
Established in 1980, Hiraya Gallery is committed to the promotion as well as development of
serious, imaginative, and relevant Philippine art, especially by young but talented Filipino artists.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
http://www.ncca.gov.ph/
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) hopes to instill among Filipinos not only
awareness but a deep understanding and pride in our own multifaceted culture.

National Artists of the Philippines

http://www.ncca.gov.ph/culture&arts/profile/natlartists/natlart.htm
The National Artist Award or Gawad Pambansang Alagad Ng Sining is the highest national
recognition given to Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the development
of Philippine arts and to the cultural heritage of the country. It is aimed at recognizing Filipino
artistic accomplishment at its highest level and to promote creative expression as significant to
the development of a national cultural identity.

Organisasyon ng Pilipinong Mang-aawit (OPM)

http://www.opm.org.ph/

Since its birth thirteen years ago, the Organisasyon ng Pilipinong Mang-aawit upheld the worth
of Filipino professional singers and protected their rights under Philippine and international laws.

FilipinoArt.Net
http://www.filipinoart.net/index.php
A comprehensive web site for contemporary Filipino visual artists in the fields of painting and
photography. It provides links to the individual web sites of its members, articles about the visual
art world – present and past, and a discussion board for the members, among others.

TS Entertainment Network
http://www.tsenetwork.cjb.net
This web site provides the venue for Philippine bands to get to know each other and exchange
ideas. It also has recording studios for rehearsals and/or recordings that will entitle guests to earn
points that they may exchange for freebies.

HBB Designs
http://www.hbbdesigns.cjb.net
HBB Designs provides computer services using the Internet, digital images, sales communications, and
other related media such as visual conceptualization and professional presentations. HBB Designs also
develops and maintains web sites from free domains.
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