Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engine Oil Lubricants
Engine Oil Lubricants
Israel
January 2008
1947
1947
Oxidative Thickening
Piston Deposits
Rust
Control
Bore polish
10
AT compatibility 6 Wear
4
Corrosion Soot
Dispersant
Mineral Oil
Higher Engine Temperatures
Higher Injection Pressures
Extended Drain
Lighter Viscometrics
‘HIGHER PERFORMANCE’
Synthetic Oil
Part and Full Synthetics
• Typical Compounds
– Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters, and mannich reaction
products
• Functions
– Contaminants are bonded by polar attraction to dispersant
molecules, prevented from agglomerating and kept in
suspension due to solubility of dispersant
• Typical Compounds
– Metallo–organic compounds of sodium, calcium and magnesium
phenolates, phosphonates and sulphonates.
• Functions
– Chemical reaction with sludge and varnish precursors to
neutralise them and keep them soluble
Sulphur in Fuel
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Sulphur in Fuel
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Sulphur in Fuel
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
• Typical Compounds
– Zinc dithiophosphates, organic phosphates, acid phosphates,
organic sulfur and chlorine compounds, sulfurized fats, sulfides
and disulphides.
• Functions
– Chemical reaction with metal surface to form a film with lower
shear strength than the metal, thereby preventing metal to metal
contact
15
Comparison of Actual Wear in SEQ VE
12.5
Competitor chemistry
Competitive Chemistry
Cam Lobe Wear , mils
δ = 80 hours gives
gives500 ppm
only 500phos
ppmat
API SF level
phosphorus
200% increase
10 •
Break point = 40 hours
250μ
200μ
150μ
100μ
50μ
o
500 ppm 600 ppm 700 ppm 800 ppm
26 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
400
375
Wear Scar Diameter , microns
350
Competitor chemistry
gives 500 ppm phos at
API SF level
δ = 112 microns
325
43% increase
300
275
250
3.9% LZ16010 gives
>800 ppm phosphorus
225
(830 ppm)
200
500 600 700 800 900 1000
27 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved Phosphorus Content / ppm
Antioxidant
• Purpose
– Retard Oxidative Decomposition.
• Typical Compounds
– Zinc Dithiophosphates, hindered phenols, aromatic amines and
sulphurized phenols.
• Functions
– Decompose peroxides and terminate free radical reactions
16010
16
♦
14
♦
12
10
Competitor
8 Chemistry
♦
6
500 ppm 600 ppm 700 ppm 800 ppm 900 ppm 1000 ppm 1100 ppm
• Typical Compounds
– Zinc Dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal
sulphonates, fatty acids and amines.
• Functions
– Preferential adsorption of polar constituents on metal surface to
provide protective film, or neutralise corrosive acids
• Typical Compounds
– Organic fatty acids and amides, lard oil, high molecular weight
organic phosphorus and acid esters.
• Functions
– Preferential adsorption of surface-active materials
SUPER GT
CHEAPO
API SL/CF
API SE/CD
NEW LUBRICANT
TECHNOLOGY
DEFINED BY
NEW LUBRICANT
SPECIFICATIONS
DEMAND FOR
HIGHER QUALITY
LUBRICANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
DRIVERS
34 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Impact of Euro 4 on engine oils
HTHS (cP)
B5 from tank 3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 5 10 15 20 25
T A N In c * 1 0 / K V In c .
10% dilution, ULSD
80
Fuel 10% dilution, biodiesel
Dilution Biodiesel concentration 60
from lower volatility in
40
cylinder and in sump
(equivalent B30 or higher) 20
TAN KV 100
• Fuel Economy
– Increasing demand for lower fuel consumption and lower CO2
emissions
• Kyoto agreement
• 25% reduction in CO2 by 2008
– Heavy Duty
• Increase in 5W-30 and 10W-30 grades
5W-40
10W-30
10W-40
39 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Emissions
Emissions
ENGINE DESIGN
EURO I
Fuel changes
SCR EGR
EURO 3
OXICAT
CRT EURO 4
AFTERTREATMENT NOx
SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction, CRT = Continuously Regenerating Trap
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
EU Heavy Duty Emissions Standards (Stationary Cycle)
Emissions
0.36
Euro 1 1993
Particulates (g/kW-hr)
0.25
Euro 2 1996
Euro 1
0.15
0.10
1999 Euro 3 2000
0.05
Euro 5 Euro 4
0.02 2008 2005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NOx (g/kW-hr)
42 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
USA Heavy Duty EPA Emission Standards
Emissions
0.60
1990
Particulates (g/HP-hr)
0.25 1991
2002
(NOx + HC)
0.10
1998 1994
0.05
EPA Plan
for 2007: 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 6
NOx : 0.2 g/hphr NOx (g/HP-hr)
43 Part.: 0.01 g/hphr
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Piston Design Changes
Crevice Volume
High top
ring location
• Emissions
– Euro 4 & 5 emissions legislation is focused on
reductions in
• Particulates, NOx, CO & NMVOC
– Leading to the introduction of
• New engine designs
– Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
– Improved fuel injection systems
• New aftertreatment technologies
– Diesel particulate filters (DPF)
– Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Emissions Control
SOF Solids
Active Passive
Sulphated
ash
Phosphorus
• 0.08% Phosphorus
– Lower levels of ZDP but same wear protection
– Lower levels of ZDP along with lower viscosity grades for fuel economy
– New approach to antiwear (and antioxidant) systems
Sulphur
Biofuel
FAME BTL
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Biomass to Liquid
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Production
10,000 Jatropha Oil 40
Other Veg Oils
8,000 30
6,000
20
4,000
2,000 10
0 0
x1000 MT 2006 2010
2006 2010
Vegetable Oils Mixed
56 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved Recycled Fats/Oils Animal Fats
How is Biodiesel Made? Transesterification
Biodiesel
H O
Methanol R C C
Triglyceride H O H
H x3
H O H C O H x3 HC H FAME
R C C + H +
H O H H Non-fuel
C H O HH uses
O C
H C O C
H Transesterification H C O H
CH C
H O H H CH Glycerine
R O H
R C C
H
H O
Biodiesel
; High lubricity
; High cetane number
; High detergency
: Lower energy content (~10% lower)
; Use of B5 has no noticeable impact on power efficiency
: Use of B100 results in loss of 5-7% in maximum power capability
: Hygroscopic
n
w
rd
n
d
r
er
ut
il
e
il
d
er
d
tte
O
ea
or
liv
ee
ee
ee
llo
an
La
ow
ow
C
Bu
ng
yb
ns
es
es
Ta
Pe
ee
ffl
ffl
Tu
So
to
ap
ap
Sa
Sa
ns
ot
R
R
Li
C
ic
c
ic
c
ei
le
ci
le
ol
iO
iO
in
iE
H
il
H
H
H
• Saturated Fats
: Poor cold weather properties - high cloud and pour points
; High cetane number - 60 to 90
; Extremely stable
• Europe
– The introduction of biodiesel in Europe is legislation led.
– EN590 (diesel fuel specification) allows up to 5% biodiesel in
ULSD - this is known as B5.
– By 2010, B5 is expected to be the mandated standard across
Europe.
– The level may rise to 10% in ULSD (B10) in the future (2010).
– However, some applications already use higher concentrations,
from B30 to B100.
• Certain EU countries (France, Germany and Spain) are
publicly discussing the introduction of higher levels of
biodiesel (B30).
• North America
• B5 level is typical across North America but can vary from state
to state.
• Technical performance evaluations are currently taking place
with B20.
• Globally
• Expect some applications (e.g., off-highway and fleet operators)
to use B100.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
In June 2004, the joint FIE manufacturers published a document stating, “the
currently agreed position of all FIE manufacturers is to limit release of
injection equipment for admixtures up to a maximum of 5% FAME with
unadulterated diesel fuel. The final product B5 must also comply with EN590.”
Biodiesel
Impact on Emissions
• Use of B100 :
; significantly reduces PM emissions versus ULSD (by up to 50%)
: Increase NOx emissions versus ULSD (by ~10%, which is
significant enough to lead to recalibration of the SCR/UREA
system).
Biodiesel
Reduced Increased
Black Smoke NOx
Reduced PM Reduced
Energy Content
Fuel
Instability
Renault No Euro III, IV, Euro III, IV, Yes Half ODI if
V engines* V engines* above 5%
Fiat Power No No No Yes
Train (Iveco)
Daimler Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes ⅓ - half ODI
if above 5%
DAF Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Half ODI if
above 5%
Deutz Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Half ODI if
above 5%
MAN Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Half ODI if
above 5%
All manufacturers have special conditions and limit to certain types of engines and/or year
of manufacture.
71 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
North American Truck OEMs and Biodiesel
Use covered by
B100 B30 B20 B5
Warranty
Yes. Specific
2006 and earlier Requirements on
Caterpillar Some engines engines only by - Specific engines by type BD quality (and
Type recommended oil
analysis)
2002 and later
ISX, ISM, ISL, engines. B100 portion
Cummins* No -
ISC , ISB
Yes
must meet D6751,
especially stability.
Yes, if fuel
GM No No No Yes
meets spec.
<3.5cP C1 C2
HTHS
>3.5cP n/a C3
76 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Impact of Euro 4 on baseline ACEA performance
0.13*
Euro 4 2005.1 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5
• Increase in severity
• Expected October 2008
• ACEA E2 deleted
• E4, E6 and E7 updated with latest tests (T12, T11?, ISM,
OM501LA, Turbocharger deposit and OM 646LA)
• TBN or ASH limits being proposed to separate high
SAPS and low SAPS categories
• New SHPD tier expected with chemical limits and API
CJ-4 performance?? (ACEA E9)
Test Criteria
Piston cleanliness
Test Engine Ring sticking, 2nd ring
OM 501 LA – Euro V Bore polishing
Engine type: HDD V6 Engine cleanliness
Capacity: 11.9 l Deposits
Power max: 350 kW Visual wear
Torque max: 2300 Nm Cylinder wear
Oil consumption
ISP Slide
83 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Designated Test Criteria
CEC & DaimlerChrysler
Cam & tappet wear
Bore polishing
Cylinder wear
DaimlerChrysler
Piston cleanliness
Test Engine Ring sticking
Engine sludge
OM 646 LA – Euro V
Timing chain elongation
Engine type: R4 CDI
Ring wear
Capacity: 2.2 l
Bearing wear
Power max: 110 kW
Viscosity increase
Torque max: 340 Nm
Oil consumption
ISP Slide
© The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Proposed ACEA 2008 HD Sequence Structure (October Draft 1)
AT compatibility Wear
Corrosion Soot
AT compatibility Wear
Corrosion Soot
20%
0%
2006 2008 2010
90 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved
Heavy-Duty Diesel – Impact on Base Oil Demand
API Group I
60%
40%
20%
0%
2006 2008 2010
91 © The Lubrizol Corporation 2007, all rights reserved Total Western European HD Engine Oil market = approx 1.2 Million MT
CJ-4 Overview
• Introduced for licensing on October 15, 2006
Oil Consumption
Shear Stability
Bearing Protection
Piston deposits
CJ-4
Soot Control
CI-4 Plus
CI-4
Thank You